We all went through the law of universal gravitation in school. But what do we really know about gravity, apart from the information put into our heads by school teachers? Let's refresh our knowledge...

Fact one: Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation

Everyone knows the famous parable of the apple that fell on Newton's head. But the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply absent in his book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". In this work there is neither a formula nor a formulation, which everyone can see for himself. Moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the 19th century and, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier. By the way, the coefficient G, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical meaning, and was introduced to hide contradictions.

Fact Two: Faking the Gravitational Attraction Experiment

It is believed that Cavendish was the first to demonstrate gravitational attraction in laboratory blanks, using a torsion balance - a horizontal rocker with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string. The rocker could turn on a thin wire. According to the official version, Cavendish brought a pair of 158 kg discs to the weights of the rocker from opposite sides and the rocker turned at a small angle. However, the methodology of the experiment was incorrect and the results were falsified, which was convincingly proven by the physicist Andrei Albertovich Grishaev. Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results fit Newton's average density of the earth. The methodology of the experiment itself provided for the movement of the blanks several times, and the reason for the rotation of the rocker was the microvibrations from the movement of the blanks, which were transmitted to the suspension.

This is confirmed by the fact that such a simple installation of the 18th century for educational purposes should have been, if not in every school, then at least in the physics departments of universities, in order to show students in practice the result of the law of universal gravitation. However, the Cavendish setting is not used in the curriculum, and schoolchildren and students take their word for it that two discs attract each other.

Fact three: The law of universal gravitation does not work during a solar eclipse

If we substitute reference data for the earth, moon and sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the moon flies between the earth and the sun, for example, at the time of a solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the sun and the moon is more than 2 times higher than between Earth and Moon!

According to the formula, the moon would have to leave the orbit of the earth and begin to revolve around the sun.

Gravitational constant - 6.6725×10−11 m³/(kg s²).
The mass of the moon is 7.3477 × 1022 kg.
The mass of the Sun is 1.9891 × 1030 kg.
The mass of the Earth is 5.9737 × 1024 kg.
The distance between the Earth and the Moon = 380,000,000 m.
Distance between the Moon and the Sun = 149,000,000,000 m.

Earth and Moon:
6.6725×10-11 x 7.3477×1022 x 5.9737×1024 / 3800000002 = 2.028×1020 H
Moon and sun:
6.6725 x 10-11 x 7.3477 x 1022 x 1.9891 x 1030 / 1490000000002 = 4.39 x 1020 H

2.028×1020H<< 4,39×1020 H
The force of attraction between the earth and the moon<< Сила притяжения между Луной и Солнцем

These calculations can be criticized by the fact that the moon is an artificial hollow body and the reference density of this celestial body is most likely not determined correctly.

Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that the Moon is not a solid body, but a thin-walled shell. The authoritative magazine Science describes the results of the work of seismic sensors after the third stage of the rocket that accelerated the Apollo 13 rocket hit the surface of the Moon: “The seismic call was detected for more than four hours. On Earth, if a rocket hit at an equivalent distance, the signal would only last a few minutes.”

Seismic vibrations that decay so slowly are typical of a hollow resonator, not a solid body.
But the Moon, among other things, does not show its attractive properties with respect to the Earth - the Earth-Moon pair does not move around a common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation, and the Earth's ellipsoidal orbit, contrary to this law, does not become zigzag.

Moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the Moon itself do not remain constant, the orbit "evolves" in scientific terminology, and it does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation.

Fact four: the absurdity of the theory of ebbs and flows

How is it, some will object, because even schoolchildren know about the ocean tides on Earth, which occur due to the attraction of water to the Sun and Moon.

According to the theory, the gravity of the Moon forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean, with two tidal humps, which, due to daily rotation, move along the surface of the Earth.

However, practice shows the absurdity of these theories. After all, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high in 6 hours should move through the Drake Strait from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Since water is incompressible, a mass of water would raise the level to a height of about 10 meters, which does not happen in practice. In practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000-2000 km.

Laplace was also amazed by the paradox: why in the seaports of France high water occurs sequentially, although, according to the concept of a tidal ellipsoid, it should occur there simultaneously.

Fact Five: The Theory of Mass Gravity Doesn't Work

The principle of gravity measurements is simple - gravimeters measure the vertical components, and the deviation of the plumb line shows the horizontal components.

The first attempt to test the theory of mass gravitation was made by the British in the middle of the 18th century on the coast of the Indian Ocean, where, on the one hand, there is the world's highest stone ridge of the Himalayas, and on the other, an ocean bowl filled with much less massive water. But, alas, the plumb line does not deviate towards the Himalayas! Moreover, supersensitive instruments - gravimeters - do not detect a difference in the gravity of a test body at the same height both over massive mountains and over less dense seas of a kilometer depth.

To save the accustomed theory, scientists came up with a support for it: they say the reason for this is “isostasis” - denser rocks are located under the seas, and loose rocks under the mountains, and their density is exactly the same as to fit everything to the desired value.

It has also been empirically established that gravimeters in deep mines show that gravity does not decrease with depth. It continues to grow, being dependent only on the square of the distance to the center of the earth.

Fact six: gravity is not generated by matter or mass

According to the formula of the law of universal gravitation, Two masses, m1 and m2, whose dimensions can be neglected in comparison with the distances between them, are allegedly attracted to each other by a force directly proportional to the product of these masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. However, in fact, there is not a single evidence that the substance has a gravitational attraction effect. Practice shows that gravitation is not generated by matter or masses, it is independent of them, and massive bodies only obey gravity.

The independence of gravitation from matter is confirmed by the fact that, with the rarest exception, small bodies of the solar system have no gravitational attraction at all. With the exception of the Moon, more than six dozen satellites of the planets show no signs of their own gravity. This has been proven by both indirect and direct measurements, for example, since 2004, the Cassini probe in the vicinity of Saturn flies near its satellites from time to time, but no changes in the speed of the probe have been recorded. With the help of the same Cassini, a geyser was discovered on Enceladus, the sixth largest satellite of Saturn.

What physical processes must take place on a cosmic piece of ice in order for steam jets to fly into space?
For the same reason, Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a gaseous tail as a result of atmospheric sinking.

The satellites predicted by the theory of asteroids have not been found, despite their huge number. And in all reports of double, or paired asteroids, which allegedly revolve around a common center of mass, there was no evidence of the circulation of these pairs. Companions happened to be nearby, moving in quasi-synchronous orbits around the sun.

Attempts to put artificial satellites into orbit of asteroids ended in failure. Examples include the NEAR probe, which was driven to the Eros asteroid by the Americans, or the Hayabusa probe, which the Japanese sent to the Itokawa asteroid.

Fact seven: Saturn's asteroids do not obey the law of universal gravitation

At one time, Lagrange, trying to solve the three-body problem, obtained a stable solution for a particular case. He showed that the third body can move in the orbit of the second, all the time being in one of two points, one of which is ahead of the second body by 60 °, and the second lags behind by the same amount.

However, two groups of asteroid companions, found behind and ahead in the orbit of Saturn, and which astronomers joyfully called the Trojans, went out of the predicted areas, and the confirmation of the law of universal gravitation turned into a puncture.

Fact eight: contradiction with the general theory of relativity

According to modern concepts, the speed of light is finite, as a result, we see distant objects not where they are located at the moment, but at the point where the beam of light we saw started from. But how fast does gravity travel?

After analyzing the data accumulated by that time, Laplace found that "gravity" propagates faster than light by at least seven orders of magnitude! Modern measurements by receiving pulses from pulsars have pushed the speed of propagation of gravity even further - at least 10 orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. In this way, experimental studies are in conflict with the general theory of relativity, on which official science still relies, despite its complete failure.

Fact Nine: Gravity Anomalies

There are natural gravity anomalies, which also do not find any intelligible explanation from official science. Here are some examples:

Fact ten: studies of the vibrational nature of antigravity

There are a large number of alternative studies with impressive results in the field of antigravity, which fundamentally refute the theoretical calculations of official science.

Some researchers analyze the vibrational nature of antigravity. This effect is clearly presented in modern experience, where drops hang in the air due to acoustic levitation. Here we see how, with the help of a sound of a certain frequency, it is possible to confidently hold drops of liquid in the air ...

But the effect at first glance is explained by the principle of the gyroscope, but even such a simple experiment for the most part contradicts gravity in its modern sense.

Few people know that Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist who studied the effect of cavity structures in insects, described the phenomena of antigravity in insects in his book "My World". Scientists have long known that massive insects, such as the cockchafer, fly against the laws of gravity rather than because of them.

Moreover, based on his research, Grebennikov created an anti-gravity platform.

Viktor Stepanovich died under rather strange circumstances and his achievements were partially lost, however, some part of the prototype of the anti-gravity platform has been preserved and can be seen in the Grebennikov Museum in Novosibirsk.

Another practical application of anti-gravity can be observed in the city of Homestead in Florida, where there is a strange structure of coral monolithic blocks, which is popularly called the Coral Castle. It was built by a native of Latvia - Edward Lidskalnin in the first half of the 20th century. This man of thin build did not have any tools, did not even have a car and no equipment at all.

It was not used by electricity at all, also due to its absence, and nevertheless somehow descended to the ocean, where it carved multi-ton stone blocks and somehow delivered them to its site, laying them out with perfect accuracy.

After Ed's death, scientists began to carefully study his creation. For the sake of the experiment, a powerful bulldozer was brought in, and an attempt was made to move one of the 30-ton blocks of the coral castle. The bulldozer roared, skidded, but did not move a huge stone.

A strange device was found inside the castle, which scientists called a direct current generator. It was a massive structure with many metal parts. 240 permanent bar magnets were built into the outside of the device. But how Edward Leedskalnin actually made multi-ton blocks move is still a mystery.

The studies of John Searle are known, in whose hands unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; disks with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.

The professor's experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, under No. 99122275/09, an application for a patent "device for generating mechanical energy" was registered. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergey Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced the SEG (Searl Effect Generator) and conducted a series of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without spending; the rotating generator lost up to 40% in weight.

Searle's first lab equipment was taken to an unknown destination while he himself was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about her, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared.

Also known is the Hutchison Effect, named after the Canadian engineer-inventor. The effect is manifested in the levitation of heavy objects, the alloy of dissimilar materials (for example, metal + wood), the anomalous heating of metals in the absence of burning substances near them. Here is a video of these effects:

Whatever gravity really is, it should be recognized that official science is completely incapable of clearly explaining the nature of this phenomenon..

Yaroslav Yargin

We all went through the law of universal gravitation in school. But what do we really know about gravity, apart from the information put into our heads by school teachers? Let's refresh our knowledge...

Fact one: Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation

Everyone knows the famous parable of the apple that fell on Newton's head. But the fact is that Newton did not discover the law of universal gravitation, since this law is simply absent in his book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy". In this work there is neither a formula nor a formulation, which everyone can see for himself. Moreover, the first mention of the gravitational constant appears only in the 19th century and, accordingly, the formula could not have appeared earlier. By the way, the coefficient G, which reduces the result of calculations by 600 billion times, has no physical meaning, and was introduced to hide contradictions.

Fact Two: Faking the Gravitational Attraction Experiment

It is believed that Cavendish was the first to demonstrate gravitational attraction in laboratory blanks, using a torsion balance - a horizontal rocker with weights at the ends suspended on a thin string. The rocker could turn on a thin wire. According to the official version, Cavendish brought a pair of 158 kg discs to the weights of the rocker from opposite sides and the rocker turned at a small angle. However, the methodology of the experiment was incorrect and the results were falsified, which was convincingly proven by the physicist Andrei Albertovich Grishaev. Cavendish spent a long time reworking and adjusting the installation so that the results fit Newton's average density of the earth. The methodology of the experiment itself provided for the movement of the blanks several times, and the reason for the rotation of the rocker was the microvibrations from the movement of the blanks, which were transmitted to the suspension.

This is confirmed by the fact that such a simple installation of the 18th century for educational purposes should have been, if not in every school, then at least in the physics departments of universities, in order to show students in practice the result of the law of universal gravitation. However, the Cavendish setting is not used in the curriculum, and schoolchildren and students take their word for it that two discs attract each other.

Fact three: The law of universal gravitation does not work during a solar eclipse

If we substitute reference data for the earth, moon and sun into the formula of the law of universal gravitation, then at the moment when the moon flies between the earth and the sun, for example, at the time of a solar eclipse, the force of attraction between the sun and the moon is more than 2 times higher than between Earth and Moon!

According to the formula, the moon would have to leave the orbit of the earth and begin to revolve around the sun.

Gravitational constant - 6.6725×10−11 m³/(kg s²).
The mass of the moon is 7.3477 × 1022 kg.
The mass of the Sun is 1.9891 × 1030 kg.
The mass of the Earth is 5.9737 × 1024 kg.
The distance between the Earth and the Moon = 380,000,000 m.
Distance between the Moon and the Sun = 149,000,000,000 m.

Earth and Moon:
6.6725×10-11 x 7.3477×1022 x 5.9737×1024 / 3800000002 = 2.028×1020 H
Moon and sun:
6.6725 x 10-11 x 7.3477 x 1022 x 1.9891 x 1030 / 1490000000002 = 4.39 x 1020 H

2.028×1020H<< 4,39×1020 H
The force of attraction between the earth and the moon<< Сила притяжения между Луной и Солнцем

These calculations can be criticized by the fact that the moon is an artificial hollow body and the reference density of this celestial body is most likely not determined correctly.

Indeed, experimental evidence suggests that the Moon is not a solid body, but a thin-walled shell. The authoritative magazine Science describes the results of the work of seismic sensors after the third stage of the rocket that accelerated the Apollo 13 rocket hit the surface of the Moon: “The seismic call was detected for more than four hours. On Earth, if a rocket hit at an equivalent distance, the signal would only last a few minutes.”

Seismic vibrations that decay so slowly are typical of a hollow resonator, not a solid body.
But the Moon, among other things, does not show its attractive properties with respect to the Earth - the Earth-Moon pair does not move around a common center of mass, as it would be according to the law of universal gravitation, and the Earth's ellipsoidal orbit, contrary to this law, does not become zigzag.

Moreover, the parameters of the orbit of the Moon itself do not remain constant, the orbit "evolves" in scientific terminology, and it does this contrary to the law of universal gravitation.

Fact four: the absurdity of the theory of ebbs and flows

How is it, some will object, because even schoolchildren know about the ocean tides on Earth, which occur due to the attraction of water to the Sun and Moon.

According to the theory, the gravity of the Moon forms a tidal ellipsoid in the ocean, with two tidal humps, which, due to daily rotation, move along the surface of the Earth.

However, practice shows the absurdity of these theories. After all, according to them, a tidal hump 1 meter high in 6 hours should move through the Drake Strait from the Pacific to the Atlantic. Since water is incompressible, a mass of water would raise the level to a height of about 10 meters, which does not happen in practice. In practice, tidal phenomena occur autonomously in areas of 1000-2000 km.

Laplace was also amazed by the paradox: why in the seaports of France high water occurs sequentially, although, according to the concept of a tidal ellipsoid, it should occur there simultaneously.

Fact Five: The Theory of Mass Gravity Doesn't Work

The principle of gravity measurements is simple - gravimeters measure the vertical components, and the deviation of the plumb line shows the horizontal components.

The first attempt to test the theory of mass gravitation was made by the British in the middle of the 18th century on the coast of the Indian Ocean, where, on the one hand, there is the world's highest stone ridge of the Himalayas, and on the other, an ocean bowl filled with much less massive water. But, alas, the plumb line does not deviate towards the Himalayas! Moreover, supersensitive instruments - gravimeters - do not detect a difference in the gravity of a test body at the same height both over massive mountains and over less dense seas of a kilometer depth.

To save the accustomed theory, scientists came up with a support for it: they say the reason for this is “isostasis” - denser rocks are located under the seas, and loose rocks under the mountains, and their density is exactly the same as to fit everything to the desired value.

It has also been empirically established that gravimeters in deep mines show that gravity does not decrease with depth. It continues to grow, being dependent only on the square of the distance to the center of the earth.

Fact six: gravity is not generated by matter or mass

According to the formula of the law of universal gravitation, Two masses, m1 and m2, whose dimensions can be neglected in comparison with the distances between them, are allegedly attracted to each other by a force directly proportional to the product of these masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. However, in fact, there is not a single evidence that the substance has a gravitational attraction effect. Practice shows that gravitation is not generated by matter or masses, it is independent of them, and massive bodies only obey gravity.

The independence of gravitation from matter is confirmed by the fact that, with the rarest exception, small bodies of the solar system have no gravitational attraction at all. With the exception of the Moon, more than six dozen satellites of the planets show no signs of their own gravity. This has been proven by both indirect and direct measurements, for example, since 2004, the Cassini probe in the vicinity of Saturn flies near its satellites from time to time, but no changes in the speed of the probe have been recorded. With the help of the same Cassini, a geyser was discovered on Enceladus, the sixth largest satellite of Saturn.

What physical processes must take place on a cosmic piece of ice in order for steam jets to fly into space?
For the same reason, Titan, Saturn's largest moon, has a gaseous tail as a result of atmospheric sinking.

The satellites predicted by the theory of asteroids have not been found, despite their huge number. And in all reports of double, or paired asteroids, which allegedly revolve around a common center of mass, there was no evidence of the circulation of these pairs. Companions happened to be nearby, moving in quasi-synchronous orbits around the sun.

Attempts to put artificial satellites into orbit of asteroids ended in failure. Examples include the NEAR probe, which was driven to the Eros asteroid by the Americans, or the Hayabusa probe, which the Japanese sent to the Itokawa asteroid.

Fact seven: Saturn's asteroids do not obey the law of universal gravitation

At one time, Lagrange, trying to solve the three-body problem, obtained a stable solution for a particular case. He showed that the third body can move in the orbit of the second, all the time being in one of two points, one of which is ahead of the second body by 60 °, and the second lags behind by the same amount.

However, two groups of asteroid companions, found behind and ahead in the orbit of Saturn, and which astronomers joyfully called the Trojans, went out of the predicted areas, and the confirmation of the law of universal gravitation turned into a puncture.

Fact eight: contradiction with the general theory of relativity

According to modern concepts, the speed of light is finite, as a result, we see distant objects not where they are located at the moment, but at the point where the beam of light we saw started from. But how fast does gravity travel?

After analyzing the data accumulated by that time, Laplace found that "gravity" propagates faster than light by at least seven orders of magnitude! Modern measurements by receiving pulses from pulsars have pushed the speed of propagation of gravity even further - at least 10 orders of magnitude faster than the speed of light. In this way, experimental studies are in conflict with the general theory of relativity, on which official science still relies, despite its complete failure.

Fact Nine: Gravity Anomalies

There are natural gravity anomalies, which also do not find any intelligible explanation from official science. Here are some examples:

Fact ten: studies of the vibrational nature of antigravity

There are a large number of alternative studies with impressive results in the field of antigravity, which fundamentally refute the theoretical calculations of official science.

Some researchers analyze the vibrational nature of antigravity. This effect is clearly presented in modern experience, where drops hang in the air due to acoustic levitation. Here we see how, with the help of a sound of a certain frequency, it is possible to confidently hold drops of liquid in the air ...

But the effect at first glance is explained by the principle of the gyroscope, but even such a simple experiment for the most part contradicts gravity in its modern sense.

Few people know that Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov, a Siberian entomologist who studied the effect of cavity structures in insects, described the phenomena of antigravity in insects in his book "My World". Scientists have long known that massive insects, such as the cockchafer, fly against the laws of gravity rather than because of them.

Moreover, based on his research, Grebennikov created an anti-gravity platform.

Viktor Stepanovich died under rather strange circumstances and his achievements were partially lost, however, some part of the prototype of the anti-gravity platform has been preserved and can be seen in the Grebennikov Museum in Novosibirsk.

Another practical application of anti-gravity can be observed in the city of Homestead in Florida, where there is a strange structure of coral monolithic blocks, which is popularly called the Coral Castle. It was built by a native of Latvia - Edward Lidskalnin in the first half of the 20th century. This man of thin build did not have any tools, did not even have a car and no equipment at all.

It was not used by electricity at all, also due to its absence, and nevertheless somehow descended to the ocean, where it carved multi-ton stone blocks and somehow delivered them to its site, laying them out with perfect accuracy.

After Ed's death, scientists began to carefully study his creation. For the sake of the experiment, a powerful bulldozer was brought in, and an attempt was made to move one of the 30-ton blocks of the coral castle. The bulldozer roared, skidded, but did not move a huge stone.

A strange device was found inside the castle, which scientists called a direct current generator. It was a massive structure with many metal parts. 240 permanent bar magnets were built into the outside of the device. But how Edward Leedskalnin actually made multi-ton blocks move is still a mystery.

The studies of John Searle are known, in whose hands unusual generators came to life, rotated and generated energy; disks with a diameter of half a meter to 10 meters rose into the air and made controlled flights from London to Cornwall and back.

The professor's experiments were repeated in Russia, the USA and Taiwan. In Russia, for example, in 1999, under No. 99122275/09, an application for a patent "device for generating mechanical energy" was registered. Vladimir Vitalievich Roshchin and Sergey Mikhailovich Godin, in fact, reproduced the SEG (Searl Effect Generator) and conducted a series of studies with it. The result was a statement: you can get 7 kW of electricity without spending; the rotating generator lost up to 40% in weight.

Searle's first lab equipment was taken to an unknown destination while he himself was in prison. The installation of Godin and Roshchin simply disappeared; all publications about her, with the exception of the application for an invention, disappeared.

Also known is the Hutchison Effect, named after the Canadian engineer-inventor. The effect is manifested in the levitation of heavy objects, the alloy of dissimilar materials (for example, metal + wood), the anomalous heating of metals in the absence of burning substances near them. Here is a video of these effects:

Whatever gravity really is, it should be recognized that official science is completely incapable of clearly explaining the nature of this phenomenon..

Yaroslav Yargin

Despite the fact that gravity is the weakest interaction between objects in the universe, its importance in physics and astronomy is enormous, since it is able to influence physical objects at any distance in space.

If you are fond of astronomy, you probably thought about the question of what is such a concept as gravity or the law of universal gravitation. Gravity is a universal fundamental interaction between all objects in the Universe.

The discovery of the law of gravity is attributed to the famous English physicist Isaac Newton. Probably, many of you know the story of an apple that fell on the head of a famous scientist. Nevertheless, if you look deep into history, you can see that the presence of gravity was thought about long before his era by philosophers and scientists of antiquity, for example, Epicurus. Nevertheless, it was Newton who first described the gravitational interaction between physical bodies within the framework of classical mechanics. His theory was developed by another famous scientist - Albert Einstein, who in his general theory of relativity more accurately described the influence of gravity in space, as well as its role in the space-time continuum.

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that the force of gravitational attraction between two points of mass separated by a distance is inversely proportional to the square of the distance and directly proportional to both masses. The force of gravity is long-range. That is, regardless of how a body with mass moves, in classical mechanics its gravitational potential will depend purely on the position of this object at a given moment in time. The greater the mass of an object, the greater its gravitational field - the more powerful the gravitational force it has. Such cosmic objects as galaxies, stars and planets have the greatest force of attraction and, accordingly, rather strong gravitational fields.

Gravity fields

Earth's gravitational field

The gravitational field is the distance within which the gravitational interaction between objects in the Universe is carried out. The greater the mass of an object, the stronger its gravitational field - the more noticeable its impact on other physical bodies within a certain space. The gravitational field of an object is potentially. The essence of the previous statement is that if we introduce the potential energy of attraction between two bodies, then it will not change after the latter move along a closed contour. From here emerges another famous law of conservation of the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a closed circuit.

In the material world, the gravitational field is of great importance. It is possessed by all material objects in the Universe that have mass. The gravitational field can influence not only matter, but also energy. It is due to the influence of the gravitational fields of such large space objects as black holes, quasars and supermassive stars that solar systems, galaxies and other astronomical clusters are formed, which are characterized by a logical structure.

The latest scientific data show that the famous effect of the expansion of the Universe is also based on the laws of gravitational interaction. In particular, the expansion of the Universe is facilitated by powerful gravitational fields, both small and its largest objects.

Gravitational radiation in a binary system

Gravitational radiation or gravitational wave is a term first introduced into physics and cosmology by the famous scientist Albert Einstein. Gravitational radiation in the theory of gravity is generated by the movement of material objects with variable acceleration. During the acceleration of the object, the gravitational wave, as it were, “breaks away” from it, which leads to fluctuations in the gravitational field in the surrounding space. This is called the gravitational wave effect.

Although gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity, as well as other theories of gravity, they have never been directly detected. This is primarily due to their extreme smallness. However, there is circumstantial evidence in astronomy that can confirm this effect. Thus, the effect of a gravitational wave can be observed on the example of the approach of binary stars. Observations confirm that the rate of approach of binary stars to some extent depends on the loss of energy of these space objects, which is presumably spent on gravitational radiation. Scientists will be able to reliably confirm this hypothesis in the near future with the help of a new generation of Advanced LIGO and VIRGO telescopes.

In modern physics, there are two concepts of mechanics: classical and quantum. Quantum mechanics was derived relatively recently and is fundamentally different from classical mechanics. In quantum mechanics, objects (quanta) have no definite positions and velocities, everything here is based on probability. That is, an object can occupy a certain place in space at a certain point in time. It is impossible to reliably determine where he will move next, but only with a high degree of probability.

An interesting effect of gravity is that it can bend the space-time continuum. Einstein's theory says that in the space around a bunch of energy or any material substance, space-time is curved. Accordingly, the trajectory of particles that fall under the influence of the gravitational field of this substance changes, which makes it possible to predict the trajectory of their movement with a high degree of probability.

Theories of gravity

Today, scientists know over a dozen different theories of gravity. They are divided into classical and alternative theories. The most famous representative of the former is the classical theory of gravity by Isaac Newton, which was invented by the famous British physicist back in 1666. Its essence lies in the fact that a massive body in mechanics generates a gravitational field around itself, which attracts smaller objects to itself. In turn, the latter also have a gravitational field, like any other material objects in the Universe.

The next popular theory of gravity was invented by the world famous German scientist Albert Einstein at the beginning of the 20th century. Einstein managed to more accurately describe gravity as a phenomenon, and also to explain its action not only in classical mechanics, but also in the quantum world. His general theory of relativity describes the ability of such a force as gravity to influence the space-time continuum, as well as the trajectory of elementary particles in space.

Among the alternative theories of gravity, perhaps the most attention deserves the relativistic theory, which was invented by our compatriot, the famous physicist A.A. Logunov. Unlike Einstein, Logunov argued that gravity is not a geometric, but a real, fairly strong physical force field. Among the alternative theories of gravity, scalar, bimetric, quasi-linear and others are also known.

1. For people who have been in space and returned to Earth, it is quite difficult at first to get used to the force of the gravitational influence of our planet. Sometimes it takes several weeks.
2. It has been proven that the human body in a state of weightlessness can lose up to 1% of bone marrow mass per month.
3. Among the planets, Mars has the least force of attraction in the solar system, and Jupiter has the greatest.
4. The well-known salmonella bacteria, which are the cause of intestinal diseases, behave more actively in a state of weightlessness and can cause much more harm to the human body.
5. Among all known astronomical objects in the universe, black holes have the greatest gravitational force. A black hole the size of a golf ball could have the same gravitational force as our entire planet.
6. The force of gravity on Earth is not the same in all corners of our planet. For example, in the Hudson Bay region of Canada, it is lower than in other regions of the globe.

The inhabitants of planet Earth take gravity for granted. It is known that Isaac Newton developed the theory of universal gravitation due to the fact that an apple fell from a tree on his head. But in fact, Earth's gravity is much more than a fruit that has fallen from a tree. In our review, some interesting facts about this force.

1. Toilet physics

On Earth, people want to relieve a small need as soon as their bladder is filled to 1/3 of its maximum volume. This happens because of the effect of gravity on each of us. That is why astronauts on the ISS do not feel the need to urinate until their bladder is full.

2. Simple colonization

Gravity is a very important issue when colonizing other worlds. In theory, people can live on planets whose gravity differs from Earth's by no more than three times. Otherwise, the blood supply to the brain will be disrupted.

3. The height of the mountains

In theory, gravity determines the maximum height of the hills that form on the planet. So for the Earth (again in theory) mountains cannot exceed a height of 15 kilometers.

4. Lunar physics

During the historic Apollo mission, the astronauts who landed on the surface of the moon tested the validity of Galileo's theory of the acceleration of free fall there. It turned out that objects on the moon, regardless of their mass, fall faster than on Earth. The reason for this is the lack of air and, as a result, resistance.

5. Loser Star

Many scientists consider Jupiter a failed star. The planet has a strong enough gravitational field to gain the mass the star needs, but it does not have a strong enough field to start transforming into another star.

6. Teleportation

If you take and remove the Sun somewhere in an instant, then the solar system will experience the effect of its gravitational field for some time. For the Earth, in theory, this "happiness" would last about 8 minutes, after which the celestial bodies would begin to lose their orbits.

7. Mountains on the stars

If our Sun ever turns into a neutron star, then according to the calculations of scientists, the gravity on it will be so powerful that the height of the largest mountain on its surface could not exceed 5 millimeters.

8. Mournful singing of the stars

The action of the gravitational field of celestial bodies after their disappearance is not at all a dry theory. Our solar system and our home planet are constantly under the influence of the gravitational field of other stars. Given the speed of the field propagation in space, many of these stars have ceased to exist for a very, very long time.

9. Candles in space

If you light a candle in the absence of a gravitational field, then its fire will be round. Moreover, the color of the flame will be blue.

10. Soda kills

Drinking carbonated drinks in the absence of gravity is definitely not worth it. Why? This is because the absence of gravity completely changes the principle of the distribution of gases in the human body. At best, this can provoke an attack of severe vomiting. That is why astronauts on the ISS do not drink soda.

All those who are interested in science will be interested to know about.

The science

Here on Earth, we take gravity for granted. However, the force of gravity, by which objects are attracted to each other in proportion to their mass, is much greater than an apple falling on Newton's head. Below are the strangest facts about this universal power.

It's all in our head

The force of attraction is a constant and consistent phenomenon, but our perception of this force is not. According to a study published in April 2011 in the journal PLoS ONE, a person is able to make a more accurate judgment of falling objects while sitting.

The researchers concluded that our perception of gravity is based less on the actual visual direction of the force and more on the "orientation" of the body.

The findings could lead to a new strategy to help astronauts deal with microgravity in space.

Rigid descent to the ground

The experience of astronauts has shown that the transition from the state of weightlessness and back can be very difficult for the human body. In the absence of gravity, the muscles begin to atrophy, while the bones also begin to lose bone mass. Astronauts can lose up to 1 percent of their bone mass per month, according to NASA.

Upon returning to earth, the bodies and minds of the astronauts need a certain period of time in order to recover. Blood pressure, which in space becomes the same throughout the body, should return to normal functioning, in which the heart works well and the brain receives enough food.

Sometimes the restructuring of the body has an extremely hard effect on astronauts, both physically (repeated fainting, etc.) and emotionally. For example, one astronaut told how, upon returning from space, he broke a bottle of aftershave lotion at home, because he forgot that if he released it into the air, it would fall and break, and not float in it.

To lose weight, "try Pluto"

On this dwarf planet, a person weighing 68 kilograms would weigh no more than 4.5 kilograms.

However, on the other hand, on the planet with the highest level of gravity, Jupiter, the same person would weigh about 160.5 kg.

A person on Mars will probably also feel like a feather, since the force of gravity on this planet is only 38 percent of that on earth, that is, a 68-kilogram person will feel how light his gait is, since he will weigh only 26 kg.

different gravity

Even on earth, gravity is not the same everywhere. Because the shape of the globe is not a perfect sphere, its mass is unevenly distributed. Therefore, uneven mass means uneven gravity.

One mysterious gravitational anomaly is observed in Hudson Bay in Canada. In this region, the force of gravity is lower than in others, and a 2007 study identified the cause - the melting of glaciers.

The ice that once covered this area during the last ice age has long since melted, but the Earth has not completely rid itself of this burden. Since the force of gravity of an area is proportional to the mass of this region, and the "glacial footprint" has pushed back some of the mass of the earth, gravity has become weaker here. Slight deformation of the crust explains 25-45 percent of the unusually low gravitational force, among other things, this is also "blamed" on the movement of magma in the Earth's mantle.

Without gravity, some viruses would be stronger

Bad news for space cadets: Some bacteria become unbearable in space.

In the absence of gravity, bacteria change the activity of at least 167 genes and 73 proteins.

Mice that ate food with such salmonella became ill much faster.

In other words, the danger of infection does not necessarily come from outer space; it is more likely that our own bacteria are gaining strength to attack.

Black holes at the center of the galaxy

Named this way because nothing, not even light, can escape their attraction, black holes are among the most destructive objects in the universe. At the center of our galaxy is a massive black hole with a mass of 3 million suns. Sounds intimidating, doesn't it? However, according to experts at Kyoto University, this black hole is currently "just resting."

In fact, a black hole is not dangerous for us, earthlings, because it is very far away and behaves extremely calmly. However, in 2008 it was reported that about 300 years ago this hole was sending bursts of energy. Another study published in 2007 found that a few thousand years ago, "galactic hiccups" sent a small amount of matter the size of Mercury into this very hole, resulting in a massive explosion.

This black hole, named Sagittarius A*, has relatively fuzzy shapes compared to other black holes. "This weakness means that stars and gas rarely approach a black hole at an unsafe distance," said Frederick Baganoff, a research fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "There is a huge appetite, but it is not satisfied."