The city of Konigsberg, which arose in the 13th century, formally consisted of three independent urban settlements, several settlements and settlements. They were located on the banks and islands of the Pregel River, which divided the city into four main parts: Altstadt and Löbenicht, Kneiphof, Lomse, Fortstadt. For communication and trade between urban settlements in the XIV century began to build bridges.
Due to the constant military danger from Poland and Lithuania, a defensive or so-called bridge was built in front of each of the bridges. Observation tower with closable lifting or double doors made of oak with wrought iron upholstery. And the bridges themselves acquired the character of defensive structures.
Bridges were the place of processions, religious and festive events and processions, and in the years of the so-called. "The first Russian time" (1758 - 1762), when Koenigsberg became part of the Russian Empire during the Seven Years' War, Orthodox religious processions passed over the bridges. Once such a procession was dedicated to the Orthodox feast of the Blessing of the Waters of the Pregel River, which aroused genuine interest among the indigenous inhabitants of Koenigsberg.
By the beginning of the 20th century, all seven bridges were movable, but due to the weakening and decline of navigation along the Pregel River, 3 bridges that have survived to this day are no longer bred.
Shop Bridge, Krämerbrücke
The oldest of the seven bridges of Königsberg - shop bridge(Krämerbrücke), which connected the city of Altstadt (Royal Castle) and the island of Kneiphof.
Built in 1286, in 1900 a new metal bridge was erected on the site of the old wooden bridge. The name of the bridge testifies to the fact that it and the adjacent territory of the Pregolya river were the concentration of trade.
At the entrance to the bridge, a statue of Hans Sagan, the son of a Kneiphof shoemaker, was erected. According to legend, during the battle between the troops of the Teutonic Order and the Litvins near Rudau (the village of Melnikovo, Zelenograd region), Hans picked up the order banner from the hands of a wounded knight. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in 1933, for ideological and moral reasons, demolished the monument to Zagan, because. he was a Jew.
In 1972, it was demolished in connection with the construction of the Trestle Bridge.
Bench bridge. In the background are the warehouses and the ship loading area - Lastadie
Shop bridge with port warehouses-barns speichers (Speicher) on the right embankment of the river Pregel. Districts of Laak and Hundegatt. On the left is the island of Kneiphof
Green Bridge, GrüneBrücke
The second oldest bridge in Koenigsberg - green bridge. Built in 1322. In 1582, the bridge burned down, rebuilt by 1590 and existed in wooden form until 1907, when it was replaced by a metal bridge.
Connected the island of Kneiphof and the Fortstadt district through the old branch of the Pregolya River for travel from the Royal Castle to the suburb of Ponart. The name of the bridge itself comes from the color of the paint used to paint the spans and bridge supports.
In the 17th century, it was Green Bridge letters were heard arriving in Konigsberg. Waiting for mail Green Bridge the business people of the city gathered and, while waiting for correspondence, discussed their affairs. In 1623, about Green Bridge The Königsberg Trade Exchange was built.
In 1972, the Green Bridge, like the Lavochny Bridge, fell victim to the Trestle Bridge.
Green bridge. View from the island of Kneiphof
View of the Green Bridge and the Trade Exchange
Offal (Working) bridge, Koettel brücke
In 1377, after the Lavochny and Green bridges upstream of the old channel of the Pregel River, a offal or Worker a bridge that also connected the island of Kneiphof and the Vorstadt area.
Both translation options are not ideal, because The German name of the bridge comes from Saxony and in the Russian version it roughly means “auxiliary, working, intended for garbage transportation” bridge. Most likely it owes its name to a nearby slaughterhouse.
In 1886, the wooden one was rebuilt into an iron one.
During the Second World War Gut bridge was destroyed and never rebuilt.
Gut bridge. View of the Trade Exchange from the island of Kneiphof
Gut bridge. View from the Green Bridge
Blacksmith's Bridge, Schmitderbrüke
In 1397, in Koenigsberg, upstream of the new channel of the Pregel River, the Kuznechny Bridge was erected, which, like the Lavochny Bridge, connected the city of Altstadt and the island of Kneiphof.
Next to this bridge, on the banks of the Pregel River, blacksmiths were traditionally stationed.
By 1787, the bridge was badly worn and dilapidated and was replaced by a new bridge, but also made of wood. In 1896, a new metal bridge was erected on the site of the old wooden bridge.
The Blacksmith's Bridge was destroyed during World War II and was never rebuilt.
Blacksmith's bridge with watchtower
Blacksmith bridge
Wooden bridge, Holzbrücke
In 1404, a quadruple bridge was built between Altshtat and the island of Lomse, which was called Wooden.
On the Wooden Bridge there was a memorial plaque with excerpts from the Prussian Chronicle. The ten-volume work of Albrecht Luhel David himself told about ancient pagan Prussia and the history of the Teutonic Order until 1410.
In 1904, a new metal bridge was erected on the site of the old Wooden Bridge, but the name of the bridge remained the same. In this form, the Wooden Bridge has survived to this day.
Wooden bridge. View of the island of Kneiphof
High bridge, Hohebrücke
It was built in Königsberg in 1520 to connect the island of Lomse and the Vorstadt region.
It was reconstructed in 1882, its wooden parts were replaced with metal ones. In the same year next to high bridge a bridge house was erected in the Vorstadt district. This beautiful, small neo-Gothic building has survived to this day.
In 1937, the old one was dismantled and a new one made of metal with concrete supports was built next to it. From the old high bridge concrete and brick pillars have been preserved.
High bridge. View of Lomse Island
High bridge. View from the island of Lomse to the Vorstadt area
Honey Bridge, Honigbrücke
The "youngest" of the seven bridges of Königsberg connected the island of Lomse and the island of Kneiphof.
There are several versions about the origin of the name honey bridge. According to one of them, Bezenrode, a member of the Kneiphof City Hall, paid for the construction of the bridge with barrels of honey, in another way, they paid for the construction of a trading shop near the bridge with honey. But these versions are probably just urban legends.
Most likely, the name of the bridge comes from the word "khon", which means mockery (mockery). By building this bridge, the inhabitants of the island of Kneiphof received the shortest route to the island of Lomse, bypassing the High Bridge, which belonged to Altstadt. Thus, it became, as it were, a mockery of the main of the Koenigsberg cities - Altshadt. For this, the Altstadts called the Kneiphofites - honey lickers.
in 1882, a new metal bridge was erected on the site of the old Honey Bridge.
Honey bridge. View of the island of Kneiphof and the Cathedral
It has survived to this day and is mainly used as a pedestrian bridge, since at present only the Cathedral is located on the Kneiphof island - the main attraction of the city of Kaliningrad. Currently, newlyweds hang padlocks with their names and marriage date on the railing. honey bridge, and the keys to the locks are broken and thrown into the Pregel River.
The problem of the seven bridges of Königsberg, Leonhard Euler and graph theory
Since ancient times, the inhabitants of Koenigsberg have struggled with the riddle: is it possible to pass through all the bridges, passing through each only once? This problem was solved both theoretically, on paper, and in practice, on walks - passing along these same bridges. No one was able to prove that this was not feasible, but no one could make such a “mysterious” walk along the bridges.
In 1736, the famous mathematician, member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Leonard Euler undertook to solve the problem of seven bridges. In the same year, he wrote about this to the engineer and mathematician Marioni. Euler wrote that he had found a rule by which it is not difficult to calculate whether it is possible to pass over all bridges and at the same time not pass through any of them twice. It is impossible to do this on the seven bridges of Koenigsberg.
On the city diagram (graph), the edges of the graph correspond to bridges, and the vertices of the graph (points where lines connect) correspond to parts of the city. Reflecting on the problem, Euler made the following conclusions:
graph vertices can be even or odd- one stroke of the pen can draw a graph, all vertices of which are even, you can start at any vertex of the graph and end with the same vertex
- the number of odd vertices (those that lead to an odd number of edges) must be odd, there is no graph with an even number of odd vertices
- it is impossible to draw with one stroke a graph with more than two odd vertices.
The graph of Königsberg bridges has four odd vertices, that is, all. Thus, it is not possible to cross all the bridges without crossing one of them twice.
FORUM NEWS  Aether Theory Knights | 23.02.2020 - 19:17: -> - Karim_Khaidarov. 23.02.2020 - 19:14: |
Municipal autonomous educational institution
"Secondary school No. 6", Perm
History of mathematics
The old-old problem about the bridges of Koenigsberg
Completed by: Zheleznov Egor,
10 "a" class student
Head: Orlova E. V.,
mathematic teacher
2014, Perm
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..3
The history of the bridges of Koenigsberg …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The problem of the seven bridges of Koenigsberg ………………………………………….......8
Drawing figures with one stroke ……………………………………….12
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 15
References ...…………………………………………………………….16
Annex 1 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………18
Annex 2 ………………………………………………………………………22
Annex 3 ………………………………………………………………………23
Annex 4 ………………………………………………………………………26
Doing
Koenigsberg is the historical name of Kaliningrad, the center of the westernmost region of Russia, famous for its mild climate, beaches and amber products. Kaliningrad has a rich cultural heritage. The great philosopher I. Kant, the storyteller Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, the physicist Franz Neumann and many others, whose names are inscribed in the history of science and creativity, once lived and worked here. An interesting problem is related to Koenigsberg, the so-called problem of the bridges of Koenigsberg.
The purpose of our study: study the history of the emergence of the Königberg bridge problem, consider its solution, and clarify the role of the problem in the development of mathematics.
To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
study the literature on the topic;
organize the material;
select tasks in the solution of which the method of solving the problem of Kentgsberg bridges is used;
make a bibliographic list of references.
History of the bridges of Koenigsberg
Arising in city of Königsberg (now) consisted of three formally independent urban settlements and several more “settlements” and “villages”. They were located on the islands and the banks of the river.(now Pregol), dividing the city into four main parts:, , and . For communication between city parts already in began to build . Due to the constant military danger from neighboring and , and also due to civil strife between the Königsberg cities (in- there was even a war between the cities, caused by the fact that Kneiphof went over to the side of Poland, while Altstadt and Löbenicht remained loyal) in Königsberg bridges had defensive qualities. In front of each of the bridges, a defensive tower was built with lockable lifting or double-leaf gates made of oak and with iron forged upholstery. And the bridges themselves acquired the character of defensive structures. The piers of some bridges had a pentagonal shape typical of bastions. Casemates were located inside these supports. From the supports it was possible to fire through the embrasures.
Bridges were a place of processions, religious and festive processions, and during the years of the so-called "First Russian Time" (-), when Königsberg briefly became part of the Seven Years' War, religious processions passed along the bridges. Once such a procession was even dedicated to the Orthodox feast of the Blessing of the Waters of the Pregel River, which aroused genuine interest among the inhabitants of Königsberg.
By the end of the 19th century, 7 main bridges were built in Königsberg (Appendix 1).
The oldest of the seven bridges Lavochnybridge(Krämerbrücke / Kramer-brücke). It was built in 1286. The very name of the bridge speaks for itself. The square adjacent to it was a place of lively trade. It connected the two medieval cities of Altstadt and Kneiphof. It was built immediately in stone. In 1900 it was rebuilt and made movable. Trams began to run across the bridge. During the war, it was badly damaged, but restored until it was dismantled in 1972.
Was the second oldestGreen bridge (Grüne Brücke / Grüne brücke). It was built in. This bridge connected the island of Kneiphof with the southern bank of the Pregel. It was also stone and three-span. In 1907, the bridge was rebuilt, the middle span became drawable and trams began to run along it. During the war, this bridge was badly damaged, was restored, and in 1972 it was dismantled.The name of the bridge comes from the color of the paint, which was traditionally used to paint the supports and the superstructure of the bridge. ATat the Green Bridge, a messenger handed out letters that had arrived in Königsberg. Business people of the city gathered here in anticipation of correspondence. Here, while waiting for the mail, they discussed their affairs. It is not surprising that it is in the immediate vicinity of the Green Bridge inKönigsberg trading house was built. AT on the other side of the Pregel, but also in the immediate vicinity of the Green Bridge, a new building of the trading exchange was built, which has survived to this day (now the Palace of Culture of Sailors).In 1972, instead of the Green and Lavochny bridges, the Trestle Bridge was built.
After Lavochnoye and Green was builtworking bridge (Koettelbrucke / Kettel or Kittelbrücke), also connecting Kneiphof and Vorstadt. Sometimes the name is also translated as Gut Bridge. Both translations are not ideal, since the German name comes fromand in Russian means approximately “working, auxiliary, intended for garbage transportation”, etc. This bridge was built in . It connected the city of Kneiphof with the suburb of Vorstadt. The bridge was half stone, and the spans were wooden decks. In 1621, during a severe flood, the bridge was torn off and swept into the river. The bridge was returned to its place. In 1886 it was replaced with a new, steel, three-span, movable one. Trams also ran along it. The bridge was destroyed duringand did not recover later.
Seven bridges of Koenigsberg - Wikipedia (ru /wikipedia .ord)
Graph theory – site www .ref .by /refs
Attachment 1
shop bridge
green bridge
Gut bridge
Blacksmith bridge
wooden bridge
high bridge
Honey Bridge. Side view of
former drawbridge.
Honey bridge. Remains of the draw mechanism.
Kaiser Bridge
Annex 2
Leonhard Euler
H 
German and Russian mathematician, mechanic and physicist. Born April 15, 1707 in Basel. He studied at the University of Basel (in 1720-1724), where his teacher was Johann Bernoulli. In 1722 he received a master's degree in arts. In 1727 he moved to St. Petersburg, taking a position as an adjunct professor at the newly founded Academy of Sciences and Arts. In 1730 he became a professor of physics, in 1733 - a professor of mathematics. During the 14 years of his first stay in St. Petersburg, Euler published more than 50 papers. In 1741–1766 worked at the Berlin Academy of Sciences under the special patronage of Frederick II and wrote many works covering essentially all branches of pure and applied mathematics. In 1766, at the invitation of Catherine II, Euler returned to Russia. Shortly after arriving in St. Petersburg, he completely lost his sight due to cataracts, but thanks to his excellent memory and the ability to perform calculations in his mind, he was engaged in scientific research until the end of his life: during this time he published about 400 works, their total number exceeds 850. Died Euler in Saint Petersburg on September 18, 1783
Euler's works testify to the extraordinary versatility of the author. His treatise on celestial mechanics, The Theory of the Motion of Planets and Comets, is widely known. Author of books on hydraulics, shipbuilding, artillery. Euler is best known for his research in pure mathematics.
Appendix 3
Tasks
Z 
task 1(problem about the bridges of Leningrad). In one of the halls of the House of Entertaining Science in St. Petersburg, visitors showed a diagram of the city's bridges (Fig.). It was necessary to bypass all 17 bridges connecting the islands and the banks of the Neva, on which St. Petersburg is located. It is necessary to go around so that each bridge is passed once.
And cutting the quarters
Emerge suddenly from the darkness
St. Petersburg channels,
St. Petersburg bridges!
(N. Agnivtsev)
D 
prove that the required unicursal bypass of all the bridges of St. Petersburg at that time is possible, but cannot be closed, i.e., endin
point from which it started.
Task 2. There are seven islands on the lake, which are interconnected as shown in the figure. Which island should the boat take travelers to so that they can cross each bridge and only once? Why can't travelers be taken to island A? 17
Z 
hell 3.
(in search of treasure)
.
On fig. the plan of the dungeon is depicted, in one of the rooms of which the treasures of the knight are hidden. To safely enter this room, you must enter through certain gates into one of the extreme rooms of the dungeon, go through all 29 doors in sequence, turning off the alarm. You can't go through the same doors twice. Determine the number of the room in which treasures are hidden and the gate through which you need to enter? twenty
Z
hell 4. Pavlik - an avid cyclist - depicted on the blackboard part of the plan of the area and the village (fig. 8), where he lived last summer. According to Pavlik, not far from the village, located on the banks of the Oya River, there is a small deep lake fed by underground springs. Oya originates from it, which, at the entrance, the village is divided into two separate streams, connected by a natural channel so that a green island is formed.wok(in the figure marked with the letterBUT)
with beach and playground. Dalekaboutbehind the village, both streams, merging, form a wide river. Pavlik claims that, returning on a bicycle from a sportssite located on the island, home (in the figure, the letterD
),
he passes once over all eight bridges shown on the plan, never once interrupting the movement. Our connoisseurs of the theory of such puzzles marked with lettersA, B, C,
D
sections of the village, separated by a river (sections are network nodes, bridges are branches), and found that a unicursal route starting atBUT
(odd node), it is possible, but it must certainly end in B - in the second odd node, the remaining two nodesFROM
andD
- even. But Pavlik, too, is telling the truth: his route fromBUT
inD
really ran along all eight bridges and was unicursal. What is the matter here? What do you think? Z 
hell 5
. The English mathematician L. Carroll (author of the world-famous books Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking-Glass, etc.) liked to ask his little friends a puzzle to bypass the figure (Fig. 9)with a single stroke of the pen and without passing twice a single section of the contour. Lines were allowed to cross. Such a task is easily solved.
Let's complicate it with an additional requirement: at each transition through a node (considering the points of intersection of the lines in the figure as nodes), the direction of the bypass must change by 90°. (Starting from any node, you will have to make 23 turns) 6 .
Task 6 . (A fly in a jar) A fly has climbed into a sugar jar. The jar is in the shape of a cube. Will the fly be able to sequentially go around all 12 edges of the cube without passing twice along one edge. Jumping and flying from place to place is not allowed. 22
Z 
hell 7
.
The picture shows a bird. Is it possible to draw it with one stroke?
Z 
hell 8
.
On theFigure 10 shows a sketch of one of Euler's portraits. The artist reproduced it with one stroke of the pen (only the hair is drawn separately). Where in the figure are the beginning and end of the unicursal contour located? Repeat the movement of the artist's pen (hair and dotted lines in the figure are not includedinbypass route) 6
.
Fig.10
Z
hell 9. Draw the following figures in one stroke. (Such figures are called unicursal (from the Latin unus - one, cursus - path)).
Appendix 4
Problem solving
1
.
3
. To solve it, you need to build a graph where the vertices are the numbers of the rooms, and the edges are the doors.
Odd Vertices: 6, 18. Since the number of odd vertices = 2, it is safe to enter the treasure room.
You need to start the path through the gate AT and finish in room no. 18 .
5
.
An example of the required bypass is given in the figure.
6
. The edges and vertices of the cube form a graph, all 8 vertices of which have multiplicity 3 and, therefore, the bypass required by the condition is impossible.
7. Taking the points of intersection of the line as the vertices of the graph, we obtain 7 vertices, only two of which have an odd degree. Therefore, there is an Euler path in this graph, which means that it (that is, the bird) can be drawn with one stroke. You need to start the path at one odd vertex, and end at another.
8. You need to start bypassing at the odd node in the corner of the right eye and end at the odd node of the eyebrow above the left eye (dotted lines are not included in the network). All other nodes in the figure are even.
9
.
Non-traditional solutions to the problem
Kaiser's "Decision"
On the map of the old Königsberg there was another bridge that appeared a little later and connected the island of Lomse with the south side. This bridge owes its appearance to the Euler-Kant problem itself. This happened under the following circumstances.
Emperor Wilhelm was known for his directness, simplicity of thought and soldier's "narrowness". Once, while at a social event, he almost became the victim of a joke that the learned minds present at the reception decided to play with him. They showed Kaiser a map of Koenigsberg and asked him to try to solve this famous problem, which by definition was unsolvable. To everyone's surprise, Kaiser asked for a pen and a sheet of paper, saying that he would solve the problem in a minute and a half. The dumbfounded German establishment couldn't believe their ears, but the paper and ink were quickly found.
The Kaiser put the piece of paper on the table, took up a pen and wrote the following: "I order the construction of the eighth bridge on the island of Lomse." So in Königsberg a new bridge appeared, which was called the “Kaiser Bridge”. And now even a child could solve the problem with eight bridges.
see also
Literature
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
The location of the seven bridges, according to legend, was also not chosen by chance, and the number seven has long been considered mystical.
By the way, the tradition of throwing a coin from the bridge in order to return has appeared in Koenigsberg since ancient times.
Once in the old city, I walked along its bridges.
Imperial bridge at the beginning of the 20th century
It is impossible to bypass all the bridges by crossing each one only once. Among the townspeople there was an unsolvable problem - how to pass over all the bridges of Kneiphof without crossing any of them twice.
The problem was solved by Emperor Wilhelm. One day at the ball, the conversation turned to the unsolvable riddle of bridges. The emperor said that he could easily solve this problem and ordered a pen and paper to be brought to him. Wilhelm wrote an order - to build the eighth bridge, which was called the Imperial.
Map of the bridges connecting the islet of Kneiphof with the shores. Seven bridges is a mystical number.
Kneiphof gained fame as the "island of magicians", it was said that bridges in foggy twilight could lead to other worlds. The island is located at the crossroads of these worlds. No wonder they became interested in Hitler's sorcerers.
Only three of the seven bridges have survived to this day. The ghosts of the townspeople of past eras appear here in our days, pass importantly, hurrying about their business. Maybe they are in a hurry from one "parallel world" to another through the island?
Each bridge has its own history and legends.
shop bridge
The oldest bridge in Königsberg, built at the end of the 13th century. Then he connected two settlements - Kneiphof on the island and Altstadt (King's Castle) on the coast. It was originally called St. George's Bridge. The settlements then were not a single city and were even at enmity with each other. The bridge became a no man's land where trade took place. Merchants' tents stood along the bridge, so the people called the bridge Shop. They also sold a strong alcoholic drink called Pregel Stink.
The bridge fell into disrepair over the centuries, was dismantled and rebuilt in 1900 into a drawbridge. During the war, it was badly damaged and was restored by Soviet restorers. Unfortunately, in the seventies, as the “party ordered,” the bridge was demolished, and an overpass passed in its place.
green bridge
Built at the beginning of the 14th century. At first, the bridge was wooden and was called the "Bridge of the Long Street", which ran from the castle to the hospital of St. George. The wooden bridge often burned down and was rebuilt. In the 16th century, the bridge, rebuilt after a fire, was painted green, so it became the "Green Bridge". On this bridge, noble merchants of the city met for negotiations. The bridge was "postal", messengers brought letters here. Dear townspeople came for important mail in person and at the same time met with partners.
In the 17th century, an exchange was built next to the bridge, the current building of which is a rebuilding of the late 19th century.
The bridge was modernized at the beginning of the 20th century. Survived the war, was restored. Unfortunately, it suffered the fate of the Lavochny Bridge, it was destroyed "by order of the party" for the construction of an overpass, which runs right on the site of these two bridges.
Green Bridge at the beginning of the 20th century
Exchange building and Green Bridge at the beginning of the 20th century
Overpass, which passes on the site of the Lavochny and Green Bridge
View from part of the overpass (former green bridge) to the stock exchange
Offal (Working) bridge
Built in the second half of the 14th century, next (50 meters) to the green bridge. The bridge was used to transport goods. In the 17th century, on Easter 1621, a terrible flood occurred in Königsberg, which flooded the island of Kneiphof. According to contemporaries "ships were thrown onto the ramparts of the city, rats swam on floating coffins, and in the cathedral the water was knee-deep". During the flood, the bridge was destroyed, hastily rebuilt. Completely rebuilt at the end of the 19th century. The bridge did not survive the war.
Previously, 50 meters here was the Worker Bridge
Königsberg Cathedral, once there was a bridge nearby
Blacksmith bridge
Built in the second half of the 14th century, it was also wooden at first. It got its name thanks to the forges located nearby. It was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century with an adjustable mechanism. Nearby there was a turret, in which there was a "control point" for the bridge.
The bridge was destroyed during the war.
wooden bridge
Built at the beginning of the 15th century. On the bridge was a memorial plaque with quotations from the Prussian Chronicle. Rebuilt at the beginning of the 20th, preserved to this day. Even the pillars of the bridge have been preserved.
The bridge has survived to this day
high bridge
Built at the beginning of the 16th century. A legend about the most "truthful" Baron Munchausen and his lost boot is associated with him. Once, after sorting through the local noble beer, the baron wandered into the High Bridge area. He could not find his home, so he stopped for the night at a nearby hotel. The room turned out to be so small that the baron, when he lay down, could not fit in his full height. He stretched his legs out the open window. Without taking off his boots, the baron fell asleep. In the morning, Munchausen discovered that one of his boots had fallen into the water of the river.
The famous resourceful Baron Munchausen became a legend of Koenigsberg
The bridge was rebuilt in the early 19th century.
The high bridge is no longer so beautiful today, but it has been preserved
And in this turret there is a mechanism for drawing the bridge
honey bridge
Built in the second half of the 16th century.
Several legends are associated with the name of the bridge. According to one version, the bridge was built by the "honey tycoon" of that era to connect Kneiphof with his honey shop on the banks of the Lomse. To do this, he even gave a bribe to the mayor of Kneiphof with barrels of honey. According to another version, the tycoon bought the whole bridge for honey. There is a version that the builders of the bridge were paid with honey. Residents of the neighboring area - Altstadt, who did not like Kneiphof, nicknamed its inhabitants - honey slimes.
Romantic legends are associated with the bridge: “If you carry your beloved girl three times in your arms across the Honey Bridge, circle her three times on each bank and finish the cycle on the banks of the Kneiphof without dropping her from your hands, then she will love you forever”
Honey bridge today
Imperial Bridge
This bridge was built in 1905 by order of Emperor Wilhelm, who solved the riddle of the "seven bridges" in this way. The bridge was destroyed during the war. In 2005, a new bridge was built on its supports in honor of the city's anniversary, which was named Yubileiny.
This is how the bridge looked at the beginning of the 20th century
New jubilee bridge
View of the Jubilee Bridge
For more than 10 years, the newspaper “New Wheels of Igor RUDNKOV” under the heading “Walks around Koenigsberg” has been publishing articles on the history of our city. Out of more than 500 essays-walks for the book, we chose 34 - sad and funny, tragic and epic. The chapters contain sketches of the customs and life of the Königsbergers, based on historical facts, legends and traditions: fashion and architecture, police, military and firefighters, restaurants and cafes, universities and schools, the historical connection of Königsberg with Russia and much more ... Photos of Königsberg and illustrations by the artist S. Fedorov, made especially for this book, will give us the opportunity to present this city-“Atlantis”.
Seven bridges of Königsberg
Euler's problem was solved by the war and the Soviet government
It is known that the great Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler created a whole branch of science by solving the problem of seven Königsberg bridges.
In vain trample shoes
There is a legend that the inhabitants of Koenigsberg loved to walk along the streets of three medieval cities “merged” into a single whole: Altstadt, Löbenicht and Kneiphof, but they could not stand to trample their shoes in vain. These cities were connected by seven bridges. And now, as if economical townspeople once thought: is it possible to go through all the bridges so that you visit each of them only once and return to the place where you started the walk?
Euler was interested in the problem. “No one has yet been able to do this, but no one has proven that it is impossible ... Neither geometry, nor algebra, nor combinatorial art is sufficient for the solution,” he wrote to his colleague, an Italian mathematician and engineer.
In the end, having built the most complicated algorithm, Euler received a negative answer. It turned out to be impossible to cross all the bridges only once and, having described the circle, return to the starting point.
Shop, Green and Blacksmith
So, the Lavochny Bridge (Kremerbrücke) was the oldest. It was built in 1286 on the initiative of the mayor of Altstadt (who had just received city rights). He connected Altstadt with the island of Kneiphof, which did not yet have an urban settlement.
A booth was built next to the Shop Bridge - as it is written in German papers, "for storing possible rubbish." In 1339, the bridge is mentioned as named after St. George, but in 1397 it acquires a new name: Kogenbrücke, that is, the Bridge of Ships (merchant ships were then called Kogami in the Hansa). In 1548, this name became official, changing to one letter: Kokenbrücke.
In 1787 the bridge was reconstructed. The "junk box" was removed. In 1900, a new one, made of metal, was built in place of the wooden Kokenbrücke. He safely survived the war and was demolished in 1972 during the construction of the Estakadny Bridge.
Shop bridge and old port warehouses
Gut bridge
Next - Green (Grunebrücke). It was built in 1322 across a branch of the Pregel River in order to provide traffic from the suburbs of Ponart to the Royal Castle. Burned down in 1582. Six years later it was rebuilt, again from wood. It existed in this form until 1907, then it was replaced with a metal one, it was adjustable. The mechanism was set in motion manually. Survived the war. “Sentenced” to him in the same 1972, during the construction of the Overpass.
In 1379, on the initiative of the Altstadters and by the decision of the master of the Teutonic Order Winrich, a bridge was built parallel to Lavochny. It was named Blacksmith (Schmidebrücke). He also had a booth "for trash."
By 1787, the Blacksmith's Bridge was dilapidated and was replaced with a new one, also made of wood. It was built in metal in 1846. Instead of a booth, they put a turret for a steam installation - an adjustable mechanism.
During the assault on Königsberg, it was destroyed and never rebuilt.
Offal, Tall and Wooden
The Offal (Meat) Bridge (Kettelbrücke) ran parallel to the Green Bridge, located near the slaughterhouse, in front of the Stock Exchange building (now the Sailors' Palace of Culture). It was built in 1377 at the expense of the inhabitants of Kneiphof to connect them with Vorstadt - the warehouse area. There, in Vorstadt, stocks of wood for heating were initially stored.
Partially the Gut Bridge was destroyed even before the storming of the city in April 1945, and its spans were used to repair the Wooden Bridge (Halzbrücke). Wooden intact to this day, it connects the former Altstadt with Oktyabrsky Island (former Lomse Island). If you look closely, you can see that the forging of the railing is different: in some places its elements are oak leaves, in others, borrowed from Potrokhovy, there are rings.
In 1377, permission was obtained for the construction of the High (Hoebrücke) bridge (connecting Oktyabrsky Island with the current Dzerzhinsky Street). At the end of the 19th century, its wooden version was replaced by a brick and metal structure. By the way, next to this bridge is the only surviving building of lifting mechanisms in the whole city - a turret called the Bridge House. (She was about to fall into the Pregel, but a few years ago she was restored.)
In 1937, a new metal and concrete bridge was built just to the east. It is he who exists to this day. True, since then it has not been modernized, although, according to the plan, all the bridges of Königsberg were to undergo ongoing reconstruction.
Or maybe it's for the best? Eyewitnesses recall how in 1996, sappers - ours, from Kaliningrad - blew up the concrete coating with heavy bombs while repairing the Overpass Bridge! Moreover, structures of this kind are very sensitive not even to a shock wave, but simply to a synchronous oscillation. After all, there is a case when a rather strong bridge collapsed from the fact that a company of soldiers walked along it in the foot ...
Imperial and Honey
The Honey Bridge (Honigbrücke), built in 1542, has also been preserved. According to legend, it owes its “delicious” name to ... a bribe that Ober-Burgrave Basenrade allegedly received from the Kneiphof City Council. For permission to build a bridge linking Kneiphof with the island of Lomse, bypassing the Altstadt. It was as if the Kneiphofers had delivered a whole barrel of honey to Bazenrad, and the angry Altstadters called them “honey lickers” for this.
One way or another, Medovy survived World War II. And now it leads to the Cathedral from Oktyabrskaya Street. He was almost killed by a barge called "Scarlet Sails" - remember, there was such a floating restaurant on Pregol. During a strong wind, the barge was torn off the anchor and she rammed her bow into the railing of the bridge. Right in the center. But ... local craftsmen successfully solved the problem with the help of an autogen. And the barge was dragged for scrap.
…Other Königsberg bridges appeared much later and have nothing to do with the Euler problem.
Thus, the Imperial Bridge (Kaiserbrücke) built in 1905 connected the island of Lomse with Vorstadt. Partially the bridge was damaged during the war. One of its spans was preserved until the mid-eighties, and then it was scrapped.
Railway and Berlin
The Old Railway Bridge connected the old South and East stations with the Altstadt warehouse district. In 1929, it was recognized as emergency, after four years it was dismantled. And after the war, the first settlers restored the bridge, although not in its former form.
New Zheleznodorozhny - better known as a bunk - was blown up by German sappers during the assault on Königsberg. Soviet sappers "pointed" him immediately after the war. He divorced then, not rising up with both halves, but “driving apart” to the sides by turning.
By the way, it was he who remained in the history of Soviet cinema. In the film "Meeting on the Elbe", which was filmed in Kaliningrad in 1948-1949, there is a shot of former friends and allies, Russians and Americans, crowding on both sides of the river - like the Elbe - and the Americans raise the bridge, thereby marking the beginning of cold war.
So, in the role of the "bridge over the Elbe" our bunk was filmed. They reconstructed it in the late fifties and made it rising.
But the Berlin (Palmburg) - the one behind the village of Borisovo, along the ring road towards Isakovo - froze in a "half-reduced" state. Just froze in a spasm. It was blown up in 1945, before the assault.
high bridge
During the reign of the first secretary of the regional committee of the CPSU Konovalov, one part of the bridge was reduced. The builders proceeded to the second, but from Moscow they angrily shouted at them: “Are you restoring Nemetchyna ?!” As a result, special equipment was sent for scrap, and the bridge remained ... a historical monument. General Koenigsberg-Kaliningrad history. Although restoring it is not a problem.
Monster across the avenue
... By the way, when the Trestle Bridge was being built, the width of its carriageway coincided with the total width of Lavochny and Kuznechny. It was cheaper to restore two parallel bridges - Kuznechny and Potrokhovy - and carry out traffic on them. But ... then megalomania reigned in everything, construction volumes were required.
Even funnier - and more tragic! - happened to that monster that sticks out across Moskovsky Prospekt. The architects - the authors of this "miracle" - claim that they acted on the basis of the German project for the reconstruction of Koenigsberg. In fact, the German plans provided for a completely different bridge - from Kalinin Avenue to Litovsky Val. And this place was chosen solely for mercenary reasons: many residential buildings fell under demolition, people needed to be resettled ... This means that new construction had to be carried out, this is a large amount of investment ... And the architect received a percentage of the shaft: the greater the amount of work, the more impressive the fee. And now ... we have what we have.
... In general, the Euler problem today has a completely different solution. On the remaining bridges in Kaliningrad, it is quite possible to describe a circle without repeating “simple movements”. That's just ... do you want to? And it's not even about the shoes.
