In 1607 he undertook a journey to reach India and China via the North Pole.
Between Greenland and Svalbard was stopped by ice and turned back.
Set a record of free movement to the north 800 23", lasting 158 years.
We know very little about Henry Hudson (1550-1611). Researchers have found mention that the expedition of John Davis to America in 1585 was planned in the house of a certain John Hudson in London's Eastend. Consequently, Henry was his son or relative, a very literate and knowledgeable sailor, otherwise the London "Moscovite Company" * (also called the "Russian Company", * Organized in London by Sebastian Cabot and other London merchants for systematic trade with Russia. Sent several expeditions In search of the Northeast Passage.) would not have entrusted him with ships to travel to America.
In 1607, Hudson set sail in search of a route to China and India through the Arctic, bypassing the Spanish and Portuguese possessions. Hudson headed first north along the eastern coast of Greenland, but ran into an ice barrier and, turning east along the ice edge, went to the Newland Islands (now Svalbard).
Here he managed to go to 80 ° north latitude. Returning to England, he spoke about the possibilities of whaling in the Far North and thus contributed to the development of English whaling in the Svalbard region.
In 1608, Hudson made a second voyage to the Arctic with the same goal as the first: to open the Northeast Passage to China and India. In search of ice-free water, he ended up in a part of the sea between Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. Before him, the Dutch navigator Billem Barents tried to pass this road. Unable to break through to the northeast, Hudson once again tried his luck in the northwest, but here, too, he was forced to retreat in front of the formidable front of the ice fields.
Hudson made his third expedition while in the service of the Dutch East India Company. He left Amsterdam in April 1609 on a small ship, the Half Moon. Hudson was given the freedom to choose between the Northeast and Northwest Passages. At the beginning of May, he was already back in the present-day Barents Sea, near Novaya Zemlya. The expedition was in a very difficult conditions: there were severe colds; heavy ice, invisible in the mist, surrounded the Half Moon. There was no map of these places. In a small team of eighteen to twenty people, quarrels began, the mood was excited, a riot was being prepared. Hudson proposed two options for the route: go to the shores of America, where, according to a letter and map sent by Captain John Smith, there was a strait near 60 ° north latitude, or look for a way north, through the current Davis Strait. We decided to look for the path indicated by Captain Smith. In mid-May, Hudson entered the Faroe Islands and there, cruising in American bays, tried to find a non-existent road to China.
In June, when Half Moon was near Newfoundland, one of her masts broke and fell overboard. Hudson reached the American coast and set up a new mast at the mouth of the Kenebec River. He was convinced that in those places it was possible to conduct barter trade, and the sea was rich in cod. After that, he approached the shores of the current states of Maine and Massachusetts twice more, near Panobscot Bay and Cape Cod (south of Boston).
The Hudson rounded this cape and in August approached the Delaware and Chesapeake bays. There was no strait here, and the Hudson turned north again. In September, he entered New York Bay, where Verazzano had been before him, and climbed up the Great North River (now the Hudson River). When he reached the place where the city of Albany is now located, he was convinced that this path did not lead to China.
In the same year, another European explorer, the Frenchman Champlain, tried to sail to China on the Richelieu River, a tributary of the St. Lawrence River. Champlain discovered the lake that bears his name by approaching the same place where the Hudson was, only from the other side. They were separated by only 150 kilometers.
Hudson again had misunderstandings with the team, and he decided to return to Holland. On the way, he called at the port of Dartmouth in England. Here the "Half-Moon" was seized by the British government, and Hudson and other Englishmen from his team were forbidden to travel to European countries. The English were told that if they wanted to continue discoveries, they must do so for the benefit of their own fatherland.
So Hudson did. The very next year, the English East India Company took Hudson into their service and gave him the small ship Discovery (Discovery), with a displacement of 55 tons, with a crew of 23 people, to search for the Northwest Passage. Hudson was not completely trusted: it became known that during the last voyage to the American shores, the sailors were very dissatisfied with their commander, and this discontent several times threatened to turn into open rebellion. Therefore, the directors of the company appointed a sailor unknown to Hudson as the senior officer of Discovery, considering him to be a completely reliable person.
On April 17, 1610, the Hudson left the port of London. At the mouth of the Thames, he landed a "watcher" imposed on him. Already on the transition to Iceland, a murmur arose among the team, with which the captain could not get along this time either. From Iceland, the Hudson headed for the east coast of Greenland. There he began to descend south, looking in vain for a passage into Pacific Ocean, rounded the southern tip of Greenland, and from there turned west. Not finding a strait near the northern coast of the land of Meta - Incognita, discovered by Frobisher, he went around this peninsula of Baffin Island from the south and on July 5 got into a real strait (Hudson). Slowly, gropingly, Hudson led his ship along the northern shore of the strait, clogged with ice. On July 11, he withstood a strong storm, crossed to the opposite shore and opened the Unga-va Bay there for the second time, then completed the discovery of the entire northern coast of Labrador.
On August 2, at 63 ° 20 "North latitude, land appeared, which Hudson at first took for a ledge of the mainland (Salisbury Island). The next day, the ship rounded the imaginary ledge, and in front of the sailors, in the west, under the pale rays of the northern sun, a wide silver-blue space - ice-free, calm sea.On August 3, 1610, Hudson made the following entry in the ship's log: "We went (west) along the narrow passage between the islands of Diggs and Labrador. The promontory at the mouth of the strait on the south side I have named Woolstenholme." This is the last entry made by Hudson's hand.
The rest six months later was told in London by Abakuk Prikket, a sailor from the Discovery. Beyond Wolstenholme Point, the coast turned sharply to the south. The ship sailed for several weeks along the coast. In the west, far from the mainland, in clear weather, sailors saw land and decided that this was the opposite shore of a wide strait leading them to the Pacific Ocean. In fact, it was a chain of islands that stretched along the western coast of Labrador 50-150 kilometers from it (Munsel, Ottawa, Two Brothers, Sleeper, King George, Belcher).
Or Hudson (Henry Hudson), is a famous English navigator. Born in 1570, died presumably in 1611 in a mutiny on a ship off the coast of Canada in the bay, which is now called Hudson Bay.
In 1607, Henry Hudson was hired by an English trading company as a captain to search for a northern route to Asia. At that time, the Arctic was not well explored and traders thought that they could find the shortest route to Asia through the north or by moving to the northeast or northwest. On the ship "Hopewell" Hudson entered the Arctic Ocean and moved to the northwest. In early June 1607, the ship reached Greenland and moved north along the eastern Greenland coast. On June 20, it was decided to move away from the coast and head east. About a month later, the ship reached the northern side of the Svalbard archipelago, ice impeding further progress. Then Hudson decided to return to England.
A year later, Hudson made another attempt to find a northern trade route, while heading east. However, having reached the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, he again decided to return because of the ice blocking the path.
The desire to continue the search did not leave Henry Hudson, so he was hired by the Dutch trading company. He was appointed captain of the ship Halve Maan, which was equipped for another attempt to find a northern route. In the late spring of 1609, the ship headed for Novaya Zemlya. On the way, a strong discontent arose in the team, because of which the captain had to turn back. The ship moved west, sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and reached the coast of the North American island of Newfoundland in the middle of summer. For four months, Henry Hudson explored the coast North America: in September 1609 he discovered Manhattan Island, then described the territories off the coast of the future state of Maine and the Cape Cod Peninsula. In addition, the explorer led the ship up the river, now called his name - the Hudson. Later, at the mouth of this river, the Dutch founded the city of New Amsterdam, later renamed New York.
In the late autumn of 1609, Henry Hudson returned to England. Immediately upon his return, he was arrested for sailing under a false flag. At the time, this was considered a crime against English law, which protected trade routes from the Dutch. However, soon Hudson was released.
In the spring of 1610, Hudson again went on an expedition, already under the English flag on the ship Discovery. Heading north and then west, wanting to find a way to Asia, the sailors reached the Hudson Strait north of Labrador. Walking along the coast to the south, they came to the Hudson Bay. Then Henry Hudson devoted several months to mapping the coast of America. At the end of autumn, the ship became ice-bound in James Bay, so the crew had to go ashore for the winter. After the ice melted in the spring, Hudson decided to continue exploring, but the ship's crew mutinied, wanting to return home. The rebels landed Hudson with his son and seven sailors on a boat without food or water. Nothing more is known about the fate of the brave navigator.
As you know, the most outstanding geographical discoveries were made unintentionally, one might even say - by accident. It turned out that the sailors were looking for one thing, but found something completely different, moreover, much more valuable. But this very value was rarely realized by contemporaries and researchers themselves, and many of the discoverers ended their short lives in obscurity, and even in disgrace. But descendants know how to be grateful, and today rivers, seas, countries and entire continents bear the names of the heroes of the past. The Englishman Henry Hudson, centuries after his death, received a special honor: a strait, a river, a huge bay, surpassing some seas, a county, a city and a bridge in America, are named in his memory, and schoolchildren throughout the civilized world study his historical voyage. But during his lifetime, Henry received only starvation as a reward - for himself and his son.
Henry Hudson (aka Hudson) was born in the second half of the 16th century. Unfortunately, the exact date of this event is unknown - historians speak of 1550, 1565 and 1570, but none of these versions can claim to be an indisputable truth. Generally, all available information about the Hudson comes down to his four voyages who made him famous, and one thing - took his life. However, the price of posthumous fame is always high, sometimes even prohibitive.
In fact, Hudson was not going to explore North America, and even more so was not going to discover something in it. He wanted something completely different - to find the treasured waterway, leading from Western Europe to the rich countries of Asia - India and China. By the way, this imaginary path played a crucial role in the history of the great geographical discoveries. Giovanni Verrazzano, John Cabot, Christopher Columbus... every self-respecting navigator was looking for him. No one ever found it, of course, but the map of the world has expanded significantly thanks to the tireless wanderings of stubborn sailors.
So, The first voyage of the Hudson took place in 1607.. One English company trading with Russia, like all trading companies of that time, dreamed of getting to Asia. For this purpose, a ship was equipped and an experienced captain was invited. The ship's name was the Hopewell, and the captain's name was Henry Hudson. It was decided to look for a way to Asian lands among the ice floes of the little-studied Arctic, and the Hopewell entered the Arctic Ocean, following a northwestern course. Having reached Greenland and Svalbard, the ship approached the Pole, where it encountered an insurmountable obstacle in the form of ice. Hudson had to go back. According to some reports, it was he who discovered the island of Jan Mayen on the way back to England, which was subsequently discovered by the Dutchman Jan Mayen himself. Henry also told his fellow citizens how many whales are found in the Spitsbergen area, and since then the whales have become much smaller.
The following year, 1608, Hudson-Hudson repeated his attempt, deviating this time to the east of the previous route. He sailed to the archipelago New Earth, but here he was again attacked by ice floes, and he again had to turn back. The Moscow trading company in England was left with nothing and no longer wanted to do business with the unsuccessful captain.
However, Hudson himself now wanted to find the longed-for route to India, and soon he found himself new employers and like-minded people in the person of the Dutch East India Company. Henry's next ship was called "Halve Maen", he went to sea in the spring of 1609. Novaya Zemlya was the initial reference point for navigation, but the masterful crew, forced to sail in very difficult conditions, showed dissatisfaction, and the direction changed dramatically. The Hudson was now heading west across the waters of the Atlantic. The sailors landed in North America, near Newfoundland, and spent four months exploring the coast. The results of Hudson's research were detailed description Manhattan, Maine and Cape Cod. Previously, the French citizen Verrazzano had already visited here, but did not bother to describe the area, so the fame of the discoverer was assigned to the Hudson, confusing for a long time historical facts. The British, having climbed up the river, later named after the Hudson, reached Albany. At the mouth of the same river, New Amsterdam later arose, then transformed into New York.
Back in England, Hudson found himself under arrest for traveling under false flags. Soon he was released in order to go on the next expedition, which of all turned out to be the most important, and for Henry Hudson - the last. It was 1610. The ship "Discovery" went to sea under the English flag, heading north. He reached Iceland, then Greenland, after which he moved west. After passing the Hudson Strait and heading south, the Discovery reached Hudson Bay. Over the next few months, Hudson explored and mapped the coast of America. In November, ice locked the ship in James Bay, and the crew stayed for the winter.
When spring came and the ice receded, Henry intended to continue his research, but the rest of the expedition demanded to return home. Captain Hudson had never been able to get along with his subordinates before, which was his undoing. In the summer of 1611, a riot broke out on the ship, and the crew split into two camps. Those who wanted to return - returned, and those who wanted to stay - remained in the bay forever. Henry Hudson, his son, and seven of his followers were thrown into a boat without water or supplies. What happened to them next is not difficult to guess.
The significance of the bay discovered by the Hudson is difficult to overestimate: the rivers flowing into it gave Western Canada access to the sea. For more than two centuries, the area was a successful fur trade, and the Hudson's Bay Company became so powerful that it intervened in government policy and established boundaries between the possessions of the British and Americans in the northwestern part of the continent. At the same time, ships were entering the Arctic through the Hudson Strait looking for a northwesterly route from the Atlantic to Asia.
Sir Henry Hudson (Hudson)(Eng. Henry Hudson; September 22 -?) - English navigator of the early 17th century. Known for exploring the territories of modern Canada and the Northeast United States. The exact date and place of his birth is not known, but according to some assumptions, he was born on September 22, 1570 in London. It is believed that he died in 1611 in what is now Hudson Bay in Canada as a result of a mutiny on a ship.
Birth and early years
birth details and young years Hudson is virtually unknown. Some sources state that Hudson was born around 1565; according to other information, his birth dates back to 1570. Supposedly, Hudson spent many years at sea, beginning his career as a cabin boy and gradually rising to the rank of captain.
Research
In 1607, the Moscow Trading Company, one of the few English companies with a royal charter, hired Captain Henry Hudson to find a northern route to Asia. At that time, the Arctic region was completely unexplored, and traders assumed that by moving north, northeast or northwest, they would find the shortest route to Asia. Hudson sailed on the ship Halve Man into the Arctic Ocean and headed northwest. In early June, he reached the eastern coast of Greenland and moved along it in a northerly direction, while making a map of the area. On June 20, the ship moved away from the coast and headed east, reaching the northern tip of the Svalbard archipelago on July 17. At this point, the ship was only 577 nautical miles (1,100 kilometers) from the North Pole, and ice blocked the way further. On July 31, Hudson decided to return to England. On the way back, Hudson may have discovered Jan Mayen Island (according to other sources, it was later discovered by the Dutch captain, whose name it is named after).
In 1608, Hudson once again tried to find a northern trade route, this time moving east, but, having reached the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, he again stumbled upon ice blocking his path and was forced to return. Other ships of the company had reached this limit point before, but the northern route to Asia was never found.
Hudson wished to continue his search and engaged himself with the Dutch East India Company. This company was also extremely interested in finding a northern route, and for this purpose the Halve Maan ship (Dutch. Halve Maen) was equipped, of which Hudson was appointed captain.
In May 1609, the ship headed for Novaya Zemlya, but before reaching it, it was forced to turn back due to the dissatisfaction of the crew. Instead, the ship sailed west, crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and in early July reached the shoal of the Great Newfoundland Bank off the coast of the island of Newfoundland in North America. Then 4 months were spent exploring the shores of North America. On September 11, 1609, Manhattan Island was opened. The coast of present-day Maine and the Cape Cod peninsula have also been explored and described. Despite the fact that these lands were first discovered by the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verazzano in 1524, Henry Hudson became the first European to record these lands in writing. He also sailed up the river that now bears his name (the Hudson) to what is now the capital of the State of New York, Albany. Later, at the mouth of this river, the Dutch founded the city of New Amsterdam, which later became the city of New York. It is believed that the name of the island Staten (Dutch. Staaten eylandt) was also given by Henry Hudson in honor of the States General (Netherlands), the official name of the Dutch parliament at that time.
Upon his return to England in November 1609, Hudson was arrested for sailing under a false flag under the Navigation Act, a set of English laws established to protect trade routes from the Dutch (not to be confused with the Cromwellian Navigation Act). However, he was soon released.
Map of Henry Hudson's expeditions to North America.
Map of the fourth expedition of Henry Hudson, 1610-1611.
In 1610, Hudson again went on an expedition by ship. Discovery(eng. Discovery), this time under the English flag, having been employed by the Virginia and British East India Companies. He headed north, arriving on the coast of Iceland on May 11, then on June 4 to southern Greenland, then rounded its southern tip and headed west. There was a strong feeling that the northern route to Asia had finally been found. On June 25 the travelers reached the Hudson Strait north of Labrador. Moving south along the coast, on August 2 they reached the Hudson Bay. Hudson spent the next few months exploring and mapping the American coast. In November, the ship became stuck in the ice in James Bay, and the crew was forced to go ashore for the winter.
rebellion
In the spring of 1611, after the track was cleared of ice, Hudson planned to resume exploration. However, the ship's crew rebelled, demanding a return home. In June 1611, 8 people from the team returned home, having previously landed Hudson, his son and 7 more sailors on a rowing boat, leaving them no water and food. Nothing more is known about his fate. Subsequent searches, including expedition
Peter Ackroyd in the book "The Thames. Sacred River" writes: "The Thames was called both gray and dirty, and grimy, and sooty, and smoky. And all these epithets are not from the 19th century. It has always been like that. During the period of the Roman invasion and During the occupation, it was first turned into a sewage drain - this is evidenced by wooden pipes over a large cluster of Roman buildings. There was a public latrine on London Bridge, from where urine and feces fell directly into the river, and there were latrines on all tributaries flowing into the Thames. "Black monks "and the" white monks "complained that they were poisoned by the fumes of the river flowing under their walls. According to them," the stinking fumes caused the death of many of the brethren. long house "with two rows of 64 seats. The sewage was washed away from there by the tides. John Taylor compiled a poetic list of the sewage that is in the river:" dead pigs, dogs, cats and skinned horses ... horse manure, offal, garbage. "Weekly in londons In some parishes "death lists" were published. These lists were supposed to warn against the plague, but often the cause of death was water.
By the middle of the 19th century, the situation worsened. All London sewage merged into the Thames. Numerous small gas enterprises sprang up along the banks, the waste of which also fell into the river. The river was present: slaked lime, ammonia, cyanide and carbolic acid. The curtains on the windows of the parliament were soaked with bleach, but this did not help. Its characteristic smell, described in many stories of the great stench of 1858, was created by hydrogen sulfide. Punch magazine called the Thames one big ditch. There was a constant danger of silting. The Thames was the source of cholera. In "The Adventure of the Dying Detective", which allegedly took place in 1890, Sherlock Holmes was believed to have contracted a fatal disease simply because he worked near the river. Subsequently, the waters of the Thames were affected by discharges from power plants on the shore. By the middle of the 20th century, the situation had not improved much. In the late 1950s, the surface of the Thames bubbled due to the release of methane at depth, and holes formed in the screws of river vessels due to substances dissolved in water. "
We conclude now, in the 21st century, the Thames still cannot free itself from the legacy of the recent past. Even after a rain of moderate strength, uncleaned waste water, and in the rainy season, many thousands of sewage and storm water are sent to the river from pumping stations. From the beginning of 2001 to the end, 240 million cubic meters of untreated water got into the river. As a result, there were calls for the construction of a sewer. The river will never be completely clean.
