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In the 10th century, as a result of the merging of the ideas of the Basri and Kufi schools, the Baghdadi school of Arabic grammar was formed, although some authors deny the existence of the Baghdad school and continue to divide Arabic linguists into Basrians and Kufis. The Baghdadians were not as categorical as the Basrians and occupied a middle position between schools, taking their due from foreign influences and not completely rejecting them. In their writings, the people of Baghdad turned to the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad, and to the works contemporary poets like Bashshar and Abu Nuwas.
Sciences that study Arabic
In the Arabic tradition, 4 sciences are distinguished that study the literary Arabic language:
- al-Lugha(Arab. اللغة ) - lexicology, description of vocabulary and meanings of words.
- at-Tasrif(Arab. التصريف or Arabic. الصرف ) - morphology, description of word forms and their formation. Sometimes the science الإشتقاق al-iştiqāq - etymology, word formation - is isolated from the sarf.
- an-Nahw(Arab. النحو ) - syntax, the science of word order in a sentence and their influence on each other. An important component of this science is al-i'rab(Arab. الإعراب ) - section nahw studying the change of case endings of words.
- al-Balyaga(Arab. البلاغة ) - rhetoric, the science of the correct, convincing and beautiful presentation of thoughts.
Root of the word
Of almost all names and verbs in Arabic, one can distinguish a root consisting of only consonants.
The Arabic root is most often three-letter, less often two- or four-letter, and even less often five-letter; but already for a four-letter root, a requirement is set that it contains at least one of the smooth consonants (vox memoriae (memory): مُرْ بِنَفْلٍ).
According to the well-known domestic Arabist S. S. Meisel, the number of triconsonant roots in modern Arabic literary language is 82% of total number Arabic root.
Not just any consonants can participate in the root: some of them are compatible in the same root (more precisely, in the same cell; see below: b), others are incompatible.
Incompatible:
- Glottal: غ ع خ ح (if ع and ء are compatible)
- Non guttural:
ب and فم
ت and ث
ث and س ص ض ط ظ
ج and ف ق ك
خ and ظقك
د and ذ
ذ and ص ض ط ظ
ر and ل
ز and ض ص ظ
س and ص ض
ش and ضل
ص and ض ط ظ
ض and ط ظ
ط and ظك
ظ and غق
غ and ق ك
ق and ك غ
ل and ن
This feature of the composition of the Arabic root somewhat facilitates the task of the reader of the manuscript without dots; for example, the spelling حعڡر should be جَعْفَر
The shaping of words occurs mainly due to the internal structural change of the word - internal inflection. The Arabic root consists, as a rule, of three (rarely two or four, extremely rarely five) root consonants (radicals), which, with the help of transfixes, form the entire paradigm of this root. For example, from the verb كَتَبَ (write), using the consonants "K-T-B" the following words and forms are formed:
Pronouns
Personal
separate
Separate pronouns are used on their own, not in idafe and not as direct complement.
| Face | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | anāأنا | naḥnuنحن | ||
| 2nd | husband. | antaأنت | antumāأنتما | antumأنتم |
| female | antiأنت | antunnaأنتنّ | ||
| 3rd | husband. | huwaهو | humāهما | humهم |
| female | hiyaهي | hunnaهنّ | ||
One-piece
Merged pronouns are used after names, denoting ownership (that is, replacing idafu, كِتَابُهُ kitābuhu "his book"), and after verbs, replacing a direct object (كَتَبْتُهُ katabtuhu "I wrote it"). They can also be attached to prepositions (عَلَيْهِ ʕalayhi "on him", بِهِ bihi "to them, with his help", etc.), particles of the إِنَّ group (e.g. إنَّهُ رَجُلٌ صادِقٌ صادِقٌ صادِقٌ صََّهُ رَجُلٌ صادِقٌ innahu rajulun rajulun ). Continuous pronouns of the 3rd person (except ها) have variants with the vowel i after words ending in i or y. The 1st person pronoun is used in the form ني nī after vowels, in the form ـيَّ after y (merging with this sound).
| Face | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | -nī/-ī/-yaـي | -naـنا | ||
| 2nd | husband. | -kaـك | -kumāـكما | -kumـكم |
| female | -kiـك | -kunnaـكن | ||
| 3rd | husband. | -hu/-hiـه | -humā/-himāـهما | -hum/-himـهم |
| female | -haـها | -hunna/-hinnaـهن | ||
pointing
Demonstrative pronouns are combinations with the Semitic demonstrative ðā (compare Hebrew זה ze "this, this"). Arabic demonstrative pronouns agree with the word to which they refer, according to general rules. By cases, they change only in the dual number.
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | haya هذا | hāðāni هذان | hā'ulā'iهؤلاء |
| indirect p. | hāðayni هذين | |||
| Female | straight p. | hāðihiهذه | hatani هتان | |
| indirect p. | hatayni هتين | |||
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | ðalikaذلك | ðānika ذانك | ulā’ikaأولئك |
| indirect p. | Aaynika ذينك | |||
| Female | straight p. | tilkaتلك | tanika تانك | |
| indirect p. | taynika تينك | |||
Interrogative
Interrogative words in Arabic include the following words: مَنْ man "who?", مَا، مَاذا mā, māðā "what?", إينَ ayna "where?", كَيْفَ kayfa "how?", مَتَى matā "when?", كَمْ kam “how much?”, أَيٌّ ayyun (female - أَيَّةٌ ayyatun, but the word أي can be used for both genders) “which, which, which?”. Of these, only أيٌّ and أَيَّةٌ change by case, they are also used with words in the form of idafa (ex. , since it is a direct object of the verb أرَادَ arāda "to want").
The word كم is used in several contexts: in the context of the question about the quantity, it puts the subsequent level in the NASB (كم ساةة تنتظر? Kam Sāʕatan Tantazˤirru "How many hours are you waiting for?"), In the context of surprise - in Jarr (! كم أخ لك Kam Axin Laka how many (how many) brothers do you have!"), in the context of a question that requires an ordinal number in the answer - in raf" (كَمِ السَاعَةُ؟ kamis-sāʕatu "what time is it? what time is it?").
relative
Interrogative pronouns ما، من can also be used as relatives.
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | straight p. | allari الّذي | allariani اللّذان | allariina الّذين |
| indirect p. | allaayni الّذين | |||
| Female | straight p. | allatī الّتي | allatani اللّتان | allātī, allā "ī الّاتي، الائي |
| indirect p. | allatayni الّتين | |||
Name
Genus
There are two genders in Arabic: masculine and feminine. The masculine gender does not have special indicators, and the feminine gender includes:
1. Words with endings ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: سَاعَةٌ "clock" ، صَخْرَاءُ "desert" ، كُبْرَى "greatest"
2. Words denoting female humans and animals (females), even without external indicators female, for example: أُمٌّ "mother", حَامِلٌ "pregnant"
3. Words denoting cities, countries and peoples, for example: مُوسْكُو "Moscow", قُرَيْشٌ "(tribe) Quraish"
4. Words denoting paired organs of the body, for example: عَيْنٌ "eye", أُذُنٌ "ear"
5. The following words:
It is worth noting that words denoting male humans and animals may also end in ـة، ـاءُ، ـٙى for example: عَلَّامَةٌ "great scholar", أُسَامَةُ "Osama (male name)".
Number
There are three numbers of names in Arabic: singular, dual and plural. Definitions and verbs agree with nouns in number. The dual number has clear rules for the formation, and plural formed in different ways, it must always be specified in the dictionary.
dual
The dual number is formed by adding the ending ـَانِ āni to the singular name (with ة becoming ت). Names in the dual number are two-case, in the oblique case (nasb and hafd) their ending is ـَيْنِ ayni. In the conjugated state, these names lose the last nun.
Correct plural masculine
The correct plural is formed by adding the ending ـُونَ ūna to the singular word. In the indirect case, this ending looks like ـِينَ īna. In the conjugate state, these names lose the last nun, and have the endings ـُو ū, ـِي -ī.
Correct plural feminine
Feminine names ending in ة in the plural most often replace it with the ending ـَاتٌ ātun. The same ending can take some masculine verbal names. In hafd and nasb they change to ـَاتٍ ātin or ـَاتِ āti.
broken plural
Most of the names in Arabic form the plural by changing their stem. This is how many masculine names change (كِتَابٌ kitābun book - كُتُبٌ kutubun books), less often - feminine with ة (eg مَدْرَسَةٌ madrasatun school - مَدَارِسُ madarisu school), and almost all feminine names without ة.
"cases"
In Arabic, there are three so-called states of names: raf", hafd (or jarr), nasb. They are often translated as nominative, genitive and accusative cases, respectively. These terms do not fully reflect the Arabic category of state, therefore, this article uses the Russian transliteration of Arabic terms.
Some names in hafd and nasba have the same form, and also do not take tanwin, therefore they are called "two-case", and their forms are divided into direct and indirect cases.
Raf" (nominative case)
The state raf" is the basic, "dictionary" state of names.
Jarr/khafd (genitive)
Names are used in the state of hafd after names in the conjugate state and prepositions. It is formed in three ways:
1. Triple names, names in the broken plural and whole feminine numbers change the ending u, un to i, in.
2. Two-case names take the ending a.
3. Names in the dual and regular masculine plural change the letters و and ا to ي. She also appears at the “five names”.
Nasb (accusative)
The nasb state has names used as direct objects of verbs, after modal particles, and also as some circumstances without a preposition. Nasb is formed like this:
1. Triple names and broken plural names change u, un to a, an.
2. "Five names" take ا
3. The names in the whole plural of both genders and the two-case names in the nasba coincide with their forms in the hafd.
Nasb is used in the following contexts:
1. At the direct object of the verb (كَتَبْتُ رِسَالَةً "I (on) wrote a letter")
2. At the circumstances of the manner of action, expressed by a one-root or non-one-root name of the action (ضَرَبَهُ ضَرْبًا شَدِيدًا "he hit him with a strong blow")
3. At the circumstances of time without a preposition (نَهَارًا "in the daytime")
4. At the circumstance of the direction (يَمِينًا "to the right")
5. At the circumstance of the course of action in the meaning of the purpose or reason
6. After "vav jointness" (سَافَرْتُ وأَخَاكَ "I traveled (together) with your brother")
7. At the circumstances of the mode of action, expressed by a one-root or non-one-root participle (ذَهَبَ مَاشِيًا "he went on foot")
8. In the context of highlighting (حَسَنٌ وَجْهًا "good face")
9. After the numerals كَمْ "how much?" and كَذَا "so much"
10. After modal particles (“إنَّ and her sisters”, see below)
11. After the particle لا, when a general, generic negation is meant
12. After the particles ما and لا when they are used in the meaning of the verb لَيْسَ "not to appear". Characteristic of the Hija dialect
13. After the construction مَا أَفْعَلَ expressing surprise
14. When addressing, if the person being addressed is the first member of the idafa
Bicase names
Two-case names (الأسماء الممنوعة من الصرف) differ from three-case names in that they do not have tanveen, in raf'e they have the ending -u, and in hafd and nasb -a. Two-case, in fact, are the forms of the dual and integer plural, but they are considered in their own sections.
In the definite and conjugate states, two-case names change like three-case ones, that is, with the ending -i.
Two-case names include the following categories of words:
1. Most female proper names, except for those built according to the model فَـِـُعْلٌ . Male names ending in ة.
2. Proper names, coinciding in form with the verb.
3. Proper names and names of non-Arabic origin (except those built according to the فَـِـُعْلٌ model)
4. Proper names with the ending ـَانُ and any names constructed according to the model فَعْلَانُ.
5. Own model names فُعَلٌ, as well as the word أُخَرُ
6. Proper names formed from two words by addition, but not idaphs.
7. Feminine names ending in ـَاءُ or ـَى
8. Model names أَفْعَلُ
9. Names (numerals) of models مَفْعَلُ or فُعَالُ
10. Broken plural names with two or three letters after ا.
Latent declension names
1. Names ending in alif (ordinary ا and broken ى, or tanvin ً -an) do not change by case.
2. Names to which the continuous pronoun ي is attached do not change by case.
3. Names ending in taniwin ٍ -in do not change in raf'e and hafd. In nasba and a certain state of all cases, they have the letter ي
five names
The next five names (in the table) are not changed according to the rules. In the conjugated state and with fused pronouns, their short vowel is lengthened. The words ذو and فو do not have short vowel forms, as they are used only in idaf and with pronouns. Along with them, the correct names صَاحِبٌ and فَمٌ are used.
Word forms
| Genus | unit | Dv.h. | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Husband. | raf" | ðū ذو | ðawā ذوا | ðawū, ulū ذوو، أولو |
| nasb | ðā ذا | ðaway ذويْ | ðawī, ulī ذوي، أولي | |
| khafd | ðī ذِي | |||
| Female | raf" | ðātu ذاتُ | ðawātā ذواتا | ðawātu, ulātu ذوات، أولاتُ |
| nasb | ðāta ذاتَ | ðawatī ذواتي | ðawāti, ulāti ذوات، أولات | |
| khafd | ðāti ذاتِ | |||
certain state
A certain state of names is a form without tanveen. It is used in several cases: after the article ال, after vocative particles, etc. Adjectives agree with nouns in definiteness and indefiniteness.
Conjugated state, idafa
"Idafa" - a special design in Semitic languages(corresponds to the Hebrew smichut). In it, the first word is in the so-called conjugate state. In Arabic (and other Semitic languages in which cases have been preserved), the second word is in the genitive case. The words in idafa are in the relation "object of the owner". The word in the conjugate state does not take the article ال, but is considered determined with the help of the subsequent one, the definiteness of the whole construction is calculated by the last word.
Degrees of comparison of "adjectives"
Comparative and superlative forms of a name are formed from a three-letter root according to the formula:
أَفْعَلُ (plural: أَفْعَلُونَ or أَفَاعِلُ) for masculine gender, فُعْلَى (plural: فُعْلَيَاتُ) for feminine gender. For example: the root ك،ب،ر associated with large sizes (for example, كَبُرَ to be large) - أَكْبَرُ is the largest - كُبْرَى is the largest.
These forms are used in four contexts:
- In the position of the predicate, in an indefinite state, followed by the preposition مِنْ "from, from", in the masculine singular form. This form is used in comparison: أَخِى أَصْغَرُ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ "My brother is younger than Muhammad."
- With the definite article "اَلْ" in the position of definition, fully consistent with the main word: البَيْتُ الأَكْبَرُ "The biggest house".
- As the first member of idafah (singular, masculine), where the second member is the name of an indefinite state (consistent in gender and number with the determined or subject): best friend» زَيْنَبُ أَفْضَلُ صَدِيقَةٍ "Zeynab is the best friend."
- As the first member of an idafa (either in the form of the masculine singular, or agrees in gender and number with the definitive or subject), the second member of which is the name of a specific state (does not agree with the definitive or subject, usually takes the form of pl. h.): أنت أفضل الناس "You are the best of people", أنتن أفضل الناس or أنتن فضليات الناس "You (Women) are the best of people."
Numerals
quantitative
Ordinal
Coordination
In Arabic, the definition agrees with the defined in definiteness, gender, number, and case. At the same time, for "reasonable" names (naming people) in the plural, the definitions have the plural form of the desired gender, and for "unreasonable" ones (calling animals, inanimate objects) - in the singular form of the feminine gender.
Word-building models of names
Verbs
The Arabic language has a branched verbal system, which is based on two forms that go back to the Semitic perfect and imperfect. A three-letter verb has 15 species, of which only 10 are actively used, a four-letter verb has 4 species, of which 2 are widely used. th root letters, the presence of weak letters (و or ي) or hamza.
There are three cases in Arabic: nominative, genitive and accusative. The majority of names are inclined in these three cases. However, some names are declined in only two cases, since their accusative form coincides with the genitive form.
Triple declension pattern
|
State |
masculine |
Feminine |
The ending |
|
|
indefinite |
طَالِبٌ |
طَالِبَةٌ |
- ٌ - un |
|
|
طَالِبٍ |
طَالِبَةٍ |
- ٍ - in |
||
|
طَالِباً |
طَالِبَةً |
- ً - ا ً - en |
||
|
certain |
أَلطََّالِبُ |
أَلطََّالِبَةُ |
- ُ - at |
|
|
أَلطََّالِبِ |
أَلطََّالِبَةِ |
- ِ - and |
||
|
أَلطََّالِبَ |
أَلطََّالِبَةَ |
- َ - a |
As can be seen from the table, in a certain state, tanvins and ا not written, but case endings marked with the appropriate vowels. In feminine words ending in ة , alif is not written.
In the form of the nominative case, the following are put: the subject, the nominal predicate and the definitions agreed with it, as can be seen from the examples given in the previous lessons.
The name is in the form genitive in two cases:
after another control name (see Lesson 9);
after suggestions. For example: فِى ﭐلْ غُرْفَةِ 'in the room', فِى ﭐلْ بَيْتِ 'in home'.
In the case when the name acts as a direct object, it takes the ending of the accusative case. For example:
رَسَمَ الوَلَدُ داراً . The boy drew a house.
طَبَخَ الطَّبَّاخُ السَمَكَ . The cook has prepared the fish.
§ 3. Category of number. Dual
There are three grammatical numbers in Arabic: singular, dual and plural.
The dual form is used when we are talking about two persons or objects. It is formed from the masculine and feminine singular form by dropping the tanwin and adding the ending انِ - āni . At the same time, the letter ة in feminine names is replaced by a letter ت . Examples:
رَجُلٌ ‘man’ → رَجُلاَنِ 'two men';
دَفْتَرٌ ‘notebook’ → دَفْتَرَانِ ‘two notebooks’;
جَامِعَةٌ ‘university’ → جَامِعَتَانِ ‘two universities’;
عَامِلَةٌ ‘worker’ → عَامِلَتَانِ ‘two workers’.
Adding the definite article does not change the form of the dual number:
أَلدَّفْتَرَانِ ‘two notebooks’ (definite),
أَلْعَامِلَتَانِ ‘two workers’ (definite).
Names in the dual form, unlike names in the singular form, have only two case forms - the nominative form and the genitive-accusative form.
Declension of names in the dual number
|
Uncertain state |
Certain state | ||||
|
masculine |
Feminine |
masculine |
Feminine |
The ending |
|
|
مُدَرّ ِ س َانِ |
مُدَرّ ِ س َتَانِ |
أَلْ مُدَرّ ِ س َانِ |
أَل مُدَرّ ِ س َتَانِ |
- َ انِ - āni |
|
|
مُدَرّ ِ س َيْنِ |
مُدَرّ ِ س َتَيْنِ |
أَلْ مُدَرّ ِ س َيْنِ |
أَلْ مُدَرّ ِ س َتَيْنِ |
- َ يْنٍِ -a yini |
|
In the formation of the dual form, the final hamza and alif usually turn into و -ў , and the final ى (alif mạṣȳ ra) -ā turns into ى – th . Examples: صَحْرَاءُ with a X ra'at ‘desert’ → صَحْرَا وَانِ with a X rāўāni ‘two deserts’; مَعْنًى ma‘nan‘value’ → مَعْنَيَانِ ma‘nayani‘two meanings’.
تمارين
Read and translate the following words and sentences:
١ ) طالبان، رجلان، كتابان، تلميذتان، مهندسان، ضابطان، مدرستان، مدرسان، قلمان، حقيباتان، بابان، جامعتان، مكتبتان، صديقان، مكتبان، عاملان، مدينتان، شابتان، أستذان، سبورتان، كرسيان، سيارنان .
٢ ) الكتابان جديدان . الطالبان طويلان . المدينتان كبيرتان . المهندسان نشيطان . التلميذتان مجتهدتان . الغرفتان صغيرتان . المعلمان مشهوران . الطبختان جملتان . المجلتان عربيتان . الجريدتان روسيتان .
Form the dual form from the names:
طبيب، طبيبة ، دفتر ، مريض، صحراء .
Decline by case the words with and without the definite article:
مزارع، عاملة، أختان، داران، شابتان .
4 . write the words البريدان، المك توب ان بريد، مكتبة، الكتاب، المجلة، كتابان ، قميصان ، in combination with one of the suggestions من، فى and translate them.
كَلِمَاتٌ جَدِيدةٌَ
|
ب َ ع ِ يد ٌ |
ba‘ӣ dun |
هُوَ ج َ ال ِ س ٌ . |
huўa jālisun |
He's sitting. |
|
|
ق َ ر ِ يب ٌ |
ḳarӣ boon |
ظَرِيفٌ |
zarӣ fun |
witty |
|
|
س َ ه ْ ل ٌ |
sakhloon |
مَفْتُوحٌ |
maftȳ hun |
open |
|
|
ص َ ع ْ ب ٌ |
ṣa‘bun |
مُقْفَلٌ |
mukfalun |
locked, closed |
|
|
ق َ د ِ يم ٌ |
qadӣ moon |
دَرْسٌ |
darsun | ||
|
و َ س ِ خ ٌ |
ўashiX un |
ن َ اف ِ ذ َ ة ٌ |
nafih atun | ||
|
ض َ ع ِ يف ٌ |
Yes'ӣ fun |
ل ُ غَةٌ |
lug̣atun | ||
|
ق َ و ِ ى ٌّ |
ḳaўiyun |
نَعَمْ |
na‘am | ||
|
ح َ د ِ يث ٌ |
hadӣ with un |
new, modern | |||
|
ج َ ال ِ س ٌ |
jālisun |
ه ُ م َ ا |
humā |
they (both, both) |
5. Read, rewrite and translate into Russian the following sentences:
البيت بعيد . الجامعة قريبة . الدرس سهل . ال لغة صعبة . الكتاب قديم . الكرسي صغير . المكتوب جديد . الغرفة نظيفة . النافذة وسخة . هل الباب مفتوح؟ لا . الباب مقفل . هل النافذة مفتوحة؟ نعم . النافذة مفتوحة . البابان مفتوحان . النافذتان مقفلتان . هل هما مفتوحتان؟ لا . المدينة حديثة .
الطالب مجتهد . الطالبة مجتهدة . كريم شاب . زينب شابة . هو جالس . هي جالسة . هل هو حسن؟ نعم، هو حسن . هي حسنة أيضاً . أنت قوي . أنا ضعيفة . أنت جميلة . كريم ومحمود طالبان . زينب وفاطمة ممرصتان . العاملان مجتهدان . العاملتان مجتهدتان . الشابان ظريفان . هما جالسان . الشابتان ظريفتان . هما جالستان .
وجد المدير مكتوبا . رسم كريم نباتا . كتب الرجل المكتوب . شرب الشاب اللبن .
6 . Answer the following questions.
The plural is of two kinds: "whole" and "broken".
1. Whole plural number.
When this type of plural is formed, the internal structure of the name remains unchanged, intact - hence the name.
The "whole" plural of names denoting males ( جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِم ) is formed by adding the ending - ُونَ to the singular form. For example:
teacher Š مُدَرِّسُونَ teacher
Muslim Š مُسْلِمُونَ Muslims
-ِ ينَ . For example:
|
الرَّفْعُ is famous. case |
مُدَرِّسُونَ |
المُدَرِّسُونَ |
|
الجَرُّ will give birth. case |
مُدَرِّسِينَ |
المُدَرِّسِينَ |
|
النَّصْبُ blames. case |
مُدَرِّسِينَ |
المُدَرِّسِينَ |
Note
There are also a number of names that do not indicate males, but form their plural according to the scheme mentioned. For example:
أَرْضٌ land Š أرْضُونَ land
سَنَةٌ year Š سِنُونَ year
عَالَمٌ world Š عَالَمُونَ worlds
If the "whole" plural of names denoting males
(جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِمِ ) , is the first member of the idafa, then the letter نَ "nun" is truncated from it and it is declined as follows:
|
الرَّفْعُ is famous. case |
مُدَرِّسُو الْجَامِعَةِ |
|
الجَرُّ will give birth. case |
مُدَرِّسِي الْجَامِعَةِ |
|
النَّصْبُ blames. case |
مُدَرِّسِي الْجَامِعَةِ |
Integer plural of feminine nouns جَمعُ المُؤَنّثِ السَّالِم formed by adding an ending -َ اتٌ to the singular form.
(In a certain state - َ اتُ). For example:
طَالِبَةٌ student Š طَالِبَاتٌ student
student Š الطَّالِبَاتُ female student
In the genitive and accusative cases, this ending changes to - َ اتٍ . (In a certain state - on -َ اتِ ):
|
الرَّفْعُ is famous. case |
طَالِبَاتٌ |
الطَّالِبَاتُ |
|
الجَرُّ will give birth. case |
طَالِبَاتٍ |
الطَّالِبَاتِ |
|
النَّصْبُ blames. case |
طَالِبَاتٍ |
الطَّالِبَاتِ |
In contrast to the whole plural denoting male persons
gender ( جَمْعُ المُذَكَّرِ السَّالِم ) , an integer plural of feminine names
السَّالِم) (جَمْعُ المُؤَنَّثِ may indicate as persons female, as well as inanimate items. For example:
جَوَازٌ passport Š جَوَازَاتٌ passport
وِزَارَةٌ ministry Š وِزَارَاتٌ ministry
وَرَقَةٌ sheet Š وَرَقَاتٌ sheets
2. "Broken"plural number(جَمْعُ التَّكْسِيرِ ) .
This type of plural is formed not by adding any ending to the singular form, but by changing the very structure of the word. In this case, some letters are added (or, conversely, truncated) to the base of the name, while the root letters are preserved. For example:
كِتَابٌ book Š كُتُبٌ books (formed by the formula فُعُلٌ )
قَلَمٌ pencil Š أَقْلاَمٌ pencils (formed from أَفْعَالٌ )
دَرْسٌ lesson Š دُرُوسٌ lessons (formed by the formula فُعُولٌ )
طَالِبٌ student Š طُلاَّبٌ or طَلَبَةٌ students (formed by the formula فَعَلَةٌ and (فُعَّالٌ
مِثَالٌ example Š أَمْثِلَةٌ examples (formulated by the formula أَفْعِلَةٌ )
عَالِمٌ scientist Š عُلَمَاءُ scientists
عَامِلٌ worker Š عُمَّالٌ workers (formed by the formula فُعَّالٌ ) etc.
The “broken” plural should be memorized along with the singular form, since the choice of one or another plural formula is not determined by strict rules.
Strengthening exercises
1) Look up the plural form of the following names in the dictionary:
()حَدِيثٌ saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him)
()رَسُولٌ messenger
()قَبْرٌ grave
()قَاتِلٌ killer
()جَبَلٌ mountain
()قِرْدٌ monkey
()مَنْفَعَةٌ benefit, benefit
()نِعْمَةٌ gift, mercy
()جَاهِلٌ ignoramus
() عَزَبٌ single, unmarried
2) Translate the following sentences and find the plural names in them:
خَلَقَ اللهُ الْكَوَاكِبَ وَالنُّجُومَ وَالْحَيَوَانَاتِ وَالنَّبَاتَاتِ وَغَيْرَهَا مِنَ الْمَخْلُوقَاتِ
ذَلِكَ الرَّجُلُ كَانَ فِي بِلاَدٍ كَثِيرَةٍ وَرَأَى أُنَاسًا وَمُدُنًا وَقُرًى كَثِيرَةً
____________________________________________
ذَهَبْتُ إِلَى الدُّكَّانِ فَاشْتَرَيْتُ الْمَلاَعِقَ وَالشَّوْكَاتِ وَالسَّكَاكِينَ وَالأَطْبَاقَ وَالأَكْوَابَ
____________________________________________
هَلْ يُوجَدُ فِي وَطَنِكَ غَابَاتٌ وَجِبَالٌ وَأَنْهَارٌ وَبِحَارٌ؟
____________________________________________
نعم، كُلُّ هَذِهِ الأَشْيَاءِ تُوجَدُ فِي بَلَدِي
____________________________________________
يَعِيشُ فِي الْبَحْرِ أَسْمَاكٌ وَحِيتَانٌ وَقُرُوشٌ وَسَرَطَانَاتٌ ...
____________________________________________
يُحِبُّ اللهُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ الصَّالِحِينَ الصَّادِقِينَ وَيُبْغِضُ الْكَافِرِينَ الْفَاجِرِينَ الْكَاذِبِينَ
____________________________________________
كَانَتْ أُمَّهَاتُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (رَضِيَ اللهُ عَنْهُنَّ) عَابِدَاتٍ صَالِحَاتٍ تَائِبَاتٍ
____________________________________________
مُسْلِمُو رُوسِيَا يُحِبُّونَ إِخْوَانَهُمْ أَيْ مُسْلِمِي الْعَالَمِ كُلِّهِ
____________________________________________
3) Translate the sentences into Arabic:
There are many trees, flowers and butterflies in the garden
This factory produces bicycles, cars and tractors.
___________________________________________________
There are many books, magazines and cassettes in that store.
___________________________________________________
I invited relatives, friends and colleagues home
___________________________________________________
There are many forests, lakes, rivers and mountains in Bashkiria
___________________________________________________
A Muslim respects elders, loves children and protects the weak
___________________________________________________
4) Learn the proverb:
š الْفَقْرُ بِلاَ دُيُونٍ غِنًى ›
"Poverty without debt is wealth"
duration: 30 minutes
This is Arabic lesson number 3. It is about: plural and languages. Examples on this page: vocabulary , grammar, and phrases. You will spend 30 minutes on this lesson. To listen to the word, please click on the Audio icon . If you have any questions regarding this course, please contact me by email: Learn Arabic.
Below is a list of the most commonly used words, the scope of which is: Plural. The table below has 3 columns (Russian language, Arabic language and pronunciation). Try to repeat the words after listening. This will help you improve your pronunciation and also help you remember the word better.
List of adjectives
| Russian language | Plural | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| the country | dawla دولة | |
| countries | duwal دول | |
| lake | buhaira بحيرة | |
| lakes | buhayraat بحيرات | |
| language | lugha لغة | |
| languages | lughaat لغات | |
| female | emra "a إمرأة | |
| women | nesaa" نساء | |
| the male | rajul رجل | |
| men | rejaal رجال | |
| boy | walad ولد | |
| boys | awlaad أولاد | |
| girl | bent بنت | |
| girls | Banat بنات |
Here is a list of sentences containing multiple vocabulary items shown above topic about: Plural. Sentences are added to help you understand how the structure of the entire sentence can affect the function and meaning of individual words.
Plural with examples
Languages vocabulary
This is a list of languages vocabulary. If you learn the following words by heart, it will make your conversation with the natives much easier and more enjoyable.
Languages vocabulary
| Russian language | Languages | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| Arab | arabia العربية | |
| Moroccan (Moroccan) | maghrebi مغربي | |
| Morocco | almaghreb المغرب | |
| Brazilian | Brazil البرازيلية | |
| Brazilian (Brazilian) | Brazil برازيلي | |
| Brazil | albarazil البرازيل | |
| Chinese | assinia الصينية | |
| Chinese (Chinese) | sini صيني | |
| China | seen الصين | |
| English | alenjlizia الإنجليزية | |
| British (British) | britani بريطاني | |
| Britannia | britannia بريطانيا | |
| American (American) | amriki أمريكي | |
| America | amrika أمريكا | |
| French | alpharansia الفرنسية | |
| French (French) | faransi فرنسي | |
| France | faransa فرنسا | |
| Deutsch | alalmania الألمانية | |
| German (German) | almani ألماني | |
| Germany | almania ألمانيا | |
| Greek | alyunaania اليونانية | |
| Greek (Greek) | yunaani يوناني | |
| Greece | alyunaan اليونان | |
| Hindi | alhindia الهندية | |
| Indian (Indian) | hindi هندي | |
| India | alhind الهند | |
| Irish | alirlandia الأيرلندية | |
| Irish (Irish) | irlandi إيرلندي | |
| Ireland | Ireland إيرلندا | |
| Italian | alitalia الإطالية | |
| Italian (Italian) | italy إيطالي | |
| Italy | Italy إيطاليا | |
| Japanese | alyabania اليابانية | |
| Japanese (Japanese) | yabani ياباني | |
| Japan | alyaban اليابان | |
| Korean | alcuria الكورية | |
| Korean (Korean) | kuri كوري | |
| Korea | curia كوريا | |
| Persian | alpharisia الفارسية | |
| Iranian (Iranian) | eerani إيراني | |
| Iran | eeran إيران | |
| Portuguese | alburtughalia البرتغالية | |
| Portuguese (Portuguese) | burtughali برتغالي | |
| Portugal | alburtughal البرتغال | |
| Russian | arrusia الروسية | |
| Russian (Russian) | rusi روسي | |
| Russia | Russia روسيا | |
| Spanish | alespania الاسبانية | |
| Spaniard (Spanish) | espani إسباني | |
| Spain | espania إسبانيا |
daily conversation
Finally, take a look at the list of phrases used in everyday communication. Full list popular expressions, please see: Arabic phrases.
Arabic phrases
| Russian language | Audio | |
|---|---|---|
| I don't speak Korean | Ana la atakalam alkuria أنا لا أتكلم الكورية | |
| I like Japanese | ana uheb alyabania أنا أحب اليابانية | |
| I speak Italian | ana atakalam alitalia أنا أتكلم الإيطالية | |
| I want to learn Spanish | ana ureed ta "alum alespania أنا أريد تعلم الاسبانية | |
| My native language- Deutsch | lughati al um hiya alalmania لغتي الأم هي الألمانية | |
| Spanish is easy to learn | alespania hiya sahlat ata"alum الإسبانية هي سهلة التعلم | |
| He has a carpet made in Morocco | ladayhi sajada maghribia لديه سجادة مغربية | |
| I have an american car | ladaya sayara amrekia لدي سيارة أمريكية | |
| i love french cheese | ana uheb aljubn alfaransi أنا أحب الجبن الفرنسي | |
| I am Italian (Italian) | Ana Itali أنا ايطالي | |
| My dad is Greek | walidi yunaany والدي يوناني | |
| My wife is Korean | zawjati curia زوجتي كورية | |
| Have you been to India? | hal sabaka lak zeyarat alhind? هل سبق لك زيارة الهند؟ | |
| I came from Spain | je "tu men espania جئت من إسبانيا | |
| I am living in America | ana a "eesh fe amrika أنا أعيش في أمريكا | |
| I want to go to Germany | ureed an azhaba ila almania أريد أن أذهب إلى ألمانيا | |
| I was born in Italy | lakad wuledtu fe italia لقد ولدت في إيطاليا | |
| Japan is a beautiful country | alyabaan balad jameel اليابان بلد جميل | |
| Long time no see! | lam araka mundu mudda لم أراك منذ مدة | |
| I missed you | eshtaktu lak اشتقت لك | |
| What's new? | maljadeed? ما الجديد؟ | |
| Nothing new | lasha"jadeed لا شي جديد | |
| Make yourself at home! | albeyt beytuk البيت بيتك | |
| Have a good trip! | rehla muwafaka رحلة موفقة |
Benefits of learning a language
Children who grew up in a bilingual language environment have improved short-term memory compared to those who were raised in a family where they communicate only in one language. This improved short-term memory means that its owners are faster at mental arithmetic, more advanced at reading, and in many other abilities essential to survival.
You did a good job and passed this lesson! You have completed this tutorial on: plural and languages. Ready for the next lesson? We recommend to go arabic lesson 4. You can also click on one of the links below, or return to our homepage by clicking on the link here:
