First road sign. Who Invented Road Signs? History of road signs

MADOU Kindergarten combined type No. 60 AGO "History of the emergence of road signs"

The project was completed

Gubanov Andrey and parents

Supervisor:

Kopytova Irina Nikolaevna

Educator 1KK

HYPOTHESIS

Now there are many different road signs, but they appeared a very long time ago.

Problem:

I don't know the history of road signs

I have questions:

1. When did the first road signs appear?

2. How have they changed over time?

3. Were there road signs at a time when there was no transport yet?

4. Are road signs useful?

5. What groups are road signs divided into?

Learn about the history of road signs

1. Find information sources and

2.consider, explore and explore

found material;

3. create a presentation based on the selected material;

4. draw conclusions.

Planned result

1. Found information sources and

materials on the history of road signs;

2.considered, researched and studied the found materials;

3. a presentation was created based on the selected material;

4. conclusions are drawn;

5. The put forward hypothesis is confirmed;

6. Answers to the questions posed were found.

Familiarize yourself with the history of road signs

We searched for books of interest to us

We studied other sources of information, for example, games.

The material was collected from the Internet.

Find out what road signs are installed in the area of \u200b\u200bresidence

Here's what we found out

"History of Road Signs"

Presentation

Road signs in ancient times

The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, set stones of a certain shape along the roads.

Painting by V. M. Vasnetsov “The Knight at the Crossroads”. A fabulous hero sits on his horse at a crossroads and thinks - where should he go? And the information is carved on the stone. So this stone can be considered a road sign .

The system of road signs in Ancient Rome

Mile poles

cylindrical

Milestones in Russia

Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

Appearance on the roads the first self-propelled carriages required a fundamental change in the organization traffic.

And in 1903, the streets of Paris appeared first road signs

The two main systems of road signs in the pre-war years

European, based on the use of symbols

Anglo-American, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols.

from January 1, 1961, uniform Rules of the road on the streets of cities began to operate, settlements and the roads of the USSR

Along with the new rules, new road signs were introduced:

Modern groups of road signs in Russia

warning signs

special order signs

priority signs

information signs

prohibition signs

service marks

prescriptive signs

additional information signs

warning signs

Warn drivers and pedestrians of impending danger and its nature.

Shape: white triangle with red border.

Priority signs

Determine the order of passage at intersections and narrow sections of the road.

Shape: No specific shape.

prohibition signs

Prohibit any actions to drivers and pedestrians.

Shape: white circle with red border.

Mandatory signs

Prescribe, allow to move in a certain direction.

Shape: blue circle with white symbol

Information signs

Report on various traffic conditions.

Shape: rectangle or square with blue, white, yellow or green background..

Signs of special regulations

Enter or cancel certain modes of movement on the road.

Shape: mostly blue rectangle or square.

Service marks

Inform about the placement of various objects on the roads.

Shape: Rectangle with a white background and a wide blue border.

Additional Information Signs

Help to streamline the flow Vehicle or clarify, strengthen the effect of signs.

Shape: rectangle with white background (tablet)

The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads.

Road signs are installed on the right side of the road so that all road users can see them at any time of the day.

Observe

Traffic Laws!

Each sign has its own shape and color. They are covered with various drawings, letters, words.

Today, only in Russia, more than two and a half hundred road signs are used, covering almost all aspects of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving.

All signs are divided into groups

You can talk endlessly about the benefits of road signs. First of all, they warn of dangers on the road.

It can be said that road signs provide maximum safety for drivers and pedestrians, but remember that a lot depends on you.

Conclusion

1. Found information sources and

materials on the history of road signs;

2. reviewed, examined and studied the materials found;

3. based on the selected material, a presentation was created, which was presented above;

4. made conclusions (presented in the presentation);

5. found confirmation of the hypothesis put forward;

6. answered the questions posed;

7. We introduced the children in the group to the history of road signs.

Conclusion

Thus, it can be said

what goal achieved- I got acquainted with the history of road signs.

Delivered tasks completed , the expected result has been achieved.

this work

can be interesting for children and adults, can be used in traffic safety classes

Information sources

1. "Rules of the road" M.; EKSMO, 2014

2. Atlas of highways

3. Children's books and games on the rules of the road

4. Internet resources

http://www.autodela.ru/main/blogs/Uli_blog/article-1347303874

https://cirkul.info/article/istoriya-dorozhnykh-znakov

http://pdd-gulnas.ru/index.php/dorozhnye-znaki

http://yandex.ru/yandsearch?clid=9582&text= history%20appearance%20road%20signs& l10n=ru

The history of road signs

Currently, there are 1.4 million road signs on the roads of Russia, moreover, there are 4 road signs per 1 km of roads in the city, and 7 road signs on federal roads.

As soon as a person “invented” roads, he needed road signs, for example, in order to indicate routes. For these purposes, ancient people used all available means: broken branches, notches on the bark of trees, stones of a certain shape, installed along the roads. Not the most informative option, and you can’t always see a broken branch right away, so people thought about how to separate the sign from the landscape. So along the roads began to put statues. Then, from the fifth century BC, the heads of other characters began to appear on the statues: Bacchus, Pan, fauns, statesmen, philosophers and others. When writing appeared, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, most often the names of settlements.As Plutarch described this event, the people of Gracchus measured all the roads of the Roman Empire and set up stone pillars to show distances. On the roads, every 10 stages (1800 m), signs were installed, which indicated the distance to Rome and the nearest settlement. In addition, the name of the ruler who built the road and the year in which it happened were recorded on the pillars. Distance indicators were stone pillars with a diameter of 40 cm to one meter, a height of 1.25 - 3 meters. Distances were counted from a bronze pillar, called "golden". A golden pillar was erected at the old Roman Forum.

Under the French minister Zully (1559-1641) and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which the intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to make it easier for travelers to navigate.

In Russia, the decree of Alexander I of 1817 read: “At the entrance to each village, have (following the example of those established in Little Russia) a pillar with a board showing the name of the village and what number of souls it has.”

The road sign with the image of the symbol - "Ahead of a steep descent" first appeared in the middle of the 19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted on it a wheel or a brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the whole variety of traffic situations. The first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris in 1903: on a black or blue background of square signboards, symbols were depicted in white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Uneven road”. Fast development road transport has sharply raised the issue of travel safety. In 1909, representatives of a number of European countries gathered in Paris and adopted the first convention on international road transport. According to the convention, four road signs were introduced: “Rough road”, “Winding road”, “Intersection with the railway”, “Crossroads”, which were usually installed 250 meters before the dangerous section at right angles to the direction of traffic.

Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is not surprising: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China limited themselves to a couple of hieroglyphs denoting some kind of rule, European countries were deprived of the opportunity to express a whole rule with two characters of writing, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man was invented, crossing a pedestrian crossing. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where two or three of the many signs turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 in Geneva, the "Convention on the introduction of uniformity and signaling on the roads" was adopted, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. So, for example, in the pre-war period, two systems of road signs operated simultaneously: the European one, based on the same convention of 1931, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. Magazine Avtomobilist No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: "The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from the autumn of this year begins to place warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. In 1949, another attempt was made in Geneva to create a unified world system of road signs, "Protocol on Road Signs and Signals". They took the European system as a basis, and it is not at all surprising that the countries of the American continent refused to sign the document. If the convention of 31 years had 26 road signs, the new protocol already provided for 51 signs: 22 warning, 18 forbidding, 9 indicative and 2 prescriptive.As for the rest, if some situations were not provided for by these signs, the countries were again free to come up with something of their own.

Today, more than 250 road signs are used in Russia alone, covering almost all aspects of traffic, and the system is constantly being developed and improved. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared somewhere from the list, returning to service only in 1961. For what reason the sign disappeared, it is not known whether the roads suddenly became smooth, or whether their condition was so sad that it made little sense to put a warning.

The next step was to give the roadside structures specific shapes to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. To this end, sculptures began to be erected along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

After the appearance of writing, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, usually they wrote the name of the settlement to which the road leads.

The world's first system of road signs originated in ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC. BC. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical milestones with a distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a golden milestone, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree "to put milestones painted and signed with numbers, to put hands at crossroads at milestones with an inscription where it lies." Quite quickly, milestones appeared on all the main roads of the state.

Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the XVIII century. on the pillars began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

The appearance on the roads of the first self-propelled carriages required fundamental changes in the organization of traffic. No matter how imperfect the first cars were, they moved much faster than horse-drawn carriages. The driver of the car had to react faster to the emerging danger than the driver.

It should also be taken into account that the horse, although dumb, is an animal, because of this it reacts to an obstacle at least by slowing down its run, which cannot be said about the horsepower under the hood of a horseless carriage.

Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And public opinion must be responded to.

The combination of the above conditions led to the fact that in 1903 the first road signs appeared on the streets of Paris: on a black or blue background of square signs, symbols were drawn with white paint - “Steep descent”, “Dangerous turn”, “Rough road”.

The rapid development of road transport posed the same tasks for each country: how to improve the organization of traffic and travel safety. To address these issues, representatives of European countries gathered in 1909 in Paris for a conference on automobile traffic, at which the “International Convention on the Movement of Automobiles” was developed and adopted, which regulates the basic principles of road traffic and requirements for a car. This convention introduced four road signs: "Rough road", "Winding road", "Crossroads" and "Intersection with the railway". It was recommended to install signs 250 m before the dangerous area at right angles to the direction of travel.

After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However, motorists did not pay attention to them.

In 1921, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created under the League of Nations, on the initiative of which a new one was convened in Paris in 1926. international Conference with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the system of road signs was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stop is required”, a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later, a new “Convention for the introduction of uniformity in road signaling” was adopted at the Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative.

In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them and total number amounted to 22. It is curious that the road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the most numerous - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. The void symbolized other dangers. The driver's fantasy could draw anything on a white field.

In addition to the warning sign "Railway crossing" with the image of the rails, the sign "Unguarded railway crossing" is introduced with the image of a steam locomotive with a large chimney from which smoke comes out. The steam locomotive symbol is depicted with support buffers front and rear, on four wheels and without a tender.

The signs of that time differed from modern ones: for example, the sign “Movement is prohibited” familiar to us limited only freight traffic; the no-stop sign was similar to the modern "No Parking" and had a horizontal stripe, and the "Permitted direction of movement" sign had an unusual diamond shape. It should be added that even then the sign “Departure from the side road to the main one” appeared in the form of an inverted triangle.

In the prewar years in different countries In the world, there were two main systems of road signs: the European, based on the international Convention of 1931, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American badges were rectangular with black or red lettering on a white background. Prohibiting inscriptions were made in red. The warning signs were diamond-shaped with black characters on a yellow background.

In 1940, the first standard Rules and a list of standard signs were approved in the Soviet Union. The list of signs included 5 warning signs, 8 prohibition signs and 4 information signs. Warning signs were in the form of an equilateral yellow triangle with a black, later red, border and blue symbols. Prohibition signs were in the form of a circle yellow color with a red border and black symbols. Indicative signs were in the form of a yellow circle with a black border and black symbols.

An exclamation point "!" appears in the empty field of the "Other hazards" sign. The sign is called "Danger". The triangle is installed in places of roadwork, steep ascents, descents and other hazards where special care is required when driving. In settlements, the sign is placed directly at the place of danger, on country roads - at a distance of 150 - 250 meters.

Five signs in the Rules had the name "Special traffic conditions at regulated intersections of streets or roads." Two signs out of five regulated the direction of movement left-right only at a red traffic light. Three more - with green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the advent of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.

It is impossible not to dwell on a curious detail: the “Rough Road” sign has disappeared from the list of warning signs. It seems difficult to explain the withdrawal of this sign from circulation: either all the roads became smooth and there was no need for such a sign, or all the roads were so bumpy that the installation of the sign was simply meaningless. The "Rough Road" sign reappears in the list of signs only in 1961.

After the end of the Second World War, attempts were made to create a single road signaling system for all countries of the world. In 1949, another conference on road traffic was held in Geneva, at which a new “Protocol on Road Signs and Signals” was adopted, based on the European system of road signs. For this reason, it was not signed by the countries of the American continent.

The Protocol gave recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. For warning and prohibition signs, a white or yellow background was provided, for prescriptive signs - blue. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibitory, 2 prescriptive and 9 index signs.

To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Vehicles 1949. Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, the unified Rules of the Road on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to operate. Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. A sign indicating the intersection of the main road with a secondary one was added to the warning group.

The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were allocated to a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and symbols white color in the form of conical arrows.

The signs indicating the direction of avoiding obstacles received rectangular arrows.

The new "Roundabout" sign requires traffic through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.

The sign "Turn point for movement in the opposite direction" acquires blue color and a square shape and goes into the index group.

Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign "Access without stopping is prohibited" had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with the inscribed in it equilateral triangle top down, on which "Stop" was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic.

Prohibition signs installed in front of the intersection extended their effect only to the crossed road. The "No Parking" sign had a yellow background with a red border and a black "P" crossed out with a red stripe, while the familiar "No Parking" sign was used to prohibit vehicles from stopping.

In addition, there were unusual to us prescriptive signs “Truck traffic” and “Motorcycle traffic”.

In addition to road signs, during the period under review, road signs were widely used, which are yellow plates with black inscriptions. They designated pedestrian crossings, the number of lanes, regulated the location of vehicles on the roadway. Outside settlements, indicators of directions of movement and distances to settlements and other objects were used. These signs had a blue background and white inscriptions.

In 1965, the sign "Regulated intersection (section of the road)" appears for the first time. Three traffic lights: red, yellow and green, depicted on the sign field, indicated traffic regulation not only by a traffic light, but also by a traffic controller.

In 1968, at the UN Conference in Vienna, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted. Appropriate changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, new rules of the road come into force throughout the Soviet Union and new standard"Road signs".

Operating since 1973 signs are familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition. The Winding Road warning sign has received two versions - with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.

In addition to the existing "Steep Descent" sign, a "Steep Climb" sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.

The sign "Road crossing" began to be installed only before the intersection of roads of equal value. When it was installed, both roads were equivalent, even if one had a surface and the other was unpaved.

In addition to the "Intersection with a secondary road" sign, its varieties appeared "Adjunction to the main secondary road". The adjunction of the road could be shown at an angle of 45, 90 and 135 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the intersection.

The sign "Narrowing of the road" received three varieties, indicating a narrowing on both sides, on the right or on the left.

The group of warning signs was added to warn about crossing the tram line, driving to the embankment, driving along a section of the road where gravel can be thrown out from under the wheels, falling stones on mountain roads, and areas with crosswinds.

The "No Stopping" sign received the shape of a regular red octagon with a white "STOP" inscription in English. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Rules of the Road from American practice.

The sign "End of the zone of all restrictions" received a white background with a gray border and several oblique gray stripes. In the new rules, its varieties appeared, canceling the ban on overtaking and the restriction top speed.

The passage of narrow sections of roads began to be determined by the signs “Advantage in the movement of oncoming vehicles” and “Advantage in movement over oncoming vehicles”.

The first sign was included in the prohibition group, the second - indicative.

A sign indicating a path for pedestrians, as well as signs limiting the minimum speed, was added to the prescriptive group.

The group of index signs has undergone the greatest changes. First of all, there were signs indicating a high-speed road and a one-way road. The most important innovation was the appearance of the signs "Beginning of the settlement" and "End of the settlement".

The signs, made on a white or yellow background, informed about the movement through the settlement, in which the requirements of the rules establishing the order of movement in settlements apply. Signs with a blue background informed that on this road there are no rules establishing the order of movement in the settlement. Such signs were installed on the road passing through small rural-type settlements, the development of which was located far from the road, and pedestrian traffic was episodic.

Signs of additional information received a white background with black images. The plate indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.

In 1980, a new standard "Road Signs" was introduced. With some changes, it was valid until January 1, 2006.

The signs “Approaching a railway crossing”, “Single-track Railway”, “Multi-track railway” and “Turn direction”. The latter received a third variety, installed at T-junctions or fork roads, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.

Two varieties of the sign "Animals on the road" became independent signs "Cattle Drive" and "Wild Animals".

New warning signs have appeared: "Circular Intersection", "Low-Flying Aircraft", "Tunnel", "Intersection with Bicycle Path".

A new group of road signs has appeared - priority signs that establish the order of passage of intersections and narrowed sections of roads. The signs of this section used to be in other groups.

Big changes have taken place in the group of prohibition signs. The “Motor Vehicles Prohibited” sign became known as “Motor Vehicles Prohibited”, signs appeared that limited the length of vehicles and the distance between them.

The most significant innovation was the appearance of the "Customs" sign, which prohibits travel without stopping at the customs (checkpoint). The word "customs" on the sign is written in the languages of the border countries.

The sign "Parking" is prohibited received two varieties, prohibiting parking on odd and even numbers. Their appearance made it possible to facilitate the task of organizing snow removal in the winter.

The most numerous group of signs was informational and indicative. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into an independent group - service signs.

A lot of new signs appeared in the information-indicative group. The former "Express Road" sign began to designate a road intended exclusively for the movement of cars, buses and motorcycles. A new sign "Motorway" was introduced to designate express roads.

Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.

The new road sign "Recommended speed" began to indicate the recommended speed on city streets equipped with automated traffic control systems and on dangerous sections of roads marked with warning signs.

A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles, denoted:

The new traffic pattern sign began to be used to indicate the route of movement when certain maneuvers are prohibited at the intersection or to indicate the permitted directions of movement at complex intersections.

The sign "Stop line" has been transferred to the group of information and guidance signs.

The next changes took place in 1987. The group of prohibition signs was supplemented with the “Danger” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception in connection with a traffic accident, accident and other danger.

The sign "The passage is closed" became known as "Pedestrian traffic is prohibited."

In the group of information and guidance signs, signs appeared, as well as signs informing about the organization of traffic during the repair of a road with a dividing strip, as well as signs indicating a road with reverse traffic.

In the group of signs of additional information (tablets), a sign “Wet surface” appeared, indicating that the sign is valid only during the period of time when the road surface is wet, as well as signs extending or canceling the validity of signs for cars with disabilities.

The next update of road signs took place in 1994. It is associated with the introduction of a new section in the rules of the road that regulates traffic in residential areas and yard areas, as well as signs regulating the movement of vehicles carrying dangerous goods.

In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: "Road Patrol Post" and "International Road Transportation Control Post".

In the late 90s. the development of a new standard "Road Signs" began, which contains significant changes in the current system of signs. It entered into force on January 1, 2006.

The main purpose of these changes is to bring the domestic standard, which defines the nomenclature of road signs, more closely into line with the International Convention of 1968.

The group of warning signs has been supplemented with three new signs: the “Artificial bump” sign, which indicates an artificial bump for forced speed reduction, better known as “speed bumps”, the “Dangerous Roadside” sign, which warns that the exit to the side of the road is dangerous, and the “Congestion” sign, warning drivers of traffic jams.

The last sign should be used, in particular, during roadworks and installed before an intersection where it is possible to bypass the road section where the traffic jam has formed.

The group of prohibition signs was supplemented with the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, entering a closed territory, a toll booth on toll highways.

The image on the sign 3.7 "Moving with a trailer is prohibited" has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same.

The signs "Overtaking prohibited" and "Overtaking trucks prohibited" began to prohibit overtaking all vehicles, including single ones, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.

The group of prescriptive signs was released from the sign "Movement of passenger cars". In its meaning, it was similar to the sign "Trucks prohibited", but, unlike the latter, it prohibited the movement of non-mechanical vehicles (bicycles, mopeds, horse-drawn vehicles).

The configuration of the arrows on the signs "Move to the right" and "Move to the left" has changed.

According to the new standard, the group of information and indication signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.

The group of signs of special regulations includes, in particular, the former information and indication signs that establish or cancel a special traffic regime: “Motorway”, “Road for cars”, “One-way road”, “Reverse traffic” and others.

Versions of the signs "Beginning of a settlement" and "End of a settlement" with a white background appeared, on which a symbolic image of the silhouette of a medieval city was added to the name of the settlement. Such a sign should be installed in front of a built-up area that is not part of a settlement, for example, in front of holiday villages.

Several new signs appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign has appeared denoting an artificial unevenness,

Setting the speed limit on separate lanes of a multi-lane roadway.

The group of information signs includes the former information and index signs indicating the place and area for a U-turn, a parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction indicators, detour signs of a section of the road closed to traffic.

New signs have also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits.

The group of service marks now has 18 characters instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Reception area of a radio station transmitting traffic information” and “Radio contact area with emergency services”, “Pool or beach” and “Toilet”.

as well as the plate "Type of vehicle bogie", used with a sign limiting the axle load, to indicate the number of closely spaced vehicle axles, for each of which the value given on the sign is the most permissible.

Road signs belong to one of the most dynamic groups of technical means of traffic management. The development of transport, the specifics of road traffic put forward new requirements, for the successful satisfaction of which new road signs are introduced.

If in 1903 only 4 road signs were used on the roads of our Motherland, warning drivers of self-propelled vehicles about a possible danger, at present, more than two and a half hundred road signs of eight groups are used on the streets and roads of Russia, regulating in detail almost all sides of the road. movement.

Coursework: Teaching schoolchildren the rules of the road

Introduction

Chapter I. Theoretical Analysis methodical literature according to the rules of the road

1.1.History of road signs

1.2. Methods of teaching schoolchildren the rules of the road

Chapter II. Development of a methodological manual on information signs and service signs

2.1. Expanded Lesson Scenarios

2.2. Technology Lesson Plans

Conclusion

Literature

INTRODUCTION

AT Russian Federation traffic rules are the fundamental law that regulates the relationship of all road users. They are all guided by the permits or prohibitions prescribed in the traffic rules.

Teaching schoolchildren a culture of behavior on the street is closely related to the development of spatial orientation in children. In addition, every teacher must remember that it is impossible to educate a disciplined pedestrian if such important qualities as attention, composure, responsibility, caution, and confidence are not instilled from childhood.

The presence of road signs make an undeniable contribution to road safety. Based on this, selected topic term paper is up to date.

The object of the course work is the study of the rules of the road and the technique of its regulation.

The subject of the course work is the design of visual aids for information signs and service signs.

The purpose of the course work is the development and production of a methodological manual on the rules of the road.

Hypothesis of this work is that the implementation project activities effective if:

2. For the most effective mastering of the material in the classroom, teaching aids will be used.

3. Formation of the motivational-behavioral culture of the child in terms of communication with the road.

The objectives of the course work are:

1. Review of theoretical and methodological literature on information signs and service signs.

2. Develop Toolkit according to the rules of the road.

Course work methods when performing the assigned tasks are:

1. Theoretical analysis of scientific, technical and methodological literature on this work.

2. The use of logical methods of comparison, analysis, synthesis, abstraction and generalization for the construction of deductive and inductive conclusions presented in the presentation of this work.

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF METHODOLOGICAL LITERATURE ON THE RULES OF THE ROAD

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS

The first road signs appeared almost simultaneously with the emergence of roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures specific shapes to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. To this end, sculptures began to be erected along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve.

After the appearance of writing, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, usually they wrote the name of the settlement to which the road leads.

This system later became widespread in many countries. Russia was no exception - in the XVI century. at the direction of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, on the road leading from Moscow to the royal estate of Kolomenskoye, milestones about 4 m high were installed with eagles at the top. However, their widespread distribution began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree "to put milestones painted and signed with numbers, to put hands at crossroads at milestones with an inscription where it lies." Quite quickly, milestones appeared on all the main roads of the state.

Accidents that happened to cars were not so frequent, but they had a great resonance in public opinion due to their uniqueness. And public opinion must be responded to.

After the ratification of the Convention, the first road signs appeared on the streets of Russian cities. However motorists did not pay attention to them .

In 1921, a special Commission on Automobile Traffic was created under the League of Nations, on whose initiative a new International Conference was convened in Paris in 1926 with the participation of 50 states. At this conference, the system of road signs was supplemented with two more signs: “Unguarded railway crossing” and “Stop is required”, a triangular shape was introduced for warning signs. Four years later, a new “Convention for the introduction of uniformity in road signaling” was adopted at the Conference on Road Traffic in Geneva. The number of road signs increased to 26, and they were divided into three groups: warning, prescriptive and indicative.

In 1927, six road signs were standardized and put into effect in the Soviet Union. In 1933, 16 more were added to them, and the total number was 22. It is curious that the road signs of that time were divided into suburban and urban. The urban group was the most numerous - it included 12 characters. Among them was a sign warning of approaching a danger not covered by the warning signs. It was a triangle with a red border and an empty white field. The void symbolized other dangers. The driver's fantasy could draw anything on a white field.

In the pre-war years, two main systems of road signs operated in different countries of the world: the European one, based on the international Convention of 1931, based on the use of symbols, and the Anglo-American, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols. American badges were rectangular with black or red lettering on a white background. Prohibiting inscriptions were made in red. The warning signs were diamond-shaped with black characters on a yellow background.

In 1940, the first standard Rules and a list of standard signs were approved in the Soviet Union. The list of signs included 5 warning signs, 8 prohibition signs and 4 information signs. Warning signs were in the form of an equilateral yellow triangle with a black, later red, border and blue symbols. Prohibition signs were in the form of a yellow circle with a red border and black symbols. Indicative signs were in the form of a yellow circle with a black border and black symbols.

Five signs in the Rules had the name "Special traffic conditions at regulated intersections of streets or roads." Two signs out of five regulated the direction of movement to the left - to the right only at a red traffic light. Three more - with green. They had the shape of a yellow circle, with a black arrow and a red or green circle. These signs were used until the advent of traffic lights with additional sections in 1961.

The Protocol gave recommendations on the placement of signs, their size and color. For warning and prohibition signs, a white or yellow background was provided, for prescribing blue. The protocol provided for 22 warning, 18 prohibitory, 2 prescriptive and 9 index signs.

To the International Convention on Roads and Motor Vehicles 1949. The Soviet Union joined in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, the unified Rules of the Road on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to operate. Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. A sign indicating the intersection of the main road with a secondary one was added to the warning group.

The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows.

The signs indicating the direction of avoiding obstacles received rectangular arrows.

The new "Roundabout" sign requires traffic through an intersection or square in the direction indicated by the arrows before exiting onto one of the adjacent streets or roads.

The "Return Turning Point" sign becomes blue and square in shape and becomes a sign group.

Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign "Travel without stopping is prohibited" had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the top down, on which "Stop" was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic.

In addition, there were unusual to us prescriptive signs “Truck traffic” and “Motorcycle traffic”.

In 1968, at the UN Conference in Vienna, the Convention on Road Traffic and the Convention on Road Signs and Signals were adopted. Appropriate changes have also been made to the Rules in force on the territory of the USSR. In 1973, new Rules of the Road and the new standard "Road Signs" come into force throughout the Soviet Union.

Signs operating since 1973 have become familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition. The Winding Road warning sign has received two versions - with the first turn to the right and with the first turn to the left.

In addition to the existing "Steep Descent" sign, a "Steep Climb" sign appears. The percentage of the slope is indicated on the signs.

In addition to the sign "Intersection with a secondary road", its varieties appeared "Adjunction to the main secondary road" The adjunction of the road could be shown at an angle of 45, 90 and 135 degrees, depending on the characteristics of the intersection.

Significant changes have also been made to the group of prohibition signs. A new “No Stopping” sign was introduced, which is still used today, the old “No Stopping” sign began to prohibit parking. The "No Stopping" sign received the shape of a regular red octagon with a white inscription "STOP" on English language. This sign was introduced into the 1968 Convention and the Rules of the Road from American practice. The sign "End of the zone of all restrictions" received a white background with a gray border and several oblique gray stripes. In the new rules, its varieties appeared, canceling the ban on overtaking and limiting the maximum speed.

Signs of additional information received a white background with black images. The plate indicating the direction of the turn received a red background.

In 1980, a new standard "Road Signs" was introduced. With some changes, it was valid until January 1, 2006.

The signs "Approaching a railway crossing", "Single-track railway", "Multi-track railway" and "Direction of a turn" were transferred to the group of warning signs from the group of supplementary information. The latter received a third variety, installed at T-junctions or fork roads, if there is a danger of their passage in the forward direction.

Two varieties of the sign "Animals on the road" became independent signs "Cattle Drive" and "Wild Animals".

New warning signs have appeared: "Circular Intersection", "Low-Flying Aircraft", "Tunnel", "Intersection with Bicycle Path".

A new group of road signs has appeared - priority signs that establish the order of passage of intersections and narrowed sections of roads. The signs of this section used to be in other groups.

Big changes have taken place in the group of prohibition signs. The sign "Motor traffic is prohibited" became known as "Movement of motor vehicles is prohibited", there were signs limiting the length of vehicles and the distance between them.

The sign "Parking" is prohibited, received two varieties that prohibit parking on odd and even numbers. Their appearance made it possible to facilitate the task of organizing snow removal in the winter.

The most numerous group of signs was informational and indicative. Signs informing about the location of various service objects were separated into an independent group of service signs.

Signs appeared indicating the direction of movement along the lanes, the beginning and end of additional lanes on the rise.

A new group of signs was used on roads with lanes allocated for oncoming traffic of route vehicles, denoted:

their stopping place

underground and overground pedestrian crossings,

the direction of the detour of the section of the road closed to traffic.

The sign "Stop line" has been transferred to the group of information and guidance signs.

The sign "The passage is closed" became known as "Pedestrian traffic is prohibited."

In 2001, the group of service signs was supplemented with two new signs: "Road Patrol Post" and "International Road Transportation Control Post".

In the late 90s. the development of a new standard "Road Signs" began, which contains significant changes in the current system of signs. It entered into force on January 1, 2006. The main purpose of these changes is to bring the domestic standard that defines the nomenclature of road signs into closer compliance with the International Convention of 1968.

The last sign should be used, in particular, during roadworks and installed before an intersection where it is possible to bypass the road section where the traffic jam has formed.

The group of priority signs was supplemented with varieties of the sign "Intersection with a secondary road", showing the intersection at an acute or right angle. It should be noted that these types of sign existed in the Rules of the Road until 1980. The group of prohibition signs was supplemented by the “Control” sign, which prohibits the further movement of all vehicles without exception without stopping in front of a control post - a police post, a border crossing, entering a closed territory, toll booths on toll roads.

The image on the sign 3.7 "Moving with a trailer is prohibited" has changed, but the meaning of the sign remains the same. The signs "Overtaking prohibited" and "Overtaking trucks prohibited" began to prohibit overtaking all vehicles, including single ones, moving at a speed of less than 30 km/h.

According to the new standard, the group of information and indication signs is divided into two independent groups: signs of special requirements and information.

Several new signs appeared in the same group. In particular, a sign has appeared that indicates artificial unevenness, which sets the speed limit on individual lanes of a multi-lane roadway.

In the group of signs of special requirements, zonal signs have appeared, indicating a pedestrian zone, a zone for permitting or prohibiting parking and limiting the maximum speed. The zone of action was limited to "break-off" signs limiting the end of the specified zone. The group of information signs includes the former information and index signs indicating the place and area for a U-turn, a parking place, pedestrian crossings, preliminary direction indicators, detour signs of a section of the road closed to traffic. New signs have also appeared in this group: a sign indicating an emergency stop lane, for example, on mountain roads, as well as a sign informing drivers entering Russian territory about general speed limits. The group of service marks now has 18 characters instead of 12. New signs: “Police”, “Reception area of a radio station transmitting traffic information” and “Radio contact area with emergency services”, “Pool or beach” and “Toilet”.

In the group of signs "Additional information" appeared signs, which, in combination with the sign "Parking place", designate intercepting parking lots, combined with metro stations or ground public transport stops, as well as the sign "Type of vehicle bogie", used with a sign that limits the load on the axle , to indicate the number of closely spaced vehicle axles, for each of which the value given on the sign is the most acceptable.

The history of traffic rules began a very long time ago, long before the appearance of the first vehicles, almost with the advent of the first roads. To mark the route, primitive travelers broke branches and made marks on the bark of trees, and placed stones of a certain shape along the roads. The next step was to give the roadside structures specific shapes to make them stand out from the surrounding landscape. To this end, sculptures began to be erected along the roads. One of these sculptures - a Polovtsian woman - can be seen in the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. After the appearance of writing, inscriptions began to be made on the stones, usually they wrote the name of the settlement to which the road leads. The very first road signs appeared on Roman roads. The world's first system of road signs originated in ancient Rome in the 3rd century BC. BC e. Along the most important roads, the Romans placed cylindrical milestones with a distance from the Roman Forum carved on them. Near the temple of Saturn in the center of Rome there was a golden milestone, from which all roads leading to all ends of the vast empire were measured.

THE APPEARANCE OF ROAD SIGNS IN EUROPE AND RUSSIA

Under the French minister Zully and Cardinal Richelieu, regulations were issued according to which the intersections of streets and roads should be marked with crosses, pillars or pyramids in order to make it easier for travelers to navigate. In Russia, the widespread distribution of road signs began much later, from the time of Peter I, who ordered by his decree “to put up milestones painted and signed with numbers, to put hands at crossroads at milestones with an inscription where it lies.” Quite quickly, milestones appeared on all the main roads of the state. Over time, this tradition has been constantly improved. Already in the XVIII century. on the pillars began to indicate the distance, the name of the area and the boundaries of possessions. Milestones began to be painted in black and white stripes, which ensured their better visibility at any time of the day.

MODERN ROAD SIGNS.

The first road signs in the modern sense appeared in 1903 in France. The impetus for the revision of the road warning system was the appearance of the first cars and, accordingly, the accidents that inevitably happened here and there. The car was faster than a horse-drawn carriage and, in case of danger, it simply could not slow down as quickly as an ordinary horse. In addition, the horse is alive, she is able to react herself, without waiting for the decision of the coachman. However, the accidents were quite a rare occurrence, but aroused great public interest precisely because they were rare. To appease the public, three road signs were installed on the streets of Paris: "steep descent", "dangerous turn", "rough road". The road sign with the image of the symbol - "Ahead of a steep descent" first appeared in the middle of the 19th century on the mountain roads of Switzerland and Austria. The sign was depicted on roadside rocks and depicted on it a wheel or a brake shoe used on carriages. Signs began to spread following the first automobile traffic rules, which could not provide for the whole variety of traffic situations. Road transport, of course, developed not only in France, and each country thought about how to secure traffic. To discuss this problem, representatives of European countries met in 1906 and developed an "International Convention regarding the movement of motor vehicles." The convention prescribed the requirements for the car itself and the basic rules of the road, as well as four road signs were introduced: “rough road”, “winding road”, “crossroads”, “crossing with the railway”. Signs should be installed 250 meters before the dangerous area. A little later, after the ratification of the convention, road signs appeared in Russia, and, characteristically, motorists did not pay attention to them. Despite the convention, each country began to come up with its own traffic signs, which is not surprising: four signs are not enough for all occasions. For example, Japan and China limited themselves to a couple of hieroglyphs denoting some kind of rule, European countries were deprived of the opportunity to express a whole rule with two characters of writing, so they came up with symbols and images. In the USSR, a little man was invented, crossing a pedestrian crossing. Inside the country, everything was clear with the signs, but a person traveling abroad found himself in an unpleasant situation, where two or three of the many signs turned out to be familiar. To make life easier for drivers, in 1931 in Geneva, the "Convention on the introduction of uniformity and signaling on the roads" was adopted, which was signed by the USSR, most European countries and Japan. Although this did not lead to complete uniformity of road signs. So, for example, in the pre-war period, two systems of road signs operated simultaneously: the European one, based on the same convention of 1931, and the Anglo-American one, in which inscriptions were used instead of symbols, and the signs themselves were square or rectangular.

HISTORY OF ROAD SIGNS IN RUSSIA.

In Russia, road signs began to appear in 1911. Avtomobilist magazine No. 1, 1911 wrote on its pages: "The First Russian Automobile Club in Moscow from the autumn of this year is starting to place warning signs on the highways of the Moscow province. ... Drawings of warning signs are international, accepted throughout Western Europe." The Soviet Union joined the International Convention on Roads and Motor Transport in 1959, and from January 1, 1961, the uniform Rules of the Road on the streets of cities, towns and roads of the USSR began to operate. Together with the new rules, new road signs were introduced: the number of warning signs increased to 19, forbidding - up to 22, indicative - up to 10. The signs indicating the permitted directions of movement were separated into a separate group of prescriptive ones and received a blue background and white symbols in the form of cone-shaped arrows Much in these signs is unusual for a modern driver. The sign "Travel without stopping is prohibited" had the shape of a yellow circle with a red border with an equilateral triangle inscribed in it with the top down, on which "Stop" was written in Russian. The sign could be used not only at intersections, but also on narrow sections of roads, where it obliged to give way to oncoming traffic. Operating since 1973 signs are familiar to modern motorists. Warning and prohibition signs acquired a white background and a red border, the number of indication signs increased from 10 to 26 due to the inclusion of various signs in their composition.

ORIGIN OF TRAFFIC RULES.

The first attempts to streamline traffic were made in ancient Rome, where one-way traffic for chariots was introduced on some streets. The implementation of this rule was monitored by specially designated guards. In our country, Peter the Great issued a decree on road safety, which regulated the movement of horses. For non-compliance with the rules, a person could be sent to hard labor. Since 1718, the police began to be responsible for observing traffic rules. The first rules of the road sounded funny enough. For example, in Russia there was such a requirement that a boy run in front of the car, loudly announcing the approach of the carriage, so that respectable citizens would not faint from horror when a monster moving at a nightmarish speed appeared on the road. Also, the rules required drivers to slow down and stop if their approach would disturb the horses. In England, a man with a red flag must go ahead of each steam stagecoach at a distance of 55 meters. When meeting with carriages or riders, he should warn that a steam engine is following him. Also, drivers are strictly forbidden to frighten horses with whistles. Letting off steam from cars is allowed only if there are no horses on the road.

MODERN TRAFFIC REGULATIONS.

The first traffic rules for cars were introduced in France on August 14, 1893. In 1908, it was invented to issue white canes to the police, with which the police regulated traffic, showed the direction for drivers and pedestrians. In 1920, the first official rules of the road appeared: "On motor traffic in Moscow and its environs (rules)". Many important issues have already been thoroughly regulated in these rules. The driver's license was also mentioned, which the driver had to have. A high-speed mode of movement was introduced, which could not be exceeded. Modern traffic rules were introduced in our country in January 1961.

THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TRAFFIC LIGHT.

The first traffic light appeared at the end of 1868 in London on the square near the building of the English Parliament. It consisted of two gas lamps with red and green glasses. The device duplicated the signals of the traffic controller in dark time days and thereby helped members of parliament to calmly cross the roadway. The author of the invention was the engineer J.P. Knight. Unfortunately, his brainchild lasted only four weeks. The gas lantern exploded, injuring a policeman on duty near it. Only half a century later - on August 5, 1914 - new traffic lights were installed in the American city of Cleveland. They switched red and green and emitted a warning sound. Since then, the triumphal procession of traffic lights around the world has begun, August 5 is celebrated as International Traffic Light Day. The first three-color traffic light appeared in 1918 in New York. After some time, their authority was recognized by motorists in Detroit and Michigan. The authors of the "three-eyed" were William Potts and John Harris. Over the ocean, to Europe, the traffic light returned again only by 1922. But not immediately to the city where they first started talking about him - to London. Traffic lights first appeared in France, in Paris at the intersection of Rue de Rivoli and Sevastopol Boulevard. And then in Germany, in the city of Hamburg on Stefanplatz square. In the United Kingdom, an electric traffic controller appeared only in 1927 in the city of Wolverhampton. But the first traffic light in our country worked on January 15, 1930 at the corner of Nevsky and Liteiny prospects in Leningrad, and on December 30 of the same year at the corner of Petrovka and Kuznetsky bridge in Moscow.

INTERESTING FACTS.

Many curious cases are connected with traffic rules and signs. interesting facts. Let's dwell on only two of them: For example, the origin of the word "chauffeur" is interesting: the first "self-propelled car" was intended to transport cannons and was a three-wheeled cart with a steam boiler. When the steam ran out, the machine would stop and the boiler had to be reheated. To do this, a fire was lit on the ground under it and waited for the steam to form again. So, most of the time, the drivers of the first cars heated the boiler and boiled water in it. Therefore, they began to be called chauffeurs, which means “stoker” in French. Another story is related to road signs. Today, only in Russia, more than two and a half hundred road signs are used, covering almost all aspects of traffic, and the system is constantly developing and improving. There were some funny moments: at some point, the “rough road” sign disappeared somewhere from the list, returning to service only in 1961. For what reason the sign disappeared, it is not known whether the roads suddenly became smooth, or whether their condition was so sad that it made little sense to put a warning.