Ileyka was a Muromets. Historical dictionary. See the meaning of Ileyka Muromets in other dictionaries

In accordance with the testimony of the captive Ileiko before the boyar court in 1607, he was born in the city of Murom, to a certain woman Ulyana, the widow of a merchant Tikhon Yuryev. After the death of her first husband, Ulyana became the unmarried wife of the townsman Ivan Korovin and gave birth to a “shameful” (illegitimate) son named Ilya from him. He was not so many years old when Ivan Korovin died, and his widow, in obedience to the last will of the dying man, took the vows in the maiden Resurrection monastery under the name of old woman Julitta.
The orphan was picked up almost on the road by the merchant T. Grozilnikov and made him an inmate in his shop in Nizhny Novgorod. In this role, the future impostor stayed for about 3 years and finally fled and was assigned to the Cossack guards, who earned money by protecting merchant ships from robbery that sailed from Astrakhan to Kazan and Vyatka. During the year, between voyages, he lived in Astrakhan with a local archer named Khariton. Later sailed on a merchant ship in Nizhny Novgorod and in Streltsy - to the Terek. There he was employed in the Streltsy order and participated in the campaign against Tarki, which was in the same 1604, and upon his return he sold himself into serfs to the boyar son Grigory Elagin.
The future impostor was not distinguished by constancy. Trying to ensure a satisfying and comfortable existence, he constantly changed owners. After living for a year in the courtyard of Elagin, Ileiko fled again and, in his own words,
“... from under the yurts, from the Cossacks, he went to Astrakhan, and stayed in Astrakhan for four weeks, and from Astrakhan he went out to the Cossacks and de Yaz came to the Cossack Nagiba. »
In the same year, 1605, Ileiko, apparently, became a fighter or scout of a Cossack detachment that sided with False Dmitry I in the impostor's campaign against Moscow. Until the last moment, Ileiko Muromets hid this part of his biography from the court, and let it slip, apparently under strong pressure. It is worth noting that the Cossack Nagiba later also became one of the commanders of Bolotnikov's army. After a brief service with him "in comrades", Ileiko was "refused" (that is, transferred) by the owner to the Cossack Nametka, then, together with another Cossack - Neustroyko went up the Volga. Presumably, he participated in the capture of Tsaritsyn by the rebellious Cossacks, and the capture of local governors, who were later taken to the camp of the first impostor near Orel. Together with the army of the first impostor, Ileiko finally ended up in Moscow, where he lived, according to his own words, for about six months "from the Nativity of Christ to Peter's Day at the Church of Vladimir in the Gardens, in the courtyard of the clerk Dementy Timofeev."
In the summer of 1605, he leaves the capital together with the army of Prince Dmitry Khvorostin, who was sent as an impostor to take Astrakhan and arrest local governors who remained loyal to the Godunov dynasty.
Ileiko spent the winter of the same 1605 on the Terek along with the Cossack army. With the onset of spring, when the issued money finally dried up, the question arose of subsistence. The Cossacks, converging in a circle, decided to march on the Caspian Sea
“... to go to the Kur River, to the sea, to smash the Turkish people on ships; but it will be, de, and there will be no booty, and they, de, were to serve as a Cossack to the Kizilbash Shah Abbas. »
In the future, it was supposed to either return with prey to the Terek, or finally stay in Persia.
However, the Cossack chieftain Fyodor Bodyrin, gathered his own circle of 300 people and proposed a different plan - to go to the Volga, robbing merchant ships on his way, and in order to give the appearance of legality to the robbery campaign, it was decided to nominate an impostor from his midst, declaring his nephews False Dmitry, hurrying to the rescue of "uncle" in Moscow. Of the two applicants - the son of the Astrakhan archer Mitka and Ileyka Korovin, who both served with the Cossacks as "young comrades", that is, practically a servant - the second was chosen, since he had already been to Moscow and knew the local order quite well.
Fyodor Bodyrin's plan was supported by another Cossack ataman Gavrila Pan, the troops of both united on the Bystraya River. Terek voivode Pyotr Golovin did not dare to stop the rebellious Cossacks, especially since the Astrakhan garrison was also unreliable. Golovin tried to invite the "prince" to Astrakhan, but Ileiko evaded such an honor.
The governor failed to persuade the Cossacks to even leave half of their staff on the Terek "for the arrival of military people." The Cossack army went to Astrakhan, but they did not dare to take the city, and after the governor Khvorostin refused to let them into the city, they went up the Volga along with part of the Astrakhan garrison that had joined them.
Subsequently, the Cossacks occupied four Volga towns, but acted cautiously, preventing wholesale robbery and bloodshed. The name "Peter Fedorovich" allowed them to freely get from Tsaritsyn to Samara.
However, from that moment on, difficulties began. In pursuit of the rebel Cossacks, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetev set off from Kazan. The governor had enough troops to defeat the detachment, but the Cossacks were rescued by the arrival from Moscow from Dmitry of an impostor messenger named Tretiak Yurlov-Pleshcheev with a letter ordering the Cossacks to "go to Moscow hastily." But near Sviyazhsk, the Cossacks were overtaken by the news of the death of the impostor. The army, in fact, found itself in a trap - between Moscow, which swore allegiance to Vasily Shuisky, and Sheremetev, who was advancing from the South. But the Cossacks were once again rescued by the eloquent Pleshcheev, who managed to convince the Kazan governor that the Cossacks were ready to submit, extradite the impostor and swear allegiance to the new tsar. In fact, the detachment managed to get past the Kazan marinas at night and go to Samara. Descending further to Kamyshinka, a tributary of the Volga, the Cossacks took advantage of Perevoloka and finally ended up on the Don, where the impostor spent the next few months in one of the villages.
At this time in civil war calm comes, the new tsar, trying to pacify the Don people, on July 16, 1606, sends them the son of the boyar Molvyaninov, and with him - 1000 rubles of cash salary, 1000 pounds of gunpowder and 1000 pounds of lead.
Later, the impostor, together with the Cossack detachment accompanying him, lived for some time in the Monastyrevsk town near Azov, and then sailed to the Seversky Donets on plows.
The legend about the "royal origin", composed for the sake of plausibility by Ileyka, was simple, naive and completely betrayed its origin from folk tales and parables. According to him, Tsarina Irina actually gave birth to the son of Peter, but fearing the intrigues of her brother, she replaced him with a girl named Theodosia, who soon died. The real heir was given to the upbringing of a certain widow. It should be noted that the impostor took advantage of the rumor that was circulating at that time about the substitution.
Ileiko never mentioned how he learned about his “royal origin”, his further story continued from the moment when the matured prince left for Astrakhan to “turn into the Cossacks”, and, as follows from Sapieha’s record, he lived there for several months from some unnamed benefactor. The impostor had a reason to hide the name of the Cossack Khariton before the Poles - the Bolotnikovs were not favored in Poland, and they had nothing to count on for help.
Later, the impostor claimed, he learned about the accession of his "uncle" Dmitry, and decided to get to him in Moscow. To begin with, he sent a letter to "uncle", revealing in it his "true name and origin" and received in response an invitation to come to the Kremlin and prove his words there. Further, the impostor allegedly managed to persuade a certain merchant, nicknamed Kozel, to take him with him, and in order to finally convince the doubter, "reveal his royal name to him."
According to his own assurances, he arrived in Moscow the day after the death of False Dmitry (May 18, 1606) and then lived for four months "with the butcher Ivan on Pokrovskaya Street." His further biography was not subjected to amendments; it can be clearly traced from the surviving documents.
It is worth recalling that in the medieval popular consciousness, the state is impossible without a king; the only question was that this tsar was righteous and sufficiently cared for his subjects, he had to replace on the throne the "evil" tsar, an impostor put on the throne by traitorous boyars. Thus, it was possible to raise the people against Shuisky only by opposing him with a new False Dmitry, and in his temporary absence, “Tsarevich Peter”.
The impostor was again remembered by the Putivl voevoda Grigory Shakhovskoy, when, trying to raise the city to fight against Tsar Vasily, he repeatedly stated that “tsar Dimitri, miraculously saved, with a large army” would soon arrive in Putivl. In the end, as expected, they stopped believing his words, and Shakhovsky had no choice but to apply with a letter “from Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and from putivlts from everyone” to the self-proclaimed Pyotr Fedorovich, in the hope that he would be able to raise the Terek and the Volga Cossacks, whose help was needed by the party of Vasily's opponents in order to withstand the powerful coalition of local nobles who remained loyal to him.
Together with the "thieves' prince", as the documents of that time call him, an army of several thousand Terek and Volga Cossacks entered Putivl in early November 1606, later the Cossacks joined them. The Cossacks, taking advantage of the fact that they had a real military force behind them, practically seized power in the city, and the former leadership had to come to terms with this.
Despite the peaceful entry into Putivl, the false prince Peter soon ran into the active resistance of the clergy and nobility. Unlike False Dmitry I, a man brought up and educated in a noble environment, the false Peter betrayed his common origin with all his appearance, speech and manners, as a result of which it was extremely difficult for him to keep the nobility in obedience, especially since many of the "service people "recognized in the courtiers a new impostor of their former serfs, among them was the Cossack Vasily, a former serf of Prince Trubetskoy; and the “prince” himself once served under the command of Vasily Cherkassky, who at that time was in the Putivl prison. As a result of all of the above, after entering the city, the impostor unleashed cruel terror against the nobility. According to the evidence of the Bit Books of that time:
“In Putiml, the Cossacks brought the foreign thief Petrushka ... and that thief Petrushka, the boyar, Prince Vasily Kardanukovich, and the governor, and the nobles, and the governor, whom they brought ... all were beaten to death with various executions, others were thrown from the towers, and planted on he cut with a stake and at the joints. »
This information is also confirmed by the chronicle:
"Parsley commanded<дворян>chop, cut at the joint, and cut the arms and legs of others with a cross, and pour others with var (i.e. whales) from the city of throwing "
Among other things, the false prince revived the “bear fun” beloved by Ivan the Terrible, when captured nobles were poisoned in a fence by bears, or sewn into bear skins, dogs were lowered on them.
Among the dead in the Bit Books are the names of the boyar Prince Vasily Cherkassky, the royal envoy of the nursery Andrei Voeikov, the governor - princes Andrei of Rostov and Yuri Priimkov-Rostovsky, Gavrila Korkodinov, Buturlin, Nikita Izmailov, Alexei Pleshcheev, Mikhail Pushkin, Ivan Lovchikov, Peter Yushkov, Fedor Bartenev, Yazykov and others.
The recalcitrant clergy suffered no less from it. So hegumen Dionysius, going out to the people with a miraculous icon, tried to convince the townspeople that Ileiko was a “thief and impostor”, but as a result he paid with his life. The surviving monks wrote in a petition addressed to the king:
“... And our abbot in the world of confusion and charm, the thief Petrushka, without fear of death, denounced. And the thief Petrushka ordered that abbot to kill him to death from the tower. And on that monastery estate of Tsar Vasily, letters of commendation, taking from him, tore. »
At this time in the popular mind royal power was perceived as the only legitimate and possible in the state, and the only question was to replace the "evil" king with a genuine, "righteous" one who cares about his subjects. In the minds of the masses, it was also natural that the tsar was surrounded by the nobility, and the Boyar Duma helped him in decisions, as well as the fact that the tsar not only punishes treason, but also rewards devotion.
Therefore, one should not be surprised that Ileiko, cracking down on the rebellious nobility, still tries to surround himself with aristocrats, and also forms his own Boyar Duma, which includes, among others, princes Andrei Telyatevsky, Grigory Shakhovskoy, Mosalsky and others. Representatives of the nobility stood at the head of the rebel detachments troops, another thing is that their role was often nominal, while the Cossack atamans retained true power in their hands. Moreover, as a sovereign prince, Ileiko enjoys the right to pay land and awards, which also keeps the nobility near him. This moment was reflected, in particular, in a petition addressed to the tsar from the Mtsensk children of the boyar Sukhotins, who complained that “the thief Petrushka killed our father, and the estate, your royal salary, was in distribution with the thief at Petrushka ...”
At the same time, the impostor is trying to establish relations with Poland, apparently mindful of the help that the Poles provided to the first impostor. Ambassadors were sent to Poland, but they only managed to get to Kyiv. King Sigismund was in no hurry to get involved in an adventure with a more than unclear outcome.
To raise the military spirit on the downward spiral of the uprising, it was vital to “present” the resurrected Tsar Demetrius to the ordinary participants. Bolotnikov himself repeatedly wrote about this to Poland, promising, according to Konrad Bussov, “to transfer to His Majesty the cities reclaimed in the name of Dimitri,” and finally, according to his own testimony, desperate to receive a positive answer, he directly advised the Poles to prepare a new impostor.
“Tsarevich Peter” is taken to find and bring with him the “uncle”, and at the same time to recruit a hired army for the Bolotnikovites. In December 1606 he went to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( modern Belarus). A report to the king was preserved about his visit, signed by the headman of Orsha Andrey Sapega, who said that the impostor arrived on December 6, 1606 and until December 20 he lived in Kopys, in the Maksimovichi volost, not far from the city of Vitebsk. The local authorities gave permission to "tsarevich Peter" to freely move around the Polish and Lithuanian (current Belarusians) territories and enter into negotiations with the subjects of the king. It is assumed that it was at this time in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that an active search began for a new impostor for the role of "Tsar Dimitri", who was eventually made by "Matyushka Verevkin" - False Dmitry II. It is worth noting that on the trip Ileika was accompanied by noblemen Zenovich and Senkevich, in the near future it will be Pan Zenovich who will accompany False Dmitry II to the Moscow border. But one way or another, the candidacy of the new impostor had not yet been found, and Ileiko could not wait, since the news of the crushing defeat of the Bolotniks reached Poland. At the end of December 1606, the impostor hastily returned to Putivl.
From Putivl, the troops of the false prince went to Seversk Ukraine, to raise the people in support of "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" and "Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich", everywhere supported by the tax-paying population, with the fierce resistance of the nobility and clergy.
The city of Tsarev-Borisov was the first to stand in the way of Ileyka Muromets, in which the boyar Mikhail Saburov was the governor. The city was well fortified, equipped with one of the strongest garrisons on the southern border and armed with the latest technology of the time. But Saburov failed to keep the city archers and Cossacks in obedience. The intervention of the clergy did not save the situation, the city was taken, the governor Saburov and Prince Priimkov-Rostotsky were executed.
According to the memoirs of the monk Job: " How in Time of Troubles the thief Petrushka walked with the Cossacks and he, Iev, appeased all the people of Tsaregorod from that and slandered that they stood against the thief, and for that they wanted to kill him "
At this time, the peak of the influence and victories of the false prince falls. Later, he went to Tula to join the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, in order to launch a new offensive against Moscow together with him. In February 1607, he sent one of his commanders, Prince Mosalsky, to rescue the Kaluga garrison, which was besieged by the tsarist troops. But the "thieves" were utterly defeated in the battle.
However, in May of the same year, Ileiko repeated the attempt, and this time Andrei Telyatevsky utterly defeated the detachment of Boris Tatev, who tried to block his way, which greatly contributed to the final liberation of Kaluga from the siege ring.
In order to prevent the approach of the rebel troops in Moscow, on May 21, 1607, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, at the head of selected detachments, himself came out in front of the united troops of Bolotnikov and Muromets. Cossack hundreds of "Tsarevich Peter" attacked the advance detachment under the command of Ivan Golitsyn near the Vosma River near Kashira. The battle took place on June 5, 1607.
At the beginning, it seemed that the advantage was in the hands of the Cossacks, having crossed the river without hindrance, they managed to gain a foothold in the ravine on the other side, from where they showered the tsarist troops with a hail of bullets. The Ryazan noble regiment attacking them was forced to retreat, but the outcome of the battle was decided by the betrayal of the nobleman Prokofy Lyapunov, who, together with his detachment of heavy cavalry, went over to the side of the tsarist troops. The Cossacks could not withstand the blow to the rear, and fled. In this battle, the color of the army of "Peter Fedorovich" died - the Don, Terek and Volga Cossack hundreds, as well as Cossacks from Putivl and Rylsk. Thus, the end of "prince Peter" was a foregone conclusion.
After the capture of Tula, the nearest fortress on the outskirts of Moscow, Ileiko lingered there, waiting for the main rebel forces to approach. Here he met with the local landowner Istoma Mikheev, who "sent from Moscow to the Volga to incriminate the thief Petrushka." For the accuser, the meeting turned out to be fatal. Mikheev was tortured, his body was burned, the estate was plundered, and the patrimonial letters of commendation were destroyed by the "thieves' Cossacks".
The policy of the impostor in Tula continued the Putivl one - bloody terror was also unleashed here, primarily against the nobility and clergy, as adherents of a hostile party, the rebels also sent captured nobles captured in other regions where there was a civil war. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, the "thief Petrushka" used to execute ten people daily.
On June 12, 1607, the troops of Skopin-Shuisky approached Tula. The besiegers noted the courage and resourcefulness of the Bolotnikovites locked in the city, according to the documents of that time: "From Tula, there were sorties on all sides on every day three times and four times, and all footmen came out with a fire fight and many Moscow people were wounded and beaten."
On the advice of the Murom landowner Ivan Krovkov, it was decided to flood the city in order to force the besieged garrison to surrender. The work was carried out under the leadership of the clerks of the Discharge Order on both banks of the Upa River.
On the right, swampy bank, a dam the size of "half a verst" was built, which was supposed to prevent the river from overflowing through the lowlands during the autumn flood, but to cause a sharp rise in the water level. Indeed, the autumn flood completely cut off the city from outside world, turning it into a swampy island in the middle of a completely flooded plain. Diseases and hunger began in the city, the only hope of the besieged was the army of False Dmitry II, who, however, was in no hurry to help. In order to put pressure on the false tsar, Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy, who had maintained contact with him from the very beginning, was imprisoned in Tula until the very “approach of Tsar Dimitri”. From Ivan Bolotnikov more and more strongly demanded to tell the truth about the "tsar", whose return he had repeatedly promised. Bolotnikov’s answer was: “Some young man, about 24 or 25 years old,” he admitted, “called me to his place when I arrived in Poland from Venice, and told me that he was Dmitry and that he had left the rebellion and murders, one German was killed instead of him, who put on his dress. He took an oath from me that I would faithfully serve him; This is what I have done up to now ... Whether he is true or not, I cannot say, for I did not see him on the throne in Moscow. According to the stories, he looks exactly like the one who sat on the throne. »
Such an answer could not but cause disappointment, the influence of those who were ready to open the gates to the tsarist troops, in order to betray the instigators of the rebellion, to bargain for the preservation of life and property, increased.
I must say that Ivan Bolotnikov and "Tsarevich Peter" themselves began negotiations with Vasily Shuisky, offering him to open the gate in exchange for saving his life, otherwise threatening that the siege would drag on as long as at least one person from the fortress garrison was alive. A similar promise was made by the king.
For their part, the “besiegers” sent an embassy to Tsar Boris, “beat them with their foreheads and bring their guilt, so that he would grant them, give them the guilt, and they would give away the thief Petrushka, Ivashka Bolotnikov and their traitor thieves.”
Indeed, the voivode Kryuk Kolychev, who entered the city on October 10, did not meet resistance.
The captured "Tsarevich Peter" gave his first confession on October 10-12, 1607, before the courtiers, boyars and "service people" who accompanied the tsar. According to the surviving records, it was then that he gave his real name and told true story life until the very moment of captivity. It is believed that such a hasty course of action was necessary for Vasily Shuisky in order to discredit the leaders of the uprising in the eyes of ordinary participants in the movement. Subsequently, Ileiko was escorted to Moscow, where interrogations continued, then 4 months later he was executed "on the advice of the whole earth."
The execution took place near the walls of the Danilov Monastery, behind the outer ring of the Moscow fortifications - the Earthen City. The probable date of this event is January 12, 1608.

The exiled Pole Stanislav Nemoevsky about the execution: "On January 30, a townsman arrived from Moscow. Our people heard from him through the archer that Petrashko was executed these days."

Elias Gerkman from the essay "Historical Narrative of the Most Important Troubles in the Russian State": “He was sentenced to be hanged, taken out of Moscow and brought to the place where the gallows stood. Many eyewitnesses say that the aforementioned Pyotr Fedorovich (having climbed the stairs) told the standing people around that he had not committed a crime before His Royal Majesty death penalty that his crime consisted only in the fact that he pretended to be the son of Fyodor Ivanovich, that he was in fact his son and was ready to die for this conviction; that his words will be found fair if they are ordered to find out about him on the Don, what sins, because he led an ugly life with the Cossacks on the Don, God punishes him with a shameful death. He was hung on a bast, which could not be tightly tightened, since they were very thick, and the criminal was still alive when the executioner had already gone down. Seeing this, the executioner took a club from a nearby peasant (which he accidentally held in his hands), again climbed onto the gallows and hit the prince on the skull. He died from this blow. »

Plan:

1 Early years
2 Cossacks
3 Early career as an impostor
4 The story of the "miraculous salvation"
5 Leading the rebellion
6 Imposter politics
7 Commander of Ivan Bolotnikov
8 "Tsarevich Peter" during the "Tula sitting"
9 Captivity and execution

Introduction

Don Cossack. Engraving early XVIII century

Ileiko (Ileyka) Muromets(real name Ilya Ivanovich Korovin, XVI century, Murom - about January 12, 1608, near the Danilov Monastery) - impostor Lzhepetr Fedorovich. Commander of the troops of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov. Executed in 1608.

1. Early years

If you believe the testimony that the captive Ileiko gave before the boyar court in 1607, he was born in the city of Murom, to a certain woman Ulyana, the widow of a merchant Tikhon Yuryev. After the death of her first husband, Ulyana became the unmarried wife of the townsman Ivan Korovin and gave birth to a “shameful” (illegitimate) son named Ilya from him. He was not so many years old when Ivan Korovin died, and his widow, in obedience to the last will of the dying man, took the vows in the maiden Resurrection Monastery under the name of Elder Julitta.

The orphan was picked up almost on the road by the merchant T. Grozilnikov, and made him an inmate in his shop in Nizhny Novgorod. In this role, the future impostor stayed for about 3 years, and finally, he fled, and was assigned to the Cossack guard, who earned money by guarding merchant ships from robbery that sailed from Astrakhan to Kazan and Vyatka. During the year, between voyages, he lived in Astrakhan with a local archer named Khariton. Later he sailed on a merchant ship to Nizhny Novgorod, and on a streltsy ship to the Terek. There he was employed in the Streltsy order and participated in the campaign against Tarki, which was in the same 1604, and upon his return he sold himself into serfs to the boyar son Grigory Elagin.

2. Cossacks

The future impostor was not distinguished by constancy. Trying to ensure a satisfying and comfortable existence, he constantly changed owners. After living for a year in the courtyard of Elagin, Ileiko fled again and, in his own words,

In the same year, 1605, Ileiko, apparently, became a fighter or scout of a Cossack detachment that sided with False Dmitry I in the impostor's campaign against Moscow. Until the last moment, Ileiko Muromets hid this part of his biography from the court, and let it slip, apparently under strong pressure. It is worth noting that the Cossack Nagiba later also became one of the commanders of Bolotnikov's army. After a brief service with him "in comrades", Ileiko was "refused" (that is, transferred) by the owner to the Cossack Nametka, then, together with another Cossack - Neustroyko went up the Volga. Presumably, he participated in the capture of Tsaritsyn by the rebellious Cossacks, and the capture of local governors, who were later taken to the camp of the first impostor near Orel. Together with the army of the first impostor, Ileiko finally ended up in Moscow, where he lived, according to his own words, for about six months "from the Nativity of Christ to Peter's Day at the Church of Vladimir in the Gardens, in the courtyard of the clerk Dementy Timofeev."

In the summer of 1605, he leaves the capital together with the army of Prince Dmitry Khvorostin, who was sent as an impostor to take Astrakhan and arrest local governors who remained loyal to the Godunov dynasty.

3. Starting a career as an impostor

Ileiko spent the winter of the same 1605 on the Terek along with the Cossack army. With the onset of spring, when the issued money finally dried up, the question arose of subsistence. The Cossacks, converging in a circle, decided to march on the Caspian Sea

In the future, it was supposed to either return with prey to the Terek, or finally stay in Persia.

However, the Cossack chieftain Fyodor Bodyrin, gathered his own circle of 300 people and proposed a different plan - to go to the Volga, robbing merchant ships on his way, and in order to give the appearance of legality to the robbery campaign, it was decided to nominate an impostor from his midst, declaring his nephews False Dmitry, hurrying to the rescue of "uncle" in Moscow. Of the two applicants - the son of the Astrakhan archer Mitka and Ileyka Korovin, who both served with the Cossacks as "young comrades", that is, practically a servant - the second was chosen, since he had already been to Moscow and knew the local order quite well.

Fyodor Bodyrin's plan was supported by another Cossack ataman Gavrila Pan, the troops of both united on the Bystraya River. Terek voivode Pyotr Golovin did not dare to stop the rebellious Cossacks, especially since the Astrakhan garrison was also unreliable. Golovin tried to invite the "prince" to Astrakhan, but Ileiko evaded such an honor.

The voivode failed to persuade the Cossacks to even leave half of their staff on the Terek "for the arrival of military people". The Cossack army went to Astrakhan, but they did not dare to take the city, and after the governor Khvorostin refused to let them into the city, they went up the Volga along with part of the Astrakhan garrison that had joined them.

Subsequently, the Cossacks occupied four Volga towns, but acted cautiously, preventing wholesale robbery and bloodshed. The name "Peter Fedorovich" allowed them to freely get from Tsaritsyn to Samara.

However, from that moment on, difficulties began. In pursuit of the rebel Cossacks, the boyar Fyodor Sheremetev set off from Kazan. The governor had enough troops to defeat the detachment, but the Cossacks were rescued by the arrival from Moscow from Dmitry of an impostor messenger named Tretiak Yurlov-Pleshcheev with a letter ordering the Cossacks to "go to Moscow hastily." But near Sviyazhsk, the Cossacks were overtaken by the news of the death of the impostor. The army, in fact, found itself in a trap - between Moscow, which swore allegiance to Vasily Shuisky, and Sheremetev, who was advancing from the South. But the Cossacks were once again rescued by the eloquent Pleshcheev, who managed to convince the Kazan governor that the Cossacks were ready to submit, extradite the impostor and swear allegiance to the new tsar. In fact, the detachment managed to get past the Kazan marinas at night and go to Samara. Descending further to Kamyshinka, a tributary of the Volga, the Cossacks took advantage of Perevoloka and finally ended up on the Don, where the impostor spent the next few months in one of the villages.

At this time, a lull sets in in the civil war, the new tsar, trying to pacify the Don people, on July 16, 1606, sends them the son of the boyar Molvyaninov, and with him - 1000 rubles of cash salary, 1000 pounds of gunpowder and 1000 pounds of lead.

Later, the impostor, together with the Cossack detachment accompanying him, lived for some time in the Monastyrevsk town near Azov, and then sailed to the Seversky Donets on plows.

4. The story of the "miraculous salvation"

The legend about the "royal origin", composed for the sake of plausibility by Ileyka, was simple, naive and completely betrayed its origin from folk tales and parables. According to him, Tsarina Irina actually gave birth to the son of Peter, but fearing the intrigues of her brother, she replaced him with a girl named Theodosia, who soon died. The real heir was given to the upbringing of a certain widow. It should be noted that the impostor took advantage of the rumor that was circulating at that time about the substitution.

Ileiko never mentioned how he learned about his “royal origin”, his further story continued from the moment when the matured prince left for Astrakhan to “turn into the Cossacks”, and, as follows from Sapieha’s record, he lived there for several months from some unnamed benefactor. The impostor had a reason to hide the name of the Cossack Khariton before the Poles - the Bolotnikovs were not favored in Poland, and they had nothing to count on for help.

Later, the impostor claimed, he learned about the accession of his "uncle" Dmitry, and decided to get to him in Moscow. To begin with, he sent a letter to "uncle", revealing in it his "true name and origin" and received in response an invitation to come to the Kremlin and prove his words there. Further, the impostor allegedly managed to persuade a certain merchant, nicknamed Kozel, to take him with him, and in order to finally convince the doubter, "reveal his royal name to him."

According to his own assurances, he arrived in Moscow the day after the death of False Dmitry (May 18, 1606) and then lived for four months "with the butcher Ivan on Pokrovskaya Street." His further biography was not subjected to amendments; it can be clearly traced from the surviving documents.

5. Leading the rebellion

It is worth recalling that in the medieval popular consciousness, the state is impossible without a king; the only question was that this tsar was righteous and sufficiently cared for his subjects, he had to replace on the throne the "evil" tsar, an impostor put on the throne by traitorous boyars. Thus, it was possible to raise the people against Shuisky only by opposing him with a new False Dmitry, and in his temporary absence, “Tsarevich Peter”.

The impostor was again remembered by the Putivl voevoda Grigory Shakhovskoy, when, trying to raise the city to fight against Tsar Vasily, he repeatedly stated that “tsar Dimitri, miraculously saved, with a large army” would soon arrive in Putivl. In the end, as expected, they stopped believing his words, and Shakhovsky had no choice but to apply with a letter "from Prince Grigory Shakhovsky and from the putivlts from all" to the self-proclaimed Pyotr Fedorovich, in the hope that he would be able to raise the Terek and Volga Cossacks, whose help was needed by the party of Vasily's opponents in order to withstand the powerful coalition of local nobles who remained loyal to him.

Together with "thieves prince", as the documents of that time call it, an army of several thousand Terek and Volga Cossacks entered Putivl in early November 1606, later the Cossacks joined them. The Cossacks, taking advantage of the fact that they had a real military force behind them, practically seized power in the city, and the former leadership had to come to terms with this.

Despite the peaceful entry into Putivl, the false prince Peter soon ran into the active resistance of the clergy and nobility. Unlike False Dmitry I, a man brought up and educated in a noble environment, the false Peter betrayed his common origin with all his appearance, speech and manners, as a result of which it was extremely difficult for him to keep the nobility in obedience, especially since many of their "service people "recognized in the courtiers a new impostor of their former serfs, among them was the Cossack Vasily, a former serf of Prince Trubetskoy; and the “prince” himself once served under the command of Vasily Cherkassky, who at that time was in the Putivl prison. As a result of all of the above, after entering the city, the impostor unleashed cruel terror against the nobility. According to the evidence of the Bit Books of that time:

This information is also confirmed by the chronicle:

Among other things, the false prince revived the “bear fun” beloved by Ivan the Terrible, when captured nobles were poisoned in a fence by bears, or sewn into bear skins, dogs were lowered on them.

Among the dead in the Bit Books are the names of the boyar Prince Vasily Cherkassky, the royal envoy of the nursery Andrei Voeikov, the governor - princes Andrei of Rostov and Yuri Priimkov-Rostovsky, Gavrila Korkodinov, Buturlin, Nikita Izmailov, Alexei Pleshcheev, Mikhail Pushkin, Ivan Lovchikov, Peter Yushkov, Fedor Bartenev, Yazykov and others.

The recalcitrant clergy suffered no less from it. So hegumen Dionysius, going out to the people with a miraculous icon, tried to convince the townspeople that Ileiko was a “thief and impostor”, but as a result he paid with his life. The surviving monks wrote in a petition addressed to the king:

6. Imposter politics

It is worth recalling that at that time, in the popular mind, royal power was perceived as the only legitimate and possible in the state, and the only question was to replace the "evil" king with a genuine, "righteous" one who cared about his subjects. In the minds of the masses, it was also natural that the tsar was surrounded by the nobility, and the Boyar Duma helped him in decisions, as well as the fact that the tsar not only punishes treason, but also rewards devotion.

Therefore, one should not be surprised that Ileiko, cracking down on the rebellious nobility, still tries to surround himself with aristocrats, and also forms his own Boyar Duma, which includes, among others, princes Andrei Telyatevsky, Grigory Shakhovskoy, Mosalsky and others. Representatives of the nobility stood at the head of the rebel detachments troops, another thing is that their role was often nominal, while the Cossack atamans retained true power in their hands. Moreover, as a sovereign prince, Ileiko enjoys the right to pay land and awards, which also keeps the nobility near him. This moment was reflected, in particular, in a petition addressed to the tsar from the Mtsensk children of the boyar Sukhotins, who complained that “The thief Petrushka killed our father, and the estate, your royal salary, was in distribution with the thief at Petrushka ...”

At the same time, the impostor is trying to establish relations with Poland, apparently mindful of the help that the Poles provided to the first impostor. Ambassadors were sent to Poland, but they only managed to get to Kyiv. King Sigismund was in no hurry to get involved in an adventure with a more than unclear outcome.

To raise the military spirit on the downward spiral of the uprising, it was vital to “present” the resurrected Tsar Demetrius to the ordinary participants. Bolotnikov himself repeatedly wrote about this to Poland, promising, according to Konrad Bussov, “to transfer to His Majesty the cities reclaimed in the name of Dimitri,” and finally, according to his own testimony, desperate to receive a positive answer, he directly advised the Poles to prepare a new impostor.

“Tsarevich Peter” is taken to find and bring with him the “uncle”, and at the same time to recruit a hired army for the Bolotnikovites. In December 1606 he went to Belarus. A report to the king was preserved about his visit, signed by the headman of Orsha Andrey Sapega, who said that the impostor arrived on December 6, 1606 and until December 20 he lived in Kopys, in the Maksimovichi volost, not far from the city of Vitebsk. The local authorities gave permission to "tsarevich Peter" to freely move around the Polish territory and enter into negotiations with the subjects of the king. It is assumed that it was at this time in Belarus that an active search began for a new impostor for the role of "Tsar Dimitri", who was eventually made by "Matyushka Verevkin" - False Dmitry II. It is worth noting that on the trip Ileika was accompanied by noblemen Zenovich and Senkevich, in the near future it will be Pan Zenovich who will accompany False Dmitry II to the Moscow border. But one way or another, the candidacy of the new impostor had not yet been found, and Ileiko could not wait, since the news of the crushing defeat of the Bolotniks reached Poland. At the end of December 1606, the impostor hastily returned to Putivl.

7. Commander Ivan Bolotnikov

From Putivl, the troops of the false prince went to Seversk Ukraine, to raise the people in support of "Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich" and "Tsarevich Peter Fedorovich", everywhere supported by the tax-paying population, with the fierce resistance of the nobility and clergy.

The city of Tsarev-Borisov was the first to stand in the way of Ileyka Muromets, in which the boyar Mikhail Saburov, fiercely hated by the Cossacks, was the governor. The city was well fortified, equipped with one of the strongest garrisons on the southern border and armed with the latest technology of the time. But Saburov failed to keep the city archers and Cossacks in obedience. The intervention of the clergy did not save the situation, the city was taken, the governor Saburov and Prince Priimkov-Rostotsky were executed.

According to the memoirs of the monk Job

At this time, the peak of the influence and victories of the false prince falls. Later, he went to Tula to join the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, in order to launch a new offensive against Moscow together with him. In February 1607, he sent one of his commanders, Prince Mosalsky, to rescue the Kaluga garrison, which was besieged by the tsarist troops. But the "thieves" were utterly defeated in the battle.

However, in May of the same year, Ileiko repeated the attempt, and this time Andrei Telyatevsky utterly defeated the detachment of Boris Tatev, who tried to block his way, which greatly contributed to the final liberation of Kaluga from the siege ring.

In order to prevent the approach of the rebel troops in Moscow, on May 21, 1607, Tsar Vasily Shuisky, at the head of selected detachments, himself came out in front of the united troops of Bolotnikov and Muromets. Cossack hundreds of "Tsarevich Peter" attacked the advance detachment under the command of Ivan Golitsyn near the Vosma River near Kashira. The battle took place on June 5, 1607.

At the beginning, it seemed that the advantage was in the hands of the Cossacks, having crossed the river without hindrance, they managed to gain a foothold in the ravine on the other side, from where they showered the tsarist troops with a hail of bullets. The Ryazan noble regiment attacking them was forced to retreat, but the outcome of the battle was decided by the betrayal of the nobleman Prokofy Lyapunov, who, together with his detachment of heavy cavalry, went over to the side of the tsarist troops. The Cossacks could not withstand the blow to the rear, and fled. In this battle, the color of the army of "Peter Fedorovich" died - the Don, Terek and Volga Cossack hundreds, as well as Cossacks from Putivl and Rylsk. Thus, the end of "prince Peter" was a foregone conclusion.

8. "Tsarevich Peter" during the "Tula sitting"

After the capture of Tula, the nearest fortress on the outskirts of Moscow, Ileiko lingered there, waiting for the main rebel forces to approach. Here he met with the local landowner Istoma Mikheev, who "sent from Moscow to the Volga to incriminate the thief Petrushka." For the accuser, the meeting turned out to be fatal. Mikheev was tortured, his body was burned, the estate was plundered, and the patrimonial letters of commendation were destroyed by the "thieves' Cossacks".

The policy of the impostor in Tula continued the Putivl one - bloody terror was also unleashed here, primarily against the nobility and clergy, as adherents of a hostile party, the rebels also sent captured nobles captured in other regions where there was a civil war. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, the "thief Petrushka" used to execute ten people daily.

On June 12, 1607, the troops of Skopin-Shuisky approached Tula. The besiegers noted the courage and resourcefulness of the Bolotnikovites locked in the city, according to documents of that time.

On the advice of the Murom landowner Ivan Krovkov, it was decided to flood the city in order to force the besieged garrison to surrender. The work was carried out under the leadership of the clerks of the Discharge Order on both banks of the Upa River.

On the right, swampy bank, a dam the size of "half a verst" was built, which was supposed to prevent the river from overflowing through the lowlands during the autumn flood, but to cause a sharp rise in the water level.

Indeed, the autumn flood completely cut off the city from the outside world, turning it into a swampy island in the middle of a completely flooded plain. Diseases and hunger began in the city, the only hope of the besieged was the army of False Dmitry II, who, however, was in no hurry to help. In order to put pressure on the false tsar, Prince Grigory Shakhovskoy, who had maintained contact with him from the very beginning, was imprisoned in Tula until the very “approach of Tsar Dimitri”. From Ivan Bolotnikov more and more strongly demanded to tell the truth about the "tsar", whose return he had repeatedly promised. Bolotnikov's answer was:

Such an answer could not but cause disappointment, the influence of those who were ready to open the gates to the tsarist troops, in order to betray the instigators of the rebellion, to bargain for the preservation of life and property, increased.

I must say that Ivan Bolotnikov and "Tsarevich Peter" themselves began negotiations with Vasily Shuisky, offering him to open the gate in exchange for saving his life, otherwise threatening that the siege would drag on as long as at least one person from the fortress garrison was alive. A similar promise was made by the king.

For their part, the “besiegers” sent an embassy to Tsar Boris, “ beat with your forehead and bring your guilt, so that he grants them, he gave them the guilt, and one thief Petrushka, Ivashka Bolotnikov and their traitor thieves will be given».

9. Captivity and execution

The captured "Tsarevich Peter" gave his first confession on October 10-12, 1607, before the courtiers, boyars and "service people" who accompanied the tsar. According to the surviving records, it was then that he gave his real name and told the true story of his life until the very moment of captivity. It is believed that such a hasty course of action was necessary for Vasily Shuisky in order to discredit the leaders of the uprising in the eyes of ordinary participants in the movement. Subsequently, Ileiko was escorted to Moscow, where interrogations continued, then 4 months later he was executed " by the advice of all the earth". An entry about this was made in his diary by the exiled Pole Stanislav Nemoevsky. According to him, on January 30, 1608:

This event is described in more detail by Elias Herkman in his essay “Historical Narrative of the Most Important Troubles in the Russian State”. His story goes like this:

The execution took place near the walls of the Danilov Monastery, behind the outer ring of the Moscow fortifications - the Earthen City. The probable date of this event is January 12, 1608.

Literature

Skrynnikov R. G. Three False Dmitrys; M., AST Publishing House LLC, 2003. (electronic version)
I. I. Smirnov WHEN WAS ILEIKA MUROMETS EXECUTED?

D. I. Ilovaisky mentions Ileiko in connection with the Russian heroic epic in the article: “Cossack hero Ilya Muromets as historical person"(" Russian Archive ", 1893, book 5). Ileiko's testimony was published in Akt. Archaeological Exped.» (II.81).

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Similar essays: Ilya Muromets, Personalities of Murom, Pretenders of the Time of Troubles, Those who died in 1608.
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During the year, between voyages, he lived in Astrakhan with a local archer named Khariton. Later he sailed on a merchant ship to Nizhny Novgorod, and on a streltsy ship to the Terek. There he was hired in the Streltsy order and participated in the campaign against Tarki, which was in the same year 1604, and upon his return he sold himself into serfs to the boyar son Grigory Elagin.

Cossacks

Early career as an impostor

In the future, it was supposed to either return with booty to the Terek, or finally stay in Persia.

At this time, a lull sets in in the civil war, the new tsar, trying to pacify the Don people, on July 16 of the year sends the son of the boyar Molvyaninov to them, and with him - 1000 rubles of cash salary, 1000 pounds of gunpowder and 1000 pounds of lead.

Later, the impostor, together with the Cossack detachment accompanying him, lived for some time in the Monastyrevsk town near Azov, and then sailed to the Seversky Donets on plows.

The story of the "miraculous salvation"

The legend about the "royal origin", composed for the sake of plausibility by Ileyka, was simple, naive and completely betrayed its origin from folk tales and parables. According to him, Tsarina Irina actually gave birth to a son, Peter, but fearing the intrigues of her brother, she replaced him with a girl named Theodosia, who soon died. The real heir was given to the upbringing of a certain widow. It should be noted that the impostor took advantage of the rumor that was circulating at that time about the substitution.

At the head of the rebellion

It is worth recalling that in the medieval popular consciousness, the state is impossible without a king; the only question was that this tsar was righteous and sufficiently cared for his subjects, he had to replace on the throne the “evil” tsar, an impostor put on the throne by traitorous boyars. Thus, it was possible to raise the people against Shuisky only by opposing him with a new False Dmitry, and in his temporary absence, “Tsarevich Peter”.

Together with "thieves prince", as the documents of that time call it, an army of several thousand Terek and Volga Cossacks entered Putivl in early November, later the Cossacks joined them. The Cossacks, taking advantage of the fact that they had a real military force behind them, practically seized power in the city, and the former leadership had to come to terms with this.

This information is also confirmed by the chronicle:

Imposter politics

It is worth recalling that at that time, in the popular mind, royal power was perceived as the only legitimate and possible in the state, and the only question was to replace the "evil" king with a genuine, "righteous" one who cares about his subjects. In the minds of the masses, it was also natural that the tsar was surrounded by the nobility, and the Boyar Duma helped him in decisions, as well as the fact that the tsar not only punishes treason, but also rewards devotion.

At the same time, the impostor is trying to establish relations with Poland, apparently mindful of the help that the Poles provided to the first impostor. Ambassadors were sent to Poland, but they only managed to reach Kyiv. King Sigismund was in no hurry to get involved in an adventure with a more than unclear outcome.

“Tsarevich Peter” is taken to find and bring with him the “uncle”, and at the same time to recruit a hired army for the Bolotnikovites. In December 1606 he went to Belarus. A report to the king was preserved about his visit, signed by the headman of Orsha Andrey Sapega, who said that the impostor arrived on December 6, 1606 and until December 20 he lived in Kopys, in the Maksimovichi volost, not far from the city of Vitebsk. The local authorities gave permission to "tsarevich Peter" to freely move around the Polish territory and enter into negotiations with the subjects of the king. It is assumed that it was at this time in Belarus that an active search began for a new impostor for the role of "Tsar Dimitri", who was eventually made by "Matyushka Verevkin" - False Dmitry II. It is worth noting that on the trip Ileika was accompanied by noblemen Zenovich and Senkevich, in the near future it will be Pan Zenovich who will accompany False Dmitry II to the Moscow border. But one way or another, the candidacy of the new impostor had not yet been found, and Ileiko could not wait, because. news of the crushing defeat of the Bolotnikovites reached Poland. At the end of December 1606, the impostor hastily returned to Putivl.

Commander of Ivan Bolotnikov

According to the memoirs of the monk Job

At this time, the peak of the influence and victories of the false prince falls. Subsequently, he went to Tula to join the troops of Ivan Bolotnikov, in order to launch a new offensive against Moscow together with him. In February 1607, he sent one of his military commanders, Prince Mosalsky, to the rescue of the Kaluga garrison, which was besieged by the tsarist troops. But the "thieves" were utterly defeated in the battle.

At the beginning, it seemed that the advantage was in the hands of the Cossacks, having crossed the river without hindrance, they managed to gain a foothold in the ravine on the other side, from where they showered the tsarist troops with a hail of bullets. The Ryazan noble regiment attacking them was forced to retreat, but the outcome of the battle was decided by the betrayal of the nobleman Prokofy Lyapunov, who, together with his detachment of heavy cavalry, went over to the side of the tsarist troops. The Cossacks could not withstand the blow to the rear, and fled. In this battle, the color of the army of "Peter Fedorovich" died - the Don, Terek and Volga Cossack hundreds, as well as the Cossacks from Putivl and Rylsk. Thus, the end of "prince Peter" was a foregone conclusion.

"Tsarevich Peter" during the "Tula sitting"

I must say that Ivan Bolotnikov and "Tsarevich Peter" themselves began negotiations with Vasily Shuisky, offering him to open the gate in exchange for saving life, otherwise threatening that the siege would drag on as long as at least one person from the fortress garrison was alive. A similar promise was made by the king.

Indeed, who entered the city

Ileyka Muromets (d. 1607 or early 1608), one of the leaders Peasant uprising led by I. I. Bolotnikov (1606-07), a native of the townspeople of Murom. For several years he worked for hire with merchants, then he became a Cossack on the Terek. In 1605, the Cossacks elected I. ataman and declared him Tsarevich Peter, son Fedor Ivanovich . In the winter of 1606, I. with a detachment of Cossacks went to the Volga and, after receiving a letter from False Dmitry I, decided to go to Moscow, then his detachment arrived in Putivl. From here, I. went to connect with the Bolotnikov detachment, which was in Kaluga. Tula was the stronghold of the actions of the I. detachment. May 3, 1607 on the river. Pchelne near Kaluga, I.'s detachment struck at the troops of V.I. Shuisky and provided Bolotnikov with a way out of the siege. Since that time, I., together with Bolotnikov, led the struggle of the rebels near Tula. October 10, 1607 Tula fell. I. was captured by Shuisky's troops and hanged.

Lit.: Smirnov I.I., Bolotnikov's uprising 1606-1607, 2nd ed., M., 1951 (see name index); Makovsky D. P., First peasant war in Russia, Smolensk, 1967.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia M.: " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1969-1978

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Ileyka Muromets (d. 1607 or early 1608) - one of the leaders of the peasant war of 1606-1607; a native of the townspeople of Murom. For several years he worked for hire with merchants, then became a Terek Cossack. In 1605, the Cossacks elected Ileyka as chieftain and declared him Tsarevich Peter, the mythical son of Fedor Ivanovich. In the winter of 1606, Ileika went to the Volga with a detachment of Cossacks, and after receiving a letter from False Dmitry I decided to go to Moscow. The news of the murder of the impostor forced Ileika to return to the lower reaches of the Volga; then his detachment arrived in Putivl. From here he went to connect with I. I. Bolotnikov located in Kaluga. From a purely Cossack movement, his speech turned into an integral part of the anti-feudal Bolotnikov's uprising. Ileyka chose the city as the stronghold of his actions Tulu. May 3, 1607 on the river Pchelna under Kaluga Ileyka's detachment struck at the troops V. I. Shuisky and secured a way out of the siege for Bolotnikov. Since that time, Ileyka, together with Bolotnikov, led the struggle of the rebels near Tula. On October 10, 1607, Tula fell, Ileyka was captured by Shuisky and soon hanged.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 5. DVINSK - INDONESIA. 1964.