Vadim DERUZHINSKY
"Analytical newspaper" Secret Research»
ABOUT LITHUANIA
..................................continuation.............. ....................

EVOLUTION OF TERMS

The whole whirlwind with terms began in 1795, when Russia annexed the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland - the confederation of the Commonwealth. The first step of Catherine II (together with the abolition of the Magdeburg Law in our country, which all our cities had for 4 centuries) was the abolition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, in the future, its statutes. And most importantly - the complete abolition of the term "Lithuania", because "the oblivion of this word marks the complete victory of Russia over its main eternal enemy" (the words of Catherine II). The paradox is that with the seizure of power over the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the prohibition of the very term "Lithuania" - the Russian monarchs continued to bear the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the last such Grand Duke of Lithuania (that is, Belarusian) was the murdered Nicholas II. The Grand Duke of Lithuania was - in the face Russian monarch , but the term Lithuania itself was banned. I draw attention to this because some people believe that since 1795 Belarus has ceased to be called Lithuania, but Zhmud and Aukshtaitija (two parts of the present Republic of Lietuva) allegedly continued to be called Lithuania. This is not true. For some time, a small part of Belarus retained the element of the name "Lithuania", but this is precisely the Belarusian ethnic territory, and not the territory of Zhmud or Aukstaitia (Lietuva) as part of the Russian Empire. Lithuania was banned almost completely - except for the Lithuanian-Vilna province that existed until 1840, the evolution of which shows the desire of tsarism to gradually get rid of all the memory of Lithuania: in 1797, the entire huge Lithuania is reduced to the Lithuanian province from the confluence of Vilna and Slonim, then the term Lithuania is left only for Vilna province, and since 1840, the element “Lithuania” has been completely expelled from its name. Moreover, the Lithuanian-Vilna province (the only one that retained the term "Lithuania" until 1840) was part of the "Western Territory" - that is, Belarus, and not the region of residence of the Eastern Balts in Tsarist Russia. (By the way, about Vilna. On what basis did Stalin give this Belarusian capital, whose population consisted of 80% Belarusians, to Lietuva? And why, for example, did Stalin not transfer the Pskov region to Estonia, which was part of the USSR? After all, this is the same thing! However, Stalin's calculation was that the amputation of the historical capital of the Belarusians would deal a monstrous blow to their national self-identification.) And for the first time this term was brought back to life after the collapse of Tsarist Russia by the Zhmud nationalists in Kovno in 1918. The undignified name "Republic of Zhmud" did not suit them, so they decided that it would be better to be called the "Republic of Lietuva", since Zhmud was a peripheral province of Lithuania, had some kind of, albeit extremely remote, relation to Lithuania. Fact is fact: in Tsarist Russia from 1795 to 1917, not a single province bore the name "Lithuania" (except for the quickly abolished Lithuanian province of Vilna and Slonim). The Zhmuds and Aukstaits were called whatever they wanted, but not Lithuania, and instead of our original name Lithuania, tsarism introduced the terms “Western Territory” and the like. For a very long time, the ideologists of tsarism toiled, looking for a suitable name for our people instead of the name “Litvins”. As the encyclopedia "Belarus" (Minsk, 1995) writes, we were prescribed in the decrees of the tsar to officially call us "Western Russians", then "Orthodox Russians", then "Little Russians". Then, by the middle of the 19th century, the St. Petersburg political scientists of tsarism proposed the terms "Belarus" and "Belarusians". These new terms began to be actively introduced by the authorities, but here's the incident - the Belarusian national liberation uprising of 1863-64 happened here, when our people began to demand independence from Russia. The uprising was brutally suppressed by the tsarist governor-general Muravyov, who, for the sake of the complete abolition of our national self-consciousness, banned even these terms invented in Russia for us - “Belarus” and “Belarusians”. From now on, the very mention of the word "Belarus" was followed by repression. However, our people fought with Russia in this uprising not at all with these tsarist terms (tsarist and forbidden). Belarusians in 1863-64 continued to call themselves Litvinians and Lithuania, just look at the names of the bodies that led the Belarusian uprising: the Lithuanian Provincial Committee and then the Executive Department of Lithuania - state authorities on the territory of present-day Belarus liberated from tsarism. It is impossible to dispute: in 1864 Belarusians still called themselves Litvins and Lithuania. The terms "Lithuania" and "Belarus" remained banned after this uprising until 1905, when tsarism was forced to ease the regime, allowing the sprouts of the Civil Society, which automatically meant the sprouts of national consciousness in this "prison of peoples" (the definition of Marx and Lenin) . Return of "Western Russians" to their self-name "Litvins" and "Lithuania" Russian liberal ideologists in 1905 they did not allow it (because even Russian liberalism always remained in its basis imperial liberalism anyway - just like the legendary Decembrists of 1825 unanimously rejected the desire of the same liberals of Belarus and Ukraine to create their own sovereign states outside Russia). But the development of national self-consciousness in the plane of the tsarist terms "Belarusians" and "Belarus" was allowed, because it was a compromise, leaving the ideological influence of Russia over the Lithuanians. Having achieved at least this, the Belarusians-Litvins actively take up the return to the people of at least some national qualities that were strangled in the “prison of peoples”. In 1910, the famous “Short History of Belarus” by V.U. Lastovsky. Lastovsky's concept that Lithuanians are Balts and Belarusians are Slavs is only a forced compromise with tsarism, for Lastovsky himself emphasizes in the book that Lithuanians (Litvins) are the name of our Slavic people for almost the entire millennium. That is, the Lithuanians-Litvins are not the Balts at all, but the Slavs. But under pressure from Russia, we have to introduce this artificial concept, devoid of scientific and historicity, the very introduction of which at every step now requires routine clarifications from any Belarusian historian - that we are talking not about the Eastern Balts of Lietuva, but about us, the Slavic people, who used to be called Litvins. Lastovsky's position is understandable: it does not matter, as he wrote, under what name ("Lithuania" or the new "Belarus") the right to our national self-identification is returned to us - this national self-identification itself is important. But it did not matter in that acute period when the question of the existence of our people (with any name) was at stake, which the neighbors did not want to recognize and wanted to divide among themselves. including in Brest world between the RSFSR and Germany, it was stipulated that there was no Belarus and the Belarusian people, and the population of this territory was divided between Germany (withdrawing to the provinces of Prussia), Russia (all of Eastern Belarus) and Ukraine (all of Polissya). It is clear that our people were deeply indignant at this behind-the-scenes agreement between Lenin and Germany, where our people were liquidated GENERALLY AS A PEOPLE. This was the reason for the proclamation of the Belarusian People's Republic - as a response to Lenin's desire to eliminate us as a people. Since the fact that the Belarusians acquired their statehood during the creation of the BNR, all further disputes about the name of the people have already become redundant - although the villagers continued to call themselves "Litvins" until the middle of the twentieth century. But at the same time, another question arose: what is the historical content of the Belarusians? What is generally meant by Belarusians? As the great Russian historian Solovyov wrote centuries ago (whose words, to his misfortune, were quoted by Zbigniew Brzezinski, for which he received the nickname "Russophobe" in the USSR), "scratch a Russian - and there will be a Tatar in him." It’s exactly the same with us: “scratch a Belarusian - and there will be a Litvin in it.”

MYTH OF SIMILARITY

Often in TV programs, Russians say that, they say, “Belarusians and Russians are almost the same people, they are very similar, their languages ​​are almost the same, their culture is identical.” Even Putin recently claimed this, firmly believing it. But is it? The illusion of “the similarity of Belarusians to Russians” is created by the fact that Belarusians are the only people of the ex-USSR who, since 1991, have not yet regained their national self-identification and mentally continue to be “Soviet people”. And since everything national is still rejected by Belarusians, being replaced by an absolutely faceless and meaningless “Soviet” one (these are the historical national state symbols of Belarusians, the national name of the parliament, the national currency Belarusian thaler, the very history of Belarus as the successor of the GDL, etc., similar to what introduced long ago in all other CIS countries, including Russia itself), then here is an illusion: Putin believes that he is talking about the Belarusian people and their national content, but in fact he is talking about the “Soviet people” of the USSR, and not about Belarusians. And almost no one in Russia knows about Belarusians and their national content. For Belarus has not yet passed the stage of national self-identification, passed in all other CIS countries, including even the countries Central Asia. By the way, about Asia: it is puzzling that even the new Asian republics of the CIS, which did not even have any statehood, have tenge, manat and others instead of the ruble as their currency, when we were the only ones in the CIS who abandoned their national currency for no reason, although there was one: it was created by the chancellor ON Sapieha, minting our national state currency - Thaler ON (Poland minted zloty). This Belarusian thaler was minted precisely by Belarusian cities, and not minted at all Russian ruble, which then did not exist as a currency even in Russia, but was imposed on us and Poland only in 1795. Why does the tenge have the right to exist, but our thaler does not? Kazakhs can - Belarusians do not. Obviously, the point here is that the Kazakhs with their tenge are just Asia, and the Belarusians with their thaler are already Europe. That scares someone. Let's compare Belarusians and Russians. Approximately 70% of the Belarusian ethnic group consists of Slavic Western Balts (Prussians, Dainov, Yotvingians, etc.). That is, Belarusians are Slavicized Western Balts, Indo-Europeans. And the Russian ethnic group is approximately 80-90% composed of Slavicized Tatars (Turks) and Finns (Merya, Mordovians, Murom, Perm, etc.), who are not Indo-Europeans. That is, ethnically and anthropologically, these are completely different peoples and even different races. Belarusians are Indo-Europeans, Russians are 80-90% not, as Russian scientists themselves write. And completely different languages. Only a deeply ignorant person who does not understand anything in the Slavic languages ​​can say that "Belarusian and Russian languages ​​are very similar." The Russian language consists of 60-70% of the Tatar (Turkic) vocabulary - which is completely absent in Belarusian. The lexical coincidences of the Belarusian and Russian languages ​​are only about 30%, while the coincidences of the vocabulary of the Belarusian language with Ukrainian and Polish are more than 80%. A Belarusian without an interpreter understands Ukrainian and Polish languages, but a Russian person without an interpreter does not understand the Belarusian language (as, indeed, any Slavic in general). Moreover, a Belarusian without an interpreter just understands all other Slavic languages. Completely different culture. For Belarusians it is Slavic-Baltic, for Russians it is Finnish-Turkic. Religion is also different: Belarusians are Uniates (“recorded” in the Moscow religion only in 1839 by decree of the tsar, but under conditions independent state this foreign church will quickly lose its positions in Belarus - as alien, not being the custodian of the Belarusian traditions and history of Belarus, as preaching not in Belarusian, but in foreign language). Finally, Belarusians and Russians have a completely different story. Before their capture by Russia in 1795, the Belarusians were a purely European people, for 400 years they lived with the freedoms of the Magdeburg Law, which all the cities of Belarus possessed, had full self-government and the election of all branches of government, and the peasants of Belarus until 1795 were not enslaved to serfdom. As part of Russia, the Belarusians were only a miserable period by the standards of history - only 122 years, while in the common state with the Poles - three times longer. The mentality is also different: the Russians have an imperial mentality (which originates in the Horde and Muscovy), the Belarusians have a European and Balto-Slavic mentality, identical not at all to the Russian mentality, but to Slovak, Czech, Polish. So what's in common? It is only with the Soviet mentality that the Russians have much in common, because it was artificially formed on the basis of the imperial Russian mentality. But its carrier is not a Belarusian - its carrier is homo sovieticus, that is, a person of a completely different nationality and a resident of a completely different country - not Belarus, but the already deceased USSR. It seems that erroneous judgments about Belarusians exist only because the Russians DO NOT see any manifestations of the national self-identification of the Belarusians. They are invisible for the reason that they were brutally suppressed in tsarist Russia and in the USSR, where they tried to remake the European people of Belarusians into something Asian. And although 15 years have passed since 1991, Belarusians are just beginning to identify themselves nationally; Slowly, but inevitably, the historical memory is returning to the suffering people, the people are returning their forbidden national identity.

SO WHO ARE WE?

The narrow scope of a newspaper publication does not allow to reveal the topic in detail - a lot of things related to the issue are left out of the article - maybe in other publications I will have the opportunity to cite a lot of facts and materials that are “left overboard” here. For example, the topic of a separate large publication is a detailed analysis of how the term “Belarusians” appeared in the 19th century and how it evolved over the course of the century, reflected in the realities of political and public life. However, we can draw some conclusions. Belarusians and Lithuanians are ethnically the same. Rusyns - the name of the Litvins (Belarusians) who professed the Uniate faith of the Russian Orthodox Church in Kyiv. As Poles, we called the Litvins (Belarusians), who professed Catholicism. GDL is a country whose historical and political successor is our current Belarus, which has its own statehood back in the GDL. Everything is extremely simple.

GENE POOL OF BELARUSIANS

Artem DENIKIN
Analytical newspaper "Secret Research"

Studies by Russian and Belarusian scientists have shown that Belarusians and Russians are completely different ethnic groups genetically and anthropologically. And the closest relatives to Belarusians are not Russians and Ukrainians at all, but Masurians and Lusatian Serbs.

Many Russian politicians and political scientists repeat the Soviet myth that supposedly “Belarusians and Russians are almost the same people”, and on this basis they consider it necessary for Belarus to become part of Russia. However, experts are well aware that Belarusians and Russians have different ethnic origins, different anthropology, different languages, different lifestyles, different traditions, different religions (Belarusians have Uniate and Catholic), different national characters. And spent in Lately studies of geneticists in Russia and Belarus have shown that peoples have completely different genes.

^ ABOUT THE RUSSIAN GENE POOL

Who are the ethnic Russians? This question was recently raised by the Academy of Sciences of Russia - and received a clear answer (we talked about this in more detail in our publication “The Face of Russian Nationality”, No. 15, 2006). The Russian magazine Vlast (supplement to Kommersant) published an article by Daria Laane and Sergey Petukhov "The Face of Russian Nationality" (No. 38, September 26, 2005, pp. 54-60), which states: "Russian scientists have and are preparing for publication the first large-scale study of the gene pool of the Russian people. The release of the results could have unpredictable consequences for Russia and the world order.” (Another story about these studies is in NEWSWEEK, 2005, no. 27 (57).)

It was said that in 2000 the Russian Foundation fundamental research allocated a grant to scientists from the Laboratory of Human Population Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center Russian Academy medical sciences. For the first time in the history of Russia, scientists were able to fully concentrate on studying the gene pool of the Russian people for several years. Molecular genetic results of the first Russian study of the gene pool of the titular nationality are being prepared for publication in the form of a monograph "Russian gene pool".

The journal "Vlast" cites some research data. So, it turned out that Russians are not “Eastern Slavs” at all, but Finns. So, according to the Y-chromosome, the genetic distance between the Russians and the Finns of Finland is only 30 conventional units (close relationship). And the genetic distance between a Russian person and the so-called Finno-Ugric peoples (Mari, Veps, Mordovians, etc.) living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 2-3 units. Simply put, they are genetically IDENTICAL.

The results of the analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that another closest relative of Russians, except for the Finns of Finland, is the Tatars: Russians from the Tatars are at the same genetic distance of 30 conventional units that separate them from the Finns.

An analysis of the gene pool of Belarusians showed that they are genetically very far from Russians and are actually identical to the northeastern Poles - that is, the Mazury of Mazov. That is, the study of the gene pool only confirmed the historical realities: Belarusians are Western Balts (with some admixture of Slavic blood), and Russians are Finns.

Research leader E.V. Balanovskaya points out that we had to “consider the data of many systems - anthropology (somatology, dermatoglyphics, odontology), classical genetics (blood groups, blood proteins), thousands of surnames, data on different systems of DNA markers (autosomal, Y-chromosome, mitochondrial DNA).

... We have brought together two huge amounts of information about the Russian people, accumulated over many decades by anthropology and genetics. We conducted two new studies - DNA and surnames. And they came up with a way to compare these four very different systems of signs - anthropology, classical genetics, molecular genetics, surnames. We built computer genogeographic maps for each trait. For example, for anthropology - a map of the growth of a beard; for classical genetics - maps of the occurrence of blood group genes; for molecular genetics, a map of the AIDS resistance gene; for surnames - a map of the occurrence of Ivanovs in all parts of the Russian range. Four such different systems, and in each - a lot of features. There is a map for everyone. And then we got "generalized" maps for each feature system. And after that, for the first time, they could compare all the data on the Russian gene pool.”

She also noted: “Our “discovery” is that completely different sciences and features – anthropology, genetics, surnames – completely agree with each other and, complementing each other, paint a common portrait of the Russian gene pool. Moreover, the Russian gene pool here, fortunately, is not alone. Even before studying the Russian gene pool, we made a similar sketch of the portrait of the gene pool of the peoples of Eastern Europe, including the peoples of the "near abroad" (from the Black Sea to the Baltic), and the Caucasus, and the Urals. And found again the unanimity of the witnesses! Although the portrait of the gene pool of the peoples of Eastern Europe turned out to be completely different - the waves of the gene pool in Eastern Europe did not follow the “north-south” axis, as in the Russian gene pool, but along the “west-east” axis. Therefore, for the Russian gene pool - which occupies a huge part of Eastern Europe - we expected to see the same Eastern European pattern. But no! The Russian gene pool has discovered its own structure related to its own history. However, all gene pools are equally important and interesting. For us, the Russian gene pool is not important in itself. It is an extremely complex but remarkably interesting model object for population geneticists, which is what we are. For us, the Russian gene pool is a gene pool with a Russian face and in Russian clothes. It is important for us to discern the common features of gene pools in it, to find tools for studying them.”

^ THE END OF THE MYTH ABOUT "EASTERN SLAVES"

The results of the research really shocked many in Russia - after all, the Russians turned out to be genetically and anthropologically Finns, not Slavs. To calm the indignant and dissenting fellow citizens (mainly ideologists, historians and publicists), E.V. Balanovskaya explains that it is necessary not to deal with myths, but to remember that these territories used to be primordially Finnish:

“We always put the term “original” Russian area in quotation marks, remembering that the history of the pre-Slavic population in this territory is an order of magnitude longer than the Slavic one. Genetic memory permeates all layers of the gene pool, all layers that came from different inhabitants of Eastern Europe. Therefore, when analyzing the "original" range, we never talk about the "originally" Russian gene pool, about the "originally" Russian genes. The authors believe that they simply do not exist. There is a gene pool that is spread over this area and has absorbed (like all other gene pools) the genes of many populations that have left their genetic trace over the course of many millennia. And any binding of a gene to a people is wrong - these are different coordinate systems. Belonging to a people is determined by the self-consciousness of a person. The gene pool is determined by the concentration of genes in a historically defined area. Therefore, when we say “Russian gene pool”, we mean all the genes collected by the course of history in the “original” Russian area and imprinted in it.”

Yes, we can agree that "Belonging to the people is determined by the self-consciousness of a person." And if the Finnish peoples of Russia consider themselves Russians, this is their full right. But the problem is not at all in this, but in the fact that E.V. Balanovskaya leaves out of discussion: that the concept of “one origin Eastern Slavs Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians” is a myth exposed. There are no "Eastern Slavs", because they are "Slavs" only because of the Slavic-speaking. And according to genes and anthropology, Russians are pure Finns (albeit Slavic-speaking Orthodox). On research maps, the influence of the Russian gene pool is still noticeable in the Vitebsk and Mogilev regions, but further in Central and Western Belarus (historical Lithuania of the Litvins), it is NO LONGER, there genetically the closest neighbor is Mazovia Poland.

This puts an end to the lie invented by tsarism about “the common origin of Belarusians and Russians.” As it turned out, these are genetically and anthropologically two completely different ethnic groups - and even different ethnic groups, because Belarusians are Indo-Europeans, while Russians are not.

^ STABILITY OF THE GENE POOL

As E.V. Balanovskaya, most of all Russian scientists were surprised by the STABILITY of the gene pool: they expected to see in Central Russia a mixture of local Finns with Turks and Slavs. However, they did not find any significant Slavic or Turkic influence.

In my opinion, there is nothing strange in this. With a population ratio of 80% of the local ethnic group and 20% of migrants - for several generations, due to marriages with the local majority, the alien ethnic groups dissolve in it, like sugar in boiling water, losing their language, and surnames, and genes, and culture, and mentality . That is, they COMPLETELY disappear, and traces of the original non-local traits can no longer be found in their descendants. So, for example, in the descendants of the arap Pushkin today no signs of Ethiopian genes are found by any research - they have completely disappeared.

In Central Russia (historical Muscovy), this stability manifested itself in the fact that the entire rural population (70-80% of the total until the second half of the 20th century) was genetically Finns (Moksha, Mordva, Erzya, Muroma, Meshchera, etc.). This absolute majority of the population in itself and dissolved all the newcomers (who, at most, only noble non-local surnames remained). In Lithuania-Belarus, similarly, throughout history, Lithuanians-Belarusians made up about 80% of the population and easily ethnically and genetically “digested” all migrants for several generations (except for Jews who opposed this dissolution).

A typical example: the family of a Russian officer with two children arrives in Belarus in 1946, in the 1960s two children with a probability of 80% should marry Belarusians, and their children (half-Russian-half-Belarusian) with a probability of 80% will marry exactly like that with Belarusians, giving offspring, which will be ethnically Belarusian by three-quarters. In this way, for several generations, visitors completely dissolve into the ethnic group of Belarusians and, during marriages, lose their surnames, acquiring Belarusian ones. The same is true in Central Russia. Russian scientists were surprised by this STABILITY of the original ethnic groups, but, as we see, there is nothing surprising in it.

This stability proves that Belarus (historical Lithuania) and Central Russia (historical Muscovy) for many centuries have been and remain, figuratively speaking, MACHINES for the assimilation of migrants into their ethnic groups. Where their original content is preserved: Slavic-Baltic in Belarus and Finnish in Central Russia.

To call these completely different in content MACHINES of reproduction of the gene pool “similar to the degree of brotherhood” is simply ridiculous.

^ BELARUSIAN GENE POOL

The picture is also complemented by modern studies of Belarusian scientists who studied the anthropology of Belarusians. She is Western Baltic, not Finnish, like the Russians. I refer readers, for example, to interesting work Victor Veras "At the origins of historical truth", which shows that anthropologically modern Belarusians are Yotvingians (original inhabitants of all Western and Central Belarus).

The question, therefore, is seen retrospectively and genetically in the following content: the people of the western Balts, the Yotvingians, are, they say, the “brother” of the Mordovian people, moksha - this is the original population of the Moscow region (Moscow: Moks moksha + Va Finnish “water”).

That is, this is complete absurdity, if we digress from the mythical, as it were, “similar” names “Belarusians” and “Russians”. For the Belarusians have the gene pool and anthropology of the Yotvingians (more broadly - a mixture of Western Balts and Slavs), and the Russians - the gene pool and anthropology of the Finns (more broadly - a mixture of Finns and Slavs).

In 2005 (that is, simultaneously with the completion of the work of Russian scientists on the Russian gene pool), the results of similar studies were published in Belarus. The publishing house “Technalogia” has published a book by A. Mikulich “Belarusians in the genetic space. Anthropology of the ethnos” (Mikulich A.I. Belarussians as genetic parents: Anthrapology of the ethnos. – Mn.: Technology, 2005.). Here are excerpts from Z. Sanko's successful, in my opinion, review of this book (in my translation into Russian):

“As rightly noted in the introduction to the book by the Ukrainian anthropologist S.P. Szeged, there were no such publications in the Belarusian anthropological literature. The monograph summarizes more than thirty years of expeditionary research conducted by the famous anthropogeneticist Alexei Mikulich in the Republic of Belarus and in the adjacent territories of neighboring countries - Russian Federation, Republic of Lietuva, Ukraine. Their object was primarily the rural population as the bearer of the most characteristic genetic and constitutional features of populations. The study covered about 120 selected groups. They were formed from representatives who have ancestors of local origin up to 4-5 generations. The study of the gene pool of indigenous local populations showed the integrity of the Belarusian ethnic group, its homeostasis in time and space, as well as the evidence of the genogeographical component in ethnic history.

The map of genetic distance from the average Belarusian gene frequencies in the population of Eastern Europe, created on the basis of the values ​​of DNA markers, clearly shows the peculiarity of the gene pool of Belarusians, which are adjacent to the indigenous inhabitants of the Pskov region, Novgorod region, Smolensk region, Bryansk region, Vilna region and Ukrainian Polissya. The compact area of ​​the Belarusian gene pool on this map in general terms corresponds to the sphere of settlement of Belarusians in historical retrospective. The author draws attention to the evidence of the multi-vector divergence of this area, which shows further directions of migration. It is known that the "Europeanization" of the Russian population stopped under Tatar-Mongol invasion. The study of the gene pool of Belarusians practically did not show the presence of the Mongolian race in it. This confirms historical evidence that Belarus did not know Tatar-Mongol yoke. It is also interesting to note that the general trend of variability within the boundaries of the Belarusian area has a meridional direction, while for the Russian area its direction is perpendicular - latitudinal.

Each of the three East Slavic ethnic groups, according to anthropological data, has its own uniqueness. They were formed in different geographic space, on special substrate ancestral foundations. The graphical interpretation of the generalized characteristics of their gene pools included in the book makes it possible to visually see the degree of similarity and differences. The "ethnic clouds" of Belarusians and Ukrainians are quite compact and partially overlap in the attached diagram. The Russian "cloud" is very blurry, and only a small part of it overlaps with the first two. While the Ukrainian “ethnic cloud” does not border on the Finno-Ugric ones at all, and the Belarusian one only touches them, the center of the “ethnic cloud” of Russian populations is in the same cluster with Finno-Ugric, not Slavic ethnic groups.

Aleksey Mikulich arguedly refutes the judgments of his Moscow colleagues that the core of the Russian gene pool has long been located in the north-west of the Russian ethnic range (Pskov, Novgorod) with the involvement of part of the lands that are today part of the Republic of Belarus. He notes that the indigenous inhabitants of the Pskov and Novgorod regions, as well as the Smolensk regions, are genetically very close to the Belarusians of the Dvina region (and there is a historical explanation for this fact - this is the ethnic territory of the Krivichi). But this does not at all give a reason to exclude them from the Belarusian ethnic range.

Comparison of genetic geography data with materials of archaeologists gives very interesting results. The geographical structure of the modern Belarusian gene pool in many respects corresponds to the ancient archaeological cultures. …This is an important argument in favor of the genetic continuity of generations. An analysis of the anthropogenetic and genodemographic material leads the author to conclusions about the deep antiquity of the Belarusian ethnos. The modern picture of the Belarusian gene pool was formed as a result of long-term adaptation as a result of natural selection and in the process of ethnic consolidation.

Using the "genetic calendar", the author established that the populations of the indigenous inhabitants of Belarus lead their pedigree continuously for at least 130-140 generations, which means - at the latest from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. According to the author, the origin, features of the language, material and spiritual culture, the existence for many centuries of their own state - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the preponderance of emigration processes over immigration - contributed to the consolidation and formation of the ethnic content of Belarusians.

^ BELARUSIAN ETHNOS

“In the process of formation and development, the Belarusian people went through stages from the unification of tribal unions through nationality to the nation, many stages social structure society,” writes Encyclopedia “Belarus”, Minsk, 1995, p. 517. “In the 13th-16th centuries, the Belarusian ethnos was formed” (p. 107).

That is, it was formed even before the aggressions of the tsars Ivan the Terrible and Alexei Mikhailovich - and therefore even those attempts by the Muscovites to turn their western neighbor into “their ethnic group” were pure violence. And by the time of the Russian occupation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1795, it was a long-established ethnic group with its long history of national statehood. For in the Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania possessed all state attributes: its power (chancellors of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, not a single zhemoyt - almost all Belarusians, several Poles), its national Belarusian army, its own laws of the country (Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - in the language of Belarusians, have not yet been translated into the language of Samoyts and Aukstaits), its national currency (this is the Belarusian thaler, which was minted for several centuries until 1794, when the last Belarusian thaler was minted by the Grodno Mint), etc.

At the same time, speaking today about the Belarusian ethnos, one must first of all understand what it is all about. Belarusians (as an ethnic group with that name) appeared only in 1840, when they were renamed by tsarism from Litvinians into "Belarusians" after the uprising of 1830-1831. After the uprising of 1863-1864, when the Litvins were already "Belarusians", Governor-General Muravyov banned the "Belarus" invented by the ideologists of tsarism and the Secret Chancellery, introducing instead the "Western Russian Territory". Therefore, the term "Belarus" and "Belarusians" is extremely conditional, this is a product of tsarism, and it is forbidden by it. And, for example, all the villagers of the Minsk region continued to call themselves Litvins or Tuteyshy (local) even in the early 1950s, according to polls of ethnographers.

By 1840, a whole series of tsarist repressions followed against the captured people, who dared to revolt a second time. The Uniate Church in Belarus was destroyed by the decree of the tsar, worship in the Belarusian language and book publishing were banned, the Statute of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was abolished (which, by the way, was in force only in Belarus, not in Zhemoitia - now the Republic of Lietuva), the very word "Lithuania" was banned. Although earlier Pushkin wrote about the Belarusians in his poems about the uprising of 1830-1831. "Slanderers of Russia": "With whom to be Lithuania - the eternal dispute of the Slavs."

Encyclopedia "Belarus" (p. 529): "The processes of consolidation of the Belarusian people into the Belarusian Nation began in the 16th - early 17th centuries, intensified in the 19th century and reached their highest rise in 1910-20."

That is, from the point of view of science, speaking of Belarusians and Russians, we are no longer talking about peoples and ethnic groups, but about NATIONS of neighbors. This is a completely different category, where thoughts about the "fusion of peoples" allegedly under the pretext of some kind of "ethnic community" are no longer appropriate. NATIONS can never merge with each other, because by definition they are not capable of this.

The last point on this issue was put by the studies of the gene pool: for the Belarusians, the Russians turned out to be genetically and anthropologically not at all a kindred people, but rather remote. But the only blood-related peoples for Belarusians are the Poles of Northern Poland (Mazury) and the Lusatian Serbs of present-day Germany. And the history of the creation of ON fully confirms this.

A huge “forgotten” layer of the history of the Slavs and Balts lies in the fact that in Polabskaya Rus and Pomerania peoples were fleeing from German expansion, moving further and further to the east, the Slavs and Western Balts fought together against the Germans, they won - as on June 15, 1243 at Lake Reizen under the leadership of the Pomeranian prince Svyatopolk, governor of the King of the Prussians Mindovg. In the end, everyone gathered under the crown of the father of Mindovg, King of Prussia Ringold, as he writes Great Chronicle Polish - and went to the east, there creating ON. And the son of Ringold Mindovg, the king of Prussia, tried to recapture it many times from the territory of present-day Belarus and even recaptured it for a while, executing all the collaborators there. But the invaders still prevailed.

This chronicle history shows that the Slavic content and cultural influence went into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania historically during its creation not at all from the side of distant Kyiv, or, moreover, the Finnish Moscow that did not yet exist, but was a huge civilizational influence from the Slavs of Polabian Rus and Pomerania (encouraged, Lutici- Lutvins, Ruthenians of the island of Rusin-Rügen and Starogorod (now Oldenburg), Lusatians of Lusatian Serbia, etc., Pomeranian western Balts, among whom the main ones were Porussians (Prussians), as well as Mazov Mazurs). It is clear that the ethnic groups of now Western and Central Belarus, and then the Yotvingians and Dainovas, as brothers, gave them all a place to hide from German expansion, like the Promised Land. This created the GDL as a country of the migrating peoples of Central Europe.

They brought here not only their surnames in “-ich”, which in principle could not have arisen in the languages ​​of Poles, Ukrainians and Russians (and did not exist in the Polotsk State), but also brought their European mentality and Slavic-Baltic technological modernization. Yuri Brezan, a writer of the Lusatian Serbs ethnic group, winner of two State Prizes of the GDR, in the book “Selected” (M., Raduga, 1987) refers to his Lusatian characters with the “Belarusian” names Yakub (Jakub Kushk) or Jan (Jan Serbin), etc. d. But are these names and surnames “Belarusian”? Who are Yakub Kolas and Yanka Kupala? Or is it still the names of the historical and original Lusatians? That is, Lusatian Serbs.

It is obvious that the Belarusian language and the ethnos itself are generated by the language and ethnos of the Polabian and Pomeranian Slavs and the Balts and have nothing to do with the language and ethnoses of Kyiv and Moscow. And the ancient cultural origins of the Belarusians must be sought from the Lusatian Serbs. There were no serious studies in this direction, although it is precisely here that there is complete similarity and complete ethnic coincidence in details, and not something “remotely similar” to other neighbors.

I draw attention to this for the reason that in Russia there is a different and absolutely unsubstantiated version of the ethno-cultural origin of the Belarusians (besides, now refuted by genetics as false). They say that Belarusians are Eastern Slavs who originally lived on the territory of the Dnieper (and from there, they say, the Russians “came out”). This concept allowed tsarism to present Belarusians as a “younger” and “originally related” ethnic group to Russians, and tsarism explained its actual dissimilarity with Russians as the result of “Polonization”. In fact, we see that the Belarusians in their ethnic and cultural content are not so much similar to the Poles as to the Masurians and Lusatian Serbs and other Slavs and the western Balts of the Polabya. Which is not surprising, because the Belarusians did not originate at all on the “island of the Eastern Slavs” - the “Slavic Triangle”, as Russian historians absurdly draw, but were open to powerful influence from Polabye - which (look at the map) is many times geographically closer to Central and Western Belarus than Kyiv and Moscow, which are very far from it.

Project 4.1 is a secret United States government medical study of Marshall Islanders who were exposed to radiation after the Bikini Atoll nuclear test on March 1, 1954. Americans did not expect such an effect from radioactive contamination: Miscarriages and stillbirths among women doubled in the first five years after the trials, and many of those who survived soon developed cancer.

The US Department of Energy commented on the experiments: "...Research on the effects of radiation on people could be carried out in parallel with the treatment of victims of radiation." And further: "... The population of the Marshall Islands was used in the experiment as guinea pigs."

Let's find out more about those events.

More than 65 years ago, the United States began nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands in pacific ocean.

Castle Bravo is an American test of a thermonuclear explosive device on March 1, 1954 at Bikini Atoll (Republic of the Marshall Islands, associated with the United States). The first of a series of seven "Operation Castle" challenges.

During this test, a two-stage charge was detonated, in which lithium deuteride was used as a thermonuclear fuel. The energy release during the explosion reached 15 megatons, which makes Castle Bravo the most powerful of all US nuclear tests. The explosion led to a strong radiation contamination of the environment, which caused concern around the world and led to a serious revision of existing views on nuclear weapons.

For many decades, this topic was a kind of taboo for the Western world, especially for the United States, which tested the “devilish”, as the islanders themselves called it, weapons under good intentions “in the name of peace and security on Earth”. However, in 2006, during international events dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the sad date, a decision was made at the UN level to officially investigate all the circumstances and consequences of American tests for natives and the environment.

During this time, several dozen expeditions of scientists, as well as activists, members of non-governmental environmental organizations and human rights activists, were sent to the Marshall Islands. UN officials also took part in the study of the problem. The synthesis, conclusions and recommendations will be presented to the Human Rights Council at United Nations Headquarters in Geneva by Special Rapporteur Kalin Gergescu.

As is known, the first atomic bomb Americans tested in the atmosphere on July 16, 1945 - on their own territory, near the town of Alamogordo, New Mexico. Then - on the inhabitants of Japan: the nuclear apocalypse of Hiroshima and Nagasaki has been celebrated annually since August 1945. After that, the US authorities decided to test new weapons away from their own territory. The choice fell on the sparsely populated Marshall Islands, lost in the Pacific Ocean, which immediately after the Second World War were under the control of the UN, and after the explosions in 1946 on Bikini Island of two American atomic bombs, custody of them was transferred to the United States. The White House has made serious commitments: "to protect the inhabitants of the islands from the loss of their lands and resources" and "to protect the health of the inhabitants of the Trust Territory."

How exactly the Americans “protected” the people entrusted to them and their lands became obvious from declassified in 1994, as well as recently official documents. It turned out that this "guardianship" is drawing on an international tribunal. “Between 1946 and 1948,” anthropologist Barbara Johnston, author of The Danger of Nuclear War: An Account of Rongelep Atoll, told me, “the United States tested 66 nuclear bombs on or near Bikini and Eniwitok Atolls, atomizing the islands from within and, as declassified documents show, , affecting the local population.

The total explosive yield in the Marshall Islands was 93 times higher than all American atmospheric nuclear tests in the Nevada desert. It is equivalent to more than 7,000 US bombs dropped on Japanese Hiroshima.

In March 1954, a secret test code-named "Bravo" was carried out on Bikini, the results of which stunned even the military. The island was practically destroyed by a hydrogen bomb, which was a thousand times more powerful than the one dropped on Hiroshima. “On the eve of this test,” environmental activists Jane Goodall and Rick Esselta told reporters, “weather conditions deteriorated, and the morning of the test, the wind blew directly onto US warships and several inhabited islands, including Rongilep and Utrik. However, despite the fact that such a wind direction posed a danger to people living on these islands, the bomb was detonated. Huge clouds of sand, white ash settled on several atolls, hitting people, including a small number of Americans stationed there.

In total, it is estimated from US declassified materials that about 6.3 billion curies of radioactive iodine-131 were released into the atmosphere over the Marshall Islands as a result of nuclear tests. This is 42 times more than the 150 million curies released from the Nevada tests and 150 times the 40 million curies released after the Chernobyl accident. (Emissions from Japan's Fukushima nuclear power plant are estimated to be between 2.4 million and 24 million curies today, and they are still in the process.)

However, according to the documents, it was not only the local population that suffered because of the secret nuclear tests. Under the "distribution" near the island of Bravo in 1954, the Japanese fishing boat Daigo Fukuryu Maru ("Lucky Dragon") also fell. All 23 crew members received heavy exposure. One of them, Kuboyama Aikishi, died a few weeks later. (The Americans, on the other hand, gave the Japanese antibiotics to treat the crew injured by radiation.) At the same time, the inhabitants of the islands were not warned about the testing, they were not taken to a safe place at least for this time. They, without knowing it, experienced the actually deadly effects of nuclear explosions on health.

According to Barbara Johnston, the unsuspecting irradiated natives from Rongelep Island were resettled after the tests and became subjects for top-secret research by the Americans on the effects of radiation on human health (“Project 4.1”). Even then, the consequences of radiation penetrating the human body were ascertained and documented, but these people never received any treatment. Also, the results of the movement and accumulation of radioisotopes in the marine and terrestrial environments of Rongelep and other northern atolls were not made public at that time.

In 1957, the irradiated natives, as reported in the recently presented to the US public documentary "Nuclear Savagery. Islands of the secret project 4.1 "(author - Adam Horowitz), were returned with great fanfare to their homeland, where they built new homes in the affected area. It was, say the creators of the film incriminating the US authorities, a planned experiment. (In the USSR, something similar happened in 1986 after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant - then, also at the suggestion of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU, houses were built in the affected territories for migrants.) American medical scientists observed the irradiated population of people in natural, so to speak, conditions of acquired radioactivity. It was all run by officials from the Department of Defense and the US Atomic Energy Commission.

Physicians landed on the islands every year to examine the deteriorating health of the local population using x-rays, blood tests and other methods. The results were carefully documented and kept in the military and medical annals under the heading "Top Secret".

People on the islands of Rongilep and Utrik suffered skin burns and hair loss. But then, in a US Atomic Energy Commission report to the press, it was said that several Americans and Marshallese “received a small dose of radiation. But there were no burns. Everything went well." In a closed report by the authorities, it was indicated that 18 islands and atolls could be contaminated with radionuclide fallout as a result of tests within the framework of the Bravo project. A few years later, a US Department of Energy report noted that, in addition to the 18 mentioned, other islands were also polluted, five of which were inhabited.

In 1955, at the height of nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands, a group of well-known nuclear physicists initiated the establishment of the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. There was also a wave of protests in the United States itself. More than two thousand American scientists in 1957 demanded that the authorities immediately stop nuclear weapons testing. About ten thousand researchers from more than four dozen countries sent a letter of protest Secretary General UN.

However, in response to the legitimate demand of the inhabitants of the Marshall Islands to stop nuclear testing and destruction of the islands, Great Britain, France and Belgium proposed an agreed draft resolution, which cynically stated that the United States had the right to conduct nuclear tests in the Trust Territory "in the interests of world peace and security."

However, nothing strange. By that time, both Great Britain and France were already conducting their own nuclear tests with might and main, and a ban on such tests by the United States would automatically put an end to their own nuclear developments. Therefore, despite the protests of the world community, the United States continued nuclear explosions in the Pacific Ocean.

The Soviet Union, which tested its own atomic bomb in August 1949, also took part in the campaign against nuclear testing in the Pacific. In 1956, the USSR announced a moratorium on testing, apparently believing that the few nuclear countries as yet few would follow suit. But instead of sitting down at the negotiating table and resolving the issue of ending the tests, or at least a temporary moratorium on them, the US and the UK carried out 30 new explosions, including in the Marshall Islands. The last mushroom cloud covered the sun above them in 1958.

The first thyroid tumors appeared in the inhabitants of Rongelep in 1963, 9 years after the testing of one of the most powerful hydrogen bombs. Due to nuclear testing, about a thousand inhabitants of the Marshall Islands, according to independent international experts, died of cancer and other diseases. Only 1,865 people have been officially recognized by the US authorities as victims of American nuclear tests. They were paid compensation in the amount of more than $80 million. More than 5,000 islanders have not received any compensation because the American authorities did not consider them victims nuclear strike or radioactive contamination. Now, apparently, this injustice will be corrected.

But the tests, terrifying in terms of consequences for humans and the environment, could well not have happened. And in general, the whole world history could have gone differently if the UN had adopted the International Convention on the Prohibition of the Production and Use of Weapons Based on the Use of Atomic Energy, proposed by the USSR in June 1946 (even before the start of the first nuclear test on the Marshall Islands), for mass destruction." But this document remained a draft. Neither the US nor its allies were ready for such a turn of events. They hurried their other development - an unprecedented race of new weapons - nuclear weapons - began. And some of the islands and their inhabitants (not Americans, moreover) did not matter to the authorities of the emerging superpower.

Only five years later, in July 1963, after grueling negotiations between the USSR, the United States and Great Britain, the unprecedented "Treaty on the Ban on Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere" was signed. outer space and under water. According to Russian experts, published in the Bulletin on Atomic Energy, by this time about 520 nuclear tests in the atmosphere had already been carried out on the planet. The US and USSR each detonated more than 210 atomic and hydrogen bombs, the UK 21, France 50 and China 23. France continued atmospheric testing until 1974, and China until 1980.

In 1994, a 1953 Bravo prospectus was discovered that included a reference to draft 4.1, and it was written apparently before the impact occurred. The US government's response was that someone simply went back to the list of projects and inserted project 4.1 there; thus, according to US government records, all actions in the Marshall Islands were not intentional.

Konstantin Sivkov, First Vice President of the Academy of Geopolitical Problems, told Top Secret that relations between Russia and NATO no longer have a chance of stabilizing: “There can be no talk of improving relations with NATO, a further increase in conflict in various forms is predicted.

In the near future, the United States is preparing a strike on Russia. but it will not be a classic military conflict. They plan to inflict it with the help of soft power, with the help of organizing a revolution, similar to the one that recently took place in Ukraine. To do this, it is necessary to create an appropriate foreign policy environment.

The main goal of the Americans is to undermine the economy with the help of various sanctions, then expose Russia as an aggressor, provoking various demonstrations of belligerence.

NATO in the current situation is the most important tool, so the demonstrative escalation of tension will certainly continue.”

Intellectual entertainment. Interesting illusions, logic games and riddles.

Welcome to the WORLD OF MYSTERIES, OPTICAL

ILLUSIONS AND INTELLECTUAL ENTERTAINMENT Should you trust everything you see? Is it possible to see what no one has seen? Is it true that stationary objects can move? Why do adults and children see the same object differently? On this site you will find answers to these and many other questions.

Log-in.ru - a world of unusual and intellectual entertainment. Interesting optical illusions, optical illusions, logical flash games.

Magazine Secret of the Firm: July 2-8, 2007

Main themes:

When suppliers threatened business

The thoughtfulness of the company's structure, brilliant managers and demanded goods - all this comes to naught when the supplier of raw materials or components "blocks the oxygen".

Gamma radiation

The owner of the Gamma paint factory, Alexander Ermakov, decided to become a monopolist. The tiny market of children's stationery has never seen such passions: on the way to his dream, Ermakov tries everything - from absorption to dumping.

Panel calculation

S.Holding is the first and so far the only construction company that has decided to trade in a franchise. According to Secret of the Firm, an unusual strategy could increase construction volumes by 60 times. But developers are in no hurry to sign up as a franchisee.

Percentage from wheels

Car loan market pioneers are giving way to aggressive new players. Automakers are also queuing up for customers - Toyota Bank received a banking license last week.

golden thought

"In the mining industry, the rule of thumb is not to disclose geological information." It is believed that data about the mine is comparable in value to the value of the mine itself.

Interception-management

Text: Oksana Tsarevskaya

To get other people's customers, companies go to any tricks. Firm Secret researched and systematized the most creative methods of interception.

Shooting the dead

Marketers are not omnipotent. And if the market signs the brand's death warrant, the company is left to bury the brand with minimal ritual costs.

Current moment

HR managers, like medieval alchemists, are unsuccessfully trying to figure out the best level of employee turnover. "The Secret of the Firm" counted all the universal formulas - and rejected them.

Andrey Okhlopkov's principles

The chairman of the board of directors of the Soyuz-Viktan vodka company has two mobile phones - one for Russia, the other for Ukraine. This is his business in miniature: out of 11.3 million decalitres of vodka produced by the company in 2006, 3 million decalitres were produced and sold in Russia. Phones ring almost without interruption, and this is also a regularity: Okhlopkov does not succeed in moving away from the operational management of the holding with an annual turnover of 0 million.

Past numbers:

Exclusive to infanata.org

Fresh issue of AGSI +

All this is, of course, sad, but Amazon and Apple are already selling books in electronic form. In Russia, I used to see printed magazines on the Subscribe.ru service, but now I haven’t found them. Language can also be a barrier here. English is still more popular and the standard of living of their citizens is higher.

As for leaking to the network, for some reason this does not interfere with the sale of music in iTunes, or rather it interferes, but apparently not enough

As an option, paid access to a closed site, where all editions of the newspaper are available. But they will be pulled out if desired. Or the creation of a secure program, and there are already such that have not been hacked, which would allow reading issues when connected to the Internet. This is all lyrics, but it shows that there are always options, whether they are justified is another matter.

Sooner or later, almost all information will go to the network, books, magazines, newspapers, movies. Maybe you and I, as you yourself Vadim predicted on the topic:

Municipal educational institution main comprehensive school from. Smyshlyaevka

Project theme. art magazine "Secret around the world"

Leading pedagogical idea. At present, a lot of children's magazines are published, different in content, subject, etc. Unfortunately, from the results of a survey conducted at the school, it turned out that:

1) many families in rural areas cannot afford to subscribe to a children's magazine;

2) within the framework of our school, the reading circle of students is reduced mainly to reading works according to the program;

3) the older the students get, the less they read.

Therefore, the main purpose of the release of the children's magazine "Secret to the whole world" is to promote reading, the development of reader interest.

"Secret to the whole world" is the first magazine in our school, in terms of its content focused on children's and adult audiences. The magazine is interesting because it is "man-made", that is, it consists of materials selected by the children themselves. The first issue was signed for publication on February 17, 2013. It contains interviews with the school principal and interviews with children. The magazine has pages for the philosophy of the soul, fairy tales for the little ones, rebuses, puzzles, etc. The texts are accompanied by colorful photographs and drawings. selected by 3rd grade students.

We tried to make the magazine attractive not only in terms of content, but also design: I want to believe. that our readers will like the convenient format of the publication, as well as bright illustrations and photographs, most of which are made by the hands of our third-graders.

Electronic journals online at Top-Journals.com

If you are interested in reading magazines not only in paper form, but also in electronic form, then you have come to the right place. We have tried to collect your favorite magazines from Russia and abroad in one place, providing you with pleasant reading without going to print shops. Here you can download magazines from Yandex Disk for free without registration in PDF format or read magazines online for free from ISSUU and Yandex Disk.

Our catalog of magazines is updated daily with fresh issues and carefully preserves a rich archive of magazines on various topics. Download magazines 2016 and read magazines online 2016

Men's and women's magazines, family and children's magazines, about fashion and cinema, music and esotericism, about sports, knitting and sewing magazines, about computer games, about hunting and fishing, about science and technology, about ships and yachts, about weapons, about cars, about space and aviation, business and politics, health, art, sports, animals and plants, culinary and historical, interior design, science fiction, mobile technology and computers, electronics, travel, construction, photo and design, about celebrities, magazines for mothers and children, about the garden, humorous and on the topic of society - this is not a complete list of topics presented on our website.

magazines house, online magazine burda, knitting fashion magazine, verena, cosmopolitan, liza, maxim, men's health russia, caravan, why, closed school, driving, 1000 tips, bravo, glamour, oops, interior, secret, lose weight, 1000 tips, playboy 2016 , girl and many others are waiting to meet their readers.It is convenient to read magazines online and download magazines with us

The site contains only free magazines, which means you can read or download electronic magazines online absolutely free of charge from Narod and Yandex.disk file hosting services without SMS and speed limits and without previewing ads.

Sources: studopedia.ru, log-in.ru, forum.secret-r.net, nsportal.ru, www.top-journals.com

NON-ORTHODOX BELARUS

Artem DENIKIN
Analytical newspaper "Secret Research"

The story of howIn the 19th century, tsarism forcibly imposed its state religion on Belarusians.

Someone Orthodox enters,
Says: Now I'm in charge!
Joseph Brodsky

ONE OPEN CHURCH - REPLACING THE EFFORT OF THREE REGIMENTS

Colonizing Lithuania-Belarus in the 19th century, tsarism planted an autocratic religion here. By decree of the tsar in 1839, Belarusian Lithuanians were forbidden to pray to God in their own language, they were subject to burning the Bible in the Belarusian language, our Uniate faith was abolished, and the Moscow religion was planted instead.

The Moscow Orthodox faith is the Nestorian religion of the Horde, in which power was deified. This belief was widespread in the East, and it was adopted from the Tatars Suzdal princes(Alexander Nevsky was related to Batu's son Sartak, an Orthodox Christian of the Nestorian persuasion). The rest of Russia did not recognize this Orthodox heresy, so Ivan the Terrible destroyed all the Orthodox clergy of Novgorod, Pskov, Tver and Polotsk - bloodily capturing these cities.

Since then, the Muscovite religion (at that time autocephalous for 141 years from 1448 to 1589, which is a record - for example, the Romanian Church had been waiting for the recognition of autocephaly for 30 years, Elad - 27) has been somewhat modernized - in 1589 Boris Godunov bargained with the Greeks for its new name " Russian Orthodox Church”, but its essence remained the same in the 19th century. Autocratic religion was used by tsarism as main instrument securing the occupied territories under their rule - through the Russification of the peoples of Russia. Thus, hundreds of Finno-Ugric and Tatar peoples of the former Horde were assimilated into the "Great Russian nationality".

Contrary to the statements of tsarism, the Lithuanians-Belarusians NEVER were of the same faith with the Muscovites - if only for the reason that the Moscow autocephalous faith meant an automatic oath to the Moscow ruler. Residents of the GDL-Belarus, of course, could not be subjects of a foreign feudal lord. Since 1596, the Orthodox Litvins (the ROC of Kyiv, not the ROC of Moscow) became Uniates, and the Muscovites abandoned the Unia precisely because of the Nestorian essence of their doctrine, in which the Tsar of Muscovy was considered the “God Tsar”, and his subjects were called “krestians” (peasants).

At the time of the division of the Commonwealth in GDL-Belarus, there were 38% Catholics, 39% Uniates, 10% Jews and only about 6% Orthodox (Atlas "History of Belarus. XVI-XVIII centuries." BSU Publishing Center, 2005) - but these 6 % were not Orthodox of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow, but Orthodox of a completely different Russian Orthodox Church in Kyiv, where the Russian feudal lord was not deified and where the believers were not sworn to him.

Before that, tsarism had already tried twice bloodily to impose its faith in the GDL: during the 17-year occupation of Polotsk by Ivan IV and during the war of 1654-1667, during which Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich exterminated half of our population for religious reasons, and in the eastern regions ON - 80%.

The goals of the third attempt of tsarism to impose their faith on us in the 19th century were:

Elimination of all Belarusian (Litvinian) national: language, culture, historical memory, mentality;

The fight against the European essence of the Litvin-Belarusians, against the 400-year-old traditions of the Magdeburg Law in our Fatherland - that is, with full municipal and district (council) self-government, which included the electability of all three branches of power - all this was replaced by the notorious "vertical of power" of tsarism;

Instilling in the Litvins (Belarusians) a deification of power (the king) that is naturally alien to them; instilling in them a Nestorian sacred attitude to the State;

Instilling a Nestorian mentality in the Litvins (Belarusians) by replacing their history with the history of Muscovy with its pantheon of Nestorian saints, starting with Alexander Nevsky (he was elevated to the saints by Ivan IV in 1547, simultaneously with proclaiming himself king);

Suppression of the national liberation struggle of Litvin-Belarusians against the Russian occupation;

The speedy assimilation of the Litvins (Belarusians) into the Great Russian people - with the subsequent assimilation of the Poles into it (in 1864, tsarism forbade the name "Belarus" introduced for Lithuania in 1840 and instead introduced the "North-Western Territory", and in 1888 year banned the name "Poland", introducing instead "Privislensky Krai").

According to the Russian authorities, one Nestorian Orthodox Church of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow opened here will do more harm to the national liberation movement of Belarusians than three Russian regiments.

RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE

One of the main figures in the spread of Orthodoxy of the Russian Orthodox Church in Belarus, Metropolitan Joseph Semashko of Lithuania, wrote in his full despair letter to Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow: “They will slander my name and will persecute him with slander even behind the grave.”

And indeed, this liquidator of the Litvinian (Belarusian) Uniate Church, bribed by tsarism, was despised by all his contemporaries. The brother of the Governor-General of the North-Western Territory D. Bibikov, I. Bibikov, publicly called Semashko "a simple but cunning priest who has personal views in all his actions." And the head of the Poltava Orthodox diocese, Bishop Gideon, called Semashko "Jews a traitor."

The Metropolitan of Lithuania Semashko himself constantly complained that the Lithuanians-Belarusians were openly hostile towards the planting of Orthodoxy in Lithuania-Belarus. He characterized the capital of the region (Vilnius) as a city "boiling with hateful fanaticism against the Orthodox, lying outside the circle of the Orthodox population."

The population clearly saw that the actions of the administration of the North-Western Territory in planting the autocratic Orthodox religion there were purely colonial predatory and very far from religious goals. The tsarist administration encountered the most problems in planting Orthodoxy on the territory of the Lithuanian Orthodox diocese, which then covered the entire Central and Western parts of the present Republic of Belarus (these lands were historical Lithuania and were not yet called "Belarus"). As Semashko himself admitted in private correspondence, there were one and a half million Catholics, and seven hundred thousand "reunited" Orthodox did not even make up half of the Catholic majority, and besides, all this "reunited" flock was yesterday's Uniates, who lived "mainly under the longest influence of heterodoxy and foreignness." Here Semashko lied - in the words "under the longest": in fact, he should have written "always", since never before indigenous people The Republic of Belarus was not with the peoples of the Horde-Muscovy neither co-religionists-Nestorians, nor fellow citizens of one state.

The very word “reunited flock” is already false, since never before has the flock of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania-Belarus sworn allegiance to the Moscow satraps as the gods of the Russian Orthodox Church of Moscow. You can only "reunite" with what you were once a part of. But the Litvins (Belarusians) were never part of the Horde and its Moscow Ulus (the so-called "Holy Russia" there) and never professed the autocratic faith of the Horde-Muscovy. Unlike Moscow, in our churches, as a match for Jesus and the apostles, the images of the kings of the Horde, and then the kings of Moscow, Ivan the Terrible and Boris Godunov, were not placed - which is pure Nestorianism.

Our ex-Uniate flock, “reunited” with the religion of the eastern neighbor, was most dissatisfied with the decision of the Holy Synod of 1859 to send priests to us from the Great Russian provinces “in the form of MISSIONERS to strengthen in Orthodoxy those joined to the eastern church.”

Even the word "missionaries" in the decision of the Synod shows that it is not about instilling Orthodoxy at all, but some new religion of the Nestorian persuasion, which is absolutely unknown to the indigenous population of the region.

Local ex-Uniate priests - respected by their consanguineous flock for their honesty and education - were replaced by thousands of bearded Finnish and Tatar, Muscovite-speaking crooks from the Great Russian hinterland. All those who were seconded did not know the Lithuanian (Belarusian) language of the Lithuanian Orthodox Diocese, they amazed the flock with their lack of culture, ignorance and immoral behavior.

This decision of the highest church authority in Russia was called harmful and extremely erroneous even by "Judas the traitor" Metropolitan Joseph Semashko, who restrained these processes as best he could only until 1863, when, on the initiative of the hangman M.N. Muravyov, a period of mass migration of Russian priests to Belarus began, which the hangman of Belarusians renamed the North-Western Territory.

In the middle of the second half of XIX century, the occupational essence of the Moscow Orthodoxy imposed on Belarusians did not cause any doubts. The Belarusian flock - but almost all the priests in all churches - are outsiders sent by tsarism. The picture is completed by the fact that by the middle of the second half of the 19th century, not a single bishop from ethnic Belarusians, local natives, remained in Belarus.

The famous professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy M.O. Koyalovich, a native of the Grodno province, wrote about a congress of Orthodox priests in Belarus, where the deputies split into two parts, calling each other “Katsap Muscovites” and “Uniate Poles.” This fight among the "reunited" shows all the original rottenness of this "reunion".

At the same time, the Belarusian “reunited” flock began to convert to Catholicism en masse. For example, in 1859 in the Lithuanian Orthodox diocese, in the parish of the village of Klescheli, “up to 300 people were seduced into Latinism,” and in the village of Klyanitsy, the inhabitants “resisted the procession of the cross according to the order of the Orthodox Church.” P. Batyushkov mentions 100 Orthodox parishioners of the town of Porozovo in the Grodno province, who converted to the Latin rite in 1858, and in the same place in 1871 already 491 people expressed a desire to convert to Catholicism. They showed firmness, and a special commission created by tsarism to analyze the case could not change anything and recognized 464 of them as Catholics, leaving them without punishment.

Here it is necessary to explain that in Tsarist Russia the transition from Orthodoxy to another faith was a criminal offense and was punishable by prison / exile and confiscation of property. This is understandable: tsarism saw in heterodoxy a refusal to swear allegiance to the God Tsar, that is, a rebellion against the autocracy.

Historian Andrei Pyatchits wrote in his essay "The "Triumph" of Orthodoxy in Belarus: the imperial version":

“During the meetings of Bishop Joseph of Smolensk with the inhabitants of the southern parishes of the Vilna province (now it is the northern part of the Grodno region) in 1871, they demanded from the bishop - “some with tears, some with fury” - to transfer them to the Latin rite. In this region, there were frequent cases when Orthodox priests [they were Orthodox] were not allowed into huts, they frightened children with them, calling them "bears" and "an evil bearded stuffed animal." When they saw an Orthodox priest [seconded from Russia], the children hid or ran away screaming.”

HOW THE VILLAGE OF KURODICHI BECAME THE VILLAGE OF KAZAN

As you know, our ON was a religiously tolerant state. In the Russian Empire it was the opposite. There, religion was part of the state, the most important element in the assimilation of non-Russian peoples and the consolidation of colonial power over them. According to demographers, out of the current Russian ethnic group of 150 million people, about 100 million are non-Russians, assimilated since 1650. Russification happened automatically - when a person accepted the faith of the Russian Orthodox Church, he was given a Russian name and surname, and the Russian language was used during worship - and the person gradually switched to it. This person was now considered a “Russian” (as they find it today in the Russian Federation, he was also automatically an “Eastern Slav”).

According to Russian laws of the 19th century, “both those born in the Orthodox faith and those who converted to it from other faiths, it is forbidden to deviate from it and accept another faith, even if it is Christian.”

The words “Orthodox faith” here look simply ridiculous, since there are many canons in Orthodoxy, and, for example, in Ethiopian Orthodoxy (which is three times older than Moscow) they cross themselves with two crossed fingers and circumcise the boys. Therefore, the words “Orthodox faith” here mean only the state Russian one.

The transition to the Muscovite faith in the Russian Empire was not only encouraged, but was set as the main goal of the colonial administration (including ours in Lithuania-Belarus). And the opposite was considered a STATE CRIME and was strictly punished by prison, exile, deprivation of property. One of the forms of Russia's religious genocide against our people was the numerous court cases "about seduction" (paragraphs 36-39 in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire, which provide for punishments for "distraction and deviation from the faith").

In the Commonwealth (in the Laws of Poland and the Statutes of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) there never was and could not be such cannibalistic laws. But Russian priests and historians therefore invented a delusional fable about some kind of “oppression of the Orthodox by Catholics and Uniates” - that not only they themselves were actively engaged in religious genocide, but it was generally spelled out in Russian laws.

According to these laws, for “seducing” from Orthodoxy to some other faith, the perpetrator was condemned “to the deprivation of all special rights and advantages, personally and as appropriated, and to exile to live in Siberia or to return to government prison departments.”

If someone dared “in sermons or writings” to talk about the freedom of a person in choosing his faith (except for the freedom to convert to the Moscow faith) - this was punished for the first time by prison for a term of 8 to 16 months, the second time by imprisonment in a fortress for a term from two years and eight months to 4 years and deprivation of some rights, the third time - deprivation of all rights and life exile in Siberia.

If one of the parents is of the Moscow faith, and the other is different, then the children must be only of the Moscow faith. Both parents who violated this law were punished with imprisonment of up to a year and a half, and their children were taken away from them and given to "Orthodox guardians."

Priests of “foreign confessions” (although Uniates and Catholics were by no means “foreign” among us, and this Moscow faith itself was foreign) for contacts with the Orthodox population were punished by deprivation of dignity and prison for a term of one to three years. Etc.

The most massive court cases “about seductions” began in the middle of the 19th century. At the same time, the most amusing thing is that almost always at the beginning there was a REAL SECURITY of the Catholic flock by Russian officials, and attempts by Catholics to resent this seduction were punished as “seduction”. That is, the Laws of the Russian Empire themselves were initially - and used - as RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE, as RELIGIOUS GENOCIDE.

Here is a typical example. An absolutely common story for that time about how the Roman Catholics “seduced” from Orthodoxy were annexed to the state estate Kurodichi in the Minsk province.

The peasants of this village near Minsk have been Catholics throughout their history (they were baptized into Catholicism from the pagan faith in the early GDL). But in October 1861, the head of the gendarme department (Great Russian seconded from Russia) visited the village, who told them that the priests were deceiving them and that even 100 years ago they were of the Moscow Orthodox faith.

The villagers believed this nonsense, and on October 25, 1864, 270 villagers of the Catholic faith converted to Moscow Orthodoxy in the presence of 5 officials: the Rechitsa judicial investigator, the local bailiff and Orthodox priests of the nearest parishes.

It seems that “everything is fine”, but the military authorities of the Mozyr and Rechitsa districts reported in their report to the head of the “vertical of power” in the province, hangman M.N. Muravyov that the peasants, who allegedly "voluntarily wished to convert to Orthodoxy", set a condition: to send their representatives to the Mozyr dean, priest Alexander Kershansky, for advice and to find out whether their ancestors, according to officials, were Orthodox 100 years ago.

Kershansky, in his response, documented that the inhabitants of the village of Kurodichi, Minsk province, had never been Orthodox before – not 100 years ago, not ever before. That is, this is an invention of Russian officials to force Belarusian Catholics to change their religion. He advised the peasants to “go into the forest” if the coercion continued, and at the same time filed a complaint with the governor-general of the region about the illegality of the actions of military and civilian officials in the village of Kurodichi.

Hangman General of Infantry Muravyov answered immediately:

1) to punish Priest Kershansky with a fine of 200 silver rubles, transfer him to another parish, “establish strict police supervision over him”;

2) “close and completely abolish the Roman Catholic church located in Kurodichi”, “convert it to an Orthodox parish church, using 1,500 silver rubles from an additional 10 percent collection for ... the province”;

3) “transfer the lands, land and buildings belonging to the church to the jurisdiction of the Orthodox clergy”;

4) "to rename the village of Kurodichi to Kazan".

It was according to this scheme that Orthodoxy was implanted in our country by the regime of hangman Muravyov. At first, on his instructions, the head of the gendarmerie came to the village chosen by Muravyov - and there, having gathered the villagers, he lied to them that allegedly "100 years ago your ancestors were Orthodox" - moreover, Orthodox of the Moscow faith. Then paragraphs 36-39 in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire came into play: opposition to this seduction was punished in every possible way, local priests were expelled or punished with a prison term. Temples were selected in the churches of the Moscow faith, all lands and buildings were equally selected. Muravyov often renamed the names of our villages themselves in order to eradicate Belarusianness and bring here the realities of the Horde-Muscovy.

Why did he change the name of the village Kurodichi to Kazanskoe? What kind of "Tatarstan" near Minsk did this hangman create here? This alone shows that we are not talking about some “issues of religion”, but about pure COLONIALISM, about the destruction of our Belarusianness and the planting of the realities of the Horde-Russia. It was Muravyov's war not at all with our religion, but WAR WITH US AS A NATION.

HERITAGEXIX CENTURY

If you look objectively, then the change of Uniatism and Catholicism to the Moscow imperial faith is not a question of Christianity, since supposedly we are all equally Christians. And the only question is the Russian great power, which forbade Belarusians to address God in their own language (as well as Ukrainians). But does God really not understand the Belarusian language and understands only the Russian language? And why did He then create the Belarusians themselves?

However, in the Belarusian Orthodox Church today they follow the traditions of the hangman Muravyov, ignoring the Belarusian language as the language of the population of our country. Let's say Muravyov wanted to Russify us. But what do the priests want today, who communicate with the people not in the language of the people, although by definition the Church supposedly should be the guardian of the national traditions of the people?

And what is generally Christian in this Moscow faith? What about the teaching of Jesus in renaming the village of Kurodichi to the village of Kazanskoe? In honor of the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible and gaining power over the Kazan Horde?

How to compare the commandments of God “Do not kill” and “Do not steal” with the fact that the Russian Empire waged wars almost all of its existence and seized foreign lands, suppressing uprisings there and assimilating the population there into “Russians”, and the religion of Moscow was the mental justification for this incorporation and colonization of land?

One Russian observer wrote: “Having elevated the bloody Nicholas II to the saints during Perestroika, many Russian ROCs have regained their true God - they do not pray to Jesus Christ, but to their great power; it is their one and only true God.”

However, nowhere in the Bible is Moscow or Great Russia, neither the Russian Orthodox Church, nor Nicholas II - as mediators of faith in God. I will not argue, if they see it for themselves as the essence of "Christianity" - let them believe in it. But what does this have to do with ON-Belarus? Yes, none. Only as a legacy of 19th century colonialism