In 1581-1585, the Moscow kingdom, headed by Ivan the Terrible, significantly expanded the borders of the state to the East, as a result of the victory over the Mongol-Tatar khanates. It was during this period that Russia first included Western Siberia in its composition. This happened thanks to the successful campaign of the Cossacks, led by ataman Ermak Timofeevich against Khan Kuchum. This article proposes short review such historical event, as the annexation of western Siberia to Russia.

Preparation of Yermak's campaign

In 1579, a detachment of Cossacks consisting of 700-800 soldiers was formed on the territory of Orel-town (modern Perm Territory). They were headed by Yermak Timofeevich, who had previously been the chieftain of the Volga Cossacks. Orel-town was owned by the merchant family of the Stroganovs. It was they who allocated money for the creation of the army. The main goal is to protect the population from the raids of nomads from the territory of the Siberian Khanate. However, in 1581 it was decided to organize a retaliatory campaign in order to weaken the aggressive neighbor. The first few months of the campaign - it was a struggle with nature. Very often, the participants of the campaign had to wield an ax in order to cut a passage through impenetrable forests. As a result, the Cossacks suspended the campaign for the winter of 1581-1582, creating a fortified camp Kokuy-gorodok.

The course of the war with the Siberian Khanate

The first battles between the Khanate and the Cossacks took place in the spring of 1582: in March, a battle took place on the territory of the modern Sverdlovsk region. Near the city of Turinsk, the Cossacks completely defeated the local troops of Khan Kuchum, and in May they already occupied the large city of Chingi-tura. At the end of September, the battle for the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk, began. A month later, the Cossacks won again. However, after a grueling campaign, Yermak decided to take a break and sent an embassy to Ivan the Terrible, thereby taking a break in joining Western Siberia to the Russian kingdom.

When Ivan the Terrible learned of the first skirmishes between the Cossacks and the Siberian Khanate, the tsar ordered the "thieves" to be recalled, referring to the Cossack detachments that "arbitrarily attacked the neighbors." However, at the end of 1582, Yermak's envoy, Ivan Koltso, arrived at the tsar, who informed Grozny about the successes, and also asked for reinforcements for the complete defeat of the Siberian Khanate. After that, the tsar approved Yermak's campaign and sent weapons, salaries and reinforcements to Siberia.

History reference

Map of Yermak's campaign in Siberia in 1582-1585

In 1583, Yermak's troops defeated Khan Kuchum on the Vagai River, and his nephew Mametkul was completely captured. The khan himself fled to the territory of the Ishim steppe, from where he periodically continued to attack the lands of Russia. In the period from 1583 to 1585, Yermak no longer made large-scale campaigns, but included the new lands of Western Siberia in Russia: the ataman promised protection and patronage to the conquered peoples, and they had to pay a special tax - yasak.

In 1585, during one of the skirmishes with local tribes (according to another version, the attack of the troops of Khan Kuchum), a small detachment of Yermak was defeated, and the ataman himself died. But the main goal and task in the life of this man was solved - Western Siberia joined Russia.

The results of Yermak's campaign

Historians identify the following key results of Yermak's campaign in Siberia:

1. Expansion of the territory of Russia by annexing the lands of the Siberian Khanate.
2. Appearance during foreign policy Russia a new direction for aggressive campaigns, a vector that will bring great success to the country.
3. colonization of Siberia. As a result of these processes, a large number of cities. A year after Yermak's death, in 1586, the first Russian city in Siberia, Tyumen, was founded. It happened at the place of the khan's headquarters, the city of Kashlyk, former capital Siberian Khanate.

The annexation of Western Siberia, which happened thanks to campaigns led by Ermak Timofeevich, has great importance in the history of Russia. It was as a result of these campaigns that Russia first began to spread its influence in Siberia, and, thereby, to develop, becoming the largest state in the world.

Behind the great Stone Belt, the Urals, lie the vast expanses of Siberia. This territory occupies almost three-quarters of the entire area of ​​our country. Siberia is larger than the second largest (after Russia) country in the world - Canada. More than twelve million square kilometers store in their bowels inexhaustible reserves of natural resources, with reasonable use, sufficient for the life and prosperity of many generations of people.

Stone Belt Hike

The beginning of the development of Siberia falls on the last years of the reign of Ivan the Terrible. The most convenient outpost for moving deep into this wild and uninhabited region at that time was the middle Urals, the undivided owner of which was the Stroganov family of merchants. Taking advantage of the patronage of the Moscow tsars, they owned vast land areas, on which there were thirty-nine villages and the city of Solvychegodsk with a monastery. They also owned a chain of prisons, stretching along the border with the possessions of Khan Kuchum.

The history of Siberia, or rather, its conquest by Russian Cossacks, began with the fact that the tribes inhabiting it refused to pay the Russian Tsar yasyk - a tribute that they had been subject to for many years. Moreover, the nephew of their ruler - Khan Kuchum - with a large detachment of cavalry made a number of raids on the villages belonging to the Stroganovs. To protect against such unwanted guests, wealthy merchants hired Cossacks, led by ataman Vasily Timofeevich Alenin, nicknamed Yermak. Under this name, he entered Russian history.

First steps in an unknown land

In September 1582, a detachment of seven hundred and fifty people began their legendary campaign for the Urals. It was a kind of discovery of Siberia. On the whole route, the Cossacks were lucky. The Tatars who inhabited those regions, although they outnumbered them, were inferior militarily. They practically did not know the firearms, so widespread by that time in Russia, and fled in a panic every time they heard a volley.

To meet the Russians, the khan sent his nephew Mametkul with ten thousand troops. The battle took place near the Tobol River. Despite their numerical superiority, the Tatars suffered a crushing defeat. The Cossacks, building on their success, came close to the Khan's capital, Kashlyk, and here they finally crushed the enemies. The former ruler of the region fled, and his warlike nephew was captured. From that day on, the khanate practically ceased to exist. The history of Siberia is making a new turn.

Struggles with aliens

In those days, the Tatars were subject to a large number of tribes that were conquered by them and were their tributaries. They did not know money and paid their yasyk with the skins of fur-bearing animals. From the moment of the defeat of Kuchum, these peoples came under the rule of the Russian Tsar, and carts with sables and martens were pulled to distant Moscow. This valuable product has always and everywhere been in great demand, and especially in the European market.

However, not all tribes resigned themselves to the inevitable. Some of them continued to resist, although it weakened every year. The Cossack detachments continued their march. In 1584, their legendary ataman Ermak Timofeevich died. This happened, as often happens in Russia, due to negligence and oversight - at one of the halts, sentries were not posted. It so happened that a prisoner who had escaped a few days before brought an enemy detachment at night. Taking advantage of the oversight of the Cossacks, they suddenly attacked and began to cut the sleeping people. Yermak, trying to escape, jumped into the river, but a massive shell - a personal gift from Ivan the Terrible - carried him to the bottom.

Life in the conquered land

Since that time, active development began. Following the Cossack detachments, hunters, peasants, clergy and, of course, officials were drawn into the taiga wilderness. All those who found themselves behind the Ural Range became free people. There was neither serfdom nor landownership. They paid only the tax established by the state. The local tribes, as mentioned above, were taxed with a fur yasyk. During this period, the income from the receipt of Siberian furs to the treasury was a significant contribution to the Russian budget.

The history of Siberia is inextricably linked with the creation of a system of forts - defensive fortifications (around which, by the way, many cities subsequently grew up), which served as outposts for the further conquest of the region. So, in 1604, the city of Tomsk was founded, which later became the largest economic and cultural center. After a short time, the Kuznetsk and Yenisei prisons appeared. They housed military garrisons and the administration that controlled the collection of yasyk.

Documents of those years testify to many facts of corruption of the authorities. Despite the fact that, according to the law, all furs had to go to the treasury, some officials, as well as Cossacks directly involved in collecting tribute, overstated the established norms, appropriating the difference in their favor. Even then, such lawlessness was severely punished, and there are many cases when covetous men paid for their deeds with freedom and even with their lives.

Further penetration into new lands

The process of colonization became especially intensive after the end of the Time of Troubles. The goal of all those who dared to seek happiness in new, unexplored lands, this time was Eastern Siberia. This process proceeded at a very fast pace, and by the end of the 17th century, the Russians had reached the shores of the Pacific Ocean. By this time, a new government structure appeared - the Siberian Order. His duties included the establishment of new procedures for the management of controlled territories and the nomination of governors, who were local authorized representatives royal power.

In addition to the yassy collection of furs, furs were also purchased, the payment for which was carried out not in money, but in all kinds of goods: axes, saws, various tools, as well as fabrics. History, unfortunately, has preserved many cases of abuse. Often, the arbitrariness of officials and Cossack foremen ended in riots by local residents, who had to be pacified by force.

The main directions of colonization

Eastern Siberia was developed in two main directions: to the north along the coast of the seas, and to the south along the border line with the states adjacent to it. At the beginning of the 17th century, the banks of the Irtysh and the Ob were settled by Russians, and after them, significant areas adjacent to the Yenisei. Cities such as Tyumen, Tobolsk and Krasnoyarsk were founded and began to be built. All of them were to eventually become major industrial and cultural centers.

The further advance of the Russian colonists was carried out mainly along the Lena River. Here in 1632 a prison was founded, which gave rise to the city of Yakutsk, the most important stronghold at that time in the further development of the northern and eastern territories. Largely due to this, two years later, the Cossacks, led by, managed to reach the Pacific coast, and soon saw the Kuriles and Sakhalin for the first time.

Conquerors of the Wild

The history of Siberia and the Far East keeps the memory of another outstanding traveler - the Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. In 1648, he and the detachment he led on several ships for the first time rounded the coast of North Asia and proved the existence of a strait separating Siberia from America. At the same time, another traveler, Poyarov, having passed along the southern border of Siberia and climbed up the Amur, reached the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

Some time later, Nerchinsk was founded. Its significance is largely determined by the fact that as a result of moving to the east, the Cossacks approached China, which also claimed these territories. By that time the Russian Empire reached its natural limits. Over the next century, there was a steady process of consolidating the results achieved during colonization.

Legislative acts related to the new territories

The history of Siberia in the 19th century is characterized mainly by the abundance of administrative innovations introduced into the life of the region. One of the earliest was the division of this vast territory into two general governments approved in 1822 by personal decree of Alexander I. Tobolsk became the center of the West, and Irkutsk became the center of the East. They, in turn, were subdivided into provinces, and those into volost and foreign councils. This transformation was the result of a well-known reform

In the same year, ten legislative acts signed by the tsar and regulating all aspects of administrative, economic and legal life saw the light of day. great attention This document focused on issues related to the arrangement of places of deprivation of liberty and the procedure for serving sentences. By the 19th century, hard labor and prisons had become an integral part of this region.

Siberia on the map of those years is replete with the names of mines, work in which was carried out exclusively by the convicts. This is Nerchinsky, and Zabaikalsky, and Blagodatny and many others. As a result of a large influx of exiles from among the Decembrists and participants in the Polish rebellion of 1831, the government even united all Siberian provinces under the supervision of a specially formed gendarme district.

The beginning of the industrialization of the region

Of the main ones that received wide development during this period, it should be noted first of all the extraction of gold. By the middle of the century, it accounted for most of the total volume of the precious metal mined in the country. Also, large revenues to the state treasury came from the mining industry, which had significantly increased by this time the volume of mining. Many others have grown as well.

In the new century

At the beginning of the 20th century, the impetus for the further development of the region was the construction Trans-Siberian Railway. The history of Siberia in the post-revolutionary period is full of drama. A fratricidal war, monstrous in its scale, swept through its expanses, ending with the liquidation of the White movement and the establishment of Soviet power. During the Great Patriotic War many industrial and military enterprises are evacuated to this region. As a result, the population of many cities is increasing sharply.

It is known that only for the period 1941-1942. more than a million people have come here. In the post-war period, when numerous giant factories, power plants and railway lines were built, there was also a significant influx of visitors - all those for whom Siberia became a new homeland. On the map of this vast region, names appeared that became symbols of the era - the Baikal-Amur Mainline, the Novosibirsk Academgorodok and much more.

The development of Siberia is one of the most significant pages in the history of our country. Vast territories that now make up most of modern Russia, at the beginning of the 16th century were, in fact, a “blank spot” on the geographical map. And the feat of Ataman Yermak, who conquered Siberia for Russia, became one of the most significant events in the formation of the state.

Ermak Timofeevich Alenin is one of the least studied personalities of this magnitude in Russian history. It is still not known for certain where and when the famous ataman was born. According to one version, Yermak was from the banks of the Don, according to another - from the vicinity of the Chusovaya River, according to the third - the Arkhangelsk region was his place of birth. The date of birth also remains unknown - in the historical chronicles the period from 1530 to 1542 is indicated.

It is almost impossible to recreate the biography of Yermak Timofeevich before the start of his Siberian campaign. It is not even known for certain whether the name Yermak is his own or whether it is still the nickname of the Cossack chieftain. However, since 1581-82, that is, immediately from the beginning of the Siberian campaign, the chronology of events has been restored in sufficient detail.

Siberian campaign

The Siberian Khanate, as part of the disintegrated Golden Horde, for a long time coexisted in peace with the Russian state. The Tatars paid an annual tribute to the Moscow princes, but with the coming to power of Khan Kuchum, the payments stopped, and Tatar detachments began to attack Russian settlements in the Western Urals.

It is not known for certain who initiated the Siberian campaign. According to one version, Ivan the Terrible instructed the merchants Stroganovs to finance the performance of the Cossack detachment into unexplored Siberian territories in order to stop the Tatar raids. According to another version of events, the Stroganovs themselves decided to hire Cossacks to guard property. However, there is another scenario for the development of events: Yermak and his comrades plundered the Stroganov warehouses and invaded the territory of the Khanate in order to profit.

In 1581, having risen on plows up the Chusovaya River, the Cossacks dragged the boats into the Zheravlya River of the Ob basin and settled there for the winter. Here the first skirmishes with the detachments of the Tatars took place. As soon as the ice melted, that is, in the spring of 1582, a detachment of Cossacks reached the Tura River, where they again defeated the troops sent to meet them. Finally, Yermak reached the Irtysh River, where a detachment of Cossacks captured the main city of the Khanate - Siberia (now Kashlyk). Left in the city, Yermak begins to receive delegations from the indigenous peoples - Khanty, Tatars, with promises of peace. The ataman took the oath of all those who arrived, declaring them subjects of Ivan IV the Terrible, and obliged them to pay yasak - tribute - in favor of the Russian state.

The conquest of Siberia continued in the summer of 1583. Having passed along the course of the Irtysh and the Ob, Yermak captured the settlements - uluses - of the peoples of Siberia, forcing the inhabitants of the towns to take the oath to the Russian Tsar. Until 1585, Yermak fought with the Cossacks against the detachments of Khan Kuchum, unleashing numerous skirmishes along the banks of the Siberian rivers.

After the capture of Siberia, Ermak sent an ambassador to Ivan the Terrible with a report on the successful annexation of the lands. In gratitude for the good news, the tsar presented not only the ambassador, but also all the Cossacks who participated in the campaign, and Yermak himself donated two chain mail of excellent workmanship, one of which, according to the court chronicler, belonged to the previously famous governor Shuisky.

The death of Yermak

The date of August 6, 1585 is marked in the annals as the day of the death of Yermak Timofeevich. A small group of Cossacks - about 50 people - led by Yermak stopped for the night on the Irtysh, near the mouth of the Vagay River. Several detachments of the Siberian Khan Kuchum attacked the Cossacks, killing almost all of Yermak's associates, and the ataman himself, according to the chronicler, drowned in the Irtysh, trying to swim to the plows. According to the chronicler, Ermak drowned because of a royal gift - two chain mail, which, with their weight, pulled him to the bottom.

The official version of the death of the Cossack ataman has a continuation, however, these facts do not have any historical confirmation, and therefore are considered a legend. Folk tales say that a day later, a Tatar fisherman caught Yermak's body from the river and reported his find to Kuchum. All the Tatar nobility came to personally verify the death of the ataman. Yermak's death was the cause of a great celebration that lasted for several days. The Tatars had fun shooting at the body of a Cossack for a week, then, taking the donated chain mail that caused his death, Yermak was buried. At the moment, historians and archaeologists consider several areas as the alleged burial places of the ataman, but there is still no official confirmation of the authenticity of the burial.

Ermak Timofeevich is not just a historical figure, he is one of the key figures in Russian folk art. Many legends and tales have been created about the deeds of the ataman, and in each of them Yermak is described as a man of exceptional courage and courage. At the same time, very little is reliably known about the personality and activities of the conqueror of Siberia, and such an obvious contradiction makes researchers again and again turn their attention to the national hero of Russia.

Answer left the guest

The conquest of Siberia is one of the most important processes in the formation of Russian statehood. The development of the eastern lands took more than 400 years. Throughout this period, there were many battles, foreign expansions, conspiracies, intrigues.

The annexation of Siberia is still the focus of attention of historians and causes a lot of controversy, including among members of the public.

Conquest of Siberia by Yermak
The history of the conquest of Siberia begins with the famous campaign of Yermak. This is one of the chieftains of the Cossacks. There is no exact data on his birth and ancestors. However, the memory of his exploits has come down to us through the centuries. In 1580, the wealthy merchants Stroganovs invited the Cossacks to help protect their possessions from constant raids from the Ugric peoples. The Cossacks settled down in a small town and lived relatively peacefully. The bulk of the Volga Cossacks. There were just over eight hundred of them. In 1581, a campaign was organized with the money of merchants. In spite of historical significance(in fact, the campaign marked the beginning of the era of the conquest of Siberia), this campaign did not attract the attention of Moscow. In the Kremlin, the detachment was called simple "bandits." In the autumn of 1581, Yermak's group boarded small ships and began to sail up the Chusovaya River, to the very mountains. Upon landing, the Cossacks had to clear their way by cutting down trees. The beach was completely uninhabited. The constant rise and mountainous terrain created extremely difficult conditions for the transition. Ships (plows) were literally carried by hand, because due to continuous vegetation it was not possible to install rollers. With the approach of cold weather, the Cossacks set up camp on the pass, where they spent the whole winter. After that, rafting along the Tagil River began. The conquest of Western Siberia
After a series of quick and successful victories, Yermak began to move further east. In the spring, several Tatar princes united to repulse the Cossacks, but were quickly defeated and recognized Russian power. In the middle of summer, the first major battle took place in the modern Yarkovsky region. Mametkul's cavalry launched an attack on the positions of the Cossacks. They sought to quickly get close and crush the enemy, taking advantage of the horseman in close combat. Yermak personally stood in the trench, where the guns were located, and began to fire on the Tatars. Already after several volleys, Mametkul fled with the whole army, which opened the way for the Cossacks to Karachi. Further conquest of Siberia: briefly
The exact burial place of the ataman is unknown. After the death of Yermak, the conquest of Siberia continued with renewed vigor. Year after year, more and more new territories were subordinated. If the initial campaign was not coordinated with the Kremlin and was chaotic, then subsequent actions became more centralized. The king personally took control of this issue. Well-equipped expeditions were regularly sent out. The city of Tyumen was built, which became the first Russian settlement in these parts. Since then, the systematic conquest continued with the use of the Cossacks. Year after year they conquered more and more new territories. In the cities taken, the Russian administration was set up. Educated people were sent from the capital to conduct business.

In the middle of the 17th century there was a wave of active colonization. Many cities and settlements are founded. Peasants arrive from other parts of Russia. Settlement is gaining momentum. In 1733 the famous Northern Expedition was organized. In addition to conquest, the task of exploring and discovering new lands was also set. The data obtained after were used by geographers from around the world. The end of the annexation of Siberia can be considered the entry of the Uryakhansk region into the Russian Empire.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Kursk State Technical University

Department of History

Abstract on the topic:

"Conquest of Siberia"

Completed by: st-t group ES-61

Zatey N.O.

Checked by: K.I.N., Associate Professor of the Department of History

Goryushkina N.E.

K U R S K 2 0 0 6

1. Introduction............................................... ................................................. .3

2. The conquest of Siberia............................................... .....................................4

2.1 Yermak's campaign and its historical significance .............................................. 4

2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state.......................................10

2.3 Accession of Eastern Siberia…………………………………….20

Conclusion................................................. ...................................................28

List of used literature

Introduction

Relevance of the topic: The conquest and annexation of new territories strengthen the state with the influx of a new mass of taxes, minerals, as well as the influx of new knowledge received from the conquered peoples. New lands provide new prospects for the development of the country, in particular: new outlets to the seas and oceans, borders with new states, making it possible to increase the volume of trade.

Objective: Study in depth the conquest and annexation of Siberia to the Russian state.

Tasks:

Study Yermak's campaign;

To study the accession of Siberia to the Russian state;

Find out what nationalities were conquered;

Overview of historiography: The free Russian colonists were pioneers in the development of new lands. Ahead of the government, they settled in the "wild field" in the Lower Volga region, on the Terek, on the Yalik and the Don. The campaign of Yermak's Cossacks in Siberia was a direct continuation of this popular movement.

Yermak's Cossacks took the first step. Behind them, peasants, industrialists, hunters, and service people moved to the East. In the struggle against the harsh nature, they conquered land from the taiga, founded settlements and laid the foundations of agricultural culture.

Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was equally experienced by both local tribes and Russian settlers. The rapprochement of the Russian working people and the Siberian tribes favored the development of productive forces and overcoming the age-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.

2. The conquest of Siberia

2.1 Yermak's campaign and its historical significance

Long before the beginning of the Russian development of Siberia, its population had ties with the Russian people. The Novgorodians were the first to start their acquaintance with the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia, who, already in the 11th century, tried to master the Pechora way beyond the Stone (Urals). The Russian people were attracted to Siberia by the rich fur and sea crafts, and the possibility of barter with the locals. Following the sailors and explorers in the northwestern limits of Siberia, Novgorod squads began to periodically appear, collecting tribute from the local population. The Novgorod nobility has long officially included the Yugra land in the Trans-Urals into the possessions of Veliky Novgorod24. In the XIII century. the princes of Rostov stood in the way of the Novgorodians, who founded in 1218 at the mouth of the river. Yugra is the city of Ustyug, and then the development initiative passed to the Moscow principality.

Taking over the "volosts" of Veliky Novgorod, the government of Ivan III sent detachments of military men beyond the Urals three times. In 1465, voivode Vasily Skryaba went to Ugra and collected tribute in favor of the Grand Duke of Moscow. In 1483, the voevodas Fedor Kurbsky and Ivan Travnin with military people "went up the Vishera river, a tributary of the Kama, crossed over Ural mountains, dispersed the detachments of the Pelym prince Yumshan and moved "down the Tavda river past Tyumen to the Siberian land"25. Having bypassed the possession of the Tyumen Khan Ibak, the detachment moved from Tavda to Tobol, Irtysh and Ob. There, Russian warriors “fighted” Ugra, capturing several Ugric princes.

This campaign, which lasted several months, had important consequences. In the spring of the following year, an embassy "from all the land of Kodsky and Yugra" arrived in Moscow, delivered gifts to Ivan III and a request to release the prisoners. The ambassadors recognized themselves as vassals of the Russian sovereign and pledged to annually deliver tribute to his treasury from the population of the areas subject to them.

However, the established tributary relations of a number of Ugric lands with Russia proved to be fragile. At the end of the XV century. the government of Ivan III undertook a new campaign to the east. More than 4 thousand warriors under the leadership of the Moscow governor Semyon Kurbsky, Peter Ushaty and Vasily Zabolotsky marched in the winter of 1499. Until March 1500, 40 towns were occupied and 58 princelings were taken prisoner. As a result, the Yugra land was subjugated, and the collection of tribute began to be carried out systematically. The delivery of furs was charged to the duty of the "princes" of the Ugric and Samoyedic associations. From the middle of the XVI century. In the 18th century, the sending of special government collectors of "tributors" to the Yugra land began, which delivered the tribute collected by the local nobility to Moscow.

At the same time, the commercial development of Western Siberia by the Russians was going on. This was facilitated by the peasant colonization of the northern regions of Russia, the basins of the Pechora, Vychegda, and the Urals. From the 16th century Russian trade relations with the inhabitants of the Trans-Urals are also developing more intensively. Russian fishermen and merchants are increasingly appearing beyond the Urals, using the fishing villages of the North-Eastern Pomerania as transshipment bases (Pustozersky jail, Ust-Tsilemskaya settlement, Horn town, etc.). There are villages of industrial people in the Trans-Urals. These were temporary hunting winter huts, on the site of which the Russian prisons of Berezovsky, Obdorsky, etc. later appeared.

Close contact with the inhabitants of North-Western Siberia led to the fact that Russian hunters borrowed from them the methods of hunting and fishing, began to use deer and dogs for riding. Many of them, having lived in Siberia for a long time, were able to speak Ugric and Samoyedic languages. The Siberian population, in turn, using the iron products brought by the Russians (knives, axes, arrowheads, etc.), improved the methods of hunting, fishing and sea fishing.

In the XVI century. Yugra's southern neighbor was the Siberian Khanate, which arose on the ruins of the Tyumen "kingdom". After the capture of Kazan by the troops of Ivan IV in 1552 and the annexation of the peoples of the Volga and Ural regions to Russia, favorable conditions developed for establishing permanent ties with the Siberian Khanate. The Taibugins (representatives of a new local dynasty) who ruled it, the brothers Ediger and Bekbulat, frightened by the events in Kazan and pressed from the south by Genghisid Kuchum, the son of the Bukhara ruler Murtaza, who claimed the Siberian throne, decided to establish diplomatic relations with the Russian government. In January 1555, their ambassadors arrived in Moscow and asked Ivan IV to “take the whole Siberian land in his name, and intercede from all sides, and put his tribute on them, and send his man (“road”) for her collection

From now on, Ivan IV added to his titles the title of “ruler of all Siberian land. The ambassadors of Yediger and Bekbulat, while in Moscow, promised to pay “to the sovereign from every black man for sable, and for the sovereign’s road for a squirrel from a man to Siberian. Later, the amount of tribute was finally determined at 1,000 sables.

The royal envoy, the son of the boyar Dmitry Nepeitsin, went to the capital of the Siberian Khanate, located on the Irtysh near modern Tobolsk, where he swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar of the Siberian rulers, but could neither rewrite the "black" population of the kingdom, nor collect a full tribute. Vassal relations between the Siberian Khanate and Russia proved to be fragile. In the context of constantly growing strife between the Tatar uluses and the growing discontent of the "black people" and the conquered Ugric and Bashkir tribes, the position of the Siberian rulers was unstable. Kuchum took advantage of this, who in 1563 defeated their troops, seized power in the Siberian Khanate and ordered the death of Ediger and Bekbulat, who were captured.

In relation to Russia, Kuchum was hostile from the very beginning. But the change of dynasty in the Siberian "kingdom" was accompanied by turmoil. For several years, Kuchum had to fight with the recalcitrant nobility and tribal princelings, seeking obedience from them. Under these conditions, he did not dare to break diplomatic relations with the Moscow government. In 1571, in order to lull the vigilance of the Russian Tsar, he even sent his ambassador to Moscow and a tribute of 10,000 sables.

The arrival of Kuchum's ambassadors came at a difficult time for Moscow. In 1571, it was attacked and burned by detachments of the Crimean Khan Devletgirey. Among the inhabitants of the capital, rumors began to spread about Russia's failures in the Livonian War. When the ambassadors reported to Kuchum about their observations made in Moscow, he openly decided to do away with Russian influence in the Trans-Urals. In 1573, the tsarist ambassador Tretyak Chubukov and all the service Tatars accompanying him were killed at his headquarters, and in the summer of the same year, Kuchum's armed detachments, led by his nephew Mametkul, crossed the Kamen to the river. Chusovaya and devastated the district. Since that time, raids into the Kama region began to be carried out systematically, and the Russian settlements in it were thoroughly devastated. Kuchum also did not spare any of those who were guided by an alliance with Russia: he killed, took prisoner, imposed a heavy tribute on the peoples of all the vast possessions of the Khanty and Mansi of the Ob and the Urals subject to him, the Bashkir tribes, the Tatar tribes of the Trans-Urals and the Baraba steppe.

In such a situation, the government of Ivan IV took some retaliatory measures. In 1574, it sent to the large Stroganovs, who were developing the Perm Territory, a letter of commendation, which assigned them land on the eastern slopes of the Urals along the river. Tobol and its tributaries. The Stroganovs were allowed to hire a thousand Cossacks with squeakers and build fortresses in the Trans-Urals on the Tobol, Irtysh and Ob.

The Stroganovs, using the right given to them by the government, formed a mercenary detachment, commanded by ataman Yermak Timofeevich. Information about who Ermak was by origin is scarce and contradictory. Some sources call him a Don Cossack, who came with his detachment to the Urals from the Volga. Others are a native inhabitant of the Urals, a townsman Vasily Timofeevich Olenin. Still others consider him a native of the northern volosts of the Vologda district. All this information, which is based on oral folk tradition, reflected the desire of the inhabitants of various Russian lands to consider Yermak the national hero as their fellow countryman. Only the fact that Yermak served in the Cossack villages in the “wild field” for 20 years, guarding the borders of Russia, is reliable.

On September 1, 1581, 31 Yermak's squad of 540 Volga Cossacks set out on a campaign and, having climbed the river. Chusovoi and passing the Ural Range, began its advance to the east. They sailed on light plows along the Siberian rivers Tagil, Tura, Tobol in the direction of the capital of the Siberian Khanate, Kashlyk. Siberian chronicles note several major battles with Kuchum's detachments, which were taken by Yermak's squad on the way. Among them is the battle on the banks of the Tobol near the yurts of Babasan (30 versts below the mouth of the Tavda), where one of the experienced military leaders Kuchuma Mametkul tried to detain the squad. Not far from the mouth of the Tavda, the squad had to fight with the detachments of Murza Karachi.

Having fortified himself in the town of Karachi, Yermak sent a group of Cossacks led by Ivan Koltso to the Stroganovs for ammunition, food and servicemen. In winter, on sleds and skis, the Cossacks reached the estates of Maxim Stroganov, and in the summer. 1582 returned back with reinforcements of 300 servicemen. In September of this year, the replenished squad of Yermak moved into the depths of Siberia. Having reached the confluence of the Tobol with the Irtysh, the detachment began to climb up the Irtysh.

The decisive battle took place on the 20th of October on the outskirts of the capital near the so-called Chuvash Cape. Kuchum hoped to stop the Cossacks by arranging a fence of fallen trees on the cape, which was supposed to protect his soldiers from Russian bullets. Sources also report that 1 or 2 cannons were installed on the cape, brought to Kashlyk from the Kazan Khanate (before it was occupied by the Russians).

But long-term wars with the Tatars and Turks, which hardened the Cossacks, taught them to unravel the tactics of the enemy and use the full advantages of their weapons. In this battle, Mametkul was wounded and narrowly escaped capture. The servants managed to transport him to the other side of the Irtysh. Panic broke out in Kuchum's army. According to legend, the vassal Khanty and Mansi princelings left their positions after the very first volleys and thus made it easier for the Cossacks to win.

Kuchum watched the battle from the mountain. As soon as the Russians began to overcome, he, with his family and murzas, seized the most valuable property and cattle, fled to the steppe, leaving his bet to the mercy of fate.

The local tribes, conquered by Kuchum, treated the Cossacks very peacefully. The princes and murzas hastened to come to Yermak with gifts and declared their desire to accept Russian citizenship. In Kashlyk, the Cossacks found rich booty, especially furs collected in the khan's treasury over many years. Ermak, following the laws of the free Cossacks, ordered to divide the booty equally among all.

In December 1582, Yermak sent messengers to Russia, led by Ivan Koltso, with a report about the capture of the Siberian Khanate. He himself, having settled down for the winter in Kashlyk, continued to repel the raids of Kuchum's detachments. In the spring of 1583, Mametku-la's headquarters on the banks of the Vagai was destroyed. Mametkul himself was taken prisoner. This noticeably weakened Kuchum's forces. In addition, from the south, from Bukhara, a descendant of the Taibugins, the son of Bekbulat-ta Sepdyak (Seid Khan), returned, who at one time managed to escape reprisal, and began to threaten Kuchum. Anticipating new strife, the nobility began to hastily leave the Khanek yard. Even one of his most loyal associates, Murza Karami, "departed" from Kuchum. Capturing camps along the river. Omi, he entered into single combat with Yermak, seeking the return of the ulus near Kashlyk.

In March 1584, Karachi lured a detachment of Cossacks from Kashlyk, led by Yermak's faithful companion Ivan Koltso, who had returned from Moscow, and destroyed it. Until the summer, the Tatars, besieging Kashlyk, kept Yermak's detachment in the ring, depriving him of the opportunity to replenish the meager food supplies. But Yermak, after waiting for the moment, organized a sortie from the besieged town one night and defeated the Karachi headquarters with a sudden blow. In the battle, 2 of his sons were killed, but he himself managed to escape with a small detachment.

The power of Kuchum ceased to be recognized by some local tribes and their princelings. Back in the spring of 1583, Yermak sent 50 Cossacks along the Irtysh to the Ob, led by Bogdan Bryazga, and overlaid with yasak a number of Tatar and Khanty volosts.

The forces of Yermak's squad were reinforced in the summer of 1584. The government of Ivan IV, having received a report about the capture of Kashlyk, sent a detachment of 300 servicemen to Siberia, led by the voivode S. D. Bolkhovsky. This detachment in the winter of 1584/85. was in a difficult position. Lack of housing and food, severe Siberian frosts caused severe famine. Many archers died, and the voivode Semyon Bolkhovsky also died.

Kuchum, who wandered with his ulus in the steppes, gathered forces, threatening and flattering, demanding help from the Tatar murzas in the fight against the Russians. In an effort to lure Yermak out of Qashlyk, he spread a rumor about the delay of the Bukharian trade caravan heading to Qashlyk. Yermak decided to take another campaign against Kuchum. This was last hike Yermak. With a detachment of 150 people, Yermak left on plows in July

1585 from Kashlyk and moved up the Irtysh. During an overnight stay on the island of the Irtysh, not far from the mouth of the river. Vagai, the detachment was subjected to an unexpected attack by Kuchum. Many Cossacks were killed, and Yermak, wounded in hand-to-hand combat with the Tatars, while covering the withdrawal of the detachment, managed to break through to the shore. But the plow, on the edge of which he unsuccessfully jumped, turned over, and, dressed in heavy armor, Yermak drowned. It happened on the night of August 5-6, 1585.

Having learned about the death of their leader, the archers, led by Ivan Glukhov, left Kashlyk for the European part of the country by the Pechora route - through the Irtysh, Ob, Northern Urals. Part of the Cossacks with Matvey Meshcheryak, together with a small detachment of I. Mansurov sent from Moscow, remained in Siberia and laid at the mouth of the river. The first Russian fortification on the Irtysh was the town of Ob.

Following Yermak's Cossacks, peasants, industrialists, hunters, and service people moved to Siberia, and intensive commercial and agricultural development of the region began.

The tsarist government used Yermak's campaign to extend its power to Siberia. "The last Mongol king Kuchum, according to K-Marx, was defeated by Yermak" and this "laid the foundation of Asiatic Russia." Tsarism brought oppression to the indigenous population of Siberia. His oppression was equally experienced by the Russian settlers. But the rapprochement of the working Russian people and local tribes favored the development of productive forces, overcoming the age-old disunity of the Siberian peoples, embodying the future of Siberia.

The people glorified Yermak in their songs and legends, paying tribute to his courage, devotion to his comrades, and military prowess. For more than three years, his squad did not know defeat; neither hunger nor severe frosts broke the will of the Cossacks. It was Yermak's campaign that prepared the annexation of Siberia to Russia.

Archive of Marx and Engels. 1946, vol. VIII, p. 166.

2.2 Accession of Siberia to the Russian state

The question of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia into the Russian state and the significance of this process for the local and Russian population has long attracted the attention of researchers. Also in mid-seventeenth In the 1st century, historian-academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Gerard Friedrich Miller, one of the participants in a ten-year scientific expedition in the Siberian region, having become acquainted with the archives of many Siberian cities, suggested that Siberia was conquered by Russian weapons.

The position put forward by G. F. Miller about the aggressive nature of the inclusion of the region into Russia was quite firmly entrenched in the noble and bourgeois historical science. They argued only about who was the initiator of this conquest. Some researchers assigned an active role to the activities of the government, others argued that the conquest was carried out by private entrepreneurs, the Stroganovs, and others believed that Siberia was conquered by the free Cossack squad of Yermak. There were supporters and various combinations of the above options.

Miller's interpretation of the nature of the inclusion of Siberia into Russia passed into the works Soviet historians 20-30s our century.

Research by Soviet historians, a careful reading of published documents and the identification of new archival sources made it possible to establish that, along with military expeditions and the deployment of small military detachments in Russian towns founded in the region, there were numerous facts of the peaceful advancement of Russian explorers-fishers and the development of large areas of Siberia. A number of ethnic groups and nationalities (Ugrians-Khanty of the Lower Ob region, Tomsk Tatars, chat groups of the Middle Ob region, etc.) voluntarily became part of the Russian state.

Thus, it turned out that the term "conquest" does not reflect the whole essence of the phenomena that took place in the region in this initial period. Historians (primarily V. I. Shunkov) have proposed a new term “annexation”, which includes the facts of the conquest of certain regions, and the peaceful development by Russian settlers of the sparsely populated valleys of the Siberian taiga rivers, and the facts of voluntary acceptance by some ethnic groups of Russian citizenship.

The question of what the accession to the Russian state brought to the peoples of Siberia was solved in different ways. Noble historiography, with its inherent apologetics of tsarism, sought to embellish government activities. G. F. Miller argued that the tsarist government in the administration of the annexed territory practiced "quietness", "gentle persuasion", "friendly treats and gifts", and showed "strictness" and "cruelty" only in those cases when "affection" didn't work. Such a “gentle” administration, according to G.F. Miller, allowed the Russian government in Siberia to “do a lot of good things” with “a considerable benefit to the country there.” This statement by Miller with various variants was firmly held for a long time in the pre-revolutionary historiography of Siberia and even among individual historians of the Soviet period.

The noble revolutionary of the end of the 18th century considered the question of the significance of the inclusion of Siberia into Russia for the indigenous Siberian population in a different way. A. N. Radishchev. He gave a sharply negative characterization of the actions of tsarist officials, merchants, usurers and Orthodox clergy in Siberia, stressed that they were all “greedy”, “self-serving”, shamelessly robbing the local working population, taking away their furs, bringing them to impoverishment.

Radishchev's assessment found support and further development in the writings of the AP. Shchapova and S. S. Shashkov. A.P. Shchapov in his writings spoke with a passionate denunciation of government policy towards Siberia in general and its peoples in particular, while he emphasized the positive impact of economic and cultural communication between Russian peasants and artisans and Siberian peoples.

A negative assessment of the results of the activities of the tsarist administration in Siberia, put forward by A. N. Radishchev, was shared by Shchapov's contemporary SS. Shashkov. Using specific materials of Siberian life, showing the oppressed position of the working non-Russian population of the region to denounce contemporary social reality, the democrat and educator S. S. Shashkov in his journalistic articles came to the conclusion about negative value in general, the inclusion of Siberia in the Russian state. Unlike Shchapov, S. S. Shashkov did not consider the issue of the activities of the working Russian population in developing the productive forces of the region and the impact of this activity on the economy and social development local Siberian residents.

This one-sidedness of S. S. Shashkov in resolving the issue of the importance of the region's joining Russia was adopted and developed further by representatives of the Siberian regionalism with their opposition of Siberia and the Siberian population of Russia to the entire Russian population of the country.

The negative assessment of S. S. Shashkov was also perceived by the bourgeois-Nashch-Yunalist-minded part of the intelligentsia of the Siberian peoples, who opposed the interests of the local indigenous population to the interests of the Russian inhabitants of the region and condemned the very fact of joining Siberia to Russia.

Soviet researchers, who had mastered the Marxist-Leninist materialist understanding of the history of society, had to, relying on the source base, decide on the nature of the inclusion of Siberia in the

Russian state and determine the significance of this process both for the non-Russian population of the region and its Russian settlers, and for the development of the country as a whole.

intensive research in the post-war period (second half of the 40s-early 60s) ended with the creation of a collective monograph "History of Siberia", five volumes of which were published in 1968. The authors of the second volume of the "History of Siberia" summed up the results of the previous study of the issue of annexing Siberia to the Russian state, showed the role of the masses in the development of the productive forces of the region, revealed “the significance of Russian colonization in general and agriculture in particular as the leading form of economy, which later had a decisive influence on the economy and lifestyle of local indigenous peoples. This confirmed the thesis about the fruitful and mostly peaceful nature of the Russian annexation and development of Siberia, about the progressiveness of its further development, due to the joint life of the Russian and aboriginal peoples.

The annexation of the vast territory of the Siberian Territory to Russia was not a one-time act, but a long process, the beginning of which dates back to the end of the 16th century, when, after the defeat of the last Chinggisid Kuchum on the Irtysh by the Cossack squad of Ermak, the Russian resettlement in the Trans-Urals and development by newcomers-peasants, fishermen, artisans, first in the forest belt of Western Siberia, then in Eastern Siberia, and with the onset of the 18th century, in Southern Siberia. The completion of this process occurred in the second half of the 18th century.

The annexation of Siberia to Russia was the result of the implementation of the policy of the tsarist government and the ruling class of feudal lords, aimed at seizing new territories and expanding the scope of feudal robbery. It also met the interests of the merchants. Cheap Siberian furs, valued on the Russian and international (European) markets, became a source of enrichment for him.

However, the leading role in the process of joining and developing the region was played by Russian immigrants, representatives of the working strata of the population, who came to the far eastern region for crafts and settled in the Siberian taiga as farmers and artisans. The availability of free land suitable for agriculture stimulated the process of their subsidence.

Economic, domestic and cultural contacts were established between the newcomers and local residents. The indigenous population of the Siberian taiga and forest-steppe for the most part had a positive attitude towards joining the Russian state.

The desire to get rid of the devastating raids of stronger southern nomad neighbors, the desire to avoid constant intertribal clashes and strife that damaged the economy of fishermen, hunters and cattle breeders, as well as the perceived need for economic ties, prompted local residents to unite with the Russian people as part of one state.

After the defeat of Kuchum by Yermak's retinue, government detachments arrived in Siberia (in 1585 under the command of Ivan Mansurov, in 1586 led by governors V. Sukin and I. Myasny), the construction of the Ob city on the banks of the Ob began, in the lower reaches of the Tura the Russian fortress of Tyumen, in 1587 on the banks of the Irtysh against the mouth of the Tobol-Tobolsk, on the waterway along the Vishera (a tributary of the Kama) to Lozva and Tlvda-Lozvinsky (1590) and Pelymsky (1593) towns. At the end of the XVI century. in the Lower Ob region, the city of Berezov was built (1593), which became the Russian administrative center on Yugra land.

In February 1594, a small group of service people was sent from Moscow with the governors F. Baryatinsky and Vl. Anichkov. Arriving by sleigh in Lozva, the detachment moved in the spring by water to the town of Ob. From Berezov, Berezovsky servicemen and the Khanty codecke with their prince Igichey Alachev were sent to connect with the arriving detachment. The detachment moved up the Ob to the borders of the Bardakov "principality". The Khanty prince Bardak voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship, assisted in the construction of a Russian fortress erected in the center of the territory subject to him on the right bank of the Ob at the confluence of the Surgutka river. The new city began to be called Surgut. All the villages of the Khanty, subject to Bardak, became part of the Surgut district. Surgut became a stronghold of tsarist power in this region of the Middle Ob, a springboard for an attack on the Selkup tribal union, known as the Pegoy Horde. The need to bring the Piebald Horde under Russian citizenship was dictated not only by the desire of the tsarist government to expand the number of yasak payers in the Ob region. Representatives of the Selkup nobility, headed by the military commander Vonya, at that time had close contacts with the Ching-gisnd Kuchum, who was expelled from Kashlyk, who in 1596 "roamed" to the Pegoy Horde and was going to raid the Surgut district in 1597.

To strengthen the Surgut garrison, the service people of the Obsk town were included in its composition, which, as a fortified village, ceased to exist. The negotiations undertaken with Vonya did not lead to positive results for the royal governors. In order to prevent the military performance of Vonya on the side of Kuchum, the Surgut service people, on the instructions of the governor, built a Russian fortification in the center of the Pegoy Horde - the Narym prison (1597 or 1593).

Then began moving to the east along the right tributary of the Ob river. Keti, where the Surgut service people set up the Ket prison (presumably in 1602). On the portage from Keti to the Yenisei basin in 1618, a small Makovsky prison was built.

Within the southern part of the taiga and in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia in the 90s. 16th century the struggle continued with the remnants of the Kuchum horde. Expelled by Yermak's Cossacks from Kashlyk, Kuchum and his supporters roamed between the Ishim and Irtysh rivers, raiding the Tatar and Bashkir uluses that recognized the authority of the Russian Tsar, invaded the Tyumen and Tobolsk districts.

To prevent the devastating invasions of Kuchum and his supporters, it was decided to build a new Russian fortress on the banks of the Irtysh. A significant number of local residents were attracted to this construction: Tatars, Bashkirs, Khanty. Andrei Yeletsky headed the construction work. In the summer of 1594, on the banks of the Irtysh near the confluence of the river. Tara, the city of Tara appeared, under the protection of which the inhabitants of the Irtysh region got the opportunity to get rid of the domination of the descendants of the Chinggisids of Kuchum. The servicemen of Tara carried out military guard service in the border area with the steppe, struck back at Kuchum and his supporters, the Nogai Murzas and Kalmyk taishas, ​​expanding the territory subject to the Russian Tsar.

Fulfilling the instructions of the government, the Tara governors tried to start negotiations with Kuchum. In 1597, he was sent a royal letter calling for an end to the struggle with Russia and acceptance of Russian citizenship. The tsar promised to secure for Kuchum nomad camps along the Irtysh. But it soon became known that Kuchum was preparing for an attack on the Tara district, was negotiating military assistance with the Nogai Horde and the Bukhara Khanate.

By order from Moscow, preparations began for a military campaign. The detachment assembled in Tara by Andrey Voeikov consisted of Russian service people and Tatars of Tobolsk, Tyumen and Tara. In August 1598, after a series of small battles with supporters of Kuchum and people dependent on him in the Baraba region, A. Voeikov's detachment suddenly attacked the main camp of the Kuchum Tatars, located in a meadow near the mouth of the Irmeni River, the left tributary of the Ob. The Chat Tatars and White Kalmyks (Teleuts) who lived in the neighborhood in the Ob region did not have time to help Kuchum. His headquarters was destroyed, members of the khan's family were taken prisoner. In the battle, many representatives of the nobility, relatives of the khan, over 150 ordinary Tatar soldiers were killed, they managed to escape along Kuchum itself with a small group of his supporters. Soon Kuchum died in the southern steppes.

The defeat of Kuchum on the Ob had a great political significance. The inhabitants of the forest-steppe strip of Western Siberia saw in the Russian state a force capable of protecting them from the devastating invasions of the nomads of Southern Siberia, from the raids of the Kalmyk, Uzbek, Nogai, Kazakh military leaders. The Chat Tatars were in a hurry to declare their desire to accept Russian citizenship and explained that they could not do this before, because they were afraid of Kuchum. The Baraba and Tereninsky Tatars, who had previously paid tribute to Kuchum, accepted Russian citizenship. As part of the Tatar district, the Tatar uluses of Baraba and the basin of the river were fixed. Omn.

At the beginning of the XVII century. Prince of the Tomsk Tatars (Eushtin-tsev) Toyan came to Moscow with a request to the government of Boris Godunov to take under the protection of the Russian state the villages of the Tomsk Tatars and "put" a Russian city on their land. Toyan pledged to help the tsarist administration of the new city in imposing yasak on the Turkic-speaking groups adjacent to the Tomsk Tatars. In January 1604, a decision was made in Moscow to build a fortification on the land of the Tomsk Tatars. Toyan sent from Moscow arrived in Surgut. The Surgut governors, after taking Toyan to the oath (sherti), sent with him as an escort several people from the service people to the Tomsk land to select the site for the construction of the future city. In March, a detachment of builders was recruited in Surgut under the command of the assistant of the Surgut governor G. I. Pisemsky and the Tobolsk son of the boyar V. F. Tyrkov. In addition to Surgut service people and carpenters, it included service people who arrived from Tyumen and Tobolsk, Pelymsky archers, Tobolsk and Tyumen Tatars and Kodsky Khanty. In the spring of 1604, after the ice drift, the detachment set off from Surgut in boats and planks up the Obn to the mouth of the Tom and further up the Tom to the lands of the Tomsk Tatars. During the summer of 1604 a Russian city on the right bank of the Tom was built. At the beginning of the XVII century. Tomsk city was the easternmost city in Russia. The area adjacent to it, the lower reaches of the Tom, the Middle Ob and Prnchulymya became part of the Tomsk district.

Collecting yasak from the Turkic-speaking population of the Tomsk region, Tomsk service people in 1618 founded a new Russian settlement in the upper reaches of the Tom, the Kuznetsk prison, which became in the 20s. 17th century the administrative center of the Kuznetsk district. In the basin of the right tributary of the Obi-Chulym, at the same time, small prisons - Melessky and Achinsky were set up. In them, there were Cossacks and archers from Tomsk, who performed military guard duty and protected the yurts of local residents from incursions by detachments of Kyrgyz princes and Mongolian Altyn Khans.

Growing contacts of the annexed part of the Ob region with the center and north of the country already at the end of the 16th century. sharply raised the question of improving the means of communication. The official way to Siberia from the Kama region through the Lozvinsky town was long and difficult. In the second half of the 90s. 16th century Solvychegodsky townsman Artemy Sofinov-Babinov took a contract from the government to build a road from Solikamsk to Tyumen. From Solikamsk it went through mountain passes to the upper reaches of the river. Tours. In 1598, the Verkhotursky town was set up here, in the construction of which carpenters, peasants, and archers transferred here from Lozva participated.

Verkhoturye on the Babinovskaya road during the entire 17th century. played the role of the “main gate to Siberia”, through which all communications between Moscow and the Trans-Urals were carried out, customs duties were levied on the transported goods. From Verkhoturye the road went along the river. Tours to Tyumen. In 1600, on the half way between Verkhoturye and Tyumen, the Turinsky prison arose, where coachmen and peasants transferred from the European part of the state were settled, serving the needs of the Babinovskaya road.

By the beginning of the XVII century. almost the entire territory of Western Siberia from the Gulf of Ob in the north to Tara and Tomsk in the south became an integral part of Russia.

2.3 Annexation of Eastern Siberia

Russian fishermen back in the 16th century. hunted fur-bearing animals in the right bank of the lower reaches of the Ob, in the basins of the Taz and Turukhan rivers, gradually moved east to the Yenisei. They founded winter huts (which grew from temporary into permanent ones), entered into exchange, production, household and even family relations with local residents.

The political inclusion of this tundra region into Russia began later than the settlement of Russian fishermen here, at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. with the construction in 1601 on the banks of the river. Taza of the Mangazeya town, which became the administrative center of the Mangazeya district and the most important trading and transshipment point in northern Asia, a place where hunters flocked to prepare for the next hunting season. Until 1625, there was no permanent detachment of service people in Mangazeya. The military guard service was performed by a small group of "year-olds" (30 people), sent from Tobolsk and Berezov. After the creation of a permanent garrison (100 people), the Mangazeya governors created several yasak winter quarters, began to send fur collectors to the treasury on the banks of the lower Yenisei, on its right-bank tributaries, the Podkamennaya Tunguska and the Lower Tunguska, and further to the Pyasina and Khatanga basins.

As already noted, the penetration of Russians into the middle Yenisei went along the right tributary of the Ob - Keti, which in the 17th century. became the main road from the Ob basin to the east. In 1619, the first Russian administrative center, the Yenisei prison, was built on the banks of the Yenisei, which quickly grew into a significant transit point for fishermen and merchants. The first Russian farmers appeared in the area adjacent to Yeniseisk.

The second fortified town on the Yenisei was the Krasnoyarsk prison founded in 1628, which became the main stronghold of the defense of the borders in the south of the Yenisei Territory. Throughout the 17th century south of Krasnoyarsk there was a fierce struggle against the nomads, caused by the aggression of the Kyrgyz princes of the upper Yenisei, who relied in the first half of the century on the strong state of Altyn Khans (established in Western Mongolia), and in the "second half" on the Dzungarian rulers, whose vassals they became. the princelings considered their kishtyms (dependent people, tributaries) to be the local Turkic-speaking groups of the upper Yenisei: Tubn, Yarin, Motor, Kamasin, etc.

Almost every year, the rulers of the Kyrgyz uluses besieged the Krasnoyarsk fortress, exterminated and captured the indigenous and Russian population, captured cattle and horses, and destroyed crops. Documents tell about multiple military campaigns against the steppe nomads of detachments of Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei, Tomsk and Kuznetsk service people.

The situation changed only at the beginning of the 18th century, when, by order of the Dzungarian kontaishi Tsevan-Raptan, the forcible resettlement of the Kyrgyz uluses and kishtyms of the nobility began to the main camps of the Dzungars in Semirechye. The military leaders failed to fully transfer ordinary residents of the Kirghiz uluses to new places. Local residents took refuge in the forests, some of the hijacked fled when crossing the Sayan Mountains. For the most part, the population dependent on the Kirghiz princelings remained in their former habitats and was then included in Russia. The consolidation of the territory of the upper Yenisei ended with the construction of the Abakan (1707) and Sayan (1709) prisons.

From Russian fishermen, the Mangazeya and Yenisei governors learned about the rich furs of the Lena Land. They began to send service people to the middle Lena, where the Yakuts lived, for yasak. Already in 1632, on the banks of the Lena, a small group of Yenisei Cossacks, headed by P. Beketov, set up the Yakut prison, the first Russian village, which later became the center of the Yakut (Lena) voivodeship.

Some Yakut toyons and princelings of individual associations tried to fight the yasak collectors, defending their right to exploit their relatives, but not all groups of Yakuts took part in this "struggle. Intertribal strife, as well as the desire of some representatives of the Yakut nobility to take advantage of the help of service people , who were on Leia, weakened the resistance of the Yakut groups to political subordination to the tsarist government. In addition, most of the Yakut population was convinced of the disadvantage of breaking peaceful ties with Russian fishers and merchants. the activity of commercial colonization was the main stimulus for the inclusion of the main part of Yakutia into Russia.

Soviet researchers found that the Russian fishermen were the first to penetrate the Lena, and later on, within Eastern Siberia, as a rule, they outnumbered quantitatively groups of servicemen. The inclusion of the Evenks, Evens, and Yukaghirs in Russia, the taxation of them with yasak fees in the royal treasury dragged on until the middle of the 17th century. Some geographical discoveries of Russian explorers date back to this time. So, the Cossacks led by I. Rebrov and I. Perfilyev in 1633 went along the Lena to the Arctic Ocean. On the boats built in Yakutsk, by sea, they reached the mouth of the river. Yana, and then the mouth of the Indigirka. Almost simultaneously, another group of Cossacks, led by S. Kharitonov and P. Ivanov, set off from Yakutsk and opened a land road to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka. The commercial development of this area began, Russian winter huts appeared (Verkhoyanskoye, Nizhneyanskoye, Podshi-verskoye, Olyubenskoye, Uyandinskoye).

Particularly important in the geographical discoveries of the northeastern part of Asia was the sea voyage, which began in 1648 under the leadership of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, in which up to 90 people of merchants and fishermen participated. From Yakutsk, the expedition reached the mouth of the Lena, went out to sea and set off to the east. For the first time seafarers of Russian sailors rounded the northeastern tip of the mainland, opened the strait between the continents Asia and America, passed through this strait from the Arctic to Pacific Ocean and reached the mouth of the river. Anadyr. In 1650 on the river. Anadyr overland from the banks of the river. Kolyma was passed by a group of Cossacks with Stadukhin and Motora.

The advance from the Lena to the east towards the coast of Okhotsk began in the 1930s. XVII century, when the Tomsk Cossacks with D. Kopylov founded the Butal winter hut on Aldan. A group of Cossacks sent from Butalsky winter quarters headed by I. Moskvitin, following the rivers Aldan, Maya and Yudoma, reached the mountain range, crossed the mountains and along the river. Hive went to the coast, where in the early 40s. Oblique Ostrozhek was built (which served as the beginning of the future Okhotsk).

Due to the natural and climatic conditions, the Russian development of Eastern Siberia was predominantly commercial in nature. At the same time, Russian settlers identified areas where arable farming is possible. In the 40s. 17th century in the mouths of the Olekma and Vitim rivers and in the middle reaches of the Amga, the first arable land appeared.

The accession of the lands of the Buryat tribes was complicated by external circumstances. The Buryat nobility placed certain groups of the Evenks and the Turkic-speaking population of the right bank of the Yenisei in a position dependent on themselves, levied tribute from them and therefore opposed their inclusion in the yasak payers of Russia. At the same time, the Buryats themselves were subjected to frequent raids by the Mongol (especially Oi-rat) feudal lords, they were interested in using Russian military detachments to protect themselves from the devastating invasions of their southern neighbors. The interest of the Buryat population in trade relations also pushed for good neighborly relations with the Russians.

The first Russian settlements in this region appeared in the early 1930s. - Ilimsk and Bratsk prisons. Under the protection of the Ilim prison in the middle of the 17th century. more than 120 families of Russian farmers lived. In the 40s. yasak collectors began to appear among the Buryats living near Lake Baikal. At the confluence of the Irkut with the Angara on about. In 1652, the Irkutsk yasak winter hut arose, and in 1661, the Irkutsk prison was built opposite this winter hut on the banks of the Angara, which became the administrative center of the Irkutsk district and an important trading post in Eastern Siberia.

In the middle of the XVIII century. in Transbaikalia, the first fortified winter quarters appeared, founded by Russian fishing bands. Some of them later became prisons and administrative centers (Nerchinsky, Udn-sky, Selenginsky, etc.). Gradually, a network of fortified villages developed, which ensured the security of Transbaikalia from external invasions and contributed to the economic development of this region by Russian settlers (including farmers).

The first information about the Amur region came to Yakutsk in the early 1940s. 17th century from the Russian fisherman S. Averkiev Kosoy, who reached the mouth of the Argun. In 1643, the expedition of V. Poyarkov was formed in Yakutsk, the participants of which for three years traveled along the rivers Aldan, Uchur, Gonom, made the transition to the Amur water system, went down the river. Bryande and Zeya to the Amur, then on ships moved down the Amur to its mouth. Having gone out to sea, the expedition of V. Poyarkov moved north along the coast and reached the mouth of the river. Hives. From here, along the path laid earlier by a group of Cossacks I. Moskvitina, she returned to Yakutsk. This campaign of V. Poyarkov, unparalleled in difficulty and range of the unknown path, gave a lot of information about the Amur, about the inhabitants who inhabited its shores, their jams, but it has not yet entailed the annexation of the Amur region.

More successful in this regard was the campaign organized in 1649 by a merchant from Ustyuzhan E. P. Khabarov-Svyatitsky. Khabarov's campaign was supported by the Yakut governor Frantsbekov. Participants of the campaign (over 70 people) joined Khabarov at will. The leader of the campaign received an official "mandate" from the Yakut governor, that is, he could act as a representative of government authorities. From Yakutsk, the expedition set off along the river. Lena to its tributary Olekma, then up the Olekma to portages to the Amur basin. During the years 1650-1653. the participants of the campaign were on the Amur. The Tungus-speaking Evenks and Duchers and Mongol-speaking Daurs lived on the middle Amur. Evenks were engaged nomadic pastoralism and fishing, and arable farming was familiar to the Daurs and Duchers. The process of formation of a class society began among the Daurs and Duchers neighboring them, there were fortified towns ruled by their "princes".

The natural wealth of the Amur Territory (fur animals, fish), a climate favorable for arable farming attracted immigrants from the Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Ilimsk and Yakutsk districts. According to V.A. Alexandrov, during the 50s. 17th century “At least one and a half thousand people went to the Amur. Many “free willing people” took part in the very campaign of E. Khabarov”4. Fearing the depopulation of the areas from where the settlers (fishers and peasants) left, the Siberian administration arranged at the mouth of the river. Olekma outpost. Unable to prevent the process of spontaneous settlement of the Amur region, the tsarist government decided to establish its own administration here, appointing Nerchpnsky prison (founded in 1652) as the administrative center from 1658.

Ruled in the 17th century in China, the Manchu Qing dynasty from time to time subjected the settlements of Daurs and Duchers on the Amur to predatory raids, although the territory they occupied lay outside the empire. In annexing the Amur region to Russia, the Qing dynasty saw a threat of drawing closer the borders of Manchuria with Russia and therefore decided to prevent the Russian development of this region. In 1652, the Manchu troops invaded the Amur and for almost six years conducted military operations against the small Russian detachments. At the end of the 50s. the Manchus began to forcibly resettle the Daurs and Duchers in the Sungari basin, destroying their towns and agriculture. By the beginning of the 60s. Manchurian troops went into the empire.

The Russian population resumed the development of the deserted Amur lands from Nerchinsk to the mouth of the river. Zei. The center of Russian settlements on the Amur was the Albazinsky prison, built in 1665 on the site of the former town of the Daurian prince Albaza. The population of Albazin - Cossacks and peasants - was formed from free settlers. The exiles were an extremely small part. The first inhabitants and builders of the Russian Albazin were fugitives from the Ilimsk district, participants in the popular unrest against the governor, who came to the Amur with N. Chernigovsky. Here the newcomers declared themselves Albazin servants, established an elected government, elected N. Chernigovsky as Albazin's clerk, began collecting tribute payments from the local population, sending furs through Nerchinsk to the royal treasury in Moscow.

Since the late 70s and especially in the 80s. the position of the Russians in Transbaikalia and the Amur region again became more complicated. The Manchurian Qing dynasty provoked the speeches of the Mongol feudal lords and Tungus princelings against Russia. Intense hostilities unfolded near Albazin and Selenginsky prison. The Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed in 1689, marked the beginning of the establishment of a border line between the two states.

The Buryat and Tungus population acted together with the Russians in defense of their lands against the Manchu troops. Separate groups of Mongols, together with the Taishi, recognized Russian citizenship and migrated to Russia.

Conclusion

Ermak's campaign played a big role in the development and conquest of Siberia. This was the first significant step to start the development of new lands.

The conquest of Siberia is a very important step in the development of the Russian state, which brought an increase in territory by more than two times. Siberia, with its fish and fur trades, as well as gold and silver reserves, significantly enriched the treasury of the state.

List of used literature

1. G.F. Miller "History of Siberia"

2. M.V. Shunkov "History of Siberia" in 5 volumes. Tomsk, TSU 1987