Materials for preparing for the exam on the topic "Russian Empire in 1725-1762 The era of palace coups»

Explanatory text for the block

The topic "The era of palace coups" covers a relatively short period, but traditionally is one of the most difficult: children get confused in names, dates, family ties, etc. That is why the material of the block and the commentary to it have some features: an additional heading "Rulers" has been introduced, working with which (independently or under the guidance of a teacher, tutor), students fill out upper part block.

rulers. Period 1725-1762 entered the history of Russia as the era of palace coups. The struggle of various factions in the ruling stratum and the lack of a clear order of succession to the throne led to a frequent change of power. From his first marriage (with Evdokia Lopukhina), Peter I had a son Alexei, whom he accused of treason and killed, and a small grandson Peter, whose candidacy was supported by noble nobles (Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, etc.). From his second marriage - with Catherine - Peter had daughters Anna (married to the Duke of Holstein) and Elizabeth. another branch ruling house represented by the descendants of Ivan V (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Miloslavskaya) - Anna, married to the Duke of Courland and immediately widowed, and other daughters.

Peter I established that the reigning monarch himself appoints a successor to himself, but did not have time to use this right. Under pressure from the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov and the guardsmen, the widow of Peter Catherine I (1725-1727) was proclaimed empress. After her death, the grandson of Peter I, young Peter II (1727-1730), became emperor. After his sudden death, the nobility invited Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) to the throne. The latter, seeking to secure the throne for her dynastic branch, bequeathed the throne to the grandson of her sister Catherine, the infant Ivan VI (1740-1741). The regent was at first the favorite of Anna Biron, and then the mother of Ivan VI, Anna Leopoldovna.

In 1741, the guardsmen enthroned the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth (1741-1761). Then her nephew Peter III (1761-1762) became emperor. Another coup put an end to his reign, and the conspiracy was headed by the wife of the emperor Catherine. In 1762, Peter III was deposed and killed, and the long reign of Catherine II began.

Domestic policy. Palace coups are considered to be not only a violent change of the supreme ruler, but also any forceful actions of a group of people to establish an acceptable power for them. From this point of view, the coming to power of Catherine I can be considered the first coup, when the guards, led by the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov was forced by the Senate to agree with her candidacy (1). To govern the country, a Supreme Privy Council was created, which included representatives of the old and new nobility, but in fact it was headed by Menshikov (2).

The succession to the throne by Peter II took place peacefully, since Menshikov, previously a categorical opponent of this candidacy, agreed with her, intending to marry the young emperor to his daughter. However, as a result of a court intrigue, Menshikov lost all his property and was exiled to Siberia (3).

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council (“supreme leaders”), headed by D.M. Golitsyn, inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne, decided to limit her power with special conditions (conditions). Anna signed the terms, but when she arrived at the coronation, she found out that many nobles did not support the plans of the "supreme leaders" to establish aristocratic rule. Then she broke the conditions and began to rule as an autocrat (4).

The reign of Anna Ioannovna is traditionally considered a time of dominance of foreigners, known as Bironism (after the favorite of the German Empress E.I. Biron) (5). The cabinet minister A.P. became a victim of intrigues. Volynsky, who advocated reforms (6).

Anna appointed Biron as regent under the young Ivan VI, but the latter was overthrown just three weeks after Anna's death (7). Anna Leopoldovna became the regent, but she was overthrown in 1741 by the guards, who elevated Elizabeth to the throne (8). Elizabeth's twenty-year reign was not marked by profound reforms in the sphere of administration.

Peter III, brought up within the framework of German culture, began to give preference to the Germans, which threatened to repeat Bironism. This, as well as the emperor's frank contempt for Russian culture and the end of the successful Seven Years' War for Russia, caused discontent among the capital's nobility. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed (9).

Foreign policy. Three traditional directions remained - northwestern (opposition to Sweden's attempts to take revenge for the defeat in northern war); western (control of the situation in Poland); southern (struggle for access to the Black Sea, countering the raids of the Crimean Tatars).

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russia managed to place its protege on the Polish throne during the war of the Polish inheritance (10), and, as a result of the Russian-Turkish war, return Azov (but without the right to build fortifications there and keep the fleet) (11). However, wishing to enlist the support of Iran in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russia gave him the coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Peter I during the Persian campaign (12).

During the reign of Elizabeth, Russia defeated Sweden, which was trying to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War (13). But the main event was the participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War in alliance with Austria and France against Prussia and England (1757-1762). Russia was concerned about the strengthening of Prussia and launched military operations against it, during which it inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army of King Frederick II the Great (Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf) considered the best in Europe and entered Berlin (14). However, the death of Elizabeth and the coming to power of Peter III, who revered Frederick, led to the abandonment of all conquests and the conclusion of an alliance with Prussia (15).

Economy and social relations. The economy of Russia during the described period developed successfully on the whole. Certain measures taken during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna were of great importance, in particular, the abolition of internal customs, which contributed to the development of trade, and the establishment of two banks - Dvoryansky and Merchant (16).

In the social sphere, two parallel and interrelated processes were observed: the growth of the privileges of the nobles (limitation of the term of service, the abolition of the decree on single inheritance, the granting of a monopoly on distillation, etc.) and the strengthening of serfdom, that is, the power of the nobles over the peasants (the right to exile serfs to Siberia, etc. .) (17). Ultimately, under Peter III, the nobles were granted the most important privilege - exemption from compulsory public service (Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobles, 1762) (18).

Culture. During the period of palace coups, education acquires a more closed (in comparison with the Petrine era) class character, but new educational institutions arise. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and the favorite of Elizabeth I.I. Shuvalov founded the first university in Russia - Moscow (19).

Science is successfully developing, the center of which is the Academy of Sciences. Major Western scientists are invited to Russia - Euler, Miller, Bernoulli and others (20). The Kamchatka expeditions organized by the Academy of Sciences make a number of important discoveries, in particular, they confirm the existence of a strait between America and Asia (V. Bering) (21). The first half of the 18th century saw the activities of the historian V.N. Tatishcheva (22). The great and versatile scientist was M.V. Lomonosov, the first Russian member of the Academy of Sciences (23).

Classicism dominated in literature (Lomonosov, Kantemir, Trediakovsky and others) (24), in architecture - baroque (Rastrelli) (25). In the middle of the XVIII century. the first public theater (Volkov) is created (26).

TRAINING

1. Working with chronology

Fill the table.

2. Work with personalities

Fill the table. (The right column indicates the minimum number of facts you need to know.)

3. Working with the scheme

Fill in the pedigree table "Russian tsars and emperors of the second halfXVII - first halfXVIIIin.". Underline with a solid line the names of those who occupied Russian throne, dotted line- those who were regent under minor rulers.

4. Working with the map

Find on the map:

Commonwealth, Sweden, Crimean Khanate, St. Petersburg.

5. Working with concepts

Define the terms.

1. Conditions -

6. Working with the judgments of historians

O what figures of the era of palace coups and reigns do historians argue?

A.“The Russians praised her reign: she expressed more power of attorney to them than to the Germans, restored the power of the Senate, abolished death penalty, had good-natured lovers, a passion for fun and tender poetry.

B.“Jesters were a necessary accessory of the court ... Among them was one Prince Golitsyn, nicknamed Kvasnik. They decided to marry the fifty-year-old Kvasnik to a court Kalmyk girl, Buzheninova, and at this opportunity they decided to have fun for glory ... They came up with an idea to build an Ice House for the newlyweds ... "___________________

b.“Her family life began gray and callous with a 17-year-old eternal underage ... He played with his dolls and soldiers ... The “dear aunt” was a real tyrant ... She could only send letters to her parents drawn up at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs ... A real, reliable ally in the fight against boredom [she] met in the book. ___________________________

G.“[He] has not reached the age when the personality of a person is completely determined, and history is hardly entitled to pronounce any sentence about him ... Death befell him at a time when he was in the power of the Dolgorukovs; probably, if he had remained alive, then the Dolgorukovs, through the intrigues of some favorites of happiness, would have suffered the fate of Menshikov. ________________________

D.“He got himself a special Holstein guard from any international rabble, but not from his Russian subjects: they were mostly sergeants and corporals of the Prussian army ... Considering the army of Frederick II as a model, [he] tried to learn the manners and habits of the Prussian soldier.”_____________________

E.“Russia has come to her senses. Russian people again appeared at the highest places of government, and when a foreigner was appointed to a secondary place, [the empress] asked: is there no Russian? A foreigner can be appointed only when there is no capable Russian.” ______________________

J.“No matter how hard we try to reduce the disasters of this time in individual particular terms, it will forever remain the darkest time in our history of the 18th century, because it was not about private disasters, not about material deprivation: the people's spirit suffered, a betrayal of the main was felt, life rule great reformer, the darkest side of the new life was felt, the yoke from the West was felt, heavier than the former yoke from the East - the Tatar yoke.

CONTROL TASKS

Level A tasks

When completing the tasks of this part for each task, choose the correct answer, the only one of the four proposed, and circle it.

1. What series of dates reflects the beginning of reigns?

1) 1725, 1732 3) 1730, 1751

2) 1728, 1741 4) 1727, 1761

2. During the reign of Catherine I was created

1) Moscow University

2) Supreme Privy Council

3) Fixed commission

4) Holy Synod

3. One of the reasons for the overthrow of Peter III

2) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

3) the transition from war with Prussia to an alliance with her

4) too young age of the emperor

4. Bironovism is called the era

1) the regency of Biron after the death of Anna Ioannovna

2) the reign of Anna Ioannovna

3) from the death of Peter the Great to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth

4) palace coups

5. The limitations of Anna Ioannovna's power were written down in a document called

1) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

2) Testament

3) Conditions

6. Russian troops at the beginning of the Seven Years' War commanded

1) S.F. Apraksin 3) P.A. Rumyantsev

2) A.D. Menshikov 4) P.S. Saltykov

7. Was canceled during the era of palace coups

1) decree on the order of succession to the throne

2) decree on uniform inheritance

3) "Table of Ranks"

4) "Spiritual regulation"

8. During Russian-Turkish war 1735-1739 Russian troops

1) crossed the Danube river

2) founded Sevastopol

3) launched military operations in the Caucasus

4) entered the Crimea

9. Noble Bank

1) issued preferential loans to landowners secured by estates

2) organized new landlord farms on acquired lands

3) financed the creation of patrimonial manufactories

4) all of the above is true

10. Read a passage from a historical source and indicate when the events described took place.

“The princess went straight to the guardhouse. “Wake up, my children,” she said to the soldiers, “and listen to me. Do you want to follow the daughter of Peter I? You know that the throne belongs to me, the injustice done to me resonates with all our poor people, and it is languishing under the yoke of the Germans. Let us free ourselves from our persecutors!"

1) 1730 3) 1741

2) 1740 4) 1762

11. The Razumovskys and Shuvalovs are figures of the reign

1) Peter II

2) Peter III

3) Catherine I

4) Elizabeth

12. Which of the following individuals became famous as the most famous architect of the period of palace coups?

1) B. Rastrelli 3) A. Sumarokov

2) M. Lomonosov 4) V. Trediakovsky

13. The secularization of land is the transfer of land from

1) churches to the state 3) churches to nobles

2) states to nobles 4) peasants to landowners

14. Russian troops first entered Berlin in

1) 1740 3) 1760

2) 1757 4) 1762

15. John Antonovich

1) died during a palace coup

2) killed while trying to free

16. With which of the following countries did Russia fight during the palace coups?

A) Ottoman Empire

D) Austria

D) Prussia

E) Persia

Specify the correct answer.

1) ABD 2) ADE 3) AED 4) VGE

17. Read an extract from a historical source and indicate the date of the events about which in question.

“All to the congratulations of her majesty, they came to the close room of the body of the deceased sovereign; they asked her majesty that the burden of state ownership, which God and her husband handed to her, really deigned to accept. But the empress, crushed by sadness and weeping indefatigably, could not answer almost verbally; only without holding back the hands of the kissers, she showed her permission.

1) 1725 3) 1741

2) 1730 4) 1762

18. Which of the following architectural styles dominated Russia in the era of palace revolutions?

1) hipped 3) classicism

2) baroque 4) empire

19. During the period of palace coups, Russia lost

1) western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea

2) Estonia and Livonia

3) Ingria (Ingermanland)

20. Mark the correct order of the boards.

1) Catherine I, Peter III, Elizabeth

2) Peter II, Elizabeth, Anna Ioannovna

3) Peter II, Peter III, Elizabeth

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna

Level B assignments

These tasks require a response in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers.

IN 1. Arrange the events of the Seven Years' War in chronological order. Write the letters of the events in the correct order to the table.

A) battle near the village of Kunersdorf

B) the entry of Russian troops into Berlin

B) battle near the village of Zorndorf

D) battle near the village of Gross-Egersdorf

IN 2. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and the facts of their biography. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

FACTS BIOGRAPHY FACTS

A) A.D. Menshikov 1) invitation to the throne of Anna Ioannovna

B) Dolgoruky and D.M. Golitsyn 2) exploration of the eastern tip of Asia

B) I.I. Shuvalov 3) the murder of Peter III

5) creation of the Academy of Arts

IN 3. Read an extract from a historical source and name the person (with "serial number") to which this feature applies.

“This man inside out, whose concepts of good and evil are confused, ascended the Russian throne. Here, too, he retained all the narrowness and pettiness of the thoughts and interests in which he was brought up and raised. His mind, narrow as Holstein, could in no way expand to the geographical measure of the boundless empire that he accidentally inherited. On the contrary, on the Russian throne [he] became even more of a Holsteiner than he was at home.”

Answer: _____________________.

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers of Russia and the relationship they were with PeterI. To each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

NAMES RELATIONSHIP

A) Catherine I 1) niece

B) Catherine II 2) first wife

B) Anna (empress) 3) second wife

D) Elizabeth 4) grandson's wife

PALACE COUPLES

1. During which of the wars of the 16-18 centuries. Russian troops took Berlin? a) Livonian b) Northern c) Seven-year d) Smolensk

2 . Which of the named persons was statesman during the reign of Anna Ioannovna?

a) G. Potemkin b) E. Biron c) A. Menshikov d) A. Razumovsky

3 . Which of the following events is associated with the concept of "condition"?

a) accession to the throne of Catherine 1 b) reforms of Peter 1 c) reforms of Paul 1 d) accession to the throne of Anna

4. Daughter of Peter 1 Elizabeth was on the Russian throne

a) at the will of Peter 1 b) at the request of the participants in the peasant uprising

c) at the invitation of the Supreme Privy Council d) as a result of a palace coup

5. Locate in chronological order

a) the seven-year war b) the Azov campaigns c) the "Table of Ranks" d) the reign of Ivan VI

6 . Arrange the last names historical persons in chronological order of their activities:

a) Kurbsky b) Lefort c) Ordin-Nashchokin d) I. Shuvalov e) E. Biron f) I. Dolgoruky

7. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian Klyuchevsky and indicate whose reign the historian characterizes:

“It was a rude challenge to the Russian sense of national honor. But the Germans, after ten years of domination, which embittered the Russians, sat down near the Russian throne, like hungry cats near a pot of porridge, and having eaten enough, began to gnaw each other at their well-fed leisure "a) Anna Ioannovna b) Peter 111 c) Catherine 11 d) Elizabeth Petrovna s

8. Read an excerpt from the work of the historian Kamensky and name the ruler in question :

“At the very end of 1761, a 35-year-old man ascended the Russian throne - nervous, impressionable, intemperate in his impulses and hobbies. He did not know and did not like the country that he was to rule, and it did not occur to him that he had any duties towards this country, and that its people were not just a crowd of subjects. Breaking out of the cage where he was kept for almost his entire conscious life, for the first time he felt like an emperor, an autocrat with unlimited power and reveled in freedom, the opportunity to live and reign as he wanted.

9 . Consider the historical situation and answer the questions.

On November 25, 1741, the guard proclaimed the empress “daughter Petrova! Elizabeth Petrovna.

How did she come to the throne and why? (Give at least two facts.) Name at least three features of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.

10. Name at least two common features of all palace coups from 1725 to 1762..

11. Correct at least 7 mistakes (some occur more than once) in the text.

After the death of Peter 1, the question of power arose. The choice fell on the Duchess of Courland Elisabeth. The leaders decided to strengthen the autocratic power and sent her "conditions" with an invitation to the throne. These rules were published in all newspapers. But Elizabeth did not sign them. Arriving in Moscow, she learned that almost all nobles support "conditions". Only the field of this she put her signature on the document.

12. Which of the following events took place in the 18th century? A) the opening of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy

B) opening of the Higher Women's Courses C) opening of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum D) foundation of Moscow University

13. Russian troops in the 18th century entered Berlin during ... A) Seven Years' War B) Northern War

C) Suvorov's campaigns D) Ushakov's campaigns

14. The laid down commission was called upon ... A) establish a new order of succession to the throne B) abolish serfdom C) develop a new set of laws D) establish State Council

15. Secularization is… A) the policy of providing economic assistance to entrepreneurs B) active state. Intervention in the household life C) state policy aimed at supporting domestic production D) conversion of church property into state property by the state

16. What three events occurred during the reign of Catherine 2 A) the uprising led by Pugachev B) the capture of the Izmail fortress by Russian troops C) the church reform of Patriarch Nikon D) secularization E) the entry of Crimea into Russia F) Poltava battle

17. Read the text. Answer the questions.“It remains for us to answer the question that worried both contemporaries and descendants: why did the intention of the leaders to limit the autocracy fail, why did the torn conditions culminate in the victory of the autocracy? By chance, the Supreme Privy Council was staffed mainly by people from the aristocracy, and representatives of two families: Dolgoruky and Golitsyn. The conditions drawn up by him reflected the interests primarily of these two families. Read through the conditions and their preamble, which consisted of 12 points, and you will find only 2, in the implementation of which wide circles of the nobility were interested: the obligation of the empress to take care of strengthening and expanding Orthodoxy and depriving the empress of the opportunity to dispose of the lives and estates of the nobles without trial. The remaining 10 points were aimed at satisfying the interests of two aristocratic families and did not mean changing the political system in the country, but limiting the power of the monarch in favor of specific families. The foregoing gives grounds to consider the “loophole” of the leaders as oligarchic, satisfying the claims of only two families. From this originated all subsequent erroneous actions of the leaders. a) Under what name did the period described enter into history? By whom were the conditions drawn up? Who was asked to sign them? b) What was the purpose of the conditions? Why was it not implemented? (3 reasons) Q) How does the author assess the “undertaking” of the Verkhoviks? What reasons does he give to justify his assessment? (2 reasons)

Materials for preparing for the exam on the topic "Russian Empire in 1725-1762 The era of palace coups»

Explanatory text for the block

The topic "The era of palace coups" covers a relatively short period, but traditionally is one of the most difficult: children get confused in names, dates, family ties, etc. That is why the material of the block and the commentary to it have some features: an additional heading "Rulers" has been introduced, working with which (independently or under the guidance of a teacher, tutor), students fill out the upper part of the block.

rulers. Period 1725-1762 entered the history of Russia as the era of palace coups. The struggle of various factions in the ruling stratum and the lack of a clear order of succession to the throne led to a frequent change of power. From his first marriage (with Evdokia Lopukhina), Peter I had a son Alexei, whom he accused of treason and killed, and a small grandson Peter, whose candidacy was supported by noble nobles (Golitsyn, Dolgoruky, etc.). From his second marriage - with Catherine - Peter had daughters Anna (married to the Duke of Holstein) and Elizabeth. Another branch of the ruling house was represented by the descendants of Ivan V (the son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from his first marriage to Maria Miloslavskaya) - Anna, married to the Duke of Courland and immediately widowed, and other daughters.

Peter I established that the reigning monarch himself appoints a successor to himself, but did not have time to use this right. Under pressure from the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov and the guardsmen, the widow of Peter Catherine I (1725-1727) was proclaimed empress. After her death, the grandson of Peter I, young Peter II (1727-1730), became emperor. After his sudden death, the nobility invited Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740) to the throne. The latter, seeking to secure the throne for her dynastic branch, bequeathed the throne to the grandson of her sister Catherine, the infant Ivan VI (1740-1741). The regent was at first the favorite of Anna Biron, and then the mother of Ivan VI, Anna Leopoldovna.

In 1741, the guardsmen enthroned the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth (1741-1761). Then her nephew Peter III (1761-1762) became emperor. Another coup put an end to his reign, and the conspiracy was headed by the wife of the emperor Catherine. In 1762, Peter III was deposed and killed, and the long reign of Catherine II began.

Domestic policy. Palace coups are considered to be not only a violent change of the supreme ruler, but also any forceful actions of a group of people to establish an acceptable power for them. From this point of view, the coming to power of Catherine I can be considered the first coup, when the guards, led by the closest associate of Peter I, A.D. Menshikov was forced by the Senate to agree with her candidacy (1). To govern the country, the Supreme Privy Council was created, which included representatives of the old and new nobility, but in fact it was headed by Menshikov (2).

The succession to the throne by Peter II took place peacefully, since Menshikov, previously a categorical opponent of this candidacy, agreed with her, intending to marry the young emperor to his daughter. However, as a result of a court intrigue, Menshikov lost all his property and was exiled to Siberia (3).

After the death of Peter II, members of the Supreme Privy Council (“supreme leaders”), headed by D.M. Golitsyn, inviting Anna Ioannovna to the throne, decided to limit her power with special conditions (conditions). Anna signed the terms, but when she arrived at the coronation, she found out that many nobles did not support the plans of the "supreme leaders" to establish aristocratic rule. Then she broke the conditions and began to rule as an autocrat (4).

The reign of Anna Ioannovna is traditionally considered a time of dominance of foreigners, known as Bironism (after the favorite of the German Empress E.I. Biron) (5). The cabinet minister A.P. became a victim of intrigues. Volynsky, who advocated reforms (6).

Anna appointed Biron as regent under the young Ivan VI, but the latter was overthrown just three weeks after Anna's death (7). Anna Leopoldovna became the regent, but she was overthrown in 1741 by the guards, who elevated Elizabeth to the throne (8). Elizabeth's twenty-year reign was not marked by profound reforms in the sphere of administration.

Peter III, brought up within the framework of German culture, began to give preference to the Germans, which threatened to repeat Bironism. This, as well as the emperor's frank contempt for Russian culture and the end of the successful Seven Years' War for Russia, caused discontent among the capital's nobility. In 1762, Peter III was overthrown and killed (9).

Foreign policy. Three traditional directions remained - northwestern (opposition to Sweden's attempts to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War); western (control of the situation in Poland); southern (struggle for access to the Black Sea, countering the raids of the Crimean Tatars).

During the reign of Anna Ioannovna, Russia managed to place its protege on the Polish throne during the war of the Polish inheritance (10), and, as a result of the Russian-Turkish war, return Azov (but without the right to build fortifications there and keep the fleet) (11). However, wishing to enlist the support of Iran in the fight against the Ottoman Empire, Russia gave him the coast of the Caspian Sea, acquired by Peter I during the Persian campaign (12).

During the reign of Elizabeth, Russia defeated Sweden, which was trying to take revenge for the defeat in the Northern War (13). But the main event was the participation of Russia in the Seven Years' War in alliance with Austria and France against Prussia and England (1757-1762). Russia was concerned about the strengthening of Prussia and launched military operations against it, during which it inflicted a number of defeats on the Prussian army of King Frederick II the Great (Gross-Jägersdorf, Kunersdorf) considered the best in Europe and entered Berlin (14). However, the death of Elizabeth and the coming to power of Peter III, who revered Frederick, led to the abandonment of all conquests and the conclusion of an alliance with Prussia (15).

Economy and social relations. The economy of Russia during the described period developed successfully on the whole. Certain measures taken during the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna were of great importance, in particular, the abolition of internal customs, which contributed to the development of trade, and the establishment of two banks - Dvoryansky and Merchant (16).

In the social sphere, two parallel and interrelated processes were observed: the growth of the privileges of the nobles (limitation of the term of service, the abolition of the decree on single inheritance, the granting of a monopoly on distillation, etc.) and the strengthening of serfdom, that is, the power of the nobles over the peasants (the right to exile serfs to Siberia, etc. .) (17). Ultimately, under Peter III, the nobles were granted the most important privilege - exemption from compulsory public service (Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobles, 1762) (18).

Culture. During the period of palace coups, education acquires a more closed (in comparison with the Petrine era) class character, but new educational institutions arise. In 1755, on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and the favorite of Elizabeth I.I. Shuvalov founded the first university in Russia - Moscow (19).

Science is successfully developing, the center of which is the Academy of Sciences. Major Western scientists are invited to Russia - Euler, Miller, Bernoulli and others (20). The Kamchatka expeditions organized by the Academy of Sciences make a number of important discoveries, in particular, they confirm the existence of a strait between America and Asia (V. Bering) (21). The first half of the 18th century saw the activities of the historian V.N. Tatishcheva (22). The great and versatile scientist was M.V. Lomonosov, the first Russian member of the Academy of Sciences (23).

Classicism dominated in literature (Lomonosov, Kantemir, Trediakovsky and others) (24), in architecture - baroque (Rastrelli) (25). In the middle of the XVIII century. the first public theater (Volkov) is created (26).

TRAINING

1. Working with chronology

Fill the table.

2. Work with personalities

Fill the table. (The right column indicates the minimum number of facts you need to know.)

3. Working with the scheme

Fill in the pedigree table "Russian tsars and emperors of the second halfXVII - first halfXVIIIin.". Underline with a solid line the names of those who occupied the Russian throne, with a dotted line- those who were regent under minor rulers.

4. Working with the map

Find on the map:

Commonwealth, Sweden, Crimean Khanate, St. Petersburg.

5. Working with concepts

Define the terms.

1. Conditions -

6. Working with the judgments of historians

O what figures of the era of palace coups and reigns do historians argue?

A.“The Russians praised her reign: she expressed more power of attorney to them than to the Germans, restored the power of the Senate, abolished the death penalty, had good-natured lovers, a passion for fun and tender poetry.” ______________________

B.“Jesters were a necessary accessory of the court ... Among them was one Prince Golitsyn, nicknamed Kvasnik. They decided to marry the fifty-year-old Kvasnik to a court Kalmyk girl, Buzheninova, and at this opportunity they decided to have fun for glory ... They came up with an idea to build an Ice House for the newlyweds ... "___________________

b.“Her family life began gray and callous with a 17-year-old eternal underage ... He played with his dolls and soldiers ... The “dear aunt” was a real tyrant ... She could only send letters to her parents drawn up at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs ... A real, reliable ally in the fight against boredom [she] met in the book. ___________________________

G.“[He] has not reached the age when the personality of a person is completely determined, and history is hardly entitled to pronounce any sentence about him ... Death befell him at a time when he was in the power of the Dolgorukovs; probably, if he had remained alive, then the Dolgorukovs, through the intrigues of some favorites of happiness, would have suffered the fate of Menshikov. ________________________

D.“He got himself a special Holstein guard from any international rabble, but not from his Russian subjects: they were mostly sergeants and corporals of the Prussian army ... Considering the army of Frederick II as a model, [he] tried to learn the manners and habits of the Prussian soldier.”_____________________

E.“Russia has come to her senses. Russian people again appeared at the highest places of government, and when a foreigner was appointed to a secondary place, [the empress] asked: is there no Russian? A foreigner can be appointed only when there is no capable Russian.” ______________________

J.“No matter how hard we try to reduce the disasters of this time in some particular features, it will forever remain the darkest time in our history of the 18th century, because it was not about private disasters, not about material deprivation: the people's spirit suffered, a betrayal of the basic, vital rule of the great reformer, the darkest side of the new life was felt, the yoke from the West was felt, heavier than the former yoke from the East - the Tatar yoke.

CONTROL TASKS

Level A tasks

When completing the tasks of this part for each task, choose the correct answer, the only one of the four proposed, and circle it.

1. What series of dates reflects the beginning of reigns?

1) 1725, 1732 3) 1730, 1751

2) 1728, 1741 4) 1727, 1761

2. During the reign of Catherine I was created

1) Moscow University

2) Supreme Privy Council

3) Fixed commission

4) Holy Synod

3. One of the reasons for the overthrow of Peter III

2) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

3) the transition from war with Prussia to an alliance with her

4) too young age of the emperor

4. Bironovism is called the era

1) the regency of Biron after the death of Anna Ioannovna

2) the reign of Anna Ioannovna

3) from the death of Peter the Great to the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth

4) palace coups

5. The limitations of Anna Ioannovna's power were written down in a document called

1) Manifesto on the freedom of the nobility

2) Testament

3) Conditions

6. Russian troops at the beginning of the Seven Years' War commanded

1) S.F. Apraksin 3) P.A. Rumyantsev

2) A.D. Menshikov 4) P.S. Saltykov

7. Was canceled during the era of palace coups

1) decree on the order of succession to the throne

2) decree on uniform inheritance

3) "Table of Ranks"

4) "Spiritual regulation"

8. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739. Russian troops

1) crossed the Danube river

2) founded Sevastopol

3) launched military operations in the Caucasus

4) entered the Crimea

9. Noble Bank

1) issued preferential loans to landowners secured by estates

2) organized new landlord farms on acquired lands

3) financed the creation of patrimonial manufactories

4) all of the above is true

10. Read a passage from a historical source and indicate when the events described took place.

“The princess went straight to the guardhouse. “Wake up, my children,” she said to the soldiers, “and listen to me. Do you want to follow the daughter of Peter I? You know that the throne belongs to me, the injustice done to me resonates with all our poor people, and it is languishing under the yoke of the Germans. Let us free ourselves from our persecutors!"

1) 1730 3) 1741

2) 1740 4) 1762

11. The Razumovskys and Shuvalovs are figures of the reign

1) Peter II

2) Peter III

3) Catherine I

4) Elizabeth

12. Which of the following individuals became famous as the most famous architect of the period of palace coups?

1) B. Rastrelli 3) A. Sumarokov

2) M. Lomonosov 4) V. Trediakovsky

13. The secularization of land is the transfer of land from

1) churches to the state 3) churches to nobles

2) states to nobles 4) peasants to landowners

14. Russian troops first entered Berlin in

1) 1740 3) 1760

2) 1757 4) 1762

15. John Antonovich

1) died during a palace coup

2) killed while trying to free

16. With which of the following countries did Russia fight during the palace coups?

A) Ottoman Empire

D) Austria

D) Prussia

E) Persia

Specify the correct answer.

1) ABD 2) ADE 3) AED 4) VGE

17. Read an extract from a historical source and indicate the date of the events in question.

“All to the congratulations of her majesty, they came to the close room of the body of the deceased sovereign; they asked her majesty that the burden of state ownership, which God and her husband handed to her, really deigned to accept. But the empress, crushed by sadness and weeping indefatigably, could not answer almost verbally; only without holding back the hands of the kissers, she showed her permission.

1) 1725 3) 1741

2) 1730 4) 1762

18. Which of the following architectural styles dominated Russia in the era of palace revolutions?

1) hipped 3) classicism

2) baroque 4) empire

19. During the period of palace coups, Russia lost

1) western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea

2) Estonia and Livonia

3) Ingria (Ingermanland)

20. Mark the correct order of the boards.

1) Catherine I, Peter III, Elizabeth

2) Peter II, Elizabeth, Anna Ioannovna

3) Peter II, Peter III, Elizabeth

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna

Level B assignments

These tasks require a response in the form of one or two words, a sequence of letters or numbers.

IN 1. Arrange the events of the Seven Years' War in chronological order. Write the letters of the events in the correct order to the table.

A) battle near the village of Kunersdorf

B) the entry of Russian troops into Berlin

B) battle near the village of Zorndorf

D) battle near the village of Gross-Egersdorf

IN 2. Establish a correspondence between historical figures and the facts of their biography. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

FACTS BIOGRAPHY FACTS

A) A.D. Menshikov 1) invitation to the throne of Anna Ioannovna

B) Dolgoruky and D.M. Golitsyn 2) exploration of the eastern tip of Asia

B) I.I. Shuvalov 3) the murder of Peter III

5) creation of the Academy of Arts

IN 3. Read an extract from a historical source and name the person (with "serial number") to which this feature applies.

“This man inside out, whose concepts of good and evil are confused, ascended the Russian throne. Here, too, he retained all the narrowness and pettiness of the thoughts and interests in which he was brought up and raised. His mind, narrow as Holstein, could in no way expand to the geographical measure of the boundless empire that he accidentally inherited. On the contrary, on the Russian throne [he] became even more of a Holsteiner than he was at home.”

Answer: _____________________.

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the names of the rulers of Russia and the relationship they were with PeterI. To each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second and write down to the table selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

NAMES RELATIONSHIP

A) Catherine I 1) niece

B) Catherine II 2) first wife

B) Anna (empress) 3) second wife

D) Elizabeth 4) grandson's wife

Palace coups - period in history Russian Empire 18th century, when the highest government was achieved through palace coups carried out with the help of the guards or courtiers. In the presence of absolutism, such a method of changing power remained one of the few ways in which society (the noble elite) influenced the supreme power in the state.

The origins of palace coups should be sought in the policy of Peter I. "Decree of Succession" (1722), he maximized the number of potential candidates for the throne. The current monarch had the right to leave anyone as heir. If he did not do this, the question of succession to the throne remained open.

In the political situation that developed in Russia in the 18th century, coups performed a regulatory function in the relationship between the key systems of absolutism - the autocracy, the ruling elite and the ruling nobility.

Brief chronology of events

After the death of Peter I, his wife reigns Catherine I(1725-1727). Created with her Supreme Privy Council (1726), who helped her in the administration of the country.

her heir Peter II(1727-1730), grandson of Peter I, moved the capital of Russia from St. Petersburg to Moscow.

The Supreme Privy Council, forcing the signing of "conditions" - conditions limiting the power of the monarch (1730), invited Anna Ioannovna(1730-1740), Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan V, to the Russian throne. The future empress first accepted them, and then rejected them. Her reign is known as "Bironism" (name of her favorite). Under her rule, the Supreme Privy Council was liquidated, the decree on single inheritance was canceled (1730), the Cabinet of Ministers was created (1731), the gentry corps was created (1731), the term of noble service was limited to 25 years (1736).

In 1740, the throne inherits five months nephew of Anna Ioannovna Ivan VI(1740-1741) (regents: Biron, Anna Leopoldovna). The Supreme Privy Council was restored. Biron reduced the poll tax, imposed restrictions on luxury in court life, and issued a manifesto on strict observance of the laws.

In 1741, the daughter of Peter - Elizabeth I(1741-1761) makes another coup d'état. Eliminates the Supreme Privy Council, abolishes the Cabinet of Ministers (1741), restores the rights of the Senate, abolishes internal customs duties (1753), creates the State Loan Bank (1754), adopted a decree allowing landlords to exile peasants to settle in Siberia (1760).

From 1761-1762 nephew of Elizabeth I rules, Peter III. He issues a decree on the secularization of church lands - this is the process of converting Church property into state property (1761), liquidates the Secret Chancellery, issues a Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility (1762).

Main dates:

1725-1762 - era of palace coups
1725-1727 - CATHERINE I (second wife of Peter I), years of reign.
1727-1730 - PETER II (son of Tsarevich Alexei, grandson of Peter I), years of reign.
1730-1740 - ANNA Ioannovna (niece of Peter I, daughter of his brother co-ruler Ivan V)
1740-1741 - IVAN VI (second cousin great-grandson of Peter I). Regency of Biron, then Anna Leopoldovna.
1741-1761 - ELIZAVETA PETROVNA (daughter of Peter I), years of reign
1761-1762 — PETER III(grandson of Peter I and Charles XII, nephew of Elizabeth Petrovna).

Table "Palace coups"