And the formative affix: pine trees-A, desert-I, eight-Ouch, our-A, entertaining th, chita-l. In unchangeable words, the stem is equal to the word: high , dreaming . In some cases the base may be intermittent:
- verb forms containing a postfix -xia/ -s teaching -no-Xia ;
- bases of indefinite pronouns containing postfixes -That/ -or/ -someday How -Ouch-That ;
- stems of some compound nouns closet -A-coupe ;
- basics of complex numbers seven -And-ten -And.
Depending on the structure, bases can be derived or non-derivative. Non-derivative are stems that consist of one morpheme - the root: city , table , yellow th. Derivatives are stems in which two or more word-forming affixes are distinguished. This is usually a root combined with one or more suffixes: bread-n -th; with one or more prefixes: flight ; with a suffix and prefix at the same time: no-home-n -th). New words can be formed from both a non-derivative and a derived base.
It is necessary to distinguish from derived and non-derivative bases producing bases- the bases from which new words are formed. For example, the non-derivative stem of the word strength-A is a generator for the word strong th.
Literature
- Ogekyan I. N., Volchek N. M., Vysotskaya E. V. et al. “Big reference book: The whole Russian language. All Russian Literature" - Mn.: Publishing House Modern Literator, 2003. - 992 p.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
- Harihara
- Crimea Island
See what a “Word Base” is in other dictionaries:
stem of the word- 3.5 word stem: Part of a word used to form new words with similar meaning. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
stem of the word- the basis of inflection; basis of shaping; inflectional base) The general part of the forms of a word or the entire inflectional paradigm. For example: bunny, bunny, little bunny, etc...
stem of the word- The part of the word that contains it lexical meaning and which remains if we take away the ending and the formative suffix. Infinitive stem. The basis of the present tense. The basis is non-derivative. A base that does not contain living... ... Dictionary linguistic terms
stem of the word- part of a word without ending. A noun has one stem, a verb has two: the infinitive and the present tense. From the first, forms of the past tense are formed, including participles and gerunds; from the second - personal forms, it is visible in the forms... ... Literary encyclopedia
word base in morphemics Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
word base in morphemics- The common part of all word forms of the same word, which remains after cutting off the ending, postfix and formative suffixes... Morphemics. Word formation: Dictionary-reference book
The basis- Basis ambiguous term: The basis of the word in morphology. Grammar basis sentences in syntax. Warp (system of fabric threads). The basis of film is celluloid tape onto which photographic emulsion is poured. Basis ... ... Wikipedia
Base (meanings)- Warp: The word warp The warp of a fabric is the longitudinal system of threads in the fabric. Osnova (Kharkiv) historical district of Kharkov. Basis (painting) ... Wikipedia
stem of the infinitive (past tense)- The stem of the word without the formative suffix of the infinitive. Ends with O.i. to a vowel... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
basis of present (future simple) tense- The stem of the word obtained after discarding the endings in the present tense verb forms... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Books
- Words. Volume 3. Spiritual struggle, Venerable Paisius the Holy Mountain. The book “Spiritual Struggle” - the third volume of the “Words” of St. Paisius the Holy Mountain - a guide to the sea of spiritual life. People suffer from anxiety, insomnia, mental illness, and the reason for this is their...
SUFFIX OR ENDING?
L.S. STEPANOVA
In most currently accepted textbooks and teaching aids, morphemes of the indefinite form of verbs ( -t, -t And -whose ) is called an "infinitive ending" or an "infinitive marker". This point of view is found, for example, in the textbooks of S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech.
In the manual by M.T. Baranova, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova “Russian language. Reference materials" (M.: Prosveshcheniye, 1987) says: "Verbs in the indefinite form have the following endings..." (p. 104). The following is a table where -th And -ty are called endings, and -whose – a suffix followed by a zero ending. In the “Collection of exercises in the Russian language for those entering universities” D.E. Rosenthal (Moscow University Publishing House, 1994) we also read: “The indefinite form is formed by means of endings -th or -ty "(p. 109).
However, in the same “Collection of Exercises...” D.E. Rosenthal in § 17 “Composition of a word” says: “Words of the Russian language, from the point of view of morphological structure, are divided into words that have inflectional forms and words that do not have inflectional forms. Words of the first group fall into two parts: the stem and the ending, or inflection; the words of the second group represent the pure basis” (pp. 37–38). And further: “The ending, or inflection, is the variable part of the word that indicates the relationship of this word to other words, i.e. is a means of expressing the syntactic properties of a word in a sentence” (p. 38). We find the same thing in the manual “Russian Language. Reference materials» M.T. Baranova et al.: “In mutable independent words, the base and ending are distinguished... and in unchangeable words, only the base is highlighted...” And further: “The ending is a changeable significant part a word that forms the form of a word and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences... Unchangeable words do not have endings” (p. 34).
There is a contradiction: if the infinitive form of the verb has an ending, then, in accordance with the above definitions, it must be grammatical category, having inflectional forms, i.e. one must then recognize the indefinite form of the verb as changing. However, in all the cited publications we can easily find an unambiguous indication of the invariability of the infinitive. In the “Phrase Combination” section, when defining adjacency, naturally, examples of infinitive adjacency are given, and in the Russian language textbook S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech for the 8th grade directly states: “The dependent word when adjacent is unchangeable (adverb, indefinite form of the verb, gerund).”
Probably to avoid this irreconcilable contradiction, in textbook edited by V.V. Babaytseva (“Russian language. Theory and practice.” M.: Prosveshcheniye) final morphemes of the infinitive -t, -t And -whose are defined as suffixes. These morphemes are also defined in the reference publication “Russian Language. Encyclopedia" (2nd edition, revised and additional. Chief editor. Yu.N. Karaulov. M.: "Big Russian Encyclopedia", "Busturbation", 1997). Here in the article “Infinitive” it says: “An infinitive consists of a stem and a suffix” (p. 158).
But here we are faced with another contradiction - with the traditional definition of a stem as a part of a word without an ending. It turns out that in the indefinite form of the verb the suffix is not part of the stem.
However, all contradictions are removed if school curriculum introduce the division of suffixes into word-forming and inflectional, or form-building, which has long been accepted in linguistics. In the cited publication “Russian language. Encyclopedia" in the article "Suffix" we read: “Suffixes can be inflectional (serving to form individual words) and inflectional (serving to form word forms)... Inflectional suffixes are comparative and superlatives (strong-ee, strongest-ey), past tense (un-l-a), infinitive (carry), participles (carried, carried, brought) and gerunds (look, write lice)...» (p. 547). In a textbook for higher students educational institutions"Modern Russian Language" ed. D.E. Rosenthal, part 1. (M.: graduate School, 1979) inflectional affixes are called formative: “According to... their function, affixes are divided into word-forming and formative... Formative affixes do not form new words, they do not change the lexical meaning of the word, but are used to form forms of the same word” (p. 146). The same textbook states quite clearly: “Most verbs form an indefinite form with the help of suffixes -th And -ty ... Verbs on -whose represent in modern language a small group..."
It is clear that in this case the definition of the basis changes somewhat. Since formative suffixes are not included in the stem of the word, the concept of the stem itself can be defined as follows: stem is the part of the word that remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix (pisa-th, pisa-l, pisa-vsh-y) . In practice, the stem was always defined this way (explaining to students, for example, the formation of the form of past tense verbs, the teacher said that it is formed by adding the past tense suffix to the stem -l- ), therefore it is all the more worthwhile to eliminate the confusion in the theory.
Based on the above, I propose to make the following changes to the Russian language course at school.
1. In the “Word Formation” section, give the division of suffixes into derivational And formative 1 .
comparative and superlative suffixes -ee, -e(quick-y – fast-ee, fast-o – fast-ee; cleaner), -eysh-, -aysh-(boring - boring-ey, great - great-ish);
past tense suffix of verbs -l-(wrote, sat);
infinitive suffixes (write, carry, take care)
infinitive suffixes (write, carry, take care)(in the case of the suffix -whose the phenomenon of overlay (application) occurs when -h- simultaneously belongs to both the root and the suffix (historical changes: take care - take care);
participle suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-(write, read, build, breathe), -sh-, -vsh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t-(un-sh-y, pis-sh-y, torn-nn-y, bought-y, sh-y), -eat-, -om-, -im-(pursued, led, driven);
gerund suffixes -and I(shout, read), -teach, -yuchi(steal-learn, pity-yuchi), -v, -lice, -shi(seen, thought of lice, endured);
imperative suffix -And (in verbs with a present tense stem on a consonant) (requests) 2 .
Derivational suffixes serve to form new words, changing the lexical meaning of the word: house - house-ik(little house), find out - find out(the verb takes on the meaning of duration/repetition and incompleteness of the action), etc.
Form-building suffixes serve to form word forms and do not change the lexical meaning of the word. Formative suffixes differ from endings primarily in that they cannot serve to express the connection of words in phrases and sentences. Formative suffixes include the following:
2. When performing graphic morpheme and word-formation analysis, denote form-building suffixes with the usual symbol ^ 3, accepted for denoting suffixes.
3. When performing graphic morphemic and word-formation analysis, do not include form-building suffixes in the stem of the word (washing-I- sya, read-vsh-y, will-teach).
4. Change the definition of the basis. The stem is the part of the word that expresses its lexical meaning and remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix from the word. In inflected or conjugated words (except for participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs), the stem is determined by cutting off the ending from them (pestilence-e, hurry-Yu- sya, autumn-th). In participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs, in addition, when determining the stem, formative suffixes are cut off (I'm raging-yush-y, fresh-aysh-yy, brought-l-a). IN comparative degree adverbs and adjectives, in gerunds, infinitives and the imperative mood of verbs, when determining the stem, formative suffixes are cut off (fast-her, loss-V, open-th, brought-And).
5. Of course, such a definition of the basis will require a slightly different order of study than is currently accepted morphemic composition words. The concept of the basis of a word and its practical finding will become possible only after students become familiar with the categories of “suffix” and “formative suffix.”
All of the above changes will allow, in my opinion, without complicating teaching the Russian language at school too much, to avoid irreconcilable contradictions and confusion in this issue, mechanical memorization by students of the morphemic composition of a word, and will also help to bring the level closer school study Russian language to university requirements.
1 The term “formative suffixes” seems more successful than “inflectional suffixes,” primarily because the inflectional morpheme is an ending that actually serves as a means of changing words in accordance with syntactic requirements. Only inflected (inflected or conjugated) words have endings as an inflectional morpheme. Formative suffixes are also present in unchangeable words and do not perform a syntactic function. They form special forms of words.
2 The imperative suffix -i stands out as a formative one in the previously cited textbook by D.E. Rosenthal for students of higher educational institutions, vol. 1, p. 258. In some other works, -i is defined as the ending of imperative verbs (see “Russian Language. Encyclopedia”, 2nd ed., p. 346). However, in my opinion, this morpheme does not correspond to the definition of ending, because does not serve to express the syntactic connections of a given word with other words in a phrase or sentence.
3 In some newest works you can find the symbol “^” (“house”) to indicate the final morpheme of the infinitive. This is motivated by the fact that this morpheme combines the characteristics of a suffix and an ending. However, this point of view seems unconvincing to me, because ending is an inflectional morpheme that serves to express syntactic relations of agreement and control of a given word with other words of a phrase and sentence. A formative suffix never performs and cannot perform such a syntactic function, i.e. it is devoid of the main properties and signs of completion.
SUFFIX OR ENDING?
L.S. STEPANOVA
In most currently accepted textbooks and teaching aids, morphemes of the indefinite form of verbs (-th, -ty and -whose ) is called an "infinitive ending" or an "infinitive marker". This point of view is found, for example, in the textbooks of S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech.
In the manual by M.T. Baranova, T.A. Kostyaeva, A.V. Prudnikova “Russian language. Reference materials" (M.: Prosveshcheniye, 1987) says: "Verbs in the indefinite form have the following endings..." (p. 104). The following is a table where-t and -ti are called endings, and-whose – a suffix followed by a zero ending. In the “Collection of exercises in the Russian language for those entering universities” D.E. Rosenthal (Moscow University Publishing House, 1994) we also read: “The indefinite form is formed by means of endings-t or -ti” (p. 109).
However, in the same “Collection of Exercises...” D.E. Rosenthal in § 17 “Composition of a word” says: “Words of the Russian language, from the point of view of morphological structure, are divided into words that have inflectional forms and words that do not have inflectional forms. Words of the first group fall into two parts: the stem and the ending, or inflection; the words of the second group represent the pure basis” (pp. 37–38). And further: “The ending, or inflection, is a variable part of a word that indicates the relationship of a given word to other words, i.e. is a means of expressing the syntactic properties of a word in a sentence” (p. 38). We find the same thing in the manual “Russian Language. Reference materials" M.T. Baranova et al.: “In changeable independent words the base and the ending stand out... and in the unchangeable - only the base...". And further: “The ending is a changeable significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences... Unchangeable words do not have endings” (p. 34).
There is a contradiction: if the indefinite form of a verb has an ending, then, in accordance with the above definitions, it must represent a grammatical category that has inflectional forms, i.e. one must then recognize the indefinite form of the verb as changing. However, in all the cited publications we can easily find an unambiguous indication of the invariability of the infinitive. In the “Phrase Combination” section, when defining adjacency, naturally, examples of infinitive adjacency are given, and in the Russian language textbook S.G. Barkhudarova, S.E. Kryuchkova, L.Yu. Maksimova, L.A. Czech for the 8th grade directly states: “The dependent word when adjacent is unchangeable (adverb, indefinite form of the verb, gerund).”
Probably, in order to avoid this irreconcilable contradiction, in the textbook ed. V.V. Babaytseva (“Russian language. Theory and practice.” M.: Prosveshcheniye) final morphemes of the infinitive-th, -ty and -whose are defined as suffixes. These morphemes are also defined in the reference publication “Russian Language. Encyclopedia" (2nd edition, revised and additional. Chief editor. Yu.N. Karaulov. M.: "Big Russian Encyclopedia", "Busturbation", 1997). Here in the article “Infinitive” it says: “An infinitive consists of a stem and a suffix” (p. 158).
But here we are faced with another contradiction - with the traditional definition of a stem as a part of a word without an ending. It turns out that in the indefinite form of the verb the suffix is not part of the stem.
However, all contradictions are removed if the division of suffixes into word-forming and inflectional, or form-building, which has long been accepted in linguistics, is introduced into the school curriculum. In the cited publication “Russian language. Encyclopedia" in the article "Suffix" we read:“Suffixes can be inflectional (serving to form individual words) and inflectional (serving to form word forms)... Suffixes of the comparative and superlative degrees are inflectional(strong-ee, strongest-ey), past tense(nes-l-a), infinitive (nes-ti), participles (carried, carried, brought) and gerunds (look, write lice)...» (p. 547). In the textbook for students of higher educational institutions “Modern Russian Language”, ed. D.E. Rosenthal, part 1. (M.: Higher School, 1979) inflectional affixes are called formative:“According to... their function, affixes are divided into word-forming and form-building... Form-forming affixes do not form new words, they do not change the lexical meaning of the word, but are used to form forms of the same word”(p. 146). The same textbook states quite clearly: “Most verbs form an indefinite form with the help of suffixes-т and -ти... Verbs starting with -ch represent a small group in modern language...”
It is clear that in this case the definition of the basis changes somewhat. Since formative suffixes are not included in the stem of the word, the concept of the stem itself can be defined as follows:stem is the part of the word that remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix(pisa -t, pisa -l, pisa -vsh-y) . In practice, the stem was always defined this way (explaining to students, for example, the formation of the form of past tense verbs, the teacher said that it is formed by adding the past tense suffix to the stem-l- ), therefore it is all the more worthwhile to eliminate the confusion in the theory.
Based on the above, I propose to make the following changes to the Russian language course at school.
1. In the “Word Formation” section, give the division of suffixes intoderivational And formative 1 .
Derivationalsuffixes serve to form new words, changing the lexical meaning of the word: house - house-ik (small house), find out - find out(the verb takes on the meaning of duration/repetition and incompleteness of the action), etc.
Form-buildingsuffixes serve to form word forms and do not change the lexical meaning of the word. Formative suffixes differ from endings primarily in that they cannot serve to express the connection of words in phrases and sentences. Formative suffixes include the following:
o comparative and superlative suffixes-ee, -e (quick-y – fast-ee, fast-o – fast-ee; cleaner),-eysh-, -aysh- (boring - boring-ey, great - great-ish);
o past tense suffix of verbs-l- (wrote, sat);
o infinitive suffixes(write, carry, take care)
o infinitive suffixes(write, carry, take care)(in the case of the suffix-whose the phenomenon of overlay (application) occurs when-h- simultaneously belongs to both the root and the suffix (historical changes:take care - take care);
o participle suffixes-ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -box-(write, read, build, breathe),-sh-, -vsh-, -nn-, -enn-, -t-(un-sh-y, pis-sh-y, torn-nn-y, bought-y, sh-y),-eat-, -om-, -im- (pursued, led, driven);
o gerund suffixes-a, -ya (shout-a, read-ya), -teach, -yuchi (steal-learn, pity-yuchi),-v, -lice, -shi (seen, thought of lice, endured);
o imperative suffix-And (in verbs with a present tense stem on a consonant)(requests) 2.
2. When performing graphic morphemic and word-formation analysis, denote form-building suffixes with the usual symbol ^, accepted for denoting suffixes 3 .
3. When performing graphic morphemic and word-formation analysis, do not include form-building suffixes in the stem of the word(wash -ya, read -wash, bud -teach).
4. Change the definition of the basis.The stem is a part of a word that expresses its lexical meaning and remains after cutting off the ending and formative suffix from the word. In inflected or conjugated words (except for participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs), the stem is determined by cutting off the ending from them(sea, toropl, yus, autumn) . In participles, superlative adjectives and past tense verbs, in addition, when determining the stem, formative suffixes are cut off(bush -yush-y, fresh -aysh-y, brought -l-a) . In the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, in gerunds, infinitives and the imperative mood of verbs, formative suffixes are cut off when determining the stem(quick -ee, play -in, open -t, brought -and).
5. Of course, such a definition of the stem will also require a slightly different procedure for studying the morphemic composition of a word than is currently accepted. The concept of the basis of a word and its practical finding will become possible only after students become familiar with the categories of “suffix” and “formative suffix.”
All of the above changes will, in my opinion, allow, without complicating teaching the Russian language at school too much, to avoid irreconcilable contradictions and confusion in this matter, mechanical memorization of the morphemic composition of words by students, and will also help bring the level of school learning of the Russian language closer to university requirements.
1 The term “formative suffixes” seems more successful than “inflectional suffixes,” primarily because the inflectional morpheme is an ending that actually serves as a means of changing words in accordance with syntactic requirements. Only inflected (inflected or conjugated) words have endings as an inflectional morpheme. Formative suffixes are also present in unchangeable words and do not perform a syntactic function. They form special forms of words.
2 The imperative suffix -i stands out as a formative one in the previously cited textbook by D.E. Rosenthal for students of higher educational institutions, vol. 1, p. 258. In some other works, -i is defined as the ending of imperative verbs (see “Russian Language. Encyclopedia”, 2nd ed., p. 346). However, in my opinion, this morpheme does not correspond to the definition of ending, because does not serve to express the syntactic connections of a given word with other words in a phrase or sentence.
3 In some recent works you can find the symbol “^” (“house”) to indicate the final morpheme of the infinitive. This is motivated by the fact that this morpheme combines the characteristics of a suffix and an ending. However, this point of view seems unconvincing to me, because ending is an inflectional morpheme that serves to express syntactic relations of agreement and control of a given word with other words of a phrase and sentence. A formative suffix never performs and cannot perform such a syntactic function, i.e. it is devoid of the main properties and signs of completion.
Morphemic analysis shows which minimal significant parts ( morphemes) consists of the word being studied.
Note: In different educational complexes The approach to parsing the word is different. To avoid problems, compare the parsing procedure outlined below with your textbook.
Analysis of words by composition It is advisable to start with the designation of the initial form, with the definition of the part of speech to which the word refers. After that:
- highlight the ending and formative suffix (if they are in the word),
- highlight the stem of the word - part of the word without endings and formative suffixes,
- highlight a prefix and/or suffix (suffixes) at the base of a word through the construction of a word-formation chain,
- highlight the root in the word.
For reference:
Ending -
a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences.
The basis - this is an obligatory element of the morphemic structure of a word, expressing the lexical meaning of the word. All types of formative morphemes (ending, formative suffix) are not included in the stem of the word; the word-forming reflexive suffix - sya/-s (uch-l-a-s) is included in the stem.
Suffix - a significant part of a word that is found after the root (the exception is the suffix - sya (-s), which is found after the ending) and is usually used to form words.
Word-forming suffixes serve to form new words with the same root: write - write- tel, optics – optical esk-th.
TO formative suffixes include:
· suffixes of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs starting with –O, - E: -ee, - her, - e, - she, - eish, - aish: strong - strong -her, expensive - expensive e, obediently – obediently eish- e, high - tall -aysh-th;
· suffixes of past tense verbs in the indicative and conditional moods -l- and zero: affairs- l- affairs- l would, carry -Ø - carried - Ø would;
· suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb – ty, - ty(at school considered as graduation): lying down l-a – lying- t, pass- l-a – pass- you ;
· participle suffixes -ush-, - yush-, -ash-, - box-, - wsh-, - w-, - eat-, - im-, - om-, - nn-, - enn-, - t-: carried ushch-yy, game- yushch-yy, scream- asch-y, whistle- box-yy, read- Vsh-y, grew- w-th, organize- eat-th, love- them-th, ved- ohm-th, see- nn-th, revealed enne-th, erased- T th;
· suffixes of gerunds -a-, - I-, -uchi-, - yuchi-, - v-, - lice-, - shi-: hear- A, come on I, will- teach, a game- Yuchi, lose- V, nadu- lice- sir, locked - shi-s.
Note: When assigning participles and gerunds to independent units in speech, their suffixes are considered as word-formative (chanting, sung, chanting, chanting - are considered as different words, and not as a form of the verb to chant).
Suffixes can cause grammatical alternations in the root: mukh-a - mush-k-a
Console , or prefix- this is a significant part of the word, which is located before the root and serves to form new words.
Root - the main significant part of the word, which contains its main lexical meaning, the general part of the same root or related words. The root is the only required part of the word. There are no words without roots, while there are a significant number of words without prefixes, suffixes and without endings.
Parsing examples:
Noun Some nouns have no ending, due to the fact that they do not change (coat, highway). Stand out null endings: Zero derivational suffix stands out: |
|
(y) window window | Initial form window -
a noun denoting a specific object; |
air air/ohm | Initial form air -
noun denoting substance; |
renaming re/im/en/ova/nij/yu | Initial form renaming -
abstract verbal noun; |
cream s/li/in/to/am | Initial form cream
- collective noun; |
Verb Endings No at the infinitive. Stands out zero ending verbs have singular h.m.r. past vr. and conditional mood: did-〙 (would); for verbs in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: look-〙. Most verbs have two or more modifications basics- infinitive and present tense (for verbs of the perfect form - future). Null suffix stands out for singular verbs. h.m.r. past vr. and conditional mood: nes-Ø-〙 (cf. nes-l-a), coast-Ø-〙 (would) |
|
offends offend/a/j/et | Initial form offend
- imperfective verb; |
got ready collected/〙/Xia | Initial form going to
- got ready
- reflexive verb of the perfect form of the indicative mood; |
rewrite re/write/〙/And | Initial form rewrite - rewrite
- verb of the perfect form of the imperative mood; |
blush po/red/e/t | Initial form blush
- infinitive (indefinite form of the verb); |
Adjective Some adjectives (beige, mini, raglan...), as well as comparative adjectives have no endings, since they do not change. Zero ending stands out among short adjectives. p.un. h.m.r.: sad-〙; in them p.un. h.m.r. for possessive adjectives: sister-〙 (sister), fish-〙 (fish[b "y a]). Form-building suffixes presented in degrees of comparison of the adjective are not included in the stem. Suffixes adjectives help determine one or another category of adjectives, for example, - liv - suffix of qualitative adjectives (patient, annoying), - sk - suffix of relative adjectives (Pushkin style, sea), - ov-, - in-, - th - suffixes possessive adjectives: (fathers, Petin, bull). |
|
highest (level) vysoch/aysh/him | Initial form high,
highest - simple superlative adjective; |
urban (Street) city/city/city | Initial form urban
- relative adjective; |
grandfather's (home) grandfather/s/s | Possessive adjective initial form grandfathers
; |
convenient convenient/〙 | Qualitative adjective in short form, initial form comfortable
; |
Ø - zero suffix
〙 - zero ending
At suffix way in word formation, the suffix can be not only materially expressed, but also zero (exit-Ø-〙, sin-Ø-〙, bully-Ø-a, passing-Ø-iy). This method is used in different parts of speech.
Nouns are formed from – nouns: table → table- IR, – adjectives: blue → syn- ev-a, sin-Ø-〙, – verbs: run → run- rel-i, run-Ø-〙, – numerals: hundred → hundred- n-I, two → double- n-I, – adverb: together → message- Nick, why → why- chk-A.
Adjectives are formed from - adjectives: blue → syn- yenk-y, - nouns: autumn → autumn- n-y, - verbs: read → read- flax-y, - numerals: two → double- n-oh, - adverb: inside → inside- enne-y.
Pronouns are formed from pronouns - suffixes - that, - either, - any: someone, anyone, anyone.
Numeral – from the numerals: two → dv-adtsat, five → fifteen, two → dv-oj-e.
Verbs are formed from – verbs: re-read → re-read yva-th, wash → wash- Xia, – adjectives: red → red- e-t, visible → visible-e- t-Xia, – nouns: partisan → partisan-i- t, crowd → crowd-i- t-Xia, – numerals: two → dvo-i-t (‘to divide in two’), – interjections: ah → ah-a- t.
Adverbs are formed from – nouns: winter → winter- Ouch, – adjectives: good → good- O, – numerals: three → tr- every day, – verbs: lie → lying A, – adverb: good → good- just a little, like → somehow.
Prepositions – from verbs: except- I← exclude.
Morphemic analysis (analysis of a word by composition) shows which minimal significant parts ( morphemes) consists of the word being studied.
Suffix - a significant part of a word that comes after a root or after another suffix and usually serves to form new words, sometimes to form new forms of a word.
The suffix is not a required part of the word. A word may not have a suffix, but may have one or more suffixes:
friend, friend OK , ram- wow (A).
Form-forming (inflectional) suffixes
Suffixes (there are few of them) that serve to form new forms of a word are calledformative (inflectional). At morphemic parsing these suffixes are not part of the word stem.
For example,
suffix-th ( -ty ) forms the infinitive form of the verb:side t , carried you
suffix-l- - form of past tense verbs:read- l , think- l .
Suffixes-th
(
-ty
),
-l-
are not part of the word.
Sometimes a formative suffix may appear after :
let's go to)-
those,
will go (eat) -
those
.
Reflexive verb suffix -sya/-sya was once a pronounmyself :
combing sya = combing(s) myself .
Reflexive suffixes-sya, -sya are the basis of the wordand often stand after :
closing (et) Xia , washing (Yu) sya
For more details seeInflectional suffixes.
Let me remind you that:
inflection - this is educationforms of the same c fishing
word formation - this is educationnew words
Derivational suffixes
By usingderivational suffixes
Words of different parts of speech are formed, but nouns and adjectives are most often formed.
For example, one of the most active suffixes in noun formation-Nick-
:
forest -Nick , school -Nick , study -Nick , three -Nick , satellite -Nick , resort -Nick , benefits -Nick , Saturdays -Nick etc.
The most active suffix with which adjectives are formed is the suffix-sk- :
rural sk (s), village- sk (ii), pestilence -sk (oh), Moscow- sk (ii) etc.
The same suffixes are used to form words with different meanings
same part of speech
.
For example, the suffix-Nick
-, -
from
- . -
OK
- (
mushroom-nick, red-
from
(a), friend-
OK
) serve to form only nouns;-sk-
(
fleet-
sk
(ii)
) - to form only adjectives; -yva
-,-
willow
- (
think about it
yva
-th
) - only for verbs. That's why we talk about suffixes of different parts of speech:
Examples of word formation using various suffixes:
from the rootkind- : kind, kind-from, kind-yak, kind-from-n, kind-e-t ;
fromraspberry : malin(a), malin-k(a), malin-nik(), malin-ovk(a), malin-ov(y), malin-n(y) ;
fromtime- : vrem(s), vrem-echk(o), vrem-yank(a), vrem-en-n(y), vrem-en-o, vrem-en-shchik .
If the root contains the main lexical meaning (meaning) of the word, then suffixes (like ) complement this meaning and clarify it. For example:
the suffix adds a diminutive meaning:daughter - daughter - To (a) - daughter- yenk (a), house - house- IR ;
magnifying value:hand - hand - looking for (A) ;
the suffix is used to form words that name baby animals:elephant- baby , ut- baby ;
to designate male persons by profession, place of residence, or nationality:teach- tel , tractor- ist , Moscow- ich , Siberian yak , academic IR , cargo- in , Caucasus- ec etc;
to designate female persons by profession, place of residence, or nationality:selling schitz (a), master ic (a), paramedic- ic (a), Osset-in- To (a), machine-ist- To (a), writer- prostrate (A) etc
expression of attitude towards a person:cunning south ah, jade south ah, small turnout oh, goats turnout ah, flax tai , saliva tai .
Suffixes (and ) can tell a lot about a word. By suffixes you can determine the part of speech, and for nouns, gender. For example, the suffix-
tel
at the end of the word - a masculine noun (teacher, builder, driver
),
suffix -from
- - noun female (good-from (a), deaf-from (a), beautiful-from (a)
);
suffix -sk
- - adjective (hungarian-sk(ii), russ-sk(ii)
).
The suffix may not be indicated by letters.
A suffix or part of a suffix may be hidden
, that is, not explicitly represented in letters in writing. Then it is isolated using transcription, indicating the sound of the suffix.
After vowels and afterb, b
lettersE, Yo, Yu, I
denote two sounds, one of which is [th’] (or often denoted). It is this sound that may turn out to be a suffix or part of a suffix. Then the suffix is highlighted using transcription.
For example:
liar - [liar’ / th' /a], emigration - emigrant, two - dv, fox [l’is’/ th' /willow], fox [l’is’/ th' /ii’].
The procedure for highlighting a suffix in a word using the example of a word old :
Select the root and ending by changing the form of the word and selecting related words using different suffixes:old, old, old, old - old-inn ⇒ rootold -, endingth ;
Can-inn- be a suffix? We look through related words that may contain part-inn- . Find the wordold in (A) , in which-in - - suffix, highlight it: old in- n(th) .
Let's consider the rest -n- . The adjective old-n(y) is formed from the noun old(a) using the suffix-n-
Let's prove the correctness of the choice of morpheme -n- , selecting words with a different root, but with the same suffix (the same part of speech as the original word, since suffixes are “related” to parts of speech): garden -n (th) (from the garden), mod- n (th) (from fashionable), autumn- n (ii) (from autumn) . This proves the correctness of the morpheme selection.
Conclusion: old inn (th) .
You can check the correctness of parsing in a word-formation dictionary.
For more details see Highlighting a suffix in a word.
To identify suffixes, it is useful to know the most used ones.
Example
Their work
Form nouns
-To-
-hic-
-ek-
-OK-
-enk-
-onk-
-echk-
-points-
-ushk-
-yushk-
fish - fish
To
A
key - key
IR
lock - lock
ek
friend - friend
OK
hand-hand
yenk
A
fox-fox
onk
A
Vanya – Van
Echk
A
needle - needle
points
A
grandfather - grandfather
ear
A
field - floor
yushk
O
Give words a diminutive or endearing connotation
-Nick-
-chick-
-schik-
-tel-
-prostrate-
-To-
forest - forest
Nick
carry - cart
chick
drum - drum
box
teach - teach
tel
teach - teacher
prostrate
A
radio operator - radio operator
To
A
Form words that name persons by their occupation
Form adjectives
-ist-
-sk-
-ov-
-ev-
-n-
rock - rock
ist
th
city - city
sk
Ouch
peas - peas
ov
th
shawl - shawl
ev
th
summer - years
n
th
Form verbs
-A-
-And-
-e-
-ova-(-eva-)
-iva-(-ыва-)
sound - sound
A
t
wound - wound
And
t
white – white
e
t
winter - winter
ova
t
ring - rings
Eve
t
get motion sickness - motion sickness
willow
t
open -open
yva
t
-sya-(-s-)
teach - teach
xia -
I teach
sya
treat - treat
Xia
- I'm flying
sya
Forms verbs with reflexive meaning. Can be located after completion. They form the basis of the word.
Formative suffixes
-th-
-ti-
chita
t
carried
you
Suffixes of the indefinite form of the verb. They are not part of the word.
-l-
I read - I read
l
;
I say - speak
l
Forms the past tense form of the verb. They are not part of the word.
For verbs ending in -whose , part of the word -whose part of the root: burn, bake.
You can clarify suffixes in word-formation and morpheme dictionaries (Potikha Z. A. School dictionary of the structure of words of the Russian language. M., 1987. , Tikhonov A. N. Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language, Efremova T. F. Dictionary word-formation units of the Russian language. M., 1996. , Baranov M.T. School dictionary of the formation of words in the Russian language, Baronova M.M. Analysis of words by composition, M., 2011, etc.).
