Plan parsing phrases:

1. Select a phrase from a sentence.
2. Find the main and dependent words, indicate what parts of speech they are expressed, raise a question from the main word to the dependent.
3. Determine the type of phrase (verbal, nominal or adverbial).
4. Define a way subordination(coordination, control, adjunction) and indicate how it is expressed (the end of the dependent word, the end and the preposition, only in meaning).

The type of connection can be determined by the question:

which? whose? (except for the immutable possessive places of him, her, them) - agreement;

case questions of indirect cases: whom? what? to whom? what? whom? what? by whom? how? about whom? about what? (in phrases there may be various prepositions that are a formal sign of management) - control;

where? where? when? where? why? why? as? — contiguity.

1. Determine the semantic relationship between the main and dependent word (determinative, objective, adverbial).

Example:

The icy wind sharply tore the floors of his overcoat (L. Tolstoy).

phrase- this is a combination of two (or more) independent words, interconnected by a subordinate relationship in meaning and grammatically: read a book, warm day.

Phrases call objects, actions, signs, etc., but more precisely, more specifically than words: read - read aloud, pen - ballpoint pen, fast - very fast.

A phrase consists of a main and a dependent word.

A word that names an object, sign, action, etc., is called main.

The word that explains, spreads the main thing, is called dependent.

From the main word to the dependent Ask a Question.

The main word when parsing a phrase is usually noted cross stitch.

The following combinations of words are not phrases:

1. Combination of subject and predicate, since this sentence: The shop is closed; The day is hot; The train is arriving.

2. Row homogeneous members suggestions, since they are connected by a coordinating connection (i.e., they are equal): books, newspapers, magazines; light but warm; either rain or snow.

3. The combination of a service word with a significant, since this is a word form: near the house (near- preposition), also came ( too- union), as if in a dream ( like- particle) .

4. Compound forms of words: I will be engaged, more interesting, the most intelligent.

5. Phraseological turns, since the words in them lose their lexical meaning, they can be replaced with one synonymous word: beat the buckets(= to mess around) , lead by the nose(= deceive) .

The words in the phrase are connected in meaning and grammatically:
semantic connection words in a phrase established on issues, which are placed from the main word to the dependent:

×——————-↓ ×—————-↓ ×———————-↓
path(which?) forest, run away(where?) home, think(about what?) about the exam.

grammatical connection words in a phrase is expressed with the end or endings and prepositions:

— ×——————↓ ×———————↓
working her (which?) place, tell(about what?) about trip e .

Types of phrases

BUT. Depending on what part of speech the main word is expressed, phrases are divided into three groups:

1. Nominal phrases are those in which the main word is expressed:

noun: May day, broken vase, seventh house, our yard, drops rain, wish understand, riding on horseback;

adjective: useful children interesting for me absolutely unknown, capable forgive;

numeral: three comrade, five from U.S;

pronoun: anything important something incredible, some of them.

1. verbal

verb: log off to the street, speak the truth multiply five, loud laugh, go bouncing;

participle: reported relatives, arrived to the pier conversing with friends, loud speaking;

gerund: reading newspaper, beingware colds, asking help suggesting return.

1. Adverbial phrases are called in which the main word is expressed

adverb: very successfully, still interesting, left from the house, shortly before dawn, somewhere in the yard.

B. By the nature of the semantic relations, three groups of phrases are distinguished (by analogy with the secondary members of the sentence):

1. Determinants phrases denote object and its attribute:deep river, cheerful mood, forest flowers.
2. Object phrases refer to action and object to which it goes: sweep the floor, wrote a note, digging a well, put on the table, reading a book.
3. circumstantial phrases refer to action and its sign:sleep well, speak softly, jump high.

C. According to the number of components, two groups of phrases are distinguished:

1. Simple phrases consist of two significant words: go in for sports, a new student, look at photos.
2. Complex phrases consist of three or more significant words and are formed as a result of the spread of a word by a whole phrase or by the spread of a phrase by another word: doing homework(word performance common phrase homework ),new monthly magazine(phrase monthly magazine word spread new);read a book - read interesting book- read a very interesting book - read a very interesting book for a long time.

D. According to the degree of soldering of the components:

1. Syntactically free phrases- the result of a free association of two independent words, each of which has a full value lexical meaning. In such phrases, the main word is the main one both grammatically and in meaning, and the dependent clarifies the meaning of the main one in one way or another. Each of the components of a free phrase in a sentence is a separate member of the sentence. Free phrases are easily decomposed into their constituent parts: test, math problem book, work around the clock.
2. Syntactically non-free (solid) phrases- this is a combination of words in which the grammatically dependent word is the main one in meaning, and the grammatically main word is insufficient in terms of semantics (information). Syntactically non-free phrases are not decomposed into their constituent parts. In a sentence, syntactically complete phrases are one member of the sentence: two houses, few students, little time.

Models non-free (solid) phrases:

1. Quantitative-nominal phrases. In them, the main word denotes quantity (number, volume, size), but does not have an objective meaning, and the dependent word - a word with an objective meaning in the genitive case: three pencils, two guys, so many people, a lot of cars, a lot of books.
2. Phrases with the meaning of selectivity.
   In them, the main word is a pronoun or numeral, the dependent is a noun or a pronoun in the genitive case with the preposition "from": one of us, each of those present, some of the students, one of the guys.
3. Word combinations with metaphorical meaning. The main word is used in a figurative sense and names what the object looks like, the dependent word is the direct name of the object: sickle of the month, a hat of curls, a mirror of the river, a flame of the mouth (S. Yesenin), copper leaves (S. Yesenin), rowan bonfire (S. Yesenin).
4. Phrases with the meaning of uncertainty. The main word is an indefinite pronoun, the dependent is an agreed adjective, participle: something unpleasant, someone unfamiliar, someone sitting.
5. Word combinations with the meaning of compatibility. Such phrases are called equal participants in joint action. The main word is a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the dependent is a noun in instrumental with the preposition "with": brother and sister, Kolya with a friend, me and a friend. Phrases built according to this model are integral only as a subject and only if if the predicate is in plural :mother and daughter were preparing dinner; Nikolai and Denis went to the forest.If the subject is in singular, the phrase is free:father and son went to the zoo (subject - father,with son - addition) .
6. Contextually integral phrases. Their integrity arises only in the context of a sentence or a complex phrase: smart man be able to figure it out; girl with blue eyes , tall man .
7. Phrases in compound predicates , including auxiliary verbs, linking verbs or other auxiliary components: He started talking about adventures in the Amazon jungle; We want to you help; She is looked tired.

Which performs communicative function(included in speech) only as part of a sentence.

It is generally accepted that phrases include compounds of significant (having an independent semantic meaning) words on the basis of a subordinate connection (connection of the main and dependent members). Some researchers also recognize a broad understanding of the phrase: coordinating phrases - combinations of homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as predicative phrases - subject and predicate.

Types of connection of words in a phrase

Classification of phrases by the main word

Classification of phrases according to the degree of fusion of components

According to the degree of fusion of components, phrases are distinguished:

• syntactically free

Example: high house.

• syntactically (or phraseologically) not free, forming an indecomposable syntactic unity and acting in the sentence as one member:

Examples: three sisters, pansies.

Are not phrases

In the narrow sense adopted in most textbooks and academic grammar, phrases do not include such combinations in which the connection is not subordinating, one of the words is not significant, or the connection occurs only in a certain position in a sentence with a certain form, for example:

1. Subject and predicate (predicative basis of the sentence), for example, it's raining.
2. Passive or impersonal form of the verb with the subject in the instrumental case. For example, proposed by scientists
3. A combination of homogeneous members of a sentence, for example, fast and agile
4. Forms of the future tense, imperative mood, degrees of comparison, for example, Will work, larger
5. Combination of a word and its related separate member suggestions, for example I'm going fast
6. A combination of a function and a significant word, for example, a noun with a preposition: before bedtime
7. Combinations of verbs in the same form
8. phraseological units, for example, neither fish nor fowl

A phrase is a combination of two or more independent (significant) words related to each other in meaning and grammatically. For example: white birches, getting ready for classes, a more difficult task, completed on time, etc. The phrase consists of the main and dependent components, between which there are subordinating relationships. Sometimes phrases also include compounds of syntactically equal words connected by coordinating relationships (brother and sister; beautiful, but expensive), as well as combinations of subject and predicate in a sentence.  The semantic connection of words in phrases is established by questions that are asked from the main word to the dependent. In phrases, the following basic meanings can be expressed: - definitive (attributive): between an object and its sign (sunny day, notebook in a cage, soft-boiled eggs); - objective: between the action and the object to which it is directed (to strive for knowledge, to defend the Motherland); between action and instrument of action (to strike with a hammer), etc.; - circumstantial: between the action and the place, time, reason for the action or the manifestation of a sign (leave the city, return late, be absent due to illness, dressed fashionably). Which phrase expresses the attributive relationship? a) a heart-to-heart talk b) come to talk c) close to us d) run a theater Which phrase expresses circumstantial relationships? a) soft-boiled eggs b) return by midnight c) ordered to retreat d) graduation from school Which phrase expresses object relations (action and the object on which the action is directed)? a) to draw beautifully b) the desire to leave c) to walk along the boulevard d) to think about a friend Agreement is a kind of subordination in which the dependent word is put in the same forms as the main one (i.e., it agrees with the main word in the gender , number and case or in number and case). For example: deep river, deep pond, deep lake, deep lake, deep river, deep rivers and lakes, deep lakes, etc. In agreement with the change in the form of the main word, the forms of the dependent word also change accordingly. Management is a kind of subordination in which the dependent word is placed with the main one in a certain case, regardless of the form in which the main word is. For example: read a book; reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading, reading a book. When managing with a change in the form of the main word, the dependent word does not change (remains in the same case). Adjacency is a type of subordinating connection in which the role of the dependent word is invariable words: adverbs, gerunds, indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) and possessive pronouns him, her, them. In a phrase with a connection, an adjunction, a dependent immutable word is connected with the main word only in meaning. For example: truthfully portray, truthfully portrayed; gloomy in autumn, gloomy in autumn; going to do, going to do; his home, his home. In what phrase is the type of connection - agreement? a) our bosses b) get there quickly c) horseback riding d) looked out from behind the clouds In which phrase is the type of communication - management? a) a little strange b) forgot to tell c) melt in the dark d) loose shirt In which phrase is the type of connection - adjoining? a) a bottle of milk b) speak French c) the thirteenth chapter d) look around Which phrase is built on the model “adj. + "? a) climbing plants b) any person c) amazingly beautiful d) in the third grade Which phrase is built according to the “+adverb” model? a) go for a walk b) do it by accident c) left without saying goodbye d) running out to meet Which phrase is built on the model “+adverb”? a) extremely dissatisfied b) practically impossible c) whispered distressedly d) (on the street) spring-like warmth High culture of spoken and written speech, good knowledge and development of a sense of the language, the ability to use it expressive means, its stylistic diversity is the best support, the surest help and the most reliable recommendation for every person in his social life and creative activity (V. Vinogradov).