Why is the Russian marines called "black death". From "sea soldiers" to "black death" What the Nazis called black death

Marines of the Russian Navy celebrate their professional holiday on November 27. Solemn events will be held in the brigades of the Pacific, Northern, Baltic and Black Sea fleets, as well as in two battalions of the Caspian flotilla, separate companies and subunits.

Marine soldiers

Marine Corps Day was officially established by order of the Commander-in-Chief Navy in 1995. But the history of this kind of troops began in the second half of the 17th century. It was then that, as part of the crews of the ships of the flotilla, created by order of Ivan the Terrible, they formed special teams of archers - naval soldiers. And in 1669, the first Russian military sailing ship "Orel" already had a similar team, there were 35 of them, for boarding and landing operations and guard duty.

During the Azov campaigns, the most combat-ready Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments created the Naval Regime - a regiment, it consisted of 4254 people. On November 16, 1705, according to the old style, and on November 27, according to the new one, Emperor Peter I issued a decree on the formation naval regiment. This day became the birthday of the Marine Corps of Russia. On account of the "sea soldiers" victories at Gangut and Chesma, the assaults on Ishmael and Corfu, the defense of Port Arthur and Sevastopol.

Marines also fought selflessly during the Great Patriotic War. They terrified the Nazis. The Germans nicknamed the Marines the "Black Death" because of their black pea coats and incredible courage. And even when all the fighters of the Red Army were dressed in combined arms uniforms, the Marines kept their vests and peakless caps. They went into battle wide open, biting the ribbons of their peakless caps in their teeth.

Marines fought bloody battles on the Hanko Peninsula, on Kola Peninsula, blocking the way for fascist troops to Murmansk, Polyarnoye, Kandalaksha. Immortal feats were performed by the marines in the battle for Moscow, where seven naval rifle brigades, a separate detachment of sailors and two companies of cadets of naval schools showed examples of courage and heroism. Ten brigades of marines and dozens of separate naval regiments and battalions participated in the battles for Leningrad, which, in the most difficult conditions, showed miracles of endurance and heroism in defending the city and breaking through its blockade.

By boat and parachute

For 73 days and nights, the marines, together with the army units, defended Odessa from enemy divisions. In November 1941, near Sevastopol, a group of five marines led by political instructor Nikolai Filchenkov stood in the way of those who broke through to the city German tanks. At the cost of their lives, they did not let the tanks pass. Strapped with grenades, they rushed under the tanks. All five sailors were awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. In general, 200 marines were awarded this high title for courage and heroism, and the famous intelligence officer Viktor Leonov, who fought in the Northern Fleet and then created naval reconnaissance and sabotage units of the Pacific Fleet, is twice a Hero. The personnel of the landing force of Senior Lieutenant Konstantin Olshansky, who landed in March 1944 in the port of Nikolaev and completed the task at the cost of their lives, were awarded this high award fully. By the way, one of the largest landing ships of the Russian Navy is named after Konstantin Olshansky.

And today, the marines are an elite military unit, in which each of the sailors considers it a great honor to serve. The Marines are armed with floating military equipment, portable anti-tank and anti-aircraft systems and automatic small arms. Marines land ashore from amphibious assault ships and boats, and are landed by ship-based and shore-based helicopters. Sometimes fighters can overcome water spaces on their own - on floating vehicles and armored personnel carriers. Marine units of the Russian Navy are equipped with new D-10 parachutes.

According to Lieutenant-General Oleg Makarevich, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy, in honor of Marine Corps Day, the "black berets" organized holidays, weapons exhibitions, and will demonstrate their skills.

The Germans during the Great Patriotic War called the Tuvans "Der Schwarze Tod" - "Black Death". The Tuvans fought to the death even with the obvious superiority of the enemy, they did not take prisoners.

"This is our war!"

The Tuvan People's Republic became part of the Soviet Union already during the war, on August 17, 1944. In the summer of 1941, Tuva was de jure an independent state. In August 1921, the White Guard detachments of Kolchak and Ungern were expelled from there. The capital of the republic was the former Belotsarsk, renamed Kyzyl (Red City). Soviet troops were withdrawn from Tuva by 1923, but the USSR continued to provide all possible assistance to Tuva, without claiming its independence. It is customary to say that Great Britain provided the first support for the USSR in the war, but this is not so. Tuva declared war on Germany and its allies on June 22, 1941, 11 hours before Churchill's historic announcement on the radio. Mobilization immediately began in Tuva, the republic announced its readiness to send its army to the front. 38,000 Tuvan arats in a letter to Joseph Stalin stated: “We are together. This is our war." There is a historical legend about Tuva's declaration of war on Germany that when Hitler found out about this, it amused him, he did not even bother to find this republic on the map. But in vain.

Everything for the front!

Immediately after the start of the war, Tuva handed over to Moscow its gold reserves (about 30 million rubles) and the entire production of Tuvan gold (10-11 million rubles annually). The Tuvans really accepted the war as their own. This is evidenced by the amount of assistance that the poor republic provided to the front. From June 1941 to October 1944 Tuva supplied 50,000 war horses and 750,000 heads of cattle for the needs of the Red Army. Each Tuvan family gave the front from 10 to 100 heads of cattle. The Tuvans literally put the Red Army on skis, supplying 52,000 pairs of skis to the front. The Prime Minister of Tuva, Saryk-Dongak Chimba, wrote in his diary: "they wiped out the entire birch forest near Kyzyl." In addition, the Tuvans sent 12,000 sheepskin coats, 19,000 pairs of mittens, 16,000 pairs of felt boots, 70,000 tons of sheep's wool, 400 tons of meat, melted butter and flour, carts, sledges, harnesses and other goods totaling about 66.5 million rubles. To help the USSR, the arats collected 5 echelons of gifts worth more than 10 million Tuvan akshas (the rate of 1 aksha is 3 rubles 50 kopecks), food for hospitals for 200,000 akshas. According to Soviet expert estimates, presented, for example, in the book "The USSR and Foreign States in 1941-1945", the total supplies of Mongolia and Tuva to the USSR in 1941-1942 were only 35% less than the total volume of Western allied supplies in those years in the USSR - that is, from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, the Union of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand combined.

"Black Death"

The first Tuvan volunteers (about 200 people) joined the Red Army in May 1943. After a short training, they were enrolled in the 25th separate tank regiment(since February 1944 he was part of the 52nd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front). This regiment fought on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In September 1943, the second group of cavalry volunteers (206 people) was enrolled, after training in Vladimir region, in the 8th Cavalry Division. The cavalry division took part in raids behind enemy lines in western Ukraine. After the battle near Durazhno in January 1944, the Germans began to call the Tuvans "Der Schwarze Tod" - "Black Death". Captive German officer G. Remke during interrogation said that the soldiers entrusted to him “subconsciously perceived these barbarians (Tuvans) as the hordes of Attila” and lost all combat effectiveness ... Here it must be said that the first Tuvan volunteers were a typical national unit, they were dressed in national costumes, wore amulets. Only at the beginning of 1944, the Soviet command asked the Tuvan soldiers to send their "objects of the Buddhist and shamanic cult" to their homeland. The Tuvans fought bravely. The command of the 8th Guards Cavalry Division wrote to the Tuvan government: “... with a clear superiority of the enemy, the Tuvans fought to the death. So in the battles near the village of Surmiche, 10 machine gunners, led by the commander of the Dongur-Kyzyl squad, and the calculation of anti-tank rifles, led by Dazhy-Seren, died in this battle, but did not retreat a single step, fighting to the last bullet. Over 100 enemy corpses were counted in front of a handful of brave men who died the death of heroes. They died, but where the sons of your Motherland stood, the enemy did not pass ... ". A squadron of Tuvan volunteers freed 80 Western Ukrainian settlements.

Tuvan heroes

Of the 80,000 population of the Tuva Republic in the Great Patriotic war about 8,000 Tuvinian soldiers took part. 67 fighters and commanders were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. About 20 of them became holders of the Order of Glory, up to 5500 Tuvan soldiers were awarded other orders and medals of the Soviet Union and the Tuva Republic. Two Tuvans were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Khomushka Churguy-ool and Tyulyush Kechil-ool.

Tuvan squadron

The Tuvans not only helped the front financially and bravely fought in tank and cavalry divisions, but also provided the Red Army with the construction of 10 Yak-7B aircraft. On March 16, 1943, at the Chkalovsky airfield near Moscow, the delegation of Tuva solemnly handed over the planes to the 133rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Red Army Air Force. The fighters were transferred to the commander of the 3rd aviation fighter squadron Novikov and assigned to the crews. On each was written in white paint "From the Tuvan people." Unfortunately, not a single aircraft of the “Tuvin squadron” survived until the end of the war. Of the 20 servicemen of the 133rd Aviation Fighter Regiment, who made up the crews of the Yak-7B fighters, only three survived the war.

The first Tuvan volunteers (about 200 people) joined the Red Army in May 1943. After a short training, they were enrolled in the 25th separate tank regiment (from February 1944 it was part of the 52nd army of the 2nd Ukrainian front). This regiment fought on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

In September 1943, the second group of cavalry volunteers (206 people) was enrolled, after training in the Vladimir region, in the 8th cavalry division.

The cavalry division took part in raids behind enemy lines in western Ukraine. After the battle near Durazhno in January 1944, the Germans began to call the Tuvans "der schwarze Tod" - "Black Death".

The captured German officer Hans Remke during interrogation said that the soldiers entrusted to him "subconsciously perceived these barbarians (Tuvans) as Attila's hordes" and lost all combat capability.

Here it must be said that the first Tuvan volunteers were a typical national unit, they were dressed in national costumes and wore amulets. Only at the beginning of 1944, the Soviet command asked the Tuvan soldiers to send their "objects of the Buddhist and shamanic cult" to their homeland.

The Tuvans fought bravely. The command of the 8th Guards Cavalry Division wrote to the Tuvan government:

“With a clear superiority of the enemy, the Tuvans fought to the death. So in the battles near the village of Surmiche, 10 machine gunners, led by the commander of the Dongur-Kyzyl squad, and the calculation of anti-tank rifles, led by Dazhy-Seren, died in this battle, but did not retreat a single step, fighting to the last bullet. Over 100 enemy corpses were counted in front of a handful of brave men who died the death of heroes. They died, but where the sons of your Motherland stood, the enemy did not pass.

A squadron of Tuvan volunteers liberated 80 Western Ukrainian settlements.

Image Source: Russian Seven

Today, very little is mentioned about the role of the very first ally of the USSR in the fight against Nazi Germany. This ally was the Tuva People's Republic.

rewritten modern history mercilessly erases the faces and fates of those who fought to the end in one of the bloodiest wars of the past century. The Germans during the Great Patriotic War called the Tuvans "Der Schwarze Tod" - "Black Death". The Tuvans fought to the death even with the obvious superiority of the enemy, they did not take prisoners. They received such a nickname already in the very first battle.

On January 31, 1944, in the battle near Derazhno (Ukraine), Tuvan cavalrymen jumped out on small shaggy horses with sabers against the advanced German units. A little later, a captured German officer recalled that the spectacle had a demoralizing effect on his soldiers, who on a subconscious level perceived "these barbarians" as Attila's hordes. After this battle, the Germans gave the Tuvans the name "Der Schwarze Tod" - "Black Death".

In his memoirs, General Sergei Bryulov explained:

“The horror of the Germans was also connected with the fact that the Tuvans, committed to their own ideas about military rules, did not take the enemy prisoner in principle. And the command of the General Staff of the USSR could not interfere in their military affairs, after all, they are our allies, foreign volunteers, and in war all means are good.

From the report of Marshal Zhukov comrade. Stalin:

"Our foreign soldiers, cavalrymen are too brave, do not know tactics, strategy modern war, military discipline, despite the preliminary training, they do not know Russian well. If they continue to fight like this, none of them will be left alive by the end of the war.”

To which Stalin replied:

“Take care, do not be the first to attack, return the wounded in a delicate form with honors to their homeland. Living soldiers from the TPR, witnesses, will tell their people about the Soviet Union and their role in the Great Patriotic War.

“THIS IS OUR WAR!»

Soviet troops were withdrawn from Tuva by 1923, but the USSR continued to provide all possible assistance to Tuva, without claiming its independence.

It is customary to say that Great Britain provided the first support for the USSR in the war, but this is not so. Tuva declared war on Germany and its allies on June 22, 1941, 11 hours before Churchill's historic announcement on the radio. Mobilization immediately began in Tuva, the republic announced its readiness to send its army to the front.

38 thousand Tuvan arats in a letter to Joseph Stalin stated: "We are together. This is our war."

There is a historical legend about Tuva's declaration of war on Germany that when Hitler found out about this, it amused him, he did not even bother to find this republic on the map. But in vain.

At the time of entry into the war with Germany, there were 489 people in the ranks of the army of the Tuva People's Republic. But it was not the army of the Tuvan Republic that became a formidable force, but its assistance to the USSR.

ALL FOR THE FRONT!

Immediately after the declaration of war Nazi Germany Tuva transferred to the Soviet Union not only the entire gold reserves of the republic, but also the extraction of Tuvan gold - for a total of 35 million then rubles (the purchasing power of which is ten times higher than the current Russian ones).

The Tuvans accepted the war as their own. This is evidenced by the amount of assistance that the poor republic provided to the front.

From June 1941 to October 1944, Tuva supplied 50,000 war horses and 750,000 heads of cattle for the needs of the Red Army. Each Tuvan family gave the front from 10 to 100 heads of cattle. The Tuvans literally put the Red Army on skis, supplying 52,000 pairs of skis to the front.

The Prime Minister of Tuva, Saryk-Dongak Chimba, wrote in his diary:"The whole birch forest near Kyzyl was destroyed."

In addition, the Tuvans sent 12,000 sheepskin coats, 19,000 pairs of mittens, 16,000 pairs of boots, 70,000 tons of sheep wool, 400 tons of meat, melted butter and flour, carts, sledges, harness and other goods totaling about 66.5 million rubles.

To help the USSR, the arats collected five echelons of gifts worth more than 10 million Tuvan akshas (the rate of 1 aksha is 3 rubles 50 kopecks), food for hospitals worth 200,000 akshas.

Almost all this is free of charge, not to mention honey, canned fruits and berries and concentrates, dressing bandages, medicinal herbs and medicines of national medicine, wax, resin ...

In 1944, 30,000 cows were donated from this stock to Ukraine. It was from this livestock that the post-war revival of Ukrainian animal husbandry began.

FIRST VOLUNTEERS

In the fall of 1942, the Soviet government allowed military service volunteers from Tuva and Mongolia. The first Tuvan volunteers - about 200 people - joined the Red Army in May 1943 and were enlisted in the 25th separate tank regiment (from February 1944 it was part of the 52nd Army of the 2nd Ukrainian Front). The regiment fought on the territory of Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

And in September 1943, the second group of volunteers - 206 people - was enlisted in the 8th cavalry division, which participated, in particular, in raids on the fascist rear and Bandera (nationalist) groups in western Ukraine.

The first Tuvan volunteers were a typical national unit, they were dressed in national costumes and wore amulets.

Only at the beginning of 1944, the Soviet command asked the Tuvan soldiers to send their "objects of the Buddhist and shamanic cult" to their homeland.

Many other combat episodes can be cited that characterize the courage of the Tuvans. Here is just one such case:

The command of the 8th Guards Cavalry Division wrote to the Tuvan government: “... with a clear superiority of the enemy, the Tuvans fought to the death. So, in the battles near the village of Surmiche, 10 machine gunners, led by the commander of the Dongur-Kyzyl squad, and the calculation of anti-tank rifles, led by Dazhy-Seren, died in this battle, but did not retreat a single step, fighting to the last bullet. Over 100 enemy corpses were counted in front of a handful of brave men who died the death of heroes. They died, but where the sons of your Motherland stood, the enemy did not pass ... ".

"This is our war!"

Soviet troops were withdrawn from Tuva by 1923, but the USSR continued to provide all possible assistance to Tuva, without claiming its independence.

There is a historical legend about Tuva's declaration of war on Germany that when Hitler found out about this, it amused him, he did not even bother to find this republic on the map. But in vain.

Everything for the front!

Immediately after the start of the war, Tuva handed over to Moscow its gold reserves (about 30 million rubles) and the entire production of Tuvan gold (10-11 million rubles annually).

The Tuvans really accepted the war as their own. This is evidenced by the amount of assistance that the poor republic provided to the front.

From June 1941 to October 1944 Tuva supplied 50,000 war horses and 750,000 heads of cattle for the needs of the Red Army. Each Tuvan family gave the front from 10 to 100 heads of cattle. The Tuvans literally put the Red Army on skis, supplying 52,000 pairs of skis to the front. The Prime Minister of Tuva, Saryk-Dongak Chimba, wrote in his diary: "they wiped out the entire birch forest near Kyzyl."

In addition, the Tuvans sent 12,000 sheepskin coats, 19,000 pairs of mittens, 16,000 pairs of felt boots, 70,000 tons of sheep's wool, 400 tons of meat, melted butter and flour, carts, sledges, harnesses and other goods totaling about 66.5 million rubles.

To help the USSR, the arats collected 5 echelons of gifts worth more than 10 million Tuvan akshas (the rate of 1 aksha is 3 rubles 50 kopecks), food for hospitals for 200,000 akshas.

According to Soviet expert estimates, presented, for example, in the book "The USSR and Foreign States in 1941-1945", the total supplies of Mongolia and Tuva to the USSR in 1941-1942 were only 35% less than the total volume of Western allied supplies in those years in the USSR - that is, from the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, the Union of South Africa, Australia and New Zealand combined.

"Black Death"

In September 1943, the second group of cavalry volunteers (206 people) was enrolled, after training in the Vladimir region, in the 8th cavalry division.

The cavalry division took part in raids behind enemy lines in western Ukraine. After the battle near Durazhno in January 1944, the Germans began to call the Tuvans "Der Schwarze Tod" - "Black Death".

The captured German officer G. Remke during interrogation said that the soldiers entrusted to him “subconsciously perceived these barbarians (Tuvans) as the hordes of Attila” and lost all combat capability ...

Here it must be said that the first Tuvan volunteers were a typical national part, they were dressed in national costumes, wore amulets. Only at the beginning of 1944, the Soviet command asked the Tuvan soldiers to send their "objects of the Buddhist and shamanic cult" to their homeland.

The Tuvans fought bravely. The command of the 8th Guards Cavalry Division wrote to the Tuvan government:

“... with a clear superiority of the enemy, the Tuvans fought to the death. So in the battles near the village of Surmiche, 10 machine gunners, led by the commander of the Dongur-Kyzyl squad, and the calculation of anti-tank rifles, led by Dazhy-Seren, died in this battle, but did not retreat a single step, fighting to the last bullet. Over 100 enemy corpses were counted in front of a handful of brave men who died the death of heroes. They died, but where the sons of your Motherland stood, the enemy did not pass ... ".

A squadron of Tuvan volunteers liberated 80 Western Ukrainian settlements.

Tuvan heroes

Of the 80,000 population of the Tuva Republic, about 8,000 Tuvan soldiers took part in the Great Patriotic War.

67 fighters and commanders were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. About 20 of them became holders of the Order of Glory, up to 5500 Tuvan soldiers were awarded other orders and medals of the Soviet Union and the Tuva Republic.

Two Tuvans were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - Khomushka Churguy-ool and Tyulyush Kechil-ool.

Tuvan squadron

The Tuvans not only helped the front financially and bravely fought in tank and cavalry divisions, but also provided the Red Army with the construction of 10 Yak-7B aircraft for. On March 16, 1943, at the Chkalovsky airfield near Moscow, the delegation of Tuva solemnly handed over the planes to the 133rd Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Red Army Air Force.

The fighters were transferred to the commander of the 3rd aviation fighter squadron Novikov and assigned to the crews. On each was written in white paint "From the Tuvan people."

Unfortunately, not a single aircraft of the “Tuvin squadron” survived until the end of the war. Of the 20 servicemen of the 133rd Aviation Fighter Regiment, who made up the crews of the Yak-7B fighters, only three survived the war.