Birth Old Russian state The state arises only when the people reach a certain stage of social and economic development U Eastern Slavs All the prerequisites for creating your own state have already matured: powerful tribal alliances, active trade, a developed economy.

The Birth of the Old Russian State Gradually, in the 9th century, two strongest tribal unions emerged among the Eastern Slavs. The northern union of tribes was headed by the Slovenes (their capital was Novgorod), and the southern union of tribes was headed by the Polyans, their capital was Kyiv, a city on the Dnieper.

The reign of Rurik - the founder of the dynasty The word “Rus” can be of both southern and Norman origin. But when the state of the Eastern Slavs began to be called this word, it became a symbol of a new powerful power. And 862, the year of Rurik’s reign in Novgorod, according to the chronicle, became an important milestone in the formation of the state of the Eastern Slavs.

The reign of Rurik - the founder of the dynasty Rurik, having come to Rus' (at the invitation of the Slavs to end intertribal strife), brought with him a strong squad. The calling was not direct violence, the conquest of tribes. The agreement suited both the newcomer Varangians and the Novgorod men, who found long-awaited stability. Strong army ensured the security of main trade routes.

The reign of Rurik, the founder of the dynasty, the Varangians began to actively trade and even sailed with goods on their ships along the Volga to the Caspian, and along the Dnieper to Black Sea. Rurik managed not only to stay in Novgorod, but also to include Polotsk and Murom in his sphere of influence. Very little is known about the prince, but it was after his name that the first Russian ruling dynasty was called the Rurikovichs.

Prophetic Oleg 882 - the unification of Novgorod and Kyiv by Oleg - is considered the year of the founding of the Old Russian state Kievan Rus. At the same time, many Slavic tribes (Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners) were forced to join Oleg and pay him tribute, thanks to which he could support large army. But tributary relations were supplemented by mutually beneficial exchanges, joint participation in military expeditions, and the transformation of the tribal nobility into the ruling stratum.

Prophetic Oleg in 907 Oleg, at the head of the Varangians and the local tribes subject to him, made a campaign against Byzantium. The campaign ended with the conclusion of a peace treaty, which ensured the trade interests of Russian merchants in Byzantium and the payment of indemnity. In it, the word “Rus” acquired another meaning: it is not only a squad Prince of Kyiv, but also the political-geographical name - Russian land, subject to the prince of Kyiv and meaning a huge inter-tribal and inter-ethnic “super-union” located in the forest and forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe.

Prophetic Oleg Perhaps, in 912, Prince Oleg sailed to his homeland - to Scandinavia. According to Russian legend, he was killed by his horse and was buried in Kyiv. And in Staraya Ladoga a huge hill has been preserved - a polygon called “Oleg’s Grave”. Oleg managed to unite the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes in the North into a single union and finally unite Russian state, capturing Kyiv.

Prince Igor After Oleg's death, power passed to Rurik's son Igor. Thus, for the first time, the prince received power not through armed seizure or at the invitation of the veche, but by inheritance (implementation of the dynastic principle). The first years of Igor’s reign turned out to be difficult. Some tribes, subordinated to Oleg, refused to pay him tribute. Igor had to re-conquer these territories. He also encountered the nomadic Pechenegs who appeared in the southern Russian steppes.

Prince Igor Prince Igor made military campaigns against Constantinople, but not all of them were successful. Tribute collected from subject tribes was the main way to maintain the squad. In November, the prince and his retinue set off on a tour of the subject lands. Part of the collected tribute was then sent to Constantinople for sale, part went to support the princely entourage and his soldiers.

Prince Igor In 945, during Polyudye in the lands of the Drevlyans, Prince Igor was killed. The reason for the uprising was, apparently, Igor’s violation of the agreement on the amount of tribute, the complication of relations with the local princes who ruled “under his hand.” A small squad was killed, and he himself died a heavy death, being tied to the tops of two bent trees and torn to pieces. Igor's widow, the famous Princess Olga, brutally avenged her husband's death and brought the Drevlyans to submission.

Polyudye of Princess Olga Princess Olga became ruler under her young son Svyatoslav. Tradition presents her as a strong-willed and prudent sovereign, “the wisest of all people.” The chronicler's flattering words apparently contained a large share of truth, although Olga herself was no stranger to cruelty and deceit. Olga was a Slav originally from Pskov, and received her princely name (Olga) during her marriage.

Polyudye of Princess Olga After her, princes with purely Slavic names sit on the Kiev princely throne - Svyatoslav, Vladimir, Yaroslav... It means that princely family became glorified and the role of the Varangians in governing the country decreased significantly. Princess Olga owned her own villages and lands. During the campaigns of Prince Igor, she remained to rule in Kyiv, she even had her own squad.

Polyudye of Princess Olga In an effort to strengthen the state, Princess Olga after 945 traveled around all her lands, dividing them into areas more or less equal in population. The control center of each district became the churchyard, where taxes (lessons) from all over the area flocked. Usually the churchyard was also a center of trade, and there was also a pagan temple there.

Polyudye of Princess Olga The prince could no longer arbitrarily demand tribute twice or thrice a year. The amount of taxes became known in advance and was paid by the entire population. Thus, polyudye - the annual tour of the conquered lands by the prince and his retinue (usually in winter) turned into a simple collection of taxes. This reform deprived local tribal princes of power and centralized government in the country, uniting the young state. It became stronger and richer. The prince was at the head of the state, but the role people's council, elders and boyars, the druzhina nobility was very large.

Polyudye of Princess Olga The bulk of the population of Rus' at that time were pagans. Princess Olga was the first of the Russian princes to become a Christian and in 957 she traveled to Constantinople, where she was magnificently received by the Byzantine emperor himself. However, the time for the baptism of Rus' has not yet come.

Wars of Svyatoslav The reign of Olga's son Svyatoslav Igorevich (gg.) is an era of wonderful battles and bright adventures. The prince spent almost all his time on military campaigns far from Kyiv. Svyatoslav had the talent of a commander and rare fearlessness. This is probably the most outstanding commander Ancient Rus'. If the campaigns of Russian squads before Svyatoslav were mainly raids on neighbors for booty, then Svyatoslav’s wars were of a political nature. He expanded the Russian state and tried to defeat dangerous neighbors.

Wars of Svyatoslav The prince's first campaigns were directed against Khazaria. The prince successfully fought in the North Caucasus against the Yasses and Kasogs, and then went to the Danube, from where he began the war with Byzantium. Having occupied several cities at the mouth of the Danube, Svyatoslav made Pereyaslavets his main fortress. He wanted this city on the Danube to be the capital of his kingdom.

Wars of Svyatoslav At first, the war was successful for the prince, but the Byzantines bribed the Pechenegs, and they besieged Kyiv. The people of Kiev sent messengers to the prince. Svyatoslav with a strong squad returned to Kyiv and defeated the Pechenegs. He left his three sons as governors in Rus' and returned to the Balkans again. But the Byzantines defeated Svyatoslav’s troops and besieged him in the Dorostol fortress. The prince made peace with the emperor, promising to return home and no longer fight with Byzantium.

Wars of Svyatoslav Returning back, Svyatoslav divided his army. The main part returned to Kyiv by land, and the prince himself decided to sail home on ships to take away huge military booty. But the Byzantines warned the Pechenegs, who ambushed the prince on the Dnieper rapids. His entire small squad was exterminated, and he himself was killed. From his skull, set in gold, the Pecheneg prince Kurya ordered to make himself a cup for feasts, believing that Svyatoslav’s power would pass to him.

Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir After the death of Svyatoslav as a result of many years of struggle for power, his son Vladimir became the Prince of Kyiv. His victory allowed the Rurik power to regain unity. Vladimir is a very controversial figure. New Prince decided to undertake acts of national scale, which required both courage and political will. Vladimir was not only a warrior, but a builder of the state and its reformer.

Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir He founded new cities, strengthened borders, and made changes to the system of government of the Old Russian state. The so-called ladder system of distribution of reigns brought stability and primacy to Kyiv. The main act of Vladimir was the baptism of Rus'. It was not just an expression of the prince’s will. With the territorial growth of Ancient Rus', with the complication of its ethnic composition, social and political relations, the question of spiritual and political unity arose.

Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir It became increasingly difficult to remain a pagan country in a Christian and Islamic environment. Overcoming inferiority and the desire to change the international status of the rulers of Ancient Rus' turned out to be directly dependent on religious choice. The impetus for the adoption of Christianity was the events that took place in Byzantium. At the end of the 90s of the 10th century. Emperor Vasily II, exhausted in the fight against another rebellion, turned to Kyiv for help.

Prince Vladimir Equal to the Apostles Vladimir agreed to send troops on the terms of a marriage with Princess Anna, the emperor's sister. In response, Byzantium demanded the baptism of the Kyiv prince. The rebellion was suppressed. But the rulers of Byzantium were in no hurry to fulfill their obligations. The treachery of the Greeks prompted Vladimir to move to Crimea and capture the Byzantine city of Chersonesus (Korsun). The condition for the return of the city was the fulfillment of the agreement. According to legend, Vladimir and his squad were baptized in Chersonesus.

Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir Returning to Kyiv, Grand Duke destroyed the pagan pantheon and called on the people of Kiev to follow his example. This happened in 988. After baptism, the prince ordered the construction of churches where pagan temples had previously stood. At first they were all made of wood. Only Tithe Church in Kyiv, built by Greek craftsmen, was made of stone. The prince donated a tenth of his wealth to her. Since then, a special tax - tithe - has been levied in favor of the church.

Equal to the Apostles Prince Vladimir The establishment of Christianity in Rus' as the state religion was a great event historical significance. The ancient Russian state strengthened its political, dynastic and cultural ties with the world. Great value Christianity also had a role in establishing a new social system. The elimination of local, tribal differences has accelerated. On the basis of Christianity, the spiritual consolidation of society began.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus' The first half of the 11th century became the time of the highest power of Ancient Rus'. This was largely achieved thanks to Yaroslav, the son of Vladimir, a smart, successful politician who went down in history with the nickname Wise. He managed to achieve stability. Under him, the nomads did not dare to carry out their raids on Russian land. The prince decisively put an end to discord, strengthened new orders that met the interests of the state, created courts, issued laws, and founded cities. It was no coincidence that the chroniclers called Yaroslav “autocratic.” In the perception of his contemporaries, he was no longer the first among the princes, but a true sovereign, an autocratic ruler.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus' Yaroslav showed special concern for faith. Under him, Kyiv turned into one of the largest European cities. The Church of St. Sophia, the Golden Gate, and monasteries in honor of Saints George and Irene, built during his reign, were not just religious monuments.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus' With his construction, Yaroslav seemed to challenge Constantinople, pushing it aside and turning Kyiv into the God-saved center of the Christian world. It was during the time of Yaroslav that the idea of ​​Rus', which took responsibility for the fate of Orthodoxy, would become the most important religious and political idea that influenced the entire subsequent policy of medieval rulers. Yaroslav stands at the origins of the state ideology of Ancient Rus'.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus' The first written law of the Old Russian state - Russian Truth - is also associated with the name of Yaroslav. Most of everyday relations in Rus' were regulated by customary law, enshrined in tradition. Society did not feel the need to record these norms in writing.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus' However, the complication of relations, the emergence of social groups not included in traditional structures, the emergence land ownership- all this required appropriate regulatory regulation from the prince. Princely law, at first unwritten, acquired a “material” embodiment under Yaroslav. The famous Russian Truth arose - a monument of ancient Russian law.

Yaroslav the Wise - the first legislator of Rus'. In an effort to prevent strife between his sons, Yaroslav, before his death, divided the Russian lands between them. He bequeathed that no one “transgress the limit of his brother.” Everyone had to obey the three older brothers. He, in turn, had to protect his brothers. This order was intended to ensure the political dominance of Kyiv and preserve the unity of the state. However, subsequent events showed the futility of these hopes...

Information resources Danilevsky I.N. Ancient Rus' through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants. IX-XII centuries M., Kostomarov N.I. Russian history in the biographies of its main figures. M., Soloviev S.M. History of Russia from ancient times. M., Romanov B.A. People and customs of Ancient Rus'. M., Rybakov B.A. The world of history: the initial centuries of Russian history. M.,

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The activities of the first Kyiv princes Oleg, Igor, Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav were subordinated to two goals: the unification of all East Slavic tribes under the authority of the Kyiv prince; maintaining trade relations with other states and protecting trade routes from opponents

Oleg Oleg Spreading power Establishing trade relations Campaigns Byzantine Empire Control on the “path from the Varangians to the Greeks” 907 - campaign against Constantinople - signing of a trade agreement 911 - signing of the second trade agreement, the most beneficial for Rus' Death from a snake bite.

“...Oleg not only terrified his enemies, he was also loved by his subjects. The warriors could mourn in him a brave, skillful leader, and the people – a defender. Having attached the best to his power, richest countries of today's Russia, this Prince was the true founder of its greatness..."

Igor Igor Son of Rurik Conquest of the Drevlyans 941 – unsuccessful campaign against Byzantium (the ships were burned by the “Greek mixture”) 944 – signing of a treaty with Byzantium 945 – collection of tribute from the Drevlyans, death

“Igor in the war with the Greeks did not have Oleg’s successes, did not seem to have his great qualities, but preserved the integrity of the Russian State, established by Oleg, preserved its honor and benefits in treaties with the Empire, was a pagan, but allowed newly converted Russians to glorify the triumph of God Christian and, together with Oleg, left to his heirs an example of prudent tolerance, worthy of the most enlightened times.”

Olga Lesson - the exact amount of tribute Pogost - place of collection of tribute Olga Igor's wife Revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband Carrying out reform Establishing lessons Establishing graveyards 957 - visit to Byzantium Acceptance of Christianity

Svyatoslav Svyatoslav Son of Igor Annexation of the Vyatichi March on Khazar Khaganate Khazar Khaganate Campaign against Volga Bulgaria Volga Bulgaria Capture of the Taman Peninsula (formation of the Tmutarakan principality). Capture of Bulgarian settlements, declaration of Pereyaslavts as the new capital. Byzantium Byzantium against the strengthening of the Russian lands Treaty with the Pechenegs. 972 – death of Svyatoslav

Slide 1

Calling of the Varangians, Rurik, Sineus, Truvor (862-879)

Ruler Oleg (879-912) (under the young Igor)

Prince Igor (912-945)

Ruler Princess Olga (945-964) (under Svyatoslav)

Prince Svyatoslav (957-972)

The beginning of the reign of the Rurik dynasty.

Chuprov L.A. Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 3 s. K-Rybolov Khankaisky district Primorsky Krai highest category

Slide 2

Oleg's reign (879-912 - 922)

In the chronicles there are two versions of Oleg’s biography: the traditional one, set out in the “Tale of Bygone Years”, and according to the Novgorod First Chronicle, which preserved fragments of an earlier chronicle code(which has not survived to this day) with confusion in chronology.

Slide 3

According to the Tale of Bygone Years, Oleg was a relative (tribesman) of Rurik, possibly his brother-in-law (according to the Joachim Chronicle). After Rurik's death in 879, Oleg began to reign in Novgorod, since Rurik's son Igor was still a child.

Slide 4

In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were Rurik’s fellow tribesmen, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and, declaring to them: “You are not a prince of the prince’s family, but I am of the prince’s family,” and, presenting Rurik’s heir, young Igor, ordered the death of Askold and Dir.

Slide 5

The Nikon Chronicle, a compilation of various 16th-century sources, gives a more detailed account of this capture. Oleg landed part of his squad ashore, discussing a secret plan of action. He himself, pretending to be sick, remained in the boat and sent a notice to Askold and Dir that he was carrying a lot of beads and jewelry, and also had an important conversation with the princes. When they climbed into the boat, it was as if the sick Oleg said: “I am Oleg the prince, and here is Rurikov Igor the prince” - and immediately killed Askold and Dir.

“I am Oleg the prince, and here I am the prince Igor Rurikov,” and he immediately killed Askold and Dir.

Slide 6

Kyiv seemed to Oleg to be a convenient location, and he moved there with his squad, declaring: “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities.” Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern). For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the creator of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus).

Slide 7

Over the next twenty-five years, Oleg's activities were associated with the expansion of his power. He subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners, and Radimichi to Kyiv.

Slide 8

The last two tribal unions were tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate. According to legend, Oleg allegedly said: “I am their enemy, but I have no enmity with you. Don’t give to the Khazars, but pay me.” Then Oleg fought with the southernmost East Slavic tribes of the Ulichs and Tivertsi.

Slide 9

Circumstances of death Prophetic Oleg contradictory. According to the Kyiv version, his grave is located in Kyiv on Mount Shchekovitsa. The Novgorod Chronicle places his grave in Ladoga, but also says that he went “over the sea.” In both versions there is a legend about death from a snake bite.

Slide 10

According to legend, the Magi predicted to the prince that he would die from his beloved horse. Oleg ordered the horse to be taken away, and remembered the prediction only four years later, when the horse had long since died. Oleg laughed at the Magi and wanted to look at the bones of the horse, stood with his foot on the skull and said: “Should I be afraid of him?” However, a poisonous snake lived in the horse’s skull, which fatally stung the prince.

Slide 11

Already at an advanced age, Oleg transferred power in Rus' into the hands of Igor, and, according to legend, he himself went north to his native place and died there from a snake bite. This was in 912, which marked the beginning of the reign of Prince Igor.