The reign of Paul fell on those years when signs of future political upheavals multiplied in Russia. The new emperor saw before him the ghost of Pugachevism (experienced by his mother), the symptoms of a revolution (the French events and the fate of the executed Louis XVI reminded him of this) and the danger of a coup d'état (his father, Peter III, became a victim of a palace conspiracy at one time). The idea of ​​retaining and strengthening autocratic power in the mind of Paul I was no longer associated with "enlightened absolutism", but with reliance on authoritarian power.

Military reforms

In the capital, the new emperor tried to establish the same order of the Prussian barracks of the times of Frederick II, which were in his Gatchina residence (since Catherine II did not love her son, he was actually removed from the court and lived in Gatchina, not far from St. Petersburg).

· The traditions of the Russian army, which brought her glory, did not suit the emperor: his ideal was the Prussian military system, which knocked out any initiative from the soldiers.

· Watch parades were held daily on the square in front of the palace, during which one could fall into disgrace for the slightest offense.

There were also positive elements in Paul's military transformations: he expelled from the army officers who were in it, but did not serve, forced to bear the hardships of the military life of the capital's guards officers, who led an idle life under Catherine. However, the service under Paul was meaningless, formal, and took place in an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear.

Peasant reforms

· Peasant policy under Paul I, in fact, was a continuation of the trends that existed in the time of Catherine.

· About 600,000 state peasants were transferred into the hands of the landlords, and the slightest manifestation of discontent among the peasantry was brutally suppressed.

· At the same time, wishing to ease social tension in the countryside, Pavel tried to introduce an element of order into the relationship between peasants and landowners.

· So, Decree of 1797. on a three-day corvée recommended that the landowners limit the exploitation of peasants in the lordly plowland to three days a week.

· The grain service, ruinous for the peasants, was abolished and the arrears of the stuffy tax were forgiven.

· Preferential sales of salt began (until the middle of the 19th century, in fact, salt was the people's currency). They began to sell bread from state stocks in order to bring down high prices. This measure led to a noticeable drop in the price of bread.

· It was forbidden to sell yard people and peasants without land, to separate families during the sale.

· In the provinces it was ordered to the governors to observe the attitude of the landowners towards the peasants. In the case of ill-treatment of serfs, the governors were ordered to report this to the emperor.

· By a decree of September 19, 1797, the peasants were abolished the obligation to keep horses for the army and give food, but instead they began to take "15 kopecks per soul, an allowance for the capitation salary."

· In the same year, a decree was issued ordering serfs to obey their landlords under pain of punishment.

· Decree of October 21, 1797 confirmed the right of state-owned peasants to join the merchant class and bourgeoisie.

Public Administration Reforms

· An attempt was made to centralize the government as much as possible: Pavel changed the functions of the Senate.

· Some colleges abolished by Catherine II were restored. The emperor believed that it was necessary to transform them into ministries and appoint ministers to replace collective responsibility with personal responsibility. According to Paul's plan, seven ministries were to be created: finance, justice, commerce, foreign affairs, military, maritime and state treasury (this reform he conceived was completed already in the reign of Alexander I).

The new law on succession to the throne was supposed to strengthen the autocratic power (1797 ), which established the transfer of the throne from father to eldest son and, as a rule, did not allow female rule, which introduced an element of instability into dynastic relations in the turbulent 18th century.

· December 4, 1796. established the State Treasury. On the same day, a decree was signed - "On the establishment of the position of the State Treasurer."

Estate reforms

Paul canceled in 1797, an article of the Letter of Complaint, which forbade the use of corporal punishment against the nobility.

· Were introduced corporal punishment for murder, robbery, drunkenness, debauchery, official violations.

· In 1798, Paul I forbade nobles who had served as officers for less than a year to ask for their resignation.

· By decree of 1797, the nobles were obliged to pay tax for the maintenance of local governments in the provinces. In 1799 the amount of the tax was increased. By decree in 1799, the nobles began to pay a tax of 20 rubles "from the soul."

The emperor forbade the nobles to submit collective petitions by decree of 1797. The number of voters was reduced, and the governors were given the right to interfere in elections.

· By decree of 1797, the emperor forbade the participation in elections of nobles dismissed from service for misconduct.

· In 1799 provincial noble assemblies were abolished.

· And in 1800 the right of noble societies to elect assessors to the judiciary was abolished.

· Nobles, evading civil and military service, Paul I ordered to attach to the court.

· The emperor sharply limited the transition from military to civilian service.

· Pavel restricts noble deputations and the ability to file complaints. This was possible only with the permission of the governor. (Immediately seen, Paul loved the nobles)

Other reforms

· Paul I resolutely suppressed all attempts to penetrate into Russia European free-thinking. The import of foreign literature was banned, and a sharply negative attitude towards revolutionary France was also manifested in foreign policy.

The worst enemies of a man would not wish him the troubles that his own thoughts can bring him.

Eastern wisdom

Incomplete five years of the reign of Emperor Paul 1, from 1796 to 1801, were remembered for a rich foreign policy. During this period, revolutionary France intensified and began an aggressive campaign in Europe. It was these events that served as the main point for Paul 1 in determining the tasks of Russia in foreign policy. However, the alliance with the European powers against France brought many disappointments to the country, which led to a sharp change in Russia's foreign policy. The article is devoted to the description of the main stages and directions of the foreign policy of the Russian Emperor Paul 1.

Basic principles of foreign policy at the beginning of the reign

Starting to rule in 1796, Paul 1 declared that Russia would only wage defensive wars. This was due to the fact that in the 18th century the country spent most of its resources on regular external conflicts. It was along this line that the emperor declared neutrality with regard to the French Revolution. A year before the beginning of his reign, Russia became part of the first anti-French coalition. In 1796 Russia withdrew from the coalition. However, the further successes of France forced England, Austria and Prussia to intensify the work of the diplomatic services in order to again involve Russia in a new alliance against France. As a result, by the end of 1797, the parties were able to agree on the creation of a second anti-French coalition.

Main goals

Foreign policy in 1797-1800

According to the joint agreements of England, Austria, the Ottoman Empire and Russia, the troops of Paul 1 were to take part in three large military campaigns:

1. Netherlands. It was necessary to send 45 thousand soldiers to this country to restore its independence. This military campaign was conducted entirely in the interests of England. The campaign itself took place in 1798, but ended in a complete failure of the Anglo-Russian troops. In fact, about 7 thousand Russian soldiers died for the interests of England.
2. Italy and Switzerland. The campaign through the Alps, which became world famous as a result, was led by Suvorov. As a result, Northern Italy was liberated from the French, but Rimsky-Korsakov's army was defeated near Zurich. Despite the success in this military campaign, it was clear that Austria won from this campaign, but at the hands of Russia.
3. Maritime company in the Mediterranean. In 1798, Paul 1 signed an agreement with the Turks that the Russian fleet could freely pass through the straits to the Mediterranean Sea. This was aimed at implementing a plan to reconquer the Ionian Islands and southern Italy from the French. In 1798-1800 Admiral F. Ushakov headed the sea voyage. The main victory was the capture of the fortress of Corfu in the Ionian Islands. In addition, the Russian fleet fought in the area of ​​Naples and Palermo in Italy.

An interesting fact is that after Paul 1 announced plans to liberate Malta from the French, the Order of Malta called the Russian emperor a protector. In December 1798, Paul 1 was elected master of this order. The emperor was fond of the history of knightly orders, so he established the Order of St. John in Russia, and added a Maltese cross to the coat of arms of Russia. In addition, some sacred Christian relics, such as the Philermo Icon of the Mother of God, were transported to St. Petersburg.

As you can see, most of the military campaign of 1798-1800 was primarily in the interests of Russia's allies: England, Austria and Turkey. This was the reason for the break with the second anti-French coalition in 1800.

Foreign policy in 1800-1801

After a break with previous allies, Paul 1 began rapprochement with France. This led to a serious aggravation of relations with England and other countries of the anti-French coalition. As a result, Paul 1 took a number of actions directed primarily against England:

1. In 1800, a law was signed prohibiting the import of English goods into Russia. These actions were aimed at the economic blockade of England.
2. In 1801, the Don Cossack Corps received an order to prepare for the start of a campaign against British India. The campaign never began, because in March 1801 a coup took place in Russia and Alexander 1 came to power.

As you can see, in 1800, cardinal changes took place in the foreign policy of Paul 1: from an alliance with the anti-French coalition, the emperor switched to cooperation with Napoleonic France. However, the economic blockade of England could also undermine the interests of Russia, and this was one of the reasons for the coup d'état of 1801.

Characteristics of the reign of Paul I

Volgograd, 2012

Introduction

Historians of all times cannot unambiguously assess the foreign and domestic policy of Paul I.

Having come to power, Paul I already had a plan for the development of the state. First of all, he begins to break everything old and hated. Only because it reminded him of his mother. Significant transformations are taking place within the state. The legislative process is proceeding at a pace that the Russian Empire has not yet known.

One of the reasons that Paul I was called a nutcase was that he allegedly pursued an inconsistent foreign policy. The nobles and landlords severely criticized the actions of the emperor, who broke off the alliance with England and entered into an alliance with republican France. The vast majority of the nobles were wary of revolutionary France and the events that took place in it.

Also, historians cannot say exactly who Paul I was, some call him an insane tyrant and despot, others note a sharp mind and progressive political views.

I found it interesting to study. After reading several sources on that era, I noticed some differences in the views of the authors on the course of certain events. In this work, I will try to combine the opinions of different people.

The purpose of my work is to clarify the characteristics of the reign of Paul I in the life of our state. To do this, it is necessary to consider internal reforms, and his foreign policy, as well as to understand the personality of Paul, what family and life factors influenced him after accession to the throne. Only after receiving answers to all these questions, it is possible to analyze the results of the reign of Paul I.

Chapter I. Personality of Paul I

Pavel I Petrovich (October 1, 1754 - March 24, 1801) - the ninth emperor of Russia (1796-1801) from the imperial family of the Romanovs<#"justify">Chapter II. Domestic politics

Paul I began his reign with a change in all the orders of Catherine's reign.

On the day of the coronation, the emperor announced a series of decrees. The most important of these was the decree on succession to the throne, which subsequently remained in effect until 1917. Paul I canceled the Peter's decree on the appointment of his successor on the throne by the emperor himself and established a clear system of succession to the throne. Under which the voluntarism of the emperor was excluded in appointing himself a successor and the possibility of usurping the throne. The throne was to pass only through the male line from father to son, and in the absence of sons to the eldest of the brothers. A woman could occupy the throne and pass it on to her offspring only when the male line was suppressed. paul the emperor politics rule

Having become emperor, Paul I tried to strengthen the regime by strengthening discipline and power in order to exclude all manifestations of liberalism and freethinking. Characteristic features of the reign of Paul I were harshness, imbalance and irascibility. He believed that everything in the country should be subject to the orders established by the monarch; I prioritized efficiency and accuracy. The new emperor saw in front of him the ghost of Pugachevism (experienced by his mother), the symptoms of a revolution (the French events and the fate of the executed Louis XVI reminded him of this) and the danger of a coup d'état (his father, Peter III, became a victim of a palace conspiracy at one time).

Pavel strove for maximum centralization, regulations in all spheres of life. He attached great importance to the army, into which he introduces Russian orders. He pays much attention to parades and parades. From the highest ranks, 7 field marshals and more than 300 generals were dismissed. Officers from non-nobles were fired. At the same time, Paul I took care of the soldiers. Military schools were created for orphans of soldiers. Distinguished soldiers received the right to be dismissed before the end of their service life, 100 rubles each for arranging and land allotment.

In the capital, the new emperor tried to establish the same order of the Prussian barracks from the time of Frederick II, which were in his Gatchina residence. The traditions of the Russian army, which brought her fame, did not suit the emperor: his ideal was the Prussian military system, which knocked out any initiative from the soldiers. Every day, on the square in front of the palace, watch parades were held, during which one could fall into disgrace for the slightest offense. There were also positive elements in the military transformations of Paul I: he expelled from the army officers who were in it, but did not serve, forced to bear the hardships of the military life of the capital's guards officers, who led an idle life under Catherine. However, the service under Paul I was meaningless, formal, and took place in an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear.

In 1767, the next most important document was the Manifesto on the three-day corvee, which for the first time in the history of the Russian Empire introduced restrictions on the use of the labor of serfs. The Pavlovsk Manifesto was the first legislative act that significantly limited the rights of landlords, who were forbidden to force peasants to work on Sundays. The decree on a three-day corvée recommended that landowners limit the exploitation of peasants in the landlord's plowing three days a week; it was forbidden to sell under the hammer yard and landless peasants. The prohibition to split up peasant families. Paul was well aware that it was the labor of the peasants at that time that was the economic basis of the empire. In his opinion, corvee, which was uncontrolled and led to the ruthless exploitation of the peasants, who became disinterested in the growth of crops, caused the greatest harm to agricultural production.

Pavel resolutely suppressed all attempts to penetrate into Russia European free-thinking. Fearing the spread of the ideas of the French Revolution in Russia, Paul I banned the wearing of "vests", the departure of young people abroad to study, the import of books, including notes, was completely banned, and private printing houses were closed. The change of sympathies from anti-French to anti-English was expressed in the ban on "round hats" and the word "club". Puritan moral considerations led to a ban on waltz dancing, because people of different sexes dangerously approach each other in it. From completely incomprehensible motives, the shape of the cab was strictly indicated, and therefore a significant part of the capital's cabs with inappropriate transport were sent away. The import of foreign literature was banned, and a sharply negative attitude towards revolutionary France was also manifested in foreign policy.

Paul's reforms were aimed at resolving the problem of succession to the throne, creating a coherent centralized system of government, changing the army and military administration.

Chapter III. Foreign policy

Paul I began his reign by declaring that Russia needed peace. He stopped the war with Persia, begun in the last weeks of Catherine's life, returned the regiments sent there, and announced Russia's withdrawal from the anti-French coalition. In April 1796, the French General Napoleon Bonaparte launched aggressive campaigns in Central Europe. New aggressive actions, the preparations of France for the Egyptian expedition, the arrest of the Russian consul in the Ionian Islands, the patronage of Polish emigrants, rumors about the intention of the French to attack the northern coast of the Black Sea, forced Paul I to change the policy of non-alignment. The conquests, plans and goals of Napoleon could close Russia's path to the Balkans and posed a direct threat to the Northern Black Sea region. In addition, Pavel and his dignitaries were afraid of the threat of the spread of the revolution in Europe and the penetration of its ideas directly into Russia. Therefore, Paul I continues the struggle with France, which was striving for dominance in Europe. In 1798 Russia joined the anti-French coalition consisting of England, Austria, Turkey and the Kingdom of Naples. Military operations were concentrated in Italy, Switzerland and the Mediterranean Sea.

There were successful operations of the Russian fleet together with the Turkish squadron under the general command of Vice Admiral F.F. Ushakov. The Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov entered the Adriatic Sea and, together with the Turkish squadron, liberated the Ionian Islands from the French. The island of Corfu was captured with what was considered an impregnable fortress (1799). Ushakov successfully operated on the east coast of the Apennine Peninsula, and during the spring and summer of 1799, then, with the help of landing forces, the French were expelled from Naples and Rome. The commander-in-chief created self-governing bodies on the islands - the Republic of Seven Islands under the temporary protectorate of Russia and Turkey. He liberated part of the cities of Southern and Central Italy: Brindisi, Manfredonia, Naples, Ancona.

Russian land army under the command of A.V. Suvorov successfully operated in Northern Italy. The Russian fleet acted against the French in the Mediterranean and sent troops to Italy to help the Neapolitan king Ferdinand VI. Suvorov, not only an experienced and courageous military general, but also an independent tactician, gifted with a remarkable talent for military creativity, quickly, in just a month and a half, cleared all of northern Italy from French troops, defeating the French on the Adda River. When the French armies of Moreau and Macdonald rushed at him with the aim of depriving him of his conquests and ousting him from Italy, Suvorov forced Moreau to retreat without a fight, and Macdonald was defeated in a three-day battle on the banks of the Trebia. The next appointed commander-in-chief, Joubert, was defeated and killed in the battle of the city of Novi.

In the autumn of 1799, Paul I ordered the transfer of A.V. Suvorov to Switzerland to join the corps of A.M. Rimsky-Korsakov and the allied Austrian troops. In September 1799, the Russian army made the famous crossing of the Alps by Suvorov.<#"justify">Conclusion

The short but intense reign of the revolutionary emperor is a milestone in Russian and world history that requires reflection and more detailed study, since it was the first attempt in the world to build a new progressive state, the state of the future.

Emperor Paul survived a tragedy common to individuals of his stature - he was far ahead of his time, turned out to be incomprehensible to anyone. Pavel began this unequal struggle practically alone and died. Pavel made a serious and thoughtful attempt to create a type of state, which much later would be called corporate, national socialist, to build a spiritual and military pan-European organization of the order type so that all Europeans, regardless of religion and class, could, on the basis of personal data and their own merits, joining it, block the path of "equalization with the lower" with a united front. The incomprehensible Emperor worked out the spiritual foundations of an ideal society - national unity, "aristocratization", hierarchy, the cult of military prowess, loyalty and self-sacrifice - exactly the spiritual core of society, which many decades later made the most serious attempt to break the back of the ideology of "equalization according to the lower" in favor of .

The activity of Paul I in the state field allows us to speak of him as a fairly far-sighted and mature politician. Precisely because his reforming activity was aimed at limiting noble arbitrariness , its further interpretation in the noble, in spirit, literature of the XIX century. often received a purely negative assessment, and Paul I himself was portrayed as a tyrant and a despot. Meanwhile, the foundation laid in the state administration of Russia by the decrees of Paul, in the future - in the era of the reign of Alexander I - will be fundamental. The relaxation of peasant oppression, the ministerial type of government, the admission of the merchant class into the management of commerce, and some others will determine the dynamics of social development for many decades to come.

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Domestic policy of Paul I

Far from public affairs, in the seclusion of Gatchina, Pavel Petrovich created a kind of political program, having come to power, he tried to implement it. He was not going to change anything radically, but he believed that it was necessary to put things in order in the management of Russia. By the end of the 18th century the country's finances were completely upset, the emission of the ruble continued. Embezzlement and bribery have reached unprecedented proportions. “Crimes have never been as brazen as they are now,” Rostopchin wrote to Count S. R. Vorontsov, “Impunity and insolence have reached the extreme limit. One Ribas steals more than 500 thousand rubles a year.” Unlike Catherine, Paul believed that state revenues belonged to the state. He himself was distinguished by moderation and thrift, and demanded the same from others. The emperor ordered that part of the silver services of the Winter Palace be melted down into coins, and part of the paper notes were destroyed to reduce the state debt. A Loan Bank was established and a "bankruptcy charter" was issued.

The exactingness of the emperor was justified. Both the military and civilians treated the service carelessly. About 12,000 cases have accumulated in the Senate alone. Paul demanded a conscientious attitude to their duties by everyone. And T. Bolotov, in his book “Monument to the Flowing Times,” says that somehow the emperor saw an officer without a sword, and behind a batman carrying a sword and a fur coat. Pavel went up to the soldier and asked whose sword he was carrying. He replied: "The officer who goes ahead." "Officer! So, is it hard for him to carry his sword? So put it on yourself, and give him your bayonet!” In an instant, the soldier became an officer, and the officer was demoted. This made a huge impression on the soldiers and officers.

Paul sincerely wanted the good for all. He tried to alleviate the situation of the peasants by reducing the corvée to three days a week. He released the prisoners in the Secret Office of Novikov, Radishchev, the investigative cases of the lower ranks were terminated, even the participants in the coup of 1762 were not persecuted. In February 1797, the Polish king arrived in Russia. In connection with his arrival, Pavel ordered the release of all Poles imprisoned for the defense of their fatherland.

At his palace, the emperor ordered to hang a box for complaints and petitions, where everyone could put a letter. He himself analyzed these letters, and the answers were printed in the newspaper. In this way, major abuses were uncovered. This, however, increased the number of denunciations and libels against the emperor himself.

Being a religious man, Paul was distinguished by religious tolerance. During his reign, the Old Believers breathed a sigh of relief. He first introduced awards for church leaders.

Pavel also took care of education: a university was founded in Dorpat, the Medical and Surgical Academy, new schools and colleges were opened.

But Paul's good undertakings did not always lead to better things. His decree on a three-day corvee enslaved the peasants of Little Russia, where before that there was no corvee at all. An attempt to prevent the spread of revolutionary ideas in Russia ended with a ban on studying abroad and severe censorship. Paul I tried to regulate all aspects of the life of the country, every day new decrees and resolutions were issued, the number of which during his reign exceeded two thousand.

INTERNAL ACTIVITIES OF THE EMPEROR PAUL. The most important decree of Emperor Paul was the establishment of the imperial family, the determination of the order of succession to the throne and the relationship between members of the imperial family (April 5, 1797). Regarding estates: in 1797 it was ordered to punish nobles, guild citizens, priests and deacons corporally for criminal offenses; the decree says: "As soon as the nobility is removed, then the privilege does not concern him."

Concerning the clergy, Emperor Paul expressed the desire "that the priesthood should have an image and a state of importance corresponding to their rank." To this end, at least half of the white priesthood are ordered to be in the consistories; also installed for him insignia; in the villages, parishioners were ordered to cultivate church lands. In all dioceses, the Old Believers were allowed to build churches and supply them with priests ordained by Orthodox bishops. In this case, the Moscow Metropolitan Platon, famous for his talents and enlightenment, took a special part.

Regarding the rural population: in December 1796, it was ordered to stop the unauthorized movement of the villagers from place to place in the Novorossiysk provinces, where many peasants were lured from the inner provinces. In 1797, in some provinces, the peasants became agitated because of false rumors about freedom. In the same year, it was forbidden to sell yard people and peasants without land under the hammer.

Regarding education: theological academies were established in St. Petersburg and Kazan (1797). In 1798, the emperor “because of the harmful rules that arose in foreign schools, deigned to forbid the sending of young people there, but in order not to limit the ways to education by this, the chivalry of Courland, Estland and Livland, was allowed to choose the most decent place for establishing a university and arrange it.” As a result, in 1799 Derpt University was founded.

In general, all travel abroad was prohibited. In 1797, private printing houses were closed and censorship was established in both capitals, in Riga, Odessa and at the Radziwill customs; in each of these places there were three censors - spiritual, civil and scientific; only such books were passed in which there was nothing contrary to the law of God, the rules of the state and good morals.

In 1800, the import of books and musical notes from abroad was completely banned; it is allowed to bring only books in the Tungus language, which are necessary for worship to the Buryats. V. Sol.

DOCUMENTS OF THE EPOCH

Manifesto of 1797

GOD'S MERCY

WE PAUL THE FIRST

Emperor and Autocrat

ALL-RUSSIAN,

and other, and other, and other.

We declare to all OUR faithful subjects.

The Law of God in the Decalogue taught to US teaches US to dedicate the seventh day to it; why on this day we were glorified by the triumph of the Christian faith, and on which WE were honored to receive the sacred anointing of the world and the Royal wedding on OUR Ancestral Throne, we consider it our duty to the Creator and to confirm all blessings throughout OUR Empire about the exact and indispensable fulfillment of this law, commanding everyone and everyone to watch, so that no one, under any circumstances, would dare to force the peasants to work on Sundays, especially since for rural products the six days remaining in the week, according to an equal number of them, are generally shared, both for the peasants themselves and for their work in favor of the landowners, the following, with good disposal, will be sufficient to satisfy all economic needs. Given in Moscow on the day of Holy Pascha, April 5, 1797.

PAUL

From the orders and resolutions of Emperor Paul in 1799 and 1800.

March 19th (1800). According to the investigative case about the general of infantry Shtrandman and those touched by him according to the maxim of the military court, the highest confirmation followed: "but the case is absurd, and Shtrandman and Yurgenz are no longer in the service."

March 23rd. E. i. in. he sees from the people sent to the guard from the regiments that in many regiments these have a position more similar for a kulashny fight than decent for a soldier, which was especially noticed today with people from the regiment of the gene. - Major Khitrovo, who were so twitchy that it was impossible to get a word from them, which is given to the remark of the entire army.

April 29th. E. i. in. reprimands his retinue in the quartermaster department for frivolity and ignorance of the roads of his state.

May 12th. The garrison prince Gika regiment, the staff captain Kirpichnikov, according to the maxim of the military court, is deprived of his ranks and nobility and is written forever in the rank and file, with a gauntlet driven through 1000 people.

June 11th. Dragoonsky Obrezkov’s regiment, lieutenant Viktorov, for sending from the team of three dragoons entrusted to him - to steal sheep and flour from the townsfolk, who, not daring to disobey, fulfilled his desire, and he shared the stolen flour with them at the suggestion of the chief, is excluded from service, with deprivation ranks and nobility, and is sent, like a thief, to a civil court.

Emperor Paul's Rescript to Actual Privy Councilor Nagel, 1800

Mister Actual Privy Councilor and Civil Governor of Livonia and Estonia Nagel. In consequence of your report of June 24 concerning the complaint formerly and now brought from the peasants against the landowner of their Perraffer manor, Countess de la Gardie, prudence demands that she be prohibited from inflicting oppression on the peasants by imposing exhausting work and other hardships on them, therefore I order you to declare to her my will in this, and if after that she does not change her actions, then take this manor to the state department and, having selected all those who fled from whom it should, classify all of them in the state department and now tell all the landowners that if they begin to demand and impose anything more than wackenbuch, then the same will be done with the estate of all of them. I remain kind to you.

"RUSSIAN OLD". News, announcements and government orders

1797

January. 9. News that there will be no governorships, but there will be provinces, and the Ufa province is being transferred to Orenburg. Serving food is complicated, but instead of 15 kopecks. collect ordered money. 12. Particularly sent a copy of the coronation, which will be in the month of April. 16. It became known that Russian laws will consist of only three books. 19. Newly issued states by the Senate have been received, for which two departments (?) have been added. The provincial prosecutor received a warrant not to write grandiloquent words in public places. 20. It became known that Field Marshal Rumyantsev had died. 23. The news is that the local governorship will exist until May 1, 1797. About the Vyatka incident (?), the case was resolved, and 95 people were ordered, dismissed, not to be assigned anywhere; a 13, deprivation of ranks, send to the settlement; 15 is ordered to be sent to exile. 27. News: from the guard of ensigns to the "civilian" service, it was ordered to release them into provincial secretaries, and sergeants - into provincial registrars.

February. 2. Decrees have been received to get the unimportant churchmen into military service. Minors of majority are given two years to plead in cases of appeal. There was a thanksgiving service for the clergy that they were delivered from corporal punishment. 15. A decree was received on new money, which has the inscription on one side: “Not to us, not to us, but to Your name?” 16. The state of the Orenburg province was received, for which the amount of 70,700 rubles was assigned. 22. A decree was received on tearing out from the index book of 762 from 13 to 21 sheets.

1798

January 5th. By the highest command of secrets. owls. Troshchinsky announces to Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, who asked for 7 thousand acres of land, that he has no right to such an award. Disabled from the service, Captain Turner, who asked for the definition of his pack in this, that his behavior, for which he was excluded from the service, is unworthy of respect. To military comrade Yanovsky, who asked for food, that he did not show any distinctions in the service, for which he would be worthy of the requested award. Garrison Sandberg to the regiment of privates Zamakhaev and Tomilin, who, being from churchmen, asked for exemption from military service - that such requests were called absurd. Disabled from the service, Captain Ushakov, who asked for food - that this, like him, is not given. To the collegiate secretary Altarnatsky, who asked to appoint him in the Little Russian province at the lower zemstvo courts as a commissar or assessor, and if there is no place there, then about appointing him some position in state estates with giving him land and peasants - that he asks a lot, and you deserve nothing to Serafinovich, regent of the provincial registrar, who is in the Belitsky district court, who asked for the next rank to be awarded - that the award of ranks is not asked for, but is given according to merit and ideas from the authorities. (No. 2).

April 2nd. E. I. Vel-in the highest deigned to express his royal favor to the headquarters, chief and non-commissioned officers located in their own E. Vel-va depot under the command of Vice-Admiral Kushelev for compiling maps, and as a sign of this, most mercifully granted the engineer-colonel Opperman diamond ring; on the other chiefs and non-commissioned officers 1,000 reds. (No. 27).

1799

October 25th. From Schaffhausen on September 30th. Suvorov, having driven out all the French corps that wanted to oppose him, went far behind Massin (No. 85).

- Seeing with heartfelt pleasure, like a sovereign and a father, what feats of courage and exemplary courage during the entire continuation of the current campaign against the enemies of kingdoms and faith, our dearest son, E.I. in. Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, in return and the greatest difference, we grant him the title of Tsarevich. (Manifesto October 28).

Rescript to Prince Suvorov dated October 29: “While defeating the enemies of the fatherland everywhere, you lacked one more kind of glory - to overcome nature itself. But now you have gained the upper hand over her. Having once again struck the villains of the faith, trampled down with them the intrigues of their accomplices, armed with malice and envy against you. Now I reward you according to the measure of my gratitude, and putting on the highest degree of honor and heroism granted, I am sure that I am erecting on this the most famous commander of this I and other centuries.

E. i. in. graciously granted all the lower ranks of the troops under the command of Generalissimo Prince of Italy Count Suvorov-Rimniksky 2 rubles per person for the fearless courage shown by them in repeated battles against the enemy.

December. 2. The news has become unprecedented in the Russian state until now, namely: St. Petersburg and Moscow bishops were granted St. Andrew's ribbons, and Kazan and Tobolsk - Alexander's; the guard is compared with the artillery, i.e., only one rank is more preferable than the army. 8th. Received, a decree on the abolition of recruiting recruitment. 16. A decree was received for the local governor-general to be the military governor in Chernigov. 22. The Governor-General left (from Ufa). 25. There was a rumor that 23 people were stolen in Kazan (sic), but where is unknown.

Extract from the highest orders regarding the supervision of the police

1798

January 7th. It is forbidden for all ranks to go to a masquerade without a masquerade dress, and if from now on someone happens to be in their own caftan or uniform, without a masquerade dress, they should be taken under guard.

January 20th, It is forbidden for everyone to wear tailcoats, it is allowed to have a German dress with one standing collar, not less than three-quarters of an inch wide, cuffs to have the same color as the collars, and the frock coats, overcoats and livery servants caftans remain truly theirs use. It is forbidden to wear any kind of vests, and instead of them, German camisoles.

- Do not wear shoes with ribbons, but have them with buckles; also boots, called boots, and short ones tied in front with laces and with lapels.

- Do not twist the neck immensely with handkerchiefs, ties or scarves, but tie them in a decent way without excessive thickness.

1799

February 18th. It is forbidden to dance the waltz. April 2nd. It is forbidden to have a blunt, lowered on the forehead.

October 26th. So that the younger ones take off their hats before the elders anywhere.

Maya 6th. It is forbidden for ladies to wear multi-colored ribbons similar to cavalier ones over their shoulders.

June 17th. It is forbidden for everyone to wear low large farts.

July 28th. So that young children on the street from houses were not let out unattended.

August 12th. So that those who wish to have pots of flowers on the windows should keep them on the inside of the windows, but if on the outside, then not otherwise, so that there are bars, and it is forbidden to wear a jabot. So that no one has a sideburn.

September 4th. So that no one wears either German caftans or frock coats with multi-colored collars and cuffs; but they should be the same color.

September 25th. It is confirmed that we maintain proper order and silence in the theaters.

September 28th. It is confirmed that the coachmen and postilions should not shout.

A. V. SUVOROV. Now it is no longer possible to be a senator and never visit the senate, or only occasionally look into it, and even then for the shortest time; you can’t be a general, but only deal with farming and supply.

FROM THE NOTES OF PRINCESS LIVEN. I just got married. My husband had been in charge of the War Department for three years. He received the ministerial portfolio at the age of 22, was already an adjutant general and enjoyed the full confidence and mercy of the emperor. His service at the person of the sovereign began at 6 1/2 o'clock in the morning, he parted with the sovereign only at lunchtime, according to the then custom at one in the afternoon. At four o'clock the husband again came to the palace and was released no earlier than eight o'clock in the evening. As you know, military service was Paul's predominant passion and his favorite pastime. For this reason, of all the ministers, my husband most often saw the sovereign and was closest to him. In general, he liked the emperor, who treated him with unfailing kindness and a sweet familiarity that touches and binds people. The husband was completely shielded from the sharp antics that poured abundantly on those around him. The only time, as far as I know, the sovereign flared up at her husband, namely in Gatchina, at the end of 1800.

VIGEL F. F. NOTES.<…>He [book. Dashkov] was the chief of some regiment, was summoned to Petersburg for some reason, and there he fell in love with the emperor so much that he suddenly received a ribbon, the rank of lieutenant general and the position of Kyiv military governor. It is difficult to explain what prompted the book. Dashkov to tell the tsar about my father. Pavel the First did not hesitate, he did not like to stand on ceremony: he suddenly ordered, for no other reason, to dismiss my father from service. To deprive him of an honorable, advantageous place of a man who had occupied him with honor for ten years, who had not done anything wrong in his eyes and had even been charred to him, seemed to him the most ordinary thing, no injustice frightened him: the anointed of God, he firmly believed in his own infallibility. ; in all his cruel leprosy he saw the will of heaven.<…>

May 10, 1798……. During his six-day stay in Moscow, he amazed everyone with his condescension: he could no longer surprise with generosity. The troops declared their perfect pleasure. He punished the chief of one regiment, who was really very bad, only by giving him nothing, but did not even allow himself to reprimand him; all the others he hung with orders, showered with gifts. No one could comprehend the reasons for such extraordinary complacency; recognized her after. Love, which pacifies the king of beasts, also defeated our formidable king: the flaming gaze of the famous Anna Petrovna Lopukhina (Pavel's mistress, who had a good influence on him) then melted his heart, which at that moment only knew how to pardon. He granted Count Saltykov four thousand souls in the Podolsk province, and promoted all his adjutants, including my son-in-law, to the following ranks.

The accession of Paul aroused the long dormant hopes of a small number of adherents of Peter III; Among them, Mr. Turchaninov appeared before the new emperor, who ordered him to produce all the maintenance that he received under his father, and in addition to give it to him for the entire time of Catherine's reign.<…>

In the rank of a military and civil official, together the chief prosecutor Alexander Andreevich Bekleshov, in order to ennoble one rank with another in the eyes of the sovereign, suggested that he form a new infantry regiment under the name of the Senate and appoint him the chief of that regiment; not to limit the number of ensigns from the nobility who join it, but to teach the latter at the same time jurisprudence and teach them front-line service. This thought was rather curious to please Paul the First, and it was immediately carried out.<…>

Execution in madness is not a stone, as Zhukovsky says about Napoleon, but a dress, Pavel armed himself against round hats, tailcoats, vests, pantaloons, boots and boots with lapels, strictly forbade wearing them and ordered them to be replaced with single-breasted caftans with a standing collar, three-cornered hats, camisoles , a short bottom dress and over the knee boots.

FROM N. A. SABLUKOV’S NOTES. Even to the present day, places are shown where Paul used to kneel, immersed in prayer and often shedding tears. The parquet, positively, is worn in these places. The officer's guard room, in which I sat during my duties in Gatchina, was located next to Pavel's private study, and I often heard the Emperor's sighs when He stood at prayer.

FROM PAVEL PETROVICH'S NOTES TO AVRAM ANDREYEVICH BARATYNSKY.

Decree to Field Marshal General and our military collegium to President Count Saltykov.

From the salary of Major-General Tormasov, we command that one hundred rubles be deducted annually and give them to the pension of the foreigner Gottfried Nikand as satisfaction for the battle and injury inflicted on him by the aforementioned major-general. However, I remain favorable to you.

RUSSIAN OLD, 1874. T. XI. Expelling luxury and wanting to accustom his subjects to moderation, Emperor Paul appointed the number of dishes according to estates, and for employees - according to ranks. The major was determined to have three dishes at the table. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev, later a general and a glorious partisan, then served as a major in the Sumy Hussars and had almost no fortune. Paul, seeing him somewhere, asked:

- Mr. Major, how many dishes do you serve at dinner?

“Three, Your Imperial Majesty.

- And let me know, Mr. Major, what kind?

“The chicken is flat, the chicken is on the ribs, and the chicken is on the side,” answered Kulnev.

The Emperor laughed.

RUSSIAN OLD, 1874. T. XI. In winter, Pavel left the palace on a sled for a ride. On the way, he noticed an officer who was so tipsy that he was walking, swaying. The emperor ordered his coachman to stop and called an officer to him.

“You, mister officer, are drunk,” the sovereign said menacingly, “stand on the heels of my sleigh.

The officer rides back behind the king, neither dead nor alive. Out of fear. He lost his hops. They are going. Seeing a beggar in the distance, stretching out his hand to passers-by, the officer suddenly shouted to the sovereign's coachman:

- Stop!

Pavel looked back in surprise. The coachman stopped the horse. The officer stood up, went up to the beggar, reached into his pocket and, taking out some coin, gave alms. Then he returned and again stood on the heels behind the sovereign.

Paul liked it.

“Mr. officer,” he asked, “what is your rank?”

- Captain, sir.

“Not true, sir, captain.

“Captain, Your Majesty,” the officer replies. Turning to another street, the emperor again asks:

- Sir, what is your rank?

“Captain, Your Majesty.

“No, that’s not true, Major.

Major, Your Majesty.

On the way back, Paul asks again:

- Sir, what is your rank?

“Major, sir,” was the answer.

“But that’s not true, sir, Lieutenant Colonel.

“Lieutenant Colonel, Your Majesty.

Finally, they arrived at the palace. Jumping off the back, the officer, in the most polite way, says to the sovereign:

“Your Majesty, it’s such a beautiful day, would you like to ride a few more streets?”

What, lieutenant colonel? - said the sovereign, - do you want to be a colonel? But no, you won’t cheat anymore; Enough with you and this rank.

The sovereign hid in the doors of the palace, and his companion remained a lieutenant colonel.

It is known that Paul did not have a joke and everything he said was carried out exactly.

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author Yarov Sergey Viktorovich

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The personality and internal activities of Emperor Paul I, who succeeded Empress Catherine, her son Pavel Petrovich ascended the throne on November 6, 1796, already forty-two years old, having experienced many difficult moments in his life and spoiling his character under the influence of cold,

Pavel 1 Petrovich (born September 20 (October 1), 1754 - death March 12 (24), 1801) - Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia since 1796, son of the emperor and. Having ascended the throne, he sought to oppose the “pernicious” policy of Empress Catherine II, which weakened, as he believed, autocracy, with a firm line on strengthening the foundations of absolutist power. They introduced strict censorship, closed private printing houses, banned the import of foreign books, and reorganized the army according to the Prussian model.

He limited the privileges of the nobility, reducing the exploitation of the peasants. Opposition to power was persecuted by police measures. The reign of Paul 1, which was distinguished by inconsistency and impulsiveness, caused discontent among the highest nobility. He was killed as a result of a palace conspiracy.

early years

Pavel was born in the Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna, in St. Petersburg. During the first years of his life, Pavel grew up under the supervision of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, his parents were almost not allowed to see him, and he actually did not know maternal affection. 1761 - N.I. was assigned to him as an educator. Panin. A supporter of the Enlightenment, he was sincerely attached to the Grand Duke and tried to raise an ideal sovereign out of him.

Pavel received a good education and, as contemporaries testify, was a capable, eager for knowledge, romantically minded boy with an open character who sincerely believed in the ideals of goodness and justice. Initially, his relationship with his mother after her accession to the throne in 1762 was quite close. But over time, their relationship deteriorated. Catherine was wary of her son, who had more legitimate claim to the throne than she herself.

Reign of Paul 1

Ascension to the throne

Paul the First became emperor in November 1796, at the age of 42, after the death of his mother, Empress Catherine II. He began his reign by restoring the rights of his father, who was overthrown as a result of a conspiracy more than 30 years ago. The new sovereign returned from exile many subjects, from those that were objectionable to Catherine.

Wanting to protect once and for all his rights and the rights of his heirs to the kingdom, Emperor Paul 1 publishes in 1797 the "Institution on the Imperial Family", in which for the first time in the history of Russia a firm and unshakable order of succession to the throne was established in the country. Since then, only a direct descendant of the emperor in the male line could ascend the throne, and the empress had the right to be only regent with a minor heir. Women could get the right to the throne only when there were no representatives of the dynasty - men. Since that time, not a single woman has been on the Russian throne.

Emperor Paul 1 ruled despotically, imposed centralization in the state apparatus, carried out radical reforms in the army, tried to limit the power of the nobles. Attempts were made to stabilize the financial situation of the state (including the famous action - the melting down of palace services into coins).

The rights of the nobility were significantly narrowed, and the most severe discipline, the unpredictability of the behavior of the sovereign led to the mass dismissal of the nobles from the army, especially the officers of the guard.

In the interests of trade, domestic industry was encouraged to fill the domestic market. As a result, a ban was introduced on the import of a number of foreign goods, such as: silk, paper, linen and hemp fabrics, steel, salt ... In addition, with the help of subsidies, privileges, state orders, domestic manufacturers were encouraged to produce goods not only for the treasury, but also free trade. So it was, for example, in relation to cloth and mountain breeders.

.

Under Paul's reign, trade expanded with Persia, Bukhara, India, and China. In relation to industry, as well as trade, the government pursued a moderate patronage policy. Particular attention was paid to cloth factories that supplied their products to the treasury. This is because the products of this industry were actually completely for army needs, to which the emperor himself was far from indifferent.

Paul the First, contributed to the strengthening of serfdom, distributing more than 600 thousand peasants during his reign. The decree of 1797, which limited the corvée to three days, did little to alleviate the position of the peasantry, as it was more of a recommendation than a guide to action.

Under the reign of Paul 1, the requirement for noble service was tightened: the practice of long vacations was banned, the entry of the nobility into the army immediately after birth. Fearing a “revolutionary contagion,” Pavel took such measures as closing private printing houses (1797), a ban on the import of foreign books (1800), and censorship was tightened.

The emperor was able to realize his plans more fully in the army, carried out an army reform. Positive moments (improved equipment of regiments and maintenance of soldiers) side by side with negative ones (the “cane” discipline of punishments was introduced; unjustified imitation of the Prussian army).

After ascending the throne, Paul, in order to emphasize the contrast with his mother, began to declare peacefulness and non-interference in European affairs. But, when in 1798 there was a threat of the restoration of an independent Polish state by Napoleon, Paul's government took an active part in organizing the anti-French coalition.

In the same year, the emperor took over the duties of the Master of the Order of Malta, thus challenging the emperor of France, who had captured Malta. 1798-1800 - the Russian army successfully fought in Italy, and the Russian fleet - in the Mediterranean, which could not but cause concern from Austria and England. Relations with these states completely deteriorated in the spring of 1800. At the same time, a rapprochement with France began, and a plan for a joint campaign against India was even discussed. Without waiting for the signing of the corresponding agreement, the sovereign ordered the Don Cossacks to set out on a campaign, which had already been stopped.

Initially, the plans included the overthrow of Paul 1 and the accession of the English regent. The plot was uncovered, Lindener and Arakcheev were summoned, but this only contributed to the acceleration of the execution of the plot and signed the emperor's death warrant. According to one version, he was killed by Nikolai Zubov (Suvorov's son-in-law, Platon Zubov's older brother), who hit him on the temple with a heavy golden snuffbox. According to another version, the sovereign was strangled with a scarf or he was crushed by a group of conspirators who, leaning on Paul and each other, did not know exactly what was happening. Mistaking one of the conspirators for the son of Konstantin, he shouted: “Your Highness, are you here? Have mercy! Air, Air!.. What have I done wrong to you?” Those were his last words.

The question of whether Alexander Pavlovich could have known or given sanction for the palace coup and the murder of his father remained unclear for a long time. According to the memoirs of Prince A Czartoryski, the idea of ​​a conspiracy appeared almost in the first days of the reign of Paul 1, but its implementation became possible only after it became known about the consent of Alexander, who signed the corresponding secret manifesto, in which he recognized the need for a coup and pledged not to pursue conspirators after coming to power.

Most likely, Alexander himself was well aware that without a palace coup it would be impossible, since the emperor would not abdicate of his own free will, and to leave him alive - even in prison - means to cause a riot trained by the sovereign's troops. Thus, by signing the manifesto, Alexander thereby signed the death sentence for his father.