Causes and results of the Hussite movement. Journey through the memorable places of the geese movement. Crusade against the Hussites

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Hussite Movement in the Czech Republic

Completed by: Student 6 "B" class

Sergamaskina Anastasia

1. Czech Republic in the 14th century

In the middle of the 14th century, as already mentioned, the Czech King Charles I was elected Holy Roman Emperor under the name of Charles IV (see § 23, paragraph 3). The Czech Republic became the most powerful state in it. The Czech king took first place among the princes who received the right to elect the emperor.

Charles I avoided wars, but managed to expand the territory of the Czech kingdom: he bought up land, arranged profitable marriages for his children.

The king patronized the development of handicrafts, mining, trade and culture.

At this time, the Czech Republic was experiencing an economic boom. By mining silver, from which the coin was then minted, the Czech Republic took one of the first places in Europe. There were more than 200 crafts in the cities, including the production of cloth and glassware. In the Czech Republic, located almost in the center of Europe, the most important trade routes intersected. There were big fairs in Prague twice a year; merchants from Poland, Germany and Italy came to them.

About 40 thousand people lived in Prague, which became the capital of the empire under Charles I. Then the famous Charles Bridge was built, St. Vitus Cathedral was laid.

German merchants and craftsmen moved to the cities of the Czech Republic. As in their homeland, they created self-government in the cities. Until the middle of the 14th century, there was not a single Czech in the city council of Prague. The mines were also in the hands of the Germans. Czech artisans and merchants tried in vain to participate in city government.

The Catholic Church in the Czech Republic owned a third of the most fertile land. The head of the Czech church, the Archbishop of Prague, owned 14 cities and 900 villages. The monasteries were especially rich.

Peasants and townspeople were exhausted from countless requisitions of the church. A significant part of the income received in the Czech Republic, the clergy sent to Rome. General discontent was brewing against the Catholic Church in the Czech Republic.

2. The life and death of Jan Hus

At the beginning of the 15th century, a small church on one of the streets of Prague attracted many people. Citizens, peasants and knights came here to listen to the fiery sermons of the Prague University professor Jan Hus (1371-1415).

Jan Hus mercilessly denounced the clergy for retreating from the poverty proclaimed in the Gospel. He resented the sale of church positions in Rome, the sale of indulgences in the Czech Republic, and called the pope the main swindler. “Even the last penny that the poor old woman hides can be pulled out by an unworthy clergyman. How can one not say after this that he is more cunning and meaner than a thief? Gus said. czech wrestling goose catholic

From criticism of the clergy, Hus moved on to the demands of reform - the reorganization of the church. He called for the church to be deprived of its wealth, to take away land from bishops and monasteries; abolish fees for ceremonies, and hold services in their native language. Hus himself developed the grammar of the Czech language. The Czech Republic should have its own church, subordinate not to the pope, but to the king. Force must be used against the Pope. “Come, brothers, now is the time of war and the sword,” Gus said.

The Archbishop of Prague forbade Hus to preach, and then excommunicated him from the church. But Gus did not let himself be intimidated. After leaving Prague, he lived for two years in the south of the Czech Republic, where he continued to speak to the peasants.

Then the pope summoned Hus to a church council that met in the south of Germany in the city of Constance. Although the emperor gave Hus a safe-conduct, Hus understood that he was in danger of death, and wrote a will. He nevertheless decided to go to the cathedral to defend his views. In Constanta, Hus was put in chains and kept in a damp and cold dungeon for six months. Then he was put on trial

The council declared Hus a heretic and demanded that he renounce his views. Gus replied: “I cannot change my conscience. If I renounce the truth, how dare I look into the eyes of the people whom I have always taught to tell the truth? He chose to die, but did not deviate from his convictions. In 1415, Jan Hus was burned at the stake. He courageously met the painful execution.

3. The beginning of the armed struggle

Hussites. The execution of Hus aroused the indignation of the Czech people. Crowds of peasants went to the mountains and listened to the speeches of Hus's supporters there. His followers began to call themselves the Hussites.

In 1419 there was an uprising in Prague. Czech townspeople broke into the town hall, threw the hated rulers of the city out of the window. German rich people began to be expelled from other cities. The rebels sacked the monasteries, killed or expelled the ministers of the church. Pans (Czech feudal lords) seized church lands.

There were two currents among the rebels: the moderates and the Taborites. The wealthy burghers, as well as most of the nobles, belonged to the moderates. The moderates demanded the abolition of the privileges and land ownership of the church, the simplification of rituals, and the introduction of worship in the Czech language.

The Taborites went much further in their demands: peasants, the bulk of the townspeople, poor knights. They sought reform not only of the church, but of the whole society. Taborite preachers called for the destruction of private property, all duties and taxes. They believed that Christ would soon come again and establish the "Kingdom of God": "... there will be no kings, no rulers, no subjects on earth, taxes will disappear, and government should be transferred into the hands of the people." Taborites gathered on Mount Tabor in the south of the Czech Republic (hence their name). Here they founded the city, surrounded it with powerful walls and named, like the mountain, Tabor.

People who came to Tabor put their money into special barrels on the streets. These funds were used to arm the rebels and help the poor. In Tabor, everyone was considered equal and called each other brothers and sisters.

4. Crusades against the Hussitoin

The Pope declared a Crusade against the Hussites. The crusader army, which consisted mainly of German feudal lords, was led by the German emperor. Knights and mercenaries from many European countries took part in the campaign.

In 1420, a 100,000-strong army invaded the Czech Republic. The path of the crusaders to the Czech capital was marked by robberies, fires and murders. The crusaders encircled Prague. A fierce battle ensued on a hill near the eastern gate - Vitkovoy Gora, where a small detachment of Taborites steadfastly repulsed the attacks of the knightly cavalry. At the decisive moment, a detachment of townspeople hit the rear of the knights. The Crusaders fled in confusion from the walls of Prague.

The pope and the emperor undertook four more campaigns against the Hussites, which ended just as ingloriously.

5. people's army

What is the secret of the victories of the Hussites? The people's army fought the Crusaders. The Taborites had knightly cavalry, but the bulk of their troops were infantry. The warriors were armed with flails, scythes, pikes, axes, sticks with iron tips. The Taborites dragged the knights off their horses with special hooks and "threshed" them with flails.

With great success, the Taborites for the first time began to use in battle small field cannons, which were transported on wagons, using them in open areas. To withstand the attacks of the knightly cavalry, the Taborites quickly built closed fences from peasant carts, which were fastened with chains and boards. Inside such a ring were placed the sick and wounded, spare horses, food and weapons. The carts were placed tightly one to the other. The knights almost never managed to take such fortifications.

Detachments of the people's army differed from the armies of the crusaders in high morale, stamina and discipline. For quarrels, drunkenness, gambling and robbery, warriors were punished as for serious crimes.

The main organizer and leader of the Hussite troops was a poor knight, an experienced warrior Jan Zizka. In one of the battles, Zizka was wounded in the head and blinded. Zizka's "eyes" were his assistants: they informed him about the movement of enemy troops. Knowing his native places perfectly well, the blind commander unerringly chose the most convenient position for the Czechs. In battles, he stunned enemies with unexpected tricks and decisions. In one battle, on the orders of Zizka, dozens of wagons loaded with stones were lowered from the top of the hill onto the attacking knights; the knights were crushed and put to flight. After the death of Jan Zizka, new talented commanders led the Hussite troops. The Hussites made successful campaigns in Hungary, Austria and far into the depths of Germany, they even reached the shores of the Baltic Sea. The Hussite army became permanent. Now the soldiers - the former rebels had no other income than booty, and used trips to neighboring countries to rob the population.

6. End of the Hussite Wars

The Czech Republic was tired of many years of wars, was devastated by enemy invasions and internal struggles. The moderates surrendered first.

Having lost faith in the success of the Crusades, the pope and the emperor entered into negotiations with the moderates. And when the Palais recognized the new church order in the Czech Republic, the moderates formed a large army to fight the Taborites.

In 1434, near the town of Lipany, east of Prague, the moderates attacked the Taborites and defeated them by cunning maneuvers. After the defeat at Lipan, only separate detachments of the Taborites continued hostilities until they were finally dispersed.

7. Meaning of guSith movement

The Czech people for 15 years (from 1419 to 1434) fought heroically against the Catholic Church and the hordes of crusaders. As a result, for two centuries, the Hussite Church established itself among a part of the Czech people; the rest of the population remained Catholic. The Catholic Church was never able to fully return the lost lands in the Czech Republic and restore the destroyed monasteries. Peasants stopped paying tithes.

During the years of the Hussite wars, the Sejm, a meeting of representatives of the estates, played an important role in governing the country. The Sejm was preserved in the future. As in other countries, the estate monarchy was established in the Czech Republic.

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"The Beginning of the Hussite Movement" - Choose the correct answer. The Czech Republic was the most powerful state. Jan Hus. The Great Schism of the Catholic Church. Fight for independence. The beginning of the Hussite movement. Czech Republic in the 14th century. Gus was arrested. Heretic preaching. The execution of Jan Hus.

"Hussite movement" - Hussite movement in the Czech Republic. Founder of the first University. Hussite movement. The cathedral. Zizka broke up with the leadership of the moderate Hussites. Emperor and King. Czech people. Favorite weapon. Townspeople. Layers of the population. The beginning of the armed struggle. Results and significance of the Hussite wars. Peasants. Charles IV. Art patron. Beginning of the Crusades. Talented writer. Jan Zizka. Jan Hus. Taborites. Charles Bridge in Prague.

"D'Arc" - Camille Pissarro. Six legends around a great name. Joan of Arc, patroness of the military and of France. MAY 30. Another one inside. Jeanne spent six months in Burgundy captivity. It took Jeanne 9 days to liberate Orleans. Christmas Eve and Joan of Arc's birthday. Testing continues. Monument to Joan of Arc in Paris. Turns to understand. Two days have passed. Many meetings and conversations are unpleasant for Virgo.

"Revolt of the peasants" - Causes of the uprising. 4.1 Start of Wat Tyler's rebellion in England. 4.3 Start of Wat Tyler's rebellion in England. 2.3 Jacquerie in France. 4.5 Start of Wat Tyler's rebellion in England. 2.1 Jacquerie in France. Introduction of new taxes. The peasants of one village repulsed the attack of a detachment of mercenary robbers. 3.1 Why did the English peasants revolt. Strengthening the exploitation of the peasants. 4.2 Start of Wat Tyler's rebellion in England.

1) Fill in the contour map "Hussite Wars"

1. Paint over the territory of the Czech Republic at the beginning of the 14th century.

2. Designate: a) the borders of the Czech kingdom at the beginning of the 15th century; b) the border of the Holy Roman Empire.

3. Sign the names: Czech Republic, Moravia, Silesia, Poland, Teutonic Order, Hungary, Holy Roman Empire, Prague, Tabor, Lipany.

4. Circle the main centers of the Hussite movement with colored circles.

5. Show with arrows: a) Crusades against the Hussites; b) Campaigns of the Taborites led by Jan Zizka to help Prague in 1420; c) the main directions of foreign campaigns of the Taborites;

6. Mark the places of the most important battles and sign their dates.

2) Fill in the table "Supporters of Jan Hus".

comparison lines	Supporters - Hussites
	moderate	Taborites
1. Composition of participants	Prosperous citizens and nobles	Peasants, the bulk of the townspeople, the poor nobility
2. Requirements	Reforming the church service, abolishing church privileges and abolishing the church's landholdings	Reformation of the church; destruction of private property; the abolition of duties, taxes and the serf system.
3. Means of struggle 4. Results of the struggle	Knightly cavalry and infantry with typical weapons Defeat. Many peasants returned to the feudal lords. Stopped paying tithing	Knightly cavalry, infantry, armed with flails, scythes, pikes, axes. Cannons are small They took possession of church possessions, the Hussite church was established

3) Why did the Pope announce the Crusades against the Hussites?

Answer: The Catholic Church did not want to lose its wealth in the Czech Republic. The Pope and the emperors undertook 5 campaigns against the Hussites, but they all ended in defeat.

Table "People's Movements in the Middle Ages."

The rise of Wat Tyler.

The reasons: economic ruin, tax oppression, plague epidemic, arbitrariness of royal dignitaries.

Date of uprising: May - November 1381

Members and Leaders: peasants, townspeople. Wat Tyler.

Goals of the movement: tax cuts, the abolition of serfdom and corvée, the replacement of royal officials and judges.

Actions of the rebels: the rebels burned the estates of feudal lords, documents with records of their duties, destroyed prisons, released prisoners.

Results and meaning: defeat of the rebels. The condition of the peasants improved. Refusal to introduce new poll taxes, weakening serfdom. Became more lenient laws on the poor. Payment for land for personally free peasants became definite and constant.

Rise of Jacquerie.

The reasons: economic devastation, tax oppression, robberies by soldiers of the population, plague epidemic, the introduction of new payments.

Date of uprising: May - September 1358

Members and Leaders: peasants, urban poor. Guillaume Kal.

Goals of the movement: tax cuts and the elimination of the serf system. "Exterminate the nobles to a single" - the slogan of the uprising.

Actions of the rebels: peasants attacked seigneurs, destroyed castles, robbed property, burned records of feudal duties.

Results and meaning: the defeat of the rebels. The refusal of the seniors to increase duties and the creation of prerequisites for the personal liberation of the peasants.

Hussite movement.

The reasons: strengthening of the feudal exploitation of the Czech peasantry by secular and spiritual feudal lords (increase in requisitions and corvee duties), corruption of the Catholic Church, which caused universal hatred with its wealth and corruption of the clergy, ever-increasing German dominance, the struggle between artisans and the patriciate (mainly German) in the cities, heavy position of the urban poor (plebs).

Date of uprising: 1419 - 1437

Members and Leaders: 1. moderate - wealthy citizens and nobles; 2. Taborites - peasants, the bulk of the townspeople, the poor nobility. Jan Zizka.

Goals of the movement: 1. Moderate - reforming the church service, the abolition of church privileges and the abolition of land ownership of the church; 2. Taborites - Reformation of the church; destruction of private property; the abolition of duties and the serf system.

Actions of the rebels: in Prague, representatives of the city authorities were thrown out of the window of the town hall, and the city was besieged. The Hussites defeated the Crusaders. After Jan's death, the moderates negotiated with the Pope, attacked and defeated the Taborites.

Results and meaning: the movement was suppressed, but the moderate Hussites retained the captured possessions and introduced new orders in the Czech church. Communion "under both kinds" was recognized. Further development of the situation led to the establishment in the Czech Republic of peaceful coexistence of two confessions - Catholics and Chashniki. The problem of the coexistence of Catholics and Hussites in the Czech Republic became aggravated in the 17th century in connection with the spread of the ideas of the Reformation in the Czech Republic. At this time, many chashniki became close to the Lutherans, and the "Bohemian brothers" to the Calvinists. The Habsburg emperors in the second half of the 17th century sought to abolish the rights of the Hussites, which led to the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). After the defeat of the Czech Republic in the war, the church organizations of the Hussites ceased to exist for a long time.

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

JOURNEY TO MEMORIAL PLACES OF THE GUSIST MOVEMENT Completed by a student of grade 6 "K" Berezhnoy Artemy

2 slide

Description of the slide:

Jan Hus Jan Hus was born in the town of Husinec in South Bohemia in 1369 or 1371 (data differ) into a poor family. From childhood, his mother instilled in Jan faith in God. At the age of 18, he entered the Charles University at the Faculty of Liberal Arts. After receiving a master's degree, Jan was offered a position as a university teacher, in 1401 he was elected dean of the faculty, and then twice elected rector. At Charles University, Hus gets acquainted with the works of the English reformer John Wycliffe, which radically change his views on faith and life, and he begins to oppose the papacy. monument to Jan Hus on the Old Town Square

3 slide

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Bethlehem chapel Bethlehem chapel became the platform for his sermon. This simple-looking church is nothing like the magnificent Gothic temples, and it was founded by ordinary people who wanted to listen to sermons in the Czech language. Inside there are no icons, no statues, no frescoes and stained glass windows. Only the pulpit, a place for the choir, and a spacious auditorium. Now there is a museum in the Bethlehem chapel, concerts, university events are held. Divine services are currently held here only once a year - July 6, the day of the execution of Jan Hus.

4 slide

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New Town Hall In July 1419, a group of Hus's followers, led by Jan Zhelivsky, during a speech at St. Stephen's Church, demanded that the city magistrate release Hus' supporters, who were arrested for openly demonstrating their views. At that moment, someone from the New Town Hall threw a stone at the gathered crowd, to which the audience reacted with a spontaneous attack on the town hall. A group led by Jan Zhelivsky, which included Jan Zizka, who later became a hero of the Hussite movement, broke into the New Town magistrate and threw three councilors and seven townspeople who sympathized with Hus's opponents out of the windows.

5 slide

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City of Tabor The Hussite movement was concentrated not only in Prague. Back in 1420, the center of this movement appeared in the South Bohemian city of Tabor, where the most radical forces were grouped. After the death of the master, the number of his supporters only increased. The Taborites were at war with the Catholics, so the city was originally built not as an ordinary settlement for life, but as a fortified camp. Therefore, the streets in the old city are very narrow, crooked and confusing.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

The Taborites and Jan Zizka The Taborites lived as a community and rejected any hierarchy. Some of them were engaged in crafts, providing for the army, and some fought. In the center of the city, of course, the main square. There is a cathedral, a Hussian museum and a monument to Jan Zizka. It was he who came up with the idea of using wagenburg - carts fastened together as a defensive fortification and a springboard for attacks. Although initially simple peasants and artisans went to the Taborites, over time they learned to handle cannons, spears, crossbows and other weapons and became a formidable army. monument to Jan Zizka in Tabora

Causes and results of the Hussite movement. Journey through the memorable places of the geese movement. Crusade against the Hussites

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