Subject status of the technique: research of the emotional sphere

The purpose of diagnosis: determining the level subjective feeling loneliness

Table No. 11 " Primary results research"

	Possible answer
Transformed
Final

The subject is diagnosed average level the severity of the subjective feeling of loneliness.

Methodology for diagnosing self-esteem

Subject status of the technique: study of personality traits

Operational status of the psychodiagnostic technique: test

Purpose of diagnosis: study of self-esteem, reactive and personal anxiety

Table No. 12 “Primary results of the study”

	Possible answer
no it's not like that	perhaps so		absolutely right
	Possible answer
Almost never			almost always

The indicator of situational (reactive) anxiety is 63, which indicates a high level of situational anxiety. In the behavioral aspect, this is characterized by: high anxiety, nervousness, tension. May lead to impaired attention and fine coordination.

The personal anxiety index is 55, which indicates a high level of personal anxiety. In the behavioral aspect, this is characterized by: a stable tendency to perceive a wide range of situations as threatening, and to react to such situations with a state of anxiety. There may be a direct correlation with the presence of neurotic conflict, with emotional and neurotic breakdowns and psychosomatic diseases.

Description: This diagnostic test questionnaire is designed to determine the level of loneliness, how lonely a person feels.

The phenomenon of loneliness lies in the fact that the feeling of loneliness is perceived as an acutely subjective, highly individual and often unique experience. One of the most distinctive features loneliness is a specific feeling of complete immersion in oneself. The feeling of loneliness is not like other experiences, it is holistic, embracing absolutely everything.

Loneliness is a complex feeling that binds together something lost inner world personality. The feeling of loneliness motivates a person to vigorously search for a means of confronting this “disease”, because loneliness acts against the basic expectations and hopes of a person and is thus perceived as extremely undesirable.

There is an educational moment in the feeling of loneliness. Loneliness is a sign of one's selfhood; it tells a person “who I am in this life.” Loneliness is a special form of self-perception, an acute form of self-awareness.

Instructions.

You are presented with a series of statements. Consider each one sequentially and evaluate in terms of the frequency of their occurrence in relation to your life using four answer options: “often,” “sometimes,” “rarely,” “never.” Mark the selected option with a “+” sign.

Text of the questionnaire (questions).

№	Statements	Often	Sometimes	Rarely	Never
1	I'm unhappy doing so many things alone
2	I have no one to talk to
3	I can't bear to be so lonely
4	I miss communication
5	I feel like no one understands me
6	I find myself waiting for people to call, write to me
7	There's no one I can turn to
8	I'm not close to anyone anymore
9	Those around me do not share my interests and ideas
10	I feel abandoned
11	I am unable to open up and communicate with those around me
12	I feel completely alone
13	My social relations and connections are superficial
14	I'm dying for company
15	Nobody really knows me well
16	I feel isolated from others
17	I'm miserable being such an outcast
18	I have trouble making friends
19	I feel excluded and isolated by others
20	People around me, but not with me

Processing, the key to the loneliness test.

The number of each answer option is counted.

The sum of the answers “often” is multiplied by 3,
“sometimes” - by 2,
“rarely” - by 1
and “never” - to 0.
The results obtained are added up. The maximum possible loneliness score is 60 points.

Indicators of the level of subjective feeling of loneliness according to the method of Ferguson and Russell

Younger age group

Senior age group

The study revealed that the indicators of feelings of loneliness in men in both age groups correspond to a low level, and in women - to an average level. However, the differences between men and women are not statistically significant. There is also a noticeable trend among men towards a decrease in average levels of feelings of loneliness from younger to older age. Perhaps over the years people get used to their life situation, the severity of the experience decreases and there is an acceptance of everything that has been lived and is being lived at the present moment.

Especially high level loneliness was identified among people of the older age group living in a boarding school. The scores in this group correspond to the average level of loneliness on the Russell-Fergusson scale. For men it is 22.6 points (for comparison: for men living in families it is 10.1 points). For women living in a boarding school - 33 points, for women living in families - 13.4 points.

Instructions. “You are presented with a series of statements. Consider each one sequentially and evaluate in terms of the frequency of their manifestations in relation to your life using four answer options: “often”, “sometimes”, “rarely”, “never”. Mark the selected option with a “+” sign.”

Processing of results and interpretation. The number of each answer option is counted. The sum of the answers “often” is multiplied by three, “sometimes” by two, “rarely” by one and “never” by 0. The results obtained are added together. The maximum possible loneliness score is 60 points.

A high degree of loneliness is indicated by 40 to 60 points, from 20 to 40 points - an average level of loneliness, from 0 to 20 points - low level loneliness.

Methodology "T&D" 35

Diagnoses anxiety and depression. Instructions. “We ask you to answer a series of questions that will help us find out how you are feeling. If the conditions specified in the question are

– you have never had one, give 5 points;

Form for diagnosing the level of subjective feeling of loneliness by D. Russell and M. Ferguson

№	Statements	Often	Sometimes	Rarely	Never
1	I'm unhappy doing so many things alone
2	I have no one to talk to
3	I can't bear to be so lonely
4	I miss communication
5	I feel like no one really understands themselves
6	I find myself waiting for people to call or text me
7	There's no one I can turn to
8	I'm not close to anyone anymore
9	Those around me do not share my interests and ideas
10	I feel abandoned
11	I am unable to open up and communicate with those around me
12	I feel completely alone
13	My social relationships and connections are superficial
14	I'm dying for company
15	Nobody really knows me well
16	I feel isolated from others
17	I'm miserable being such an outcast
18	I have trouble making friends
19	I feel excluded and isolated by others
20	People around me, but not with me

– very rare – 4 points;

– happen from time to time – 3 points;

– they happen often – 2 points;

– almost constantly or always – 1 point.”

Group or individual research. Test takers receive an answer form and their attention is drawn to ensure that they do not make mistakes when filling out the form.

Questionnaire text

1. Do you notice that you have become slower and sluggish, that you don’t have the same energy?

2. Do you find it difficult to fall asleep if something is bothering you?

3. Do you feel depressed and depressed?

4. Do you ever have a feeling of any anxiety (as if something is about to happen), although there is no particular reason?

5. Do you notice that now you feel less need for friendship and affection than before?

6. Does the thought occur to you that there is little joy and happiness in your life?

7. Do you notice that you have become somehow indifferent, that you don’t have the same interests and hobbies?

8. Do you have periods of such anxiety that you can’t even sit still?

9. Does waiting make you anxious and nervous?

10. Do you have nightmares?

11. Do you feel anxious and worried about someone or something?

12. Do you ever have the feeling that you are treated with indifference, no one is trying to understand and sympathize with you, and you feel alone (lonely)?

13. Have you noticed that your arms or legs are often in restless motion?

14. Do you feel impatient, restless or fussy?

15. Do you often want to be alone?

16. Do you notice that your loved ones treat you with indifference or even hostility?

17. Do you feel constrained and insecure in society?

18. Do you ever think that your girlfriends (friends) or loved ones are happier than you?

19. Do you hesitate for a long time before making a decision?

20. Do you sometimes have the feeling that you yourself are to blame for many troubles?

Table 2.14

Feature numbers	Points
	1	2	3	4	5
2	-1,38	-0,44	1,18	1,31	0,87
4	-1,08	-1,3	-0,6	0,37	1,44
8	-1,6	-1,34	-0,4	-0,6	0,88
9	-1,11	0,0	0,54	1,22	0,47
10	-0,9	-1,32	-0,41	-0,41	1,2
11	-1,19	-0,2	1,04	1,03	0,4
13	-0,78	-1,48	-1,38	0,11	0,48
14	-1,26	-0,93	-0,4	0,34	1,24
17	-1,23	-0,74	0,0	0,37	0,63
19	-1,92	-0,36	0,28	0,56	0,1

Table 2.15

The significance of diagnostic coefficients for depression

Feature numbers	Points
	1	2	3	4	5
1	-1,58	-1,45	-0,41	0,7	1,46
3	-1,51	1,53	-0,34	0,58	1,4
5	-1,45	-1,26	-1,0	0,0	0,83
6	-1,38	-1,62	-0,22	0,32	0,75
7	-1,3	-1,5	-0,15	0,8	1,22
12	-1,34	-1,34	-0,5	0,3	0,72
15	-1,2	-1,23	-0,36	0,56	-0,2
16	-1,08	-1,08	-1,18	0,0	0,46
18	-1,2	-1,26	-0,37	0,21	0,42
20	-1,08	-0,54	-0,1	0,25	0,32

Processing of received data. The scores given by the test takers accept certain numeric values, which are indicated in the tables.

According to the values ​​​​indicated in table. 2.14 and 2.15, the well-being score is replaced by a diagnostic coefficient. After recoding, they calculate algebraic sum(taking into account the positive or negative sign) of diagnostic coefficients for each scale separately.

The algebraic sum of coefficients greater than +1.28 indicates a good mental state. A sum less than -1.28 indicates severe mental tension, anxiety, and depression. Intermediate values(from -1.28 to +1.28) indicate data uncertainty. Typically, borderline values ​​are characterized by coefficients ranging from -5.6 to -1.28.

A borderline state of anxiety manifests itself in a decrease in the threshold of arousal in relation to various stimuli, indecision, impatience, and inconsistency of action. The neurotic reaction of anxiety as concern for one’s own health and for the health of one’s loved ones when communicating with people is manifested in the fact that a person behaves insecurely.

Depression manifests itself in neurotic reactions - in a weakening of the tone of life and energy, in a decrease in mood, narrowing and limiting contacts with others, a feeling of joylessness and loneliness.

Korchagina S.G. Psychology of loneliness: a textbook. – M.: Moscow Psychological and Social Institute, 2008.

Loneliness test. Method of subjective feeling of loneliness by D. Russell and M. Ferguson

Description: This diagnostic test-questionnaire is designed to determine the level of loneliness, how lonely a person feels.

The phenomenon of loneliness lies in the fact that the feeling of loneliness is perceived as an acutely subjective, highly individual and often unique experience. One of the most distinctive features of loneliness is a specific feeling of complete immersion in oneself. The feeling of loneliness is not like other experiences, it is holistic, embracing absolutely everything.

Loneliness is a complex feeling that binds together something lost in the inner world of the individual. The feeling of loneliness motivates a person to vigorously search for a means of confronting this “disease”, because loneliness acts against the basic expectations and hopes of a person and is thus perceived as extremely undesirable.

There is an educational moment in the feeling of loneliness. Loneliness is a sign of one's selfhood; it tells a person “who I am in this life.” Loneliness is a special form of self-perception, an acute form of self-awareness.

Quiz: How lonely are you? Method of subjective feeling of loneliness by D. Russell and M. Ferguson:

Instructions. You are presented with a series of statements. Consider each one sequentially and evaluate in terms of the frequency of their occurrence in relation to your life using four answer options: “often,” “sometimes,” “rarely,” “never.” Mark the selected option with a “+” sign.

Text of the questionnaire (questions).

	Statements
	I'm unhappy doing so many things alone
	I have no one to talk to
	I can't bear to be so lonely
	I miss communication
	I feel like no one understands me
	I find myself waiting for people to call, write to me
	There's no one I can turn to
	I'm not close to anyone anymore
	Those around me do not share my interests and ideas
	I feel abandoned
	I am unable to open up and communicate with those around me
	I feel completely alone
	My social relationships and connections are superficial
	I'm dying for company
	Nobody really knows me well
	I feel isolated from others
	I'm miserable being such an outcast
	I have trouble making friends
	I feel excluded and isolated by others
	People around me, but not with me

Processing, the key to the loneliness test.

The number of each answer option is counted. The sum of the answers “often” is multiplied by 3, “sometimes” by 2, “rarely” by 1 and “never” by 0. The results obtained are added together. The maximum possible loneliness score is 60 points.

Interpretation

a high degree of loneliness is indicated by scores from 40 to 60,

from 20 to 40 points - average level of loneliness,

from 0 to 20 points - low level of loneliness.

Feelings associated with loneliness

Factor analysis emotional states lonely person

despair	depression	unbearable boredom	self-deprecation
Despair		Impatience	Feeling of one's own unattractiveness
	Depression		worthlessness
Helplessness	Devastation	Desire for change	Feeling of one's own stupidity
Frightened	Isolation	Stiffness	Shyness
Losing hope	Self pity	Irritability	Insecurity
Abandonment	Melancholy	Inability to pull yourself together	Alienation
Vulnerability	Longing for a specific person

Factor analysis of the causes of loneliness

freedom from attachments	alienation	privacy	forced isolation	change of place
Absence of spouse	I feel like a black sheep	“I come home to an empty house”	Home attachment	Staying away from home
Lack of partner	Misunderstanding from others	"Abandoned by everyone"	Bedridden	New place of work or study
Severance of relations with a spouse, with a loved one	worthlessness		Lack of funds	Moving or moving too frequently
	Lack of close friends			Frequent travel

Factor analysis of reactions to loneliness

sad passivity	active solitude	burning money	social contact
	I study or work	Spending money	I'm calling a friend
		Shopping	I'm going to visit someone
I sit and think	I listen to music
I don't do anything	I'm doing exercises
I overeat
I take tranquilizers	Doing what I love
Watching TV	I go to the cinema
I drink or I pass out	Reading Playing music

People have been trying to avoid or get used to loneliness for centuries. The one who disagreed cursed loneliness, the one who resigned himself did not notice, the wise one enjoyed it. Loneliness existed, and that means it is necessary.

Early psychological studies of loneliness focused on the individual's self-perception of the condition. Rogers viewed loneliness as the alienation of the individual from his true inner feelings. He believed that, striving for recognition and love, people often show themselves from the outside and therefore become alienated from themselves. Whitehorn echoed this view: “Some significant discrepancy between the sense of self and the reaction to the self of others gives rise to and aggravates the feeling of loneliness; this process can become a vicious cycle of loneliness and alienation.”

Thus, Rogers and Whitehorn believe that loneliness is caused by the individual's perception of dissonance between the true self and how others see the self.

Few studies have tested this idea. Eddy hypothesized that loneliness is associated with a discrepancy between three aspects of self-perception: the individual's self-perception (actual self), the individual's ideal self, and the individual's idea of ​​how others see her (reflected self).

Often low self-esteem is a set of attitudes and behavior that interferes with the establishment or maintenance of satisfactory social relationships. People with low self-esteem interpret social interactions in a self-deprecating way. They are more likely to attribute failures in communication to internal, self-blaming factors. People who don't rate themselves highly expect that others also consider them worthless. Such people react more sharply to calls for communication and refusal to communicate. Overall, low self-esteem is often embodied in an interrelated set of self-deprecating cognitions and behaviors that distort social competence, putting people at risk of loneliness.

You can feel lonely alone, in a crowd of people, and even next to your loved one. The solution to the problem of loneliness is that it is necessary to determine what kind of communication and with whom is missing, what information and what impressions are missing, and it is this deficiency that needs to be filled.