Aluminum is a transition metal. Regional company. Chemical properties of aluminum

Aluminum is an element of the main subgroup of group III, of the third period, with atomic number 13. Aluminum is a p-element. On the outside energy level aluminum atom contains 3 electrons, which have an electronic configuration 3s 2 3p 1. Aluminum exhibits an oxidation state of +3.

Belongs to the group of light metals. Most common metal and third most common chemical element in earth's crust(after oxygen and silicon).

A simple substance aluminum is a light, paramagnetic metal of silver-white color, easily amenable to molding, casting, and machining. Aluminum has high thermal and electrical conductivity, resistance to corrosion due to the rapid formation of strong oxide films that protect the surface from further interaction.

Chemical properties of aluminum

Under normal conditions, aluminum is covered with a thin and strong oxide film and therefore does not react with classical oxidizing agents: with H 2 O (t °); O 2 , HNO 3 (without heating). Due to this, aluminum is practically not subject to corrosion and therefore is widely demanded by modern industry. When the oxide film is destroyed, aluminum acts as an active reducing metal.

1. Aluminum easily reacts with simple non-metal substances:

4Al + 3O 2 \u003d 2Al 2 O 3

2Al + 3Cl 2 \u003d 2AlCl 3,

2Al + 3Br 2 = 2AlBr 3

2Al + N 2 = 2AlN

2Al + 3S = Al 2 S 3

4Al + 3C \u003d Al 4 C 3

Aluminum sulfide and aluminum carbide are completely hydrolyzed:

Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2 S

Al 4 C 3 + 12H 2 O \u003d 4Al (OH) 3 + 3CH 4

2. Aluminum reacts with water

(after removing the protective oxide film):

2Al + 6H 2 O \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2

3. Aluminum reacts with alkalis

2Al + 2NaOH + 6H 2 O = 2Na + 3H 2

2(NaOH H 2 O) + 2Al \u003d 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2

First, the protective oxide film dissolves: Al 2 O 3 + 2NaOH + 3H 2 O = 2Na.

Then the reactions proceed: 2Al + 6H 2 O \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2, NaOH + Al (OH) 3 \u003d Na,

or in total: 2Al + 6H 2 O + 2NaOH \u003d Na + 3H 2,

and as a result, aluminates are formed: Na - sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate Since the aluminum atom in these compounds is characterized by a coordination number of 6, and not 4, the actual formula of tetrahydroxo compounds is as follows: Na

4. Aluminum dissolves easily in hydrochloric and dilute sulfuric acids:

2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2

2Al + 3H 2 SO 4 (razb) \u003d Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2

When heated, it dissolves in acids - oxidizing agents, forming soluble aluminum salts:

8Al + 15H 2 SO 4 (conc) = 4Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3H 2 S + 12H 2 O

Al + 6HNO 3 (conc) = Al(NO 3) 3 + 3NO 2 + 3H 2 O

5. Aluminum restores metals from their oxides (aluminothermy):

8Al + 3Fe 3 O 4 = 4Al 2 O 3 + 9Fe

2Al + Cr 2 O 3 \u003d Al 2 O 3 + 2Cr

(A l ), gallium (Ga ), indium (In ) and thallium (T l ).

As can be seen from the given data, all these elements were opened in XIX century.

Discovery of metals of the main subgroup III groups

AT	Al	Ga	In	Tl
1806	1825	1875	1863	1861
G. Lussac,	G.H. Oersted	L. de Boisbaudran	F. Reich,	W. Crooks
L. Tenard	(Denmark)	(France)	I. Richter	(England)
(France)			(Germany)

Boron is a nonmetal. Aluminum is a transition metal, while gallium, indium and thallium are full metals. Thus, with an increase in the atomic radii of the elements of each group of the periodic system, the metallic properties simple substances intensify.

In this lecture, we will take a closer look at the properties of aluminum.

1. The position of aluminum in the table of D. I. Mendeleev. The structure of the atom, the oxidation states shown.

The aluminum element is located in III group, main "A" subgroup, 3rd period of the periodic system, serial number No. 13, relative atomic mass Ar (Al ) = 27. Its neighbor on the left in the table is magnesium, a typical metal, and on the right, silicon, which is no longer a metal. Therefore, aluminum must exhibit properties of some intermediate nature and its compounds are amphoteric.

Al +13) 2) 8) 3 , p is an element,

Basic state

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1

excited state

1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1 3p 2

Aluminum exhibits an oxidation state of +3 in compounds:

Al 0 - 3 e - → Al +3

2. Physical properties

Free form aluminum is a silvery-white metal with high thermal and electrical conductivity.The melting temperature is 650 ° C. Aluminum has a low density (2.7 g / cm 3) - about three times less than that of iron or copper, and at the same time it is a durable metal.

3. Being in nature

In terms of prevalence in nature, it occupies 1st among metals and 3rd among elements second only to oxygen and silicon. The percentage of aluminum content in the earth's crust, according to various researchers, ranges from 7.45 to 8.14% of the mass of the earth's crust.

In nature, aluminum occurs only in compounds (minerals).

Some of them:

· Bauxites - Al 2 O 3 H 2 O (with impurities SiO 2, Fe 2 O 3, CaCO 3)

· Nephelines - KNa 3 4

· Alunites - KAl(SO 4) 2 2Al(OH) 3

· Alumina (mixtures of kaolins with sand SiO 2, limestone CaCO 3, magnesite MgCO 3)

· Corundum - Al 2 O 3

· Feldspar (orthoclase) - K 2 O × Al 2 O 3 × 6SiO 2

· Kaolinite - Al 2 O 3 ×2SiO 2 × 2H 2 O

· Alunite - (Na,K) 2 SO 4 × Al 2 (SO 4) 3 × 4Al (OH) 3

· Beryl - 3BeO Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2

Bauxite
Al2O3	Corundum
	Ruby
	Sapphire

4. Chemical properties of aluminum and its compounds

Aluminum easily interacts with oxygen under normal conditions and is covered with an oxide film (it gives a matte appearance).

DEMONSTRATION OF OXIDE FILM

Its thickness is 0.00001 mm, but thanks to it, aluminum does not corrode. To study the chemical properties of aluminum, the oxide film is removed. (Using sandpaper, or chemically: first by lowering into an alkali solution to remove the oxide film, and then into a solution of mercury salts to form an aluminum-mercury alloy - an amalgam).

I. Interaction with simple substances

Aluminum already at room temperature actively reacts with all halogens, forming halides. When heated, it interacts with sulfur (200 °C), nitrogen (800 °C), phosphorus (500 °C) and carbon (2000 °C), with iodine in the presence of a catalyst - water:

2A l + 3 S \u003d A l 2 S 3 (aluminum sulfide),

2A l + N 2 \u003d 2A lN (aluminum nitride),

A l + P = A l P (aluminum phosphide),

4A l + 3C \u003d A l 4 C 3 (aluminum carbide).

2 Al +3 I 2 \u003d 2 A l I 3 (aluminum iodide) EXPERIENCE

All these compounds are completely hydrolyzed with the formation of aluminum hydroxide and, accordingly, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, phosphine and methane:

Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 + 3H 2 S

Al 4 C 3 + 12H 2 O \u003d 4Al (OH) 3 + 3CH 4

In the form of shavings or powder, it burns brightly in air, releasing a large number of heat:

4A l + 3 O 2 \u003d 2A l 2 O 3 + 1676 kJ.

COMBUSTION OF ALUMINUM IN AIR

EXPERIENCE

II. Interaction with complex substances

Interaction with water :

2 Al + 6 H 2 O \u003d 2 Al (OH) 3 +3 H 2

without oxide film

EXPERIENCE

Interaction with metal oxides:

Aluminum is a good reducing agent, as it is one of the active metals. It is in the activity series right after the alkaline earth metals. So restores metals from their oxides . Such a reaction - aluminothermy - is used to obtain pure rare metals, such as tungsten, vanadium, etc.

3 Fe 3 O 4 +8 Al \u003d 4 Al 2 O 3 +9 Fe + Q

Thermite mixture of Fe 3 O 4 and Al (powder) is also used in thermite welding.

C r 2 O 3 + 2A l \u003d 2C r + A l 2 O 3

Interaction with acids :

With a solution of sulfuric acid: 2 Al + 3 H 2 SO 4 \u003d Al 2 (SO 4) 3 +3 H 2

It does not react with cold concentrated sulfuric and nitrogenous (passivates). Therefore, nitric acid is transported in aluminum tanks. When heated, aluminum is able to reduce these acids without releasing hydrogen:

2A l + 6H 2 S O 4 (conc) \u003d A l 2 (S O 4) 3 + 3 S O 2 + 6H 2 O,

A l + 6H NO 3 (conc) \u003d A l (NO 3) 3 + 3 NO 2 + 3H 2 O.

Interaction with alkalis .

2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H 2 O \u003d 2 Na [ Al(OH)4 ] +3H2

EXPERIENCE

Na[BUTl(OH) 4] – sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate

At the suggestion of the chemist Gorbov, in Russo-Japanese War this reaction was used to produce hydrogen for balloons.

With salt solutions:

2 Al + 3 CuSO 4 \u003d Al 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3 Cu

If the surface of aluminum is rubbed with mercury salt, then the following reaction occurs:

2 Al + 3 HgCl 2 = 2 AlCl 3 + 3 hg

Released mercury dissolves aluminum, forming an amalgam .

Detection of aluminum ions in solutions : EXPERIENCE

5. Application of aluminum and its compounds

The physical and chemical properties of aluminum determined its wide application in technology. The aviation industry is a major consumer of aluminum.: 2/3 aircraft is made of aluminum and its alloys. An aircraft made of steel would be too heavy and could carry far fewer passengers. Therefore, aluminum is called the winged metal. Cables and wires are made from aluminum: with the same electrical conductivity, their mass is 2 times less than the corresponding copper products.

Considering the corrosion resistance of aluminum, it manufacture parts of apparatuses and containers for nitric acid. Aluminum powder is the basis for the manufacture of silver paint to protect iron products from corrosion, as well as to reflect thermal rays, such paint is used to cover oil storage facilities and firefighters' suits.

Aluminum oxide is used to produce aluminum and also as a refractory material.

Aluminum hydroxide is the main component of the well-known drugs Maalox, Almagel, which lower the acidity of gastric juice.

Aluminum salts are strongly hydrolyzed. This property is used in the process of water purification. Aluminum sulfate and a small amount of slaked lime are added to the water to be purified to neutralize the resulting acid. As a result, a volumetric precipitate of aluminum hydroxide is released, which, settling, takes with it suspended particles of turbidity and bacteria.

Thus, aluminum sulfate is a coagulant.

6. Obtaining aluminum

1) The modern cost-effective method for producing aluminum was invented by the American Hall and the Frenchman Héroux in 1886. It consists in the electrolysis of a solution of aluminum oxide in molten cryolite. Molten cryolite Na 3 AlF 6 dissolves Al 2 O 3 as water dissolves sugar. The electrolysis of a "solution" of aluminum oxide in molten cryolite proceeds as if cryolite were only a solvent, and aluminum oxide was an electrolyte.

2Al 2 O 3 electric current → 4Al + 3O 2

In the English Encyclopedia for Boys and Girls, an article about aluminum begins with the following words: “On February 23, 1886, a new metal age began in the history of civilization - the age of aluminum. On this day, Charles Hall, a 22-year-old chemist, showed up in his first teacher's laboratory with a dozen small balls of silvery-white aluminum in his hand, and with the news that he had found a way to manufacture this metal cheaply and in large quantities. So Hall became the founder of the American aluminum industry and an Anglo-Saxon national hero, as a man who made a great business out of science.

2) 2Al 2 O 3 +3 C \u003d 4 Al + 3 CO 2

IT IS INTERESTING:

Metallic aluminum was first isolated in 1825 by the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted. By passing gaseous chlorine through a layer of hot alumina mixed with coal, Oersted isolated aluminum chloride without the slightest trace of moisture. To restore metallic aluminum, Oersted needed to treat aluminum chloride with potassium amalgam. After 2 years, the German chemist Friedrich Wöller. He improved the method by replacing potassium amalgam with pure potassium.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, aluminum was the main jewelry metal. In 1889, in London, D.I. Mendeleev was awarded a valuable gift for his services to the development of chemistry - scales made of gold and aluminum.
By 1855, the French scientist Saint-Clair Deville had developed a process for producing aluminum metal on an industrial scale. But the method was very expensive. Deville enjoyed the special patronage of Napoleon III, Emperor of France. As a sign of his devotion and gratitude, Deville made for Napoleon's son, the newborn prince, an elegantly engraved rattle - the first "consumer product" made of aluminum. Napoleon even intended to equip his guardsmen with aluminum cuirasses, but the price was prohibitive. At that time, 1 kg of aluminum cost 1000 marks, i.e. 5 times more expensive than silver. Only after the invention electrolytic process aluminum is comparable in value to conventional metals.
Did you know that aluminum, entering the human body, causes a disorder of the nervous system. When it is in excess, the metabolism is disturbed. And protective agents are vitamin C, calcium, zinc compounds.
When aluminum burns in oxygen and fluorine, a lot of heat is released. Therefore, it is used as an additive to rocket fuel. The Saturn rocket burns 36 tons of aluminum powder during its flight. The idea of using metals as a component of rocket fuel was first proposed by F.A. Zander.

SIMULATORS

Simulator No. 1 - Characteristics of aluminum by position in the Periodic system of elements of D. I. Mendeleev

Simulator No. 2 - Equations for the reactions of aluminum with simple and complex substances

Simulator No. 3 - Chemical properties of aluminum

TASKS FOR REINFORCEMENT

No. 1. To obtain aluminum from aluminum chloride, calcium metal can be used as a reducing agent. Make an equation for this chemical reaction, characterize this process using electronic balance.
Think! Why can't this reaction be carried out in an aqueous solution?

No. 2. Finish the equations of chemical reactions:
Al + H 2 SO 4 (solution ) ->
Al + CuCl 2 ->
Al + HNO 3 ( conc )-t ->
Al + NaOH + H 2 O ->

No. 3. Perform transformations:
Al -> AlCl 3 -> Al -> Al 2 S 3 -> Al(OH) 3 - t -> Al 2 O 3 -> Al

No. 4. Solve the problem:
An aluminum-copper alloy was exposed to an excess of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution while being heated. 2.24 liters of gas (n.o.s.) were released. Calculate the percentage composition of the alloy if its total mass was 10 g?

Adapter plates for connecting aluminum busbars to copper terminals of electrical devices. Plates are aluminum and copper-aluminum.

Adapter plates MA (copper-aluminum)

Plates are intended for connection of aluminum busbars to copper terminals of electrical devices and copper busbars.

The plates are made by applying copper to an aluminum billet.

Due to the absence of a welded seam, the plate heats up less, unlike welded plates.

The connection with aluminum busbars is welded, the connection with copper terminals of electrical devices and copper busbars is collapsible (bolted).

Adapter plates AP

(from aluminum alloy AD31T TU 36-931-82

The plates are made of aluminum alloy AD31T1 (AD31T).

Serve for connection of aluminum tires to copper conclusions of electrotechnical devices and copper tires in the atmosphere of types I and II in accordance with GOST 15150-69.

The connection with aluminum busbars is welded, the connection with copper terminals of electrical devices and copper busbars is bolted.

The M1 grade copper strip bar is used for the manufacture of busbars, busbar assemblies, current ducts and switchgears, as well as for connecting any stationary powerful equipment. Copper busbars are quite easy to install and provide high reliability.

The copper bars supplied by us are manufactured in accordance with GOST 434-78 from copper grade not lower than M1 ( chemical composition according to GOST 859-78). The tire can be soft (SMM) and hard (ShMT)

We supply a tire with a width of 16 to 120 mm, a thickness of 3 to 30 mm and a length of 2 to 6 m (standard version 4 m), rectangular and with a radius.

The flexible insulated busbar is made of several layers of thin electrolytic copper conductor and PVC insulation with high electrical resistance.

Copper insulated bar used for distribution and transmission of electricity in all types of low voltage installations for all types of connections in cases where increased flexibility, cabinet aesthetics are needed, as well as when working in corrosive conditions.

Especially flexible bus comfortablefor installation directly on sitewithout the use of tire benders and use as tire expansion joints for connecting busbars and transformer leads (busbar compensators).

Easily take the desired shape. Speed up assembly and disassembly processes and improve appearance circuits assembled in switch cabinets. Increase system reliability and security.

Flexible insulated copper bar

The flexible insulated busbar is made of several layers of thin electrolytic copper conductor and high electrical resistance PVC insulation.

Transfer plates MA, AP. bimetallic plates.

Transitional and bimetallic plates are designed for high-quality connection of copper and aluminum conductors.

Copper bus M1T, M1M

The M1 grade copper strip bar is used for the manufacture of busbars, busbar assemblies, current ducts and switchgears, as well as for connecting any stationary powerful equipment.

Tire holders ShPPA, ShPPB, ShPRSH, etc.

Designed for mounting conductive tires on insulators.

Copper busbar SMT (hard) and SMM (soft)

Copper profiles of any section.

Aluminum adapter plate AP

Plates AP 40x4, AP 50x6, AP 60x8, AP80x8, AP100x10, AP120x10

Transitional aluminum plates AP are used for connecting aluminum busbars to terminals of electrical devices and busbars. Type of climatic version of the plate AP - UHL1 according to TU 36-931-82. Material of plates AP - aluminum AD31T.

An example of a symbol for a transitional aluminum plate of UHL1 version:

Adapter plate AP 40x4 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plate AP 50x6 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plate AP 60x8 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plate AP 80x8 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plate AP 100x10 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plate AP 120x10 UHL1 TU 36-931-82

Adapter plates

Adapter plates are used to connect aluminum busbars to copper terminals of electrical devices. Plates are aluminum and copper-aluminum.

Our company will produce adapter plates in the shortest possible time, according to the drawings provided by the customer and the dimensions required by him. These parts are indispensable, therefore, the highest demands must be made on them, and one of these requirements is reliable quality.

Aluminum plates are produced in various types, they can be from 160 to 330mm long, 40-120mm wide and 4-10mm thick. The weight of such plates can be from 70 to 1070 grams.

They are made from the highest quality material. This is aluminum ad31t in UHL1 climatic design. Thanks to the skill of the specialists of our company, the customer will receive adapter plates of impeccable quality at the lowest prices.

Copper-aluminum plates, which are also manufactured by our company, allow you to join aluminum, copper busbars with copper terminals of electrical devices. These plates are produced by cold pressure welding. These plates can be connected to aluminum busbars by welding, and to copper busbars and leads with bolts, which is called a collapsible connection.

Our company guarantees that copper-aluminum adapter plates will be manufactured in strict compliance with all technical requirements. These plates are made from a copper strip (tire), an aluminum profile according to the standards of GOST 19357-81 and strictly according to the drawings. The plates are clad with a double-sided copper strip, which is joined by cold welding. The copper-aluminum plate in our company is produced without any roughness, fistulas, cracks and creeping of copper on aluminum. The copper part of the plate is protected by a metal coating.

Adapter plates, both aluminum and copper-aluminum, are tested by our company's specialists using the following methods:

bend test;

checking the dimensions of compliance with GOST and the submitted drawings;

checking for mass and correct marking;

checking for compliance with the type of metal and the applied metal coating;

Adapter plates have the same service life as the electrical device in which they are used.

Copper-aluminum adapter plate MA

Copper-aluminum adapter plates GOST 19357-81 are used for connecting aluminum busbars to copper terminals of electrical devices and copper busbars. The connection with aluminum busbars is welded, the connection with copper terminals of electrical devices and copper busbars is either collapsible (bolted) or welded.

Type of climatic version of the plate MA - UHL1i T1 according to GOST 19357-81. The connection of the aluminum part of the MA plate with the copper part is performed by cold pressure welding.

An example of a symbol for a transitional copper-aluminum plate of UHL1 version:

Adapter plate MA 40x4 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Adapter plate MA 50x6 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Adapter plate MA 60x8 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Adapter plate MA 80x8 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Adapter plate MA 100x10 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Adapter plate MA 120x10 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

The plates are manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to working drawings approved in the prescribed manner. The surface of MA platinum has no burrs, cracks, scuffs, metal peeling and other mechanical damage. Checking the quality of the weld, the surface of the MA plate is carried out visually.

Specifications - adapter plate copper-aluminum MA

plates MA 40x4, MA 50x6, M 60x8, M 80x8, MA100x10, MA120x10

Copper-aluminum adapter plates are designed for connecting aluminum busbars to copper terminals of various electrical devices, as well as to copper busbars.

Copper-aluminum adapter plates have welded connections with an aluminum bus, as well as collapsible (bolted) connections with copper leads. The plates themselves are manufactured using the so-called contact welding or cold pressure welding.

Copper-aluminum adapter plates are standardized in full compliance with the state standard, namely the standard 19357-81. According to him, such plates are divided into the following types:

with an equal section with a welded joint for CIP tires;

plated and equal in terms of their electrical conductivity for collapsible tires.

As for the connecting seam of the adapter plate, which takes place when connecting a copper plate to an aluminum one, it must be cleaned of sludge and burrs. Moreover, it must be made without any cracks and fistulas. Copper-aluminum transition plates should not have any mechanical damage on their surface, for example, burrs, scuffs, peeling, cracks.

In accordance with the state standard, namely the standard 10434-82, protective metal coatings must be on the copper area of \u200b\u200bthe plate. Although, if adapter plates are manufactured in accordance with certain climatic conditions according to the state standard 15150-69 of the “T” version, they just do not have such coatings.

According to special technical requirements, copper-aluminum transition plates must be aligned to their original position when bent at eighteen degrees. As for the welded connection of the adapter plate, it must fully comply with the state standard 10434-82. The service life of such a product as copper-aluminum transition plates can in no case be less than similar indicators for the entire electrical device where they are used.

Checking such plates for compliance with state standard 19357-81 is carried out upon acceptance by the manufacturer, delivery, as well as according to type and periodic tests. Such tests are carried out on a random sample. If the results of the tests carried out are unsatisfactory, take twice the number of plates from the same lot and test again. If the result is repeated, then the entire batch, as a rule, is recognized as unsuitable.

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/ Copper-aluminum adapter plate MA

Type of climatic version of the plate MA - UHL1i T1 according to GOST 19357-81. The connection of the aluminum part of the MA plate with the copper part is performed by cold pressure welding.

We will produce adapter plates MA in any quantity and in the shortest possible time

An example of a symbol for a transitional copper-aluminum plate of UHL1 version:

Adapter plate MA 40x4 UHL1 GOST 19357-81
Adapter plate MA 50x6 UHL1 GOST 19357-81
Adapter plate MA 60x8 UHL1 GOST 19357-81
Adapter plate MA 80x8 UHL1 GOST 19357-81
Adapter plate MA 100x10 UHL1 GOST 19357-81
Adapter plate MA 120x10 UHL1 GOST 19357-81

Specifications - adapter plate copper-aluminum MA

plates MA 40x4, MA 50x6, M 60x8, M 80x8, MA100x10, MA120x10

Insert type	MA plate dimensions, mm			Weight, no more than, kg
Insert type		copper part, I	thickness, S	Weight, no more than, kg
Adapter plate MA 40 x 4
Adapter plate MA 50 x 6
Adapter plate MA 60 x 8
Adapter plate MA 80 x 8
Adapter plate MA 100 x 10
Adapter plate MA 120 x 10

Copper-aluminum adapter plates are designed for connecting aluminum busbars to copper terminals of various electrical devices, as well as to copper busbars.

Copper-aluminum adapter plates are standardized in full compliance with the state standard, namely the standard 19357-81. According to him, such plates are divided into the following types:

with an equal section with a welded joint for CIP tires;
plated and equal in terms of their electrical conductivity for collapsible tires.

In accordance with the state standard, namely the standard 10434-82, protective metal coatings must be on the copper area of \u200b\u200bthe plate. Although, if the adapter plates are made in accordance with certain climatic conditions according to the state standard 15150-69 version "T", then they just do not have such coatings.

According to special technical requirements, copper-aluminum transition plates must be aligned to their original position when bent at eighteen degrees. As for the welded connection of the adapter plate, it must fully comply with the state standard 10434-82. The service life of such a product as copper-aluminum transition plates can in no case be less than the same indicators for the entire electrical device where they are used.

Checking such plates for compliance with the state standard 19357-81 is carried out upon acceptance by the manufacturer, delivery, as well as according to type and periodic tests. Such tests are carried out on a random sample. If the results of the tests carried out are unsatisfactory, take twice the number of plates from the same lot and test again. If the result is repeated, then the entire batch, as a rule, is recognized as unsuitable.

At the end of the 90s, the Electrical Installation Rules (PUE) of the 7th edition were put into effect in Russia, according to which the electrical installation of internal networks of buildings from aluminum cables and wires with a cross section of less than 16 mm2 is prohibited, and it is prescribed to perform them from copper wire. The reason for the change in regulatory requirements was some of the properties of aluminum.

aluminum as an electrical conductor

Aluminum cables and wires have long been widely used both for wiring internal power networks in buildings for various purposes, and for laying outdoor power lines. This is due to the following properties of aluminum:

low specific gravity, which is three times lighter than that of copper;
ease of processing;
low material cost;
good electrical conductivity, per unit mass;
high corrosion resistance.

However, other features of aluminum are: high fluidity, which does not provide sufficient quality of contacts for a long time; low strength under mechanical impact on fracture; low heat resistance, leading to an increase in brittleness during overheating - led to the introduction of a ban on the electrical installation of small-section aluminum wires for internal power supply networks.

One of the main reasons that influenced the change in the requirements of the PUE is that during operation a thin oxide film is formed on the surface of aluminum wires, which has a much worse electrical conductivity than the base metal. As a result, a higher contact resistance is formed at the junction of the wires, which significantly increases the possibility of heating the contacts, the risk of their destruction and fire.

Copper used as a material for electrical cables and wires, despite the higher cost, is devoid of the listed disadvantages of aluminum and has a number of advantages: higher conductivity; does not form an oxide film on the surface; higher flexibility, this allows the production of wires with a very small cross section of up to 0.3 mm2, which cannot be made from aluminum.

Connection of aluminum and copper wires

Since many buildings of the old construction retain electric networks made of aluminum wires, during repairs it often becomes necessary to connect wiring from different materials - copper and aluminum. According to the same Electrical Installation Rules, the connection of aluminum and copper wires can be done in several ways:

with the help of “nuts” type connections, consisting of three plates, between which wires are clamped with bolts;
by means of WAGO clamps. The ends of the connected wires are cleaned by 10-15 mm, inserted into different holes of the terminal block, then clamped with lowering blocks;
using terminal blocks, which are a bar with two holes. The ends of the connected wires are inserted into the holes from different ends and clamped with a screw
using a simple bolted connection, when the wires are clamped with a nut with a metal washer laid between them. This method is considered temporary, as it is not suitable for rooms with high humidity and is not used for outdoor connections.

The article was prepared based on materials from the site http://energy-systems.ru/