in all living cells
Glucose is oxidized by oxygen
Before carbon dioxide and water
This releases energy.
Cellular respiration (medium difficulty)
0. Preparatory stage
In the digestive system, complex organic substances break down into simpler ones (proteins to amino acids, starch to glucose, fats to glycerol and fatty acids, etc.). This releases energy, which is dissipated in the form of heat.
1. Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm, without the participation of oxygen (anaerobically). Glucose is oxidized to two molecules of pyruvic acid, producing energy in the form of 2 ATP and energy-rich electron carriers.
2. PVC oxidation in mitochondria
Occurs in mitochondria. PVC is oxidized by oxygen to carbon dioxide, producing energy-rich electrons. They restore oxygen, which produces water and energy for 36 ATP.
Fermentation and oxygen respiration
Fermentation consists of glycolysis (2 ATP) and the conversion of PVC into lactic acid or alcohol + carbon dioxide (0 ATP). Total 2 ATP.
Oxygen respiration consists of glycolysis (2 ATP) and oxidation of PVC in mitochondria (36 ATP). Total 38 ATP.
Mitochondria
covered with two membranes. The outer membrane is smooth, the inner one has outgrowths inward - cristae, they increase the area of \u200b\u200bthe inner membrane in order to place as many cellular respiration enzymes on it as possible.
The internal environment of the mitochondria is called the matrix. It contains circular DNA and small (70S) ribosomes, due to which mitochondria independently make some proteins for themselves, therefore they are called semi-autonomous organelles.
In the process of complete breakdown of glucose, 684 ATP molecules were formed. How many glucose molecules have been broken down? How many ATP molecules were formed as a result of glycolysis? Write down two numbers in the order indicated in the task, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
In the process of glycolysis, 84 molecules of pyruvic acid were formed. How many glucose molecules have been cleaved and how many ATP molecules are formed during its complete oxidation? Write down two numbers in the order indicated in the task, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
15 glucose molecules entered into dissimilation. Determine the amount of ATP after glycolysis, after the energy stage and the total effect of dissimilation. Write down three numbers in the order indicated in the task, without separators (spaces, commas, etc.).
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. The breakdown of lipids to glycerol and fatty acids occurs in
1) the preparatory stage of energy metabolism
2) the process of glycolysis
3) oxygen stage of energy metabolism
4) the course of plastic exchange
Answer
All of the signs listed below, except for two, can be used to describe the process of oxygen respiration. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) aerobic process
2) a glucose molecule breaks down into two molecules of lactic acid
3) 36 ATP molecules are formed
4) carried out in mitochondria
5) energy is stored in two ATP molecules
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. How many ATP molecules are stored during glycolysis?
1) 2
2) 32
3) 36
4) 40
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of catabolism: 1) preparatory, 2) glycolysis, 3) cellular respiration. Write down the numbers 1, 2, 3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) synthesis of 2 ATP molecules
B) oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
B) hydrolysis of complex organic matter
D) breakdown of glucose
D) dissipation of released energy in the form of heat
E) synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and stages of energy metabolism: 1) preparatory, 2) oxygen-free, 3) oxygen. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) pyruvic acid is formed
B) the process takes place in lysosomes
C) more than 30 ATP molecules are synthesized
D) only heat energy is generated
E) the process takes place on the cristae of mitochondria
E) the process takes place in the hyaloplasm
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of energy metabolism: 1) preparatory, 2) anaerobic, 3) aerobic. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) hydrolithic splitting of organic substances
B) oxygen-free breakdown of glucose
B) cyclic reactions
D) the formation of PVC
D) flow in mitochondria
E) dissipation of energy in the form of heat
Answer
All of the signs listed below, except for two, describe the reactions that occur during energy metabolism in humans. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the formation of oxygen from water
2) synthesis of 38 ATP molecules
3) breakdown of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid
4) reduction of carbon dioxide to glucose
5) the formation of carbon dioxide and water in cells
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the process and the stage of energy metabolism at which this process occurs: 1) oxygen-free, 2) oxygen. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) electron transport along the transport chain
B) complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O
B) the formation of pyruvic acid
D) glycolysis
D) synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
Answer
1. Set the sequence of stages of oxidation of starch molecules during energy metabolism
1) the formation of PVC molecules (pyruvic acid)
2) breakdown of starch molecules to disaccharides
3) the formation of carbon dioxide and water
4) the formation of glucose molecules
Answer
2. Set the sequence of processes occurring at each stage of human energy metabolism.
1) breakdown of starch to glucose
2) complete oxidation of pyruvic acid
3) entry of monomers into the cell
4) glycolysis, the formation of two ATP molecules
Answer
3. Set the sequence of processes occurring during the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the breakdown of starch under the action of saliva enzymes
2) complete oxidation to carbon dioxide and water
3) the breakdown of carbohydrates under the action of pancreatic enzymes
4) anaerobic breakdown of glucose
5) absorption of glucose into the blood and transport to body cells
Answer
4. Set the sequence of starch molecule oxidation processes during energy metabolism. Write down the corresponding sequence of numbers.
1) the formation of citric acid in mitochondria
2) breakdown of starch molecules to disaccharides
3) the formation of two molecules of pyruvic acid
4) the formation of a glucose molecule
5) the formation of carbon dioxide and water
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. At the preparatory stage of energy metabolism, the initial substances are
1) amino acids
2) polysaccharides
3) monosaccharides
4) fatty acid
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Where does the anaerobic stage of glycolysis take place?
1) in mitochondria
2) in the lungs
3) in the digestive tube
4) in the cytoplasm
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of energy metabolism and its stage: 1) glycolysis, 2) oxygen oxidation
A) occurs under anaerobic conditions
B) occurs in mitochondria
B) lactic acid is formed
D) pyruvic acid is formed
D) 36 ATP molecules are synthesized
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the signs and stages of energy metabolism: 1) glycolysis, 2) respiration. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) takes place in the cytoplasm
B) 36 ATP molecules are stored
B) proceeds on the cristae of mitochondria
D) PVC is formed
D) takes place in the matrix of mitochondria
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the stage of metabolism to which it belongs: 1) glycolysis, 2) oxygen breakdown. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) PVC breaks down to CO2 and H2O
B) glucose is broken down to PVC
C) two ATP molecules are synthesized
D) 36 ATP molecules are synthesized
D) arose at a later stage of evolution
E) occurs in the cytoplasm
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the processes of energy metabolism and its stages: 1) oxygen-free, 2) oxygen. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct sequence.
A) breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm
B) synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
D) complete oxidation of substances to CO2 and H2O
D) the formation of pyruvic acid
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of energy metabolism and its stage: 1) preparatory, 2) glycolysis. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) occurs in the cytoplasm
B) occurs in lysosomes
C) all the released energy is dissipated in the form of heat
D) due to the released energy, 2 ATP molecules are synthesized
D) biopolymers are broken down to monomers
E) glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of cellular respiration: 1) preparatory, 2) glycolysis. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) takes place in the hyaloplasm of cells
B) occurs with the participation of hydrolytic enzymes of lysosomes
C) splitting of biopolymers to monomers
D) the process of generating energy for anaerobes
D) PVC is formed
Answer
Which statements about the stages of energy metabolism are correct? Identify three true statements and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The anaerobic stage of energy metabolism takes place in the intestine.
2) The anaerobic stage of energy metabolism proceeds without the participation of oxygen.
3) The preparatory stage of energy metabolism is the splitting of macromolecules to monomers.
4) The aerobic stage of energy metabolism proceeds without the participation of oxygen.
5) The aerobic stage of energy metabolism proceeds until the formation of end products CO2 and H2O.
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the process and the stage of energy metabolism in which it occurs: 1) oxygen-free, 2) oxygen
A) breakdown of glucose
B) synthesis of 36 ATP molecules
B) formation of lactic acid
D) complete oxidation to CO2 and H2O
D) the formation of PVC, NAD-2H
Answer
1. All the signs listed below, except for two, are used to write the eukaryotic cell organoid shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated:
3) two-membrane organoid
4) carries out the synthesis of ATP
5) reproduces by division
Answer
2. All the signs listed below, except for two, are used to write the eukaryotic cell organoid shown in the figure. Identify two signs that “fall out” from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated:
1) the inner membrane forms thylakoids
2) the inner cavity of the organoid - stroma
3) two-membrane organoid
4) carries out the synthesis of ATP
5) reproduces by division
Answer
3. All the features below, except for two, can be used to describe mitochondria. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) do not divide during the life of the cell
2) have their own genetic material
3) are single-membrane
4) contain enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation
5) have a double membrane
Answer
4. All the features below, except for two, can be used to describe the structure and functions of mitochondria. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) break down biopolymers to monomers
2) contain interconnected grana
3) have enzymatic complexes located on cristae
4) oxidize organic substances with the formation of ATP
5) have outer and inner membranes
Answer
5. All the signs below, except for two, can be used to describe the structure and functions of mitochondria. Identify two features that “fall out” of the general list, and write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) splitting of biopolymers to monomers
2) the breakdown of glucose molecules to pyruvic acid
3) oxidation of pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water
4) energy storage in ATP molecules
5) the formation of water with the participation of atmospheric oxygen
Answer
All of the processes listed below, except for two, are related to energy metabolism. Identify two processes that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) breathing
2) photosynthesis
3) protein synthesis
4) glycolysis
5) fermentation
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What characterizes the processes of biological oxidation
1) high speed and rapid release of energy in the form of heat
2) participation of enzymes and gradation
3) the participation of hormones and low speed
4) hydrolysis of polymers
Answer
Choose three features of the structure and functions of mitochondria
1) the inner membrane forms grana
2) are part of the nucleus
3) synthesize their own proteins
4) participate in the oxidation of organic substances to carbon dioxide and water
5) provide glucose synthesis
6) are the site of ATP synthesis
Answer
The reactions of the preparatory stage of energy metabolism occur in
1) plant chloroplasts
2) channels of the endoplasmic reticulum
3) lysosomes of animal cells
4) human digestive organs
5) Golgi apparatus of eukaryotes
6) digestive vacuoles of protozoa
Answer
What is characteristic of the oxygen phase of the energy process?
1) takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
2) PVC molecules are formed
3) occurs in all known organisms
4) the process takes place in the matrix of mitochondria
5) there is a high yield of ATP molecules
6) there are cyclic reactions
Answer
Analyze the table "Stages of energy metabolism of carbohydrates in the cell." For each cell marked with a letter, select the appropriate term or concept from the list provided.
1) Golgi apparatus
2) lysosomes
3) the formation of 38 ATP molecules
4) the formation of 2 ATP molecules
5) photosynthesis
6) dark phase
7) aerobic
8) plastic
Answer
Analyze the table "Energy exchange". For each letter, select the appropriate term from the list provided.
1) anaerobic
2) oxygen
3) presynthetic
4) preparatory
5) two molecules of pyruvic acid
6) two ATP molecules
7) oxidative phosphorylation
8) glycolysis
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the processes and stages of energy metabolism: 1) oxygen-free, 2) preparatory. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) starch molecules are broken down
B) 2 ATP molecules are synthesized
B) run in lysosomes
D) hydrolytic enzymes are involved
D) pyruvic acid molecules are formed
Answer
It is known that mitochondria are semi-autonomous organelles of the cells of aerobic eukaryotic organisms. Choose from the text below three statements that are meaningfully related to the signs described above, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. (1) Mitochondria are fairly large organelles that occupy a significant part of the cytoplasm of the cell. (2) Mitochondria have their own circular DNA and small ribosomes. (3) Using micrographs of living cells, it was found that mitochondria are mobile and plastic. (4) Cells of organisms that need free molecular oxygen for respiration processes in mitochondria oxidize PVC to carbon dioxide and water. (5) Mitochondria can be called the energy stations of the cell, since the energy released in them is stored in ATP molecules. (6) The nuclear apparatus regulates all processes of cell life, including the activity of mitochondria.
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
"The structure and chemical composition of the cell" - RNA. The book ends with an index of terms. DNA. Fats are insoluble in water. Cell center. 8. Chromosomes. Test 8. Spare energy source for the cell: Proteins. Laboratory works carried out in the classroom at the appropriate lessons. The human body is also made up of cells. The network of tubules (ER) permeates the entire cytoplasm.
"Cells" - Cell - structural and functional unit all living things. The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of channels, cavities and tubules. Function - the synthesis of energy. Chromoplasts are yellow, red, brown plastids. The structure of the shell: The function is the transport of substances in the cell. Cytoplasm. A eukaryotic cell with a nucleus.
"Molecular weight" - The number of molecules in 1 mol of a substance is 6.022045 (31) × 1023. Periodic table. Mendeleev D.I. Mendeleev Dmitry Ivanovich (1834-1907), Russian chemist, versatile scientist, teacher. Molar mass. Relationship between mass and quantity of matter. Molecular mass. The amount of substance. Mendeleev discovered (1869) periodic law chemical elements.
"Atoms and Molecules" - Substances are made up of molecules, and molecules are made up of atoms. Atoms of cobalt. The nucleus is made up of particles: protons and neutrons. Water Air Iron Dawn. 1. Hydrogen molecule. What is made up of atoms? Modern electron microscopes give a magnification of 70 thousand times. In water: hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Electron microscope.
"Molecular reactions" - Three-body collisions: H + H + H ? H2 + H Very, very slow reaction: H+ + H ? H2+ + h? H2 + + H ? H2 + H+ Very slow reaction: H + e– ? H– + h? H+ + H– ? H2 H2+ + H– ? H2 + H. HCN. Chemical databases. Desorption. Molecular hydrogen is almost never formed in the gas phase! There are very few molecules!
“How snow is formed” - All the winter lies quietly, and in the spring it will run away. Where does snow form? The fluff flies - It ripples in the eyes, And if you catch it - it's cold. Where do snow and ice come from? Water is formed. Snow is white. Snow is opaque. When warm, snow and ice melt. Let's study the properties of snow and ice. Ice is fragile. The first snowflakes on your hand will melt... A cloud walked across the sky And accidentally dozed off.
energy exchange- this is a staged disintegration of complex organic compounds, flowing with the release of energy, which is stored in macroergic bonds of ATP molecules and then used in the process of cell life, including biosynthesis, i.e. plastic exchange.
Aerobic organisms produce:
- Preparatory- splitting of biopolymers to monomers.
- anoxic Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid.
- Oxygen- splitting pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide and water.
Preparatory stage
At the preparatory stage of energy metabolism, the organic compounds received with food are broken down into simpler, usually monomers. So carbohydrates are broken down to sugars, including glucose; proteins - to amino acids; fats - to glycerol and fatty acids.
Although energy is released, it is not stored in ATP and therefore cannot be used later. Energy is dissipated in the form of heat.
The breakdown of polymers in multicellular complex animals proceeds in the digestive tract under the action of enzymes secreted here by the glands. Then the formed monomers are absorbed into the blood mainly through the intestines. Nutrients are transported through the cells in the blood.
However, not all substances decompose to monomers in the digestive system. The splitting of many occurs directly in the cells, in their lysosomes. In unicellular organisms, the absorbed substances enter the digestive vacuoles, where they are digested.
The resulting monomers can be used for both energy and plastic exchange. In the first case, they are split, and in the second case, the components of the cells themselves are synthesized from them.
Anoxic stage of energy metabolism
The oxygen-free stage takes place in the cytoplasm of cells and, in the case of aerobic organisms, includes only glycolysis - enzymatic multistage oxidation of glucose and its breakdown to pyruvic acid, which is also called pyruvate.
The glucose molecule contains six carbon atoms. During glycolysis, it is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, which includes three carbon atoms. In this case, part of the hydrogen atoms is split off, which are transferred to the NAD coenzyme, which, in turn, will then participate in the oxygen stage.
Part of the energy released during glycolysis is stored in ATP molecules. Only two ATP molecules are synthesized per molecule of glucose.
The energy remaining in pyruvate, stored in NAD, will be further extracted from aerobes at the next stage of energy metabolism.
Under anaerobic conditions, when the oxygen stage of cellular respiration is absent, pyruvate is “neutralized” into lactic acid or undergoes fermentation. In this case, energy is not stored. Thus, here a useful energy output is provided only by inefficient glycolysis.
oxygen stage
The oxygen step takes place in the mitochondria. It has two substages: the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The oxygen entering the cells is used only in the second. The Krebs cycle produces and releases carbon dioxide.
Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria, is carried out by many enzymes. It does not receive the pyruvic acid molecule itself (or fatty acid, amino acid), but the acetyl group separated from it with the help of coenzyme-A, which includes two carbon atoms of the former pyruvate. During the multi-stage Krebs cycle, the acetyl group is split into two CO 2 molecules and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen combines with NAD and FAD. The synthesis of the GDP molecule also occurs, leading to the synthesis of ATP later.
There are two Krebs cycles per glucose molecule that produces two pyruvates. Thus, two ATP molecules are formed. If energy metabolism ended here, then the total breakdown of a glucose molecule would give 4 ATP molecules (two from glycolysis).
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the cristae - outgrowths of the inner membrane of mitochondria. It is provided by a conveyor of enzymes and coenzymes, forming the so-called respiratory chain, ending with the enzyme ATP synthetase.
Hydrogen and electrons are transferred through the respiratory chain from the coenzymes NAD and FAD. The transfer is carried out in such a way that hydrogen protons accumulate on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the last enzymes in the chain transfer only electrons.
Ultimately, the electrons are transferred to oxygen molecules located on the inside of the membrane, as a result of which they become negatively charged. A critical gradient level occurs electrical potential, leading to the movement of protons through the channels of ATP synthetase. The energy of movement of hydrogen protons is used to synthesize ATP molecules, and the protons themselves combine with oxygen anions to form water molecules.
The energy output of the functioning of the respiratory chain, expressed in ATP molecules, is large and in total ranges from 32 to 34 ATP molecules per one initial glucose molecule.
Stages of energy metabolism
| signs | Preparatory stage | Anoxic stage (incomplete digestion) GLYCOLYSIS | Oxygen stage of cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) HYDROLYSIS |
| 1) Happening | In the intestines | In the cell (hyaloplasm) | in mitochondria |
| 2) starting materials | Proteins fats carbohydrates | Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) | Pyruvic acid (C 3 H 4 O 3) |
| 3) To what substances | Amino acids Glycerol and fatty acids glucose | 2 molecules Pyruvic acid (C 3 H 4 O 3) | Up to CO 2 and H 2 O |
| 4) What activates splitting | Enzymes of digestive juices | cell membrane enzymes | Mitochondrial enzymes |
| 5) Energy | Little dissipates as heat | 40% ATP is synthesized (2 molecules) 60% is dissipated as heat | >60% synthesized as ATP (36 molecules) |
| 6) Biological significance | Transformation of food biopolymers into a form convenient for energy extraction - monomers | Provides the body with energy in anoxic conditions | Provides complete release of energy accumulated in chemical bonds substances |
Stage 1 - preparatory
Polymers → monomers
Stage 3 - oxygen
Summary Equation:
"Feeding Methods"
Nutrition - receiving chemical compounds used for life processes.
 |  |
||
bacteria, plants
PHOTOTROPHICSCHEMOTROPHICS
green plants
(energy source light) (use energy,
released during oxidation
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Stage 1 - preparatory
Polymers → monomers
Stage 2 - glycolysis (oxygen-free)
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2ADP + 2H 3 RO 4 \u003d 2C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP + 2H 2 O
Stage - oxygen
2C 3 H 6 O 3 + 6O 2 + 36ADP + 36 H 3 RO 4 \u003d 6CO 2 +42 H 2 O + 36ATP
Summary Equation:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2+ 38ADP + 38H 3 RO 4 \u003d 6CO 2 + 44H 2 O + 38ATP
TASKS
| ef = | E zap. | X 100% |
| E total. |
where E zap.– stored energy; E total. is the total energy.
Reaction Equations for Energy Metabolism Stages
Stage 1 - preparatory
Polymers → monomers
Stage 2 - glycolysis (oxygen-free)
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 2ADP + 2H 3 RO 4 \u003d 2C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP + 2H 2 O
Stage - oxygen
2C 3 H 6 O 3 + 6O 2 + 36ADP + 36 H 3 RO 4 \u003d 6CO 2 +42 H 2 O + 36ATP
Summary Equation:
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2+ 38ADP + 38H 3 RO 4 \u003d 6CO 2 + 44H 2 O + 38ATP
TASKS
1) In the process of hydrolysis, 972 ATP molecules were formed. Determine how many glucose molecules have been cleaved and how many ATP molecules have been formed as a result of glycolysis and complete oxidation. Explain the answer.
2) Which of the two types of fermentation - alcohol or lactic acid - is energetically more efficient? Calculate efficiency using the formula:
| ef = | E zap. | X 100% |
| E total. |
where E zap.– stored energy; E total. is the total energy.
The energy stored in 1 mol of ATP is 30.6 kJ/mol.
Total energy - 150 kJ / mol (alcoholic fermentation);
Total energy - 210 kJ / mol (lactic acid fermentation).
3) Two molecules of glucose underwent glycolysis, only one was oxidized. Determine the number of formed ATP molecules and released carbon dioxide molecules in this case.
4) In the process of glycolysis, 68 molecules of pyruvic acid (PVA) were formed. Determine how many glucose molecules were cleaved and how many ATP molecules were formed during complete oxidation. Explain the answer.
5) In the process of glycolysis, 112 molecules of pyruvic acid (PVA) were formed. How many glucose molecules have been cleaved and how many ATP molecules are formed during the complete oxidation of glucose in eukaryotic cells? Explain the answer.
6) During the oxygen stage of catabolism, 1368 ATP molecules were formed. Determine how many glucose molecules were cleaved and how many ATP molecules were formed as a result of glycolysis and complete oxidation? Explain the answer.
7) During the oxygen stage of catabolism, 1368 ATP molecules were formed. Determine how many glucose molecules were cleaved and how many ATP molecules were formed as a result of glycolysis and complete oxidation? Explain the answer.
8) In the process of dissimilation, 7 mol of glucose was cleaved, of which only 2 mol underwent complete (oxygen) cleavage. Define:
a) how many moles of lactic acid and carbon dioxide are formed in this case;
b) how many moles of ATP are synthesized in this case;
c) how much energy and in what form is accumulated in these ATP molecules;
d) How many moles of oxygen are spent on the oxidation of the resulting lactic acid.
9) As a result of dissimilation, 5 mol of lactic acid and 27 mol of carbon dioxide were formed in the cells. Define:
a) how many moles of glucose were consumed in total;
b) how many of them underwent only incomplete and how many complete splitting;
c) how much ATP is synthesized and how much energy is accumulated;
d) how many moles of oxygen are spent on the oxidation of the formed lactic acid
Similar information.
A source for the formation of ATP during glycolysis (substrate
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP in
The formation of ATP in the reactions of glycolysis occurs when
When glucose is oxidized under anaerobic conditions from one molecule
glucose is formed:
1. 2 molecules of pyruvate
2. 2 lactate molecules
3. acetylCoA
4. one molecule of pyruvate
5. one lactate molecule
477. Glycolysis is directly oxidized:
1. glucose-6-phosphate
2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
3. glucose
4. fructose-1,6-diphosphate
5. phosphoglyceraldehyde
transformation:
1. FHA -----> 1,3-diphosphoglycerate
2. DOAP ------> FGA
3. fructose-6-phosphate ------> fructose-1,6-diphosphate
4. FEP ------->PVC
5. 1,3-diphosphoglycerate ------> 3-phosphoglycerate
Choose 2 correct answers.
the process of glycolysis (PEP + ADP → PVK + ATP) is called:
1. pyruvate kinase
2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
3. pyruvate decarboxylase
4. pyruvate ligase
5. adenylate kinase
480. When converting 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate:
1. there is a reaction of substrate phosphorylation
2. water is released and a high-energy substrate is formed
3. ATP is synthesized
4. water joins
5. split off water
481.Enzyme catalyzing the reaction: 2-phosphoglycerate → FEP + H 2 0
1. phosphoenolpyruvate hydrolase
2. 2-phosphoglycerate dehydratase
3. 2-phosphoglycerate hydrolase
4. phosphoenolpyruvate hydratase
5. enolase
482. The conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to PVC in glycolysis is accompanied by:
1. water splitting
2. formation of ADP
3. water connection
4. the formation of ATP
5.AMP formation
phosphorylation) are:
1. FGA and DOAF
2. +1,3-diphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate
3. phosphoenolpyruvate and phosphoglyceraldehyde
4. glucose and glucose-6-phosphate
5. fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate
484.During glycolysis, 2 molecules of NADH`2 are formed in the cytoplasm. how
these compounds can be used under anaerobic conditions:
1. transported to mitochondria for energy
2. to restore pyruvate to lactate
3. oxidized in the cytoplasm for ATP synthesis
4. for the oxidation of pyruvate
5. participate in shuttle mechanisms
485. Under anaerobic conditions, PVC:
1. oxidized to lactate
2. converted to glucose
3. undergoes oxidative decarboxylation
4. is restored to lactate
5.turns into a pike
486. In the process of glycolysis as an intermediate product is formed:
1. fructose-1,6-diphosphate
2. glucuronic acid
4. 2-aminoglucose
5. glucaric acid
487. Enzyme that breaks down fructose-1,6-diphosphate during glycolysis:
1.phosphofructokinase
2.aldolase
3.phosphatase
4.dehydrogenase
5. Phosphofructomutase
glucose if glycogen breaks down according to the following scheme:
glycogen → glucose-6-phosphate → 2 lactates
489. When glucose is oxidized under anaerobic conditions, the following are formed:
1) 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + 32ATP
2) CO 2 + NADPH 2
3) 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + 24ATP
4) 2 lactate + 4 ATP
5) 2 pyruvate + 30 ATP
490. Lactic acid formed during anaerobic glycolysis:*
1. enters the blood and is deposited in the lungs
2. delivered with blood to the liver, where it is used for gluconeogenesis
3. is the end product and is excreted in the urine
4. converted to alanine
5. used on shuttles
491. The Corey cycle is the process of education
1. urea
2. glucose from lactate
3. glucose from glycogen
4. amino acids from glucose
5. fats from glucose
492. The Corey cycle includes the following processes:
1. glycolysis, glycogenogenesis
2. glycogenogenesis, gluconeogenesis
3. glycolysis, gluconeogenesis
4. lipolysis, glycolysis
5. liponeogenesis, gluconeogenesis
