What you need to know about WWII for the Unified State Exam. The USSR in the Second World War: the Great Patriotic War. The Great Patriotic War in the Unified State Exam format

Hello, dear readers!

Step one: where to start?

The most difficult thing in any business is to determine what needs to be done first? I recommend dividing the events of the Great Patriotic War into periods (there should be three) - try to do it yourself or look on the World Wide Web. This will make it much easier for you to navigate them later. It is also important to find out the background of the conflict; this will allow one to assess the level of danger of war for states and identify the allies of both sides.

Having identified the main periods of the war, distribute the events in each of them by month - facts are remembered much easier in conjunction with the time of year.

Step two: read the sources.

So, we already know what happened and even have a little sense of the dates. To consolidate information and systematize it, download tables on the Second World War; as a rule, they indicate the most important information that is easily “sorted into shelves.”

In order to deepen your knowledge, you need to read documents on the period. This does not apply to the profile level of preparation, because many of them are found in the second part of the exam, so familiarization with them is also an important part of the preparation.

Step three: meetings of heads of state.

This topic, namely conferences during the Second World War, often causes difficulties for graduates. Therefore, it is necessary to teach them in a separate block, and it is strictly necessary not to relate to this issue superficial. The compilers of the Unified State Exam are very fond of including questions on this topic in task number 8, as well as in task number 11, which is assessed by three primary points. Agree, it will be very disappointing to lose them!

Step four: Marshals of Victory.

If you have already learned the sequence of events, read historical sources and familiarized yourself with the tables, then it’s time to move on to personalities. You can't help but notice the abundance characters The Great Patriotic War, especially the commanders and marshals of the Soviet Union. However, the difficulty in remembering them lies not so much in their number, but in the fact that you need to know in which battle each of them took part. I acted on the advice of Ivan Sergeevich: create a letter abbreviation for battles, for example “M” - Battle of Moscow, “ST” - Battle of Stalingrad. Do the same with the marshals, reducing their last names to one or two letters. After this, you can easily learn the letter codes of battles in conjunction with personalities: “B” ( Berlin operation) – “RZhK” (Rokossovsky, Zhukov, Konev).

Step five: war heroes.

The history exam also includes several questions that may require knowledge of the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. To remember them, divide the heroes into groups in which you highlight snipers, pilots, and so on. This will help you not get confused about who is who and quickly remember all the heroic personalities in each direction.

Step six: remember the dates.

Do you already know the entire chronology very well, but some dates fly out of your head? In this case, the pattern system, which foreigners often use, will help you. Write the dates in a table (or create them in Excel), creating spaces in a checkerboard pattern: there is a date, but there is no event and vice versa. Then simply fill out similar cards throughout the day, and even the most complex facts will be easily remembered for a long time.

Step seven: looking for a globe.

Maps are the most important part of any topic, with which problems often arise, and maps on the Great Patriotic War are generally considered one of the most difficult. But don’t panic, because working with them really doesn’t require any work if you know some life hacks. As a rule, on any map there are clues that can give you an idea: look for the names of commanders, dates of battles or names of fronts. Knowing the markers is also useful (you will need to learn them first), since each event has its own peculiarity, for example, you are unlikely to make a mistake if you remember what the name “Prokhorovka” near Kursk indicates.

Step eight: give culture to the masses.

Many graduates do not pay enough attention to the issue of culture during the Great Patriotic War and do it in vain. IN Unified State Exam assignments There are often questions that require knowledge on this topic, so the advice to learn the culture of the Second World War period will not be superfluous. To memorize, I used cards on which I wrote or printed a cultural monument on one side, and on the other I wrote its author and the time of creation - this method makes it easier to learn the material and find it faster if you need to repeat it.

Step nine and the most pleasant: take a good rest.

It is much easier to remember any era if you “live” in it for some time. This can best be done through films, books, TV series and everything that gives us pleasure. Search interesting works on the period of the Great Patriotic War and watch films - they tell through the story of the main characters the history of a huge conflict that led to numerous casualties. Literature lessons will also help you here, so don’t forget about the theme of 1941-1945 in poetry and prose.

Step ten: control.

You've come a long way by learning great amount information. However, it often happens that we lose sight of something. To prevent this from happening, I advise you to check yourself by deciding subject tests. They occur throughout the Great Patriotic War and throughout its periods. If you have errors, identify the main block in which problems arise - these could be marshals, heroes, dates or something else, and then simply complete what is causing difficulties in solving. Profit!

Good luck with your preparations. Just put in some effort and the results will follow!

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Great Patriotic War 1941-1945

Document. From Directive No. 21 of the Fuhrer's headquarters. Plan Barbarossa December 18, 1940 The German armed forces must be prepared to defeat Soviet Russia in a brief campaign before the war against England was over. (Option "Barbarossa".) Ground forces must use for this purpose all units at their disposal, with the exception of those necessary to protect the occupied territories from any surprises.<...>If necessary, I will give the order for the strategic deployment of armed forces against the Soviet Union eight weeks before the scheduled start of the operation. Preparations that require a longer time, if they have not begun, should begin now and be completed by May 15, 1941. Decisive importance must be given to ensuring that our intentions to attack are not recognized.<...>I. General plan The main forces of the Russian ground forces located in Western Russia must be destroyed in bold operations through deep, rapid extension of tank wedges. “The retreat of combat-ready enemy troops into the wide expanses of Russian territory must be prevented. By rapid pursuit, a line must be reached from which the Russian air force will not be able to carry out raids on imperial German territory. The ultimate goal of the operation is to create a defensive barrier against ¬tiv of Asian Russia along the common line Volga - Arkhangelsk. Thus, if necessary, the last industrial region remaining with the Russians in the Urals can be paralyzed with the help of aviation. During these operations, the Russian Baltic Fleet will quickly lose its bases and find itself, thus, unable to continue the fight.Effective actions of the Russian air force must be prevented by our powerful blows at the very beginning of the operation.<...>Top secret! Command Only: Strategy fascist Germany in the war against the USSR.

Document. From the memoirs of G.K. Zhukov about the initial stage of the war. Failures and heavy losses suffered at the beginning of the war complicated the course of the struggle. The troops fought their way into the interior of the country. The State Defense Committee, the Central Committee of our party and local party organizations took the necessary measures to explain to the people the forced circumstances of the temporary retreat<...>Having entered our land, the enemy soon felt not only the hatred of the Soviet people towards the Nazi occupiers - he suffered significant losses from those who went underground. In those days, the Soviet command had no choice but to go on the defensive along the entire strategic front. There were neither forces nor means to conduct offensive, especially large operations. It was necessary to create large strategic reserves of troops, arm them well, in order to wrest the initiative from the enemy with superior force and move on to offensive actions, to begin expelling enemy forces from the Soviet Union. All this was done, but later. Our troops switched to strategic defense in the process of a forced retreat. It was necessary to operate in unfavorable operational-tactical groupings, with a lack of forces and means to build a deep defense and especially its backbone - anti-tank defense. It is impossible not to mention the weakness of the anti-aircraft weapons of our air defense and the lack of adequate air cover from the air. Air supremacy in the initial period of the war was on the side of the enemy, which significantly undermined the stability of our army. Zhukov G.K. Memories and reflections. pp. 280-281.

Document. FROM THE MEMORIES OF A.M. VASILEVSKY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PLAN FOR COUNTEROFFENSE OF SOVIET TROOPS NEAR STALINGRAD In mid-October, the German command in the Stalingrad area was forced to issue order No. 1 on the transition to defense. The troops were instructed to “hold the achieved lines at all costs, repel any attempts by the enemy to break through them and thereby create the preconditions for continuing our offensive in 1943.”<...>The enemy once again fatally miscalculated. Our Armed Forces, despite the losses suffered, had strengthened significantly by the fall of 1942. By this time, thanks to the titanic activities of the Communist Party and the enormous efforts of home front workers, a coherent, rapidly growing military economy had been created. The production of T-34 tanks, new aircraft designs, guns, especially anti-tank and anti-aircraft guns, rocket artillery and automatic weapons increased. On this material basis, the organizational structure of the troops was improved. The opportunity arose already in the winter of 1942/43 to begin carrying out major offensive operations. The headquarters of the Supreme High Command was well aware that thanks to the stamina and tenacity of the heroes of the Volga stronghold, the 6th and 4th German tank armies were concentrated on a narrow section of the front, directly in the city area, and their flanks were covered by Romanian troops. It was also known that the huge losses that the enemy continued to suffer in the hope of finally capturing the city, and especially the fact that he did not have any impressive reserves here, further limited his defensive capabilities. This suggested a solution: to organize and carry out a counteroffensive, one that would not only radically change the situation in this area, but would also lead to the collapse of the still active southern wing of the enemy front. This decision was made in mid-September after an exchange of views between I.V. Stalin, G.K. Zhukov and me. The essence of the strategic plan was to launch powerful concentric attacks from the Serafimovich area (that is, northwest of Stalingrad) and from the defile of Lake Tsatsa and Barmantsak (that is, south of Stalingrad) in the general direction of Kalach, which lies west of Stalingrad, on the flanks of the drawn-in protracted battles for the city of the enemy group, and then encircle and destroy its main forces - the 6th and 4th German tank armies. Before the start of the counter-offensive, it was considered necessary to pay the closest attention to the defense inside the city, in order to exhaust and bleed the enemy as much as possible on its ruins and in no case allow him to advance along the Volga to the north, towards Kamyshin... Vasilevsky A.M. Life's work. pp. 242-243.

What explains the need to adopt such an order from the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR in the summer of 1942? NO STEP BACK! FROM ORDER OF THE PEOPLE'S COMMISSAR FOR DEFENSE OF THE USSR No. 227. JULY 28, 1942 The enemy throws more and more forces to the front and, regardless of the great losses for him, climbs forward, rushes into the depths of the Soviet Union, seizes new areas, devastates and ruins our cities and villages, rapes, robs and kills the Soviet population. Fighting is taking place in the Voronezh region, on the Don, in the south at the gates of the North Caucasus. The German occupiers are rushing towards Stalingrad, towards the Volga and want to capture Kuban and the North Caucasus with their oil and grain riches at any cost. The enemy has already captured Voroshilovgrad, Starobelsk, Rossosh, Kupyansk, Valuiki, Novocherkassk, Rostov-on-Don, and half of Voronezh. Part of the troops of the Southern Front, following the alarmists, left Rostov and Novocherkassk without serious resistance and without orders from Moscow, covering their banners with shame... After their winter retreat under the pressure of the Red Army, when German troops discipline was shaken, the Germans took some harsh measures to restore discipline, which led to good results. They formed more than 100 penal companies from soldiers who had violated discipline due to cowardice or instability, placed them in dangerous sectors of the front and ordered them to atone for their sins with blood. They formed, further, about a dozen penal battalions from commanders who were guilty of violating discipline due to cowardice or instability, deprived them of their orders, placed them in even more dangerous sectors of the front and ordered them to atone for their sins. They finally formed special barrage detachments, placed them behind unstable divisions and ordered them to shoot panickers on the spot in case of attempts to leave positions without permission and in case of attempts to surrender... Shouldn’t we learn in this matter from our enemies, how Did our ancestors learn from their enemies in the past and then defeat them? I think it should. The Supreme High Command of the Red Army orders: 1. The Military Councils of the fronts and, first of all, the commanders of the fronts: a) unconditionally eliminate retreating sentiments in the troops and suppress with an iron hand the propaganda that we can and should supposedly retreat further to the east, that such a retreat will not there will be supposed harm; b) unconditionally remove from post and send to Headquarters to bring to court martial the army commanders who allowed the unauthorized withdrawal of troops from their positions without an order from the front command; c) form within the front from one to three (depending on the situation) penal battalions (800 people each), where to send middle and senior commanders and relevant political workers of all branches of the military who are guilty of violating discipline due to cowardice or instability, and place them on more difficult sections of the front to give them the opportunity to atone for their crimes against the Motherland with blood... 2. To the Military Councils of the armies and, above all, to the commanders of the armies: ...b) form within the army 3-5 well-armed barrage detachments (up to 200 people in each ), place them in the immediate rear of unstable divisions and oblige them, in the event of panic and disorderly withdrawal of division units, to shoot panickers and cowards on the spot and thereby help the honest fighters of the divisions fulfill their duty to the Motherland; c) form within the army from five to ten (depending on the situation) penal companies (from 150 to 200 people in each), where to send ordinary soldiers and junior commanders who have violated discipline due to cowardice or instability, and place them in difficult areas army to give them the opportunity to atone for their crimes against their homeland with blood. .. The order should be read in all companies, squadrons, batteries, squadrons, teams, headquarters. Military-historical magazine. - 1988. - No. 8. - P. 73-75.

What fragments in the document show the true reasons for the defeat of the German armies near Moscow? What do you see as these reasons? FROM THE DIARY OF THE COMMANDER OF ARMY GROUP CENTER, FIELD MARSHAL GENERAL F. VON BOCK. 12/7/1941 A terrible day. The right wing of the 3rd Panzer Group began to retreat at night. Enemy penetrations in the north of this tank group are unpleasant. On the right flank of the 9th Army, the enemy also significantly expanded his breakthrough... In the zone of the 4th Army, the enemy also began to behave more restlessly, namely against the 4th Tank Group... The tank army fails at Mikhailov, who, carrying considerable losses in technology, we have to give it up. Otherwise, the withdrawal of the tank army is happening systematically. The 2nd Army, despite all the warnings, makes its way further to the east and gets involved in bloody battles with a strong enemy. Losses from frost begin. In a stunningly short period of time, the Russians have restored their destroyed divisions to their feet, thrown new ones into threatened areas of the front - from Siberia, Iran and the Caucasus - and is seeking to replace its lost artillery with a multitude of rocket guns. Today, there are 24 (mostly understrength) more divisions in front of the army group front than on November 15th. In contrast, the strength of the German divisions was reduced by more than half as a result of continuous fighting and the harsh winter that set in; the combat effectiveness of tank forces became even less. The losses of officers and non-commissioned officers are frighteningly large and at present can be replenished less than the losses of the enlisted men. World War II: two views. - M., 1990. - S. 168, 169.

Realizing the inevitability of a military clash with Nazi Germany, the USSR was preparing for war. The share of military expenditures in the country's budget increased from 5.4% during the first five-year plan to 43.4% in 1941. New weapons systems were created (T-34 tank, Katyusha rocket launchers, etc.). The army was being rearmed. A law on universal conscription was adopted, the size of the army was increased to 5 million people. Production discipline was tightened: the length of the working day was increased, punishment for being late to work and absenteeism was toughened, the unjustified departure of workers and employees from enterprises without the permission of management was prohibited, and the production of low-quality products was equated with sabotage. On October 2, 1940, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On State Labor Reserves” was adopted, according to which, in order to provide labor for industrial enterprises, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR received the right to “annually conscript (mobilize) from 800 thousand to 1 million urban and collective farm youth males at the age of 14–15 years for training in vocational and railway schools and at the age of 16–17 years for training in factory training schools. ...All graduates of vocational schools, railway schools and factory training schools are considered mobilized and are required to work for four years in a row at state enterprises at the direction of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, providing them with a salary at the place of work on a general basis.”
By the summer of 1941, it was not possible to complete preparations for war. Related to this are Stalin’s demands not to succumb to provocations and the TASS statement of June 14, 1941 about the groundlessness of rumors about a possible war between the USSR and Germany.
On June 22, 1941, without declaring war, Nazi Germany attacked the USSR.
Measures to organize resistance to fascist aggression:
- Decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces “On martial law” June 22, 1941;
- transformation of border military districts into fronts;
- carrying out the mobilization of those liable for military service;
- creation on June 23, 1941 of the Headquarters of the High Command headed by S.K. Timoshenko, from July 10 the Headquarters of the Supreme Command, from August 8 the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command headed by I.V. Stalin;
- creation on June 30, 1941 of the State Defense Committee (GKO) headed by I.V. Stalin;
- a program was adopted to mobilize all forces to fight the enemy and transform the country into a single military camp on June 29, 1941;
- martial law was introduced;
- the evacuation of industrial enterprises and the population to the east of the country was organized;
- the partisan movement was organized - on July 18, 1941, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops”; on May 30, 1942, the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created, headed by P.K. Ponomarenko.
The reasons for the failures of the Red Army at the initial stage of the war:
- miscalculations of the country's leadership in determining the timing of the start of the war;
- delay in bringing troops to combat readiness;
- an erroneous military doctrine, which provided for the conduct of military operations only on enemy territory after the defeat of the aggressor in border battles;
- dismantling of defensive fortifications on the old western border (“Stalin Line”), on the new border a defense line (“Molotov Line”) has just begun to be created;
- the rearmament of the army has not been completed;
- repressions among army command staff on the eve of the war.

The main battles of the Great Patriotic War

On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War
The years of war were marked by mass heroism of the country's citizens. Garrison Brest Fortress I fought against superior enemy forces for almost a month. The last defender of the fortress died in April 1942. Border guards under the command of Lieutenant A.V. Lopatin fought for eleven days while surrounded. In the first days of the war, pilots A.S. Maslov and N.F. Gastello made “fire rams”, sending their planes shot down in battle at accumulations of enemy equipment. On the night of August 7, 1941, V.V. Talalikhin made his first ramming attack in a night air battle, shooting down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow. The exploits of the sabotage detachment fighter Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya, executed by the occupiers in November 1941, private A. M. Matrosov, who covered the embrasure of an enemy pillbox with his body in February 1943, underground fighter E. I. Chaikina and many others became nationally known.
One of the manifestations of mass patriotism of citizens of the USSR was the formation of the people's militia, which included over 4 million people who were not subject to conscription for military service.
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 11 thousand people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 104 people became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. Commander G.K. Zhukov, fighter pilots I.N. Kozhedub and A.P. Pokryshkin - three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The highest military order "Victory" was awarded to 11 Soviet military leaders: G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.V. Stalin, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, R.Ya. Malinovsky, F.I. Tolbukhin, L. A. Govorov, S. K. Timoshenko, A. I. Antonov and K. A. Meretskov. Marshals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky and Generalissimo I.V. Stalin - twice.
More than 7 million people were awarded orders and medals.
"Rear to front." Soviet economy during the war
From the first days of the war, the transition of industry to the production of military products began. The working day was increased to 11 hours, mandatory overtime was introduced, labor holidays were abolished, and the mandatory minimum workday for collective farmers was increased. The place of those who went to the front was taken by women, teenagers, and old people.
About 42% of the population lived in the occupied regions of the USSR, 47% of the cultivated areas were located, a third of industrial products were produced, over 40% of electricity was produced, and 63% of coal was mined. From the first days of the war, the evacuation of enterprises to the eastern regions of the country was organized. By the end of 1941, 2,500 industrial enterprises and more than 10 million people were evacuated. It took time to organize the work of evacuated enterprises. The decline in industrial production was stopped by the beginning of 1942. By mid-1942, all evacuated enterprises were put into operation. In record time, the effective work of everything was organized National economy in emergency military conditions, which made it possible to provide the Red Army with everything necessary and became one of the factors in achieving a radical turning point during the war.
Resistance movement in occupied territory
A call to organize a fight in the rear of the Nazi troops was made in the “Directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to party and Soviet organizations in front-line regions” dated June 29, 1941: “In areas occupied by the enemy, create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight units enemy army, to incite guerrilla warfare everywhere... In occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.” On July 18, 1941, a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops.”
Partisan detachments and underground groups are launching an active struggle against the invaders. By the fall of 1952, about 6 thousand partisan detachments were operating, including large partisan formations of S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, P. P. Vershigora, A. F. Fedorov and others. At the end of 1941–1942 gg. In Belarus, the Leningrad, Smolensk and Oryol regions, several so-called partisan regions arose - areas liberated from the occupiers and completely controlled by the partisans.
Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations, in agreement with the command of the Red Army, carried out operations in the offensive areas Soviet troops(“Rail War”, “Concert”).
During the Great Patriotic War, a anti-Hitler coalition. June 22, 1941 about supporting the struggle of the Soviet people against Hitler's Germany said British Prime Minister W. Churchill, US President F. Roosevelt on June 24. On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany. In August 1941, the United States and Great Britain signed the Atlantic Charter on the principles of cooperation during the war. In September, the Soviet Union joined the Charter. On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations, which officially formalized the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. In June 1944, the Allies began military operations in France, opening the Second Front.

Allied Conferences

Moscow September 29 - October 1, 1941	A tripartite agreement was signed - a supply protocol. The United States and England pledged to send the Soviet Union monthly 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, vehicles, aluminum and some other types of military materials. American representative Harriman, on behalf of the United States and England, confirmed “the receipt from the Soviet government of large supplies of Soviet raw materials, which will significantly help the production of weapons in our countries.”
Tehran November 28 - December 1, 1943	- A declaration on joint actions in the war against Germany was adopted; - A decision was made to open a second front in France during May 1944; - In order to reduce the duration of the war by Far East The USSR declared the USSR's readiness to enter the war against Japan after the end of hostilities in Europe: a preliminary agreement was reached on the establishment of the post-war borders of Poland; - The “Declaration on Iran” was adopted, in which the participants declared “their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran”
Dumbarton Oaks 21 August – 28 September 1944	- Prepared proposals that formed the basis of the UN Charter
Crimean (Yalta) February 4–11, 1945	- Plans for the defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany were agreed upon; - A unified policy regarding the post-war statute of Germany was agreed upon; - Decisions were made on the creation of occupation zones in Germany, a pan-German control body and the collection of reprisals; - The basic principles of the agreed policy of the allies regarding the organization of lasting peace and the system of international security are outlined; - A decision was made to convene a Founding Conference to develop the UN Charter; - The issue of the eastern borders of Poland has been resolved; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the surrender of Germany; - The “Declaration of a Liberated Europe” was adopted, which expressed the will of the Allied powers to pursue a coordinated policy of assistance to the peoples of Europe; - Agreement reached on the establishment of a permanent mechanism for consultation between the foreign ministers of the three great powers
San Francisco April 26 – June 26, 1945	- The UN Charter was signed; - The International Court of Justice was established, which is the main judicial body of the UN
Berlin (Potsdam) July 17 – August 2, 1945	- The main problems of the post-war world order were discussed; - The goals of the occupation of Germany are defined as 4 Ds - its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decartelization; - The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was proclaimed; - The eastern borders of Germany along the Oder-Neisse line have been determined; - An International Military Tribunal was created to try the main Nazi criminals; - A decision was made to transfer to the Soviet Union East Prussia with the capital Königsberg; - The size of reparations has been determined; - The USSR confirmed its readiness to go to war with Japan

Results of the war:
- defeat of fascism;
- strengthening the international authority of the USSR;
- expansion of the territory of the USSR;
- conditions have been created for the creation of a world socialist system;
Victory price:
- huge human losses - about 27 million people;
- 1,710 cities, more than 70,000 villages, 31,000 industrial enterprises, 13,000 bridges, 65,000 km of railway tracks were destroyed. According to experts, direct damage amounted to about 678 billion rubles - 30% of national wealth;
- a decline in the standard of living of the population; during military operations on the territory of the state, 40,000 medical institutions, 43,000 libraries and 84,000 various educational institutions were destroyed.

USSR in the post-war period 1945–1953.

The main task in economy there was restoration and development of the national economy. In March 1946, the IV five-year plan for 1946–1950 was adopted. The task has been set not only to restore, but also to significantly exceed the pre-war level of production. The main emphasis was on the development of heavy industry. Industry was transferred to the production of civilian products.
The pre-war level of industrial production was reached in 1948. During the Five-Year Plan, 6,200 new industrial enterprises were restored and built.
In agriculture, destroyed collective farms, state farms and MTS were restored. Collectivization was carried out in western regions Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic republics. The drought of 1946 led to famine.
In December 1947, a monetary reform was carried out and the card distribution system was abolished. Banknotes changed in the ratio of 10 old to 1 new, while keeping wages and prices unchanged.
In the social sphere:
- compulsory extracurricular work has been cancelled;
- vacations restored;
- payment of compensation for unused leave during the war began;
- the share of wages paid in government bonds was reduced.
Political system in the post-war period:
- strengthening the personal power of J.V. Stalin;
- holding elections to Councils at all levels;
- transformation in 1946 of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin);
- a new round of political repression - the “Leningrad case”, the Shakhurin-Novikov case, the “doctors’ case”, the “Mingrelian case”, the “case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”.
Science and culture in the post-war period:
- restoration of the material and technical base of science and culture destroyed during the war;
- completion of the transition to universal seven-year education;
- holding discussions on philosophy, linguistics and political economy;
- development of research in nuclear physics;
- strengthening ideological control over culture;
- the defeat of genetics, declared a non-Marxist science, at the session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948;
- resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1946–1948. on issues of literature and art - “About the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””, “About the repertoire of drama theaters and means to improve it”, “About the film “Big Life””, “About the opera “Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” , “On decadent moods in Soviet music”;
- persecution of cultural figures - film directors L. D. Lukov, S. I. Yutkevich, A. P. Dovzhenko, V. I. Pudovkin were accused of “lack of ideas” and “apoliticality”, S. M. Eisenstein was criticized for the second series of the film "Ivan groznyj";
- closure of the “Historical Journal”;
- campaign against cosmopolitanism.
Foreign policy in the post-war period. After the defeat of fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, in the context of the growing influence of the USSR on international affairs, relations between the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition of the USSR, on the one hand, and the leading Western powers, on the other, worsened. Ideological contradictions come to the fore. The Cold War begins. The Soviet leadership is talking about the possibility of World War III. Plans for war against the Soviet Union are indeed being drawn up. In May 1945, W. Churchill was presented with a plan for a war with the USSR, which was supposed to begin in the summer of 1945. The American “Dropshot” plan provided for the start of the war in 1949 and the atomic bombing of 100 Soviet cities. Test in 1949 in the USSR atomic bomb fundamentally changed the international situation.
Main foreign policy events:
- formation of the UN (1945);
- communist parties coming to power in Eastern European countries with the support of the USSR;
- formation of the People's Republic of China (1949);
- division of the world into two opposing systems - capitalism and socialism;
- Fulton speech by W. Churchill (1946), the beginning of the Cold War;
- creation of Cominform (Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties, 1947);
- rupture of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia;
- creation of NATO (1949);
- creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA);
- Korean War (1950–1953)

Hello, dear applicants and friends of the site!

Today we will talk to you about an extremely important topic - the Great Patriotic War, within the framework of. This is not only the greatest event of the 20th century. War has become a symbol of the invincibility of the Russian and its friendly peoples. Of course, the topic is included in the exam tests. Naturally, I will not be able to analyze all the facets of this topic here. For this purpose, I am preparing my own course on the entire history of Russia for applicants. However, I can still cite key things as part of this post on the history of the Unified State Exam online.

Recommendation one: never confuse World War II and the Great Patriotic War. Dates of World War II: September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945; The Great Patriotic War - June 22, 1941 to May 8, 1945. These wars are related to each other as the particular with the whole: The Great Patriotic War is a long period in the Second World War.

World War II and Great Patriotic War:

Causes: aggression of Hitler's Germany, supported by the ideology of Nazism, which the Western powers turned a blind eye to: England, France, the USA. Fear of the “Red Threat”, which did not allow the functioning of the collective security system in Europe, hence the desire of the West to strangle the USSR with the help of Hitler and direct aggression to the East. This is precisely the reason for the so-called “strange war” in the first months.

Occasion: August 31, 1939 a group dressed in Polish uniform The Nazis captured the radio station in German city Gleiwitz and broadcast on Polish language that Poland wants war against Germany. Of course this was a provocation.

Reasons for the Second World War there was no: after the attack on the USSR on June 22, 1941, Germany stated that the USSR fired at the airfields of Romania, and Romania was an ally of Germany and therefore Germany declared war on the Soviet Union.

Course of events. The Second World War can be divided into the following periods:

1. The beginning of hostilities in Europe: from Nazi Germany’s attack on Poland to aggression against the Soviet Union (September 1, 1939 to June 22, 1941)

2. expansion of fascist and Nazi aggression and the scale of the war: from the attack of Nazi Germany and its allies on the USSR and the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union to the landing of Anglo-American troops in North Africa and counter-offensive Soviet army near Stalingrad (22 June 1941 to November 1942)

3. A radical turning point during the Second World War: from the Soviet counter-offensive at Stalingrad to the capitulation of fascist Italy and the liberation of left-bank Ukraine (November 1942 - December 1943)

4. The defeat of fascism and Nazism in Europe: from the offensive of the Soviet Army near Leningrad, in Ukraine and Belarus and the opening of a second front in Europe to the surrender of Germany (January 1944 - May 8, 1945). This ended the Great Patriotic War! But the second World War continued!

5. The defeat of militaristic Japan: from the surrender of Germany to the surrender of Japan on September 2, 1945.

Please learn these periods - then it will be easier for you when completing assignments. exam history online.

Results of the Second World War: the defeat of countries that supported Nazism and fascism as priorities for their development.

Consequences: human rights and freedoms are recognized and secured at the international level, the emergence of an active (and not inactive, like the League of Nations) international organization for the peaceful resolution of conflicts - the United Nations (UN), the split of the world into two opposing systems, capitalist (leader of the USA) and socialist (leader of the USSR), as a consequence - a split among the allied countries in the anti-Hitler coalition. The beginning of the Cold War - political, economic and ideological confrontation between countries and systems.

Ideology is a system of ideas about the structure of society. Fascism stands for statism - the primacy of a state that will deal with enemies outside, by exalting one people. But fascism does not advocate the destruction of all peoples except this one chosen people. He just gives him O greater rights than others (chauvinism, anti-Semitism). Nazism stands for the destruction of all peoples and nations - except one, in the case of Hitler's Germany - the Aryan. This is extremely important to remember when making decisions offline as well.

Also, one cannot equate communism and Nazism - these are different things. Check out the following interesting video to understand the difference.

IN let's look at some complex tests Unified State Exam on the topic of the Second World War and the Great Patriotic War.

Causes, stages of the Great Patriotic War

The Great Patriotic War

The main battles of the Great Patriotic War

On the fronts of the Great Patriotic War
The years of war were marked by mass heroism of the country's citizens. The garrison of the Brest Fortress fought for almost a month against superior enemy forces. The last defender of the fortress died in April 1942. Border guards under the command of Lieutenant A.V. Lopatin fought for eleven days while surrounded. In the first days of the war, pilots A.S. Maslov and N.F. Gastello made “fire rams”, sending their planes shot down in battle at accumulations of enemy equipment. On the night of August 7, 1941, V.V. Talalikhin made his first ramming attack in a night air battle, shooting down an enemy bomber on the outskirts of Moscow. The exploits of the sabotage detachment fighter Z. A. Kosmodemyanskaya, executed by the occupiers in November 1941, private A. M. Matrosov, who covered the embrasure of an enemy pillbox with his body in February 1943, underground fighter E. I. Chaikina and many others became nationally known.
One of the manifestations of mass patriotism of citizens of the USSR was the formation of the people's militia, which included over 4 million people who were not subject to conscription for military service.
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 11 thousand people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. 104 people became twice Heroes of the Soviet Union. Commander G.K. Zhukov, fighter pilots I.N. Kozhedub and A.P. Pokryshkin - three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.
The highest military order "Victory" was awarded to 11 Soviet military leaders: G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky, I.V. Stalin, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev, R.Ya. Malinovsky, F.I. Tolbukhin, L. A. Govorov, S. K. Timoshenko, A. I. Antonov and K. A. Meretskov. Marshals G.K. Zhukov, A.M. Vasilevsky and Generalissimo I.V. Stalin - twice.
More than 7 million people were awarded orders and medals.
"Rear to front." Soviet economy during the war
From the first days of the war, the transition of industry to the production of military products began. The working day was increased to 11 hours, mandatory overtime was introduced, labor holidays were abolished, and the mandatory minimum workday for collective farmers was increased. The place of those who went to the front was taken by women, teenagers, and old people.
About 42% of the population lived in the occupied regions of the USSR, 47% of the cultivated areas were located, a third of industrial products were produced, over 40% of electricity was produced, and 63% of coal was mined. From the first days of the war, the evacuation of enterprises to the eastern regions of the country was organized. By the end of 1941, 2,500 industrial enterprises and more than 10 million people were evacuated. It took time to organize the work of evacuated enterprises. The decline in industrial production was stopped by the beginning of 1942. By mid-1942, all evacuated enterprises were put into operation. In record time, the effective work of the entire national economy was organized in emergency military conditions, which made it possible to provide the Red Army with everything necessary and became one of the factors in achieving a radical turning point during the war.
Resistance movement in occupied territory
A call to organize a fight in the rear of the Nazi troops was made in the “Directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to party and Soviet organizations in front-line regions” dated June 29, 1941: “In areas occupied by the enemy, create partisan detachments and sabotage groups to fight units enemy army, to incite guerrilla warfare everywhere... In occupied areas, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them at every step, disrupt all their activities.” On July 18, 1941, a special resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was adopted “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops.”
Partisan detachments and underground groups are launching an active struggle against the invaders. By the fall of 1952, about 6 thousand partisan detachments were operating, including large partisan formations of S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov, P. P. Vershigora, A. F. Fedorov and others. At the end of 1941–1942 gg. In Belarus, the Leningrad, Smolensk and Oryol regions, several so-called partisan regions arose - areas liberated from the occupiers and completely controlled by the partisans.
Since the summer of 1943, large partisan formations, in agreement with the command of the Red Army, carried out operations in areas of the offensive of Soviet troops (“Rail War”, “Concert”).
During the Great Patriotic War, aanti-Hitler coalition . On June 22, 1941, British Prime Minister W. Churchill announced support for the struggle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany, and on June 24, US President F. Roosevelt. On July 12, 1941, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany. In August 1941, the United States and Great Britain signed the Atlantic Charter on the principles of cooperation during the war. In September, the Soviet Union joined the Charter. On January 1, 1942, 26 states signed the Declaration of the United Nations, which officially formalized the creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. In June 1944, the Allies began military operations in France, opening the Second Front.

Allied Conferences

Moscow September 29 - October 1, 1941

A tripartite agreement was signed - a supply protocol. The United States and England pledged to send the Soviet Union monthly 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, vehicles, aluminum and some other types of military materials. American representative Harriman, on behalf of the United States and England, confirmed “the receipt from the Soviet government of large supplies of Soviet raw materials, which will significantly help the production of weapons in our countries.”

- A declaration on joint actions in the war against Germany was adopted;
- A decision was made to open a second front in France during May 1944;
- In order to shorten the duration of the war in the Far East, the USSR announced the USSR’s readiness to enter the war against Japan after the end of hostilities in Europe: a preliminary agreement was reached on the establishment of the post-war borders of Poland;
- The “Declaration on Iran” was adopted, in which the participants declared “their desire to preserve the full independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Iran”

- Prepared proposals that formed the basis of the UN Charter

- Plans for the defeat and unconditional surrender of Germany were agreed upon;
- A unified policy regarding the post-war statute of Germany was agreed upon;
- Decisions were made on the creation of occupation zones in Germany, a pan-German control body and the collection of reprisals;
- The basic principles of the agreed policy of the allies regarding the organization of lasting peace and the system of international security are outlined;
- A decision was made to convene a Founding Conference to develop the UN Charter;
- The issue of the eastern borders of Poland has been resolved;
- The USSR confirmed its readiness to enter the war against Japan 3 months after the surrender of Germany;
- The “Declaration of a Liberated Europe” was adopted, which expressed the will of the Allied powers to pursue a coordinated policy of assistance to the peoples of Europe;
- Agreement reached on the establishment of a permanent mechanism for consultation between the foreign ministers of the three great powers

- The UN Charter was signed;
- The International Court of Justice was established, which is the main judicial body of the UN

- The main problems of the post-war world order were discussed;
- The goals of the occupation of Germany are defined as 4 Ds - its denazification, demilitarization, democratization, decartelization;
- The goal of preserving the unity of Germany was proclaimed;
- The eastern borders of Germany along the Oder-Neisse line have been determined;
- An International Military Tribunal was created to try the main Nazi criminals;
- A decision was made to transfer East Prussia with its capital Königsberg to the Soviet Union;
- The size of reparations has been determined;
- The USSR confirmed its readiness to go to war with Japan

USSR in the post-war period 1945–1953.

The main task ineconomy there was restoration and development of the national economy. In March 1946, the IV five-year plan for 1946–1950 was adopted. The task has been set not only to restore, but also to significantly exceed the pre-war level of production. The main emphasis was on the development of heavy industry. Industry was transferred to the production of civilian products.
The pre-war level of industrial production was reached in 1948. During the Five-Year Plan, 6,200 new industrial enterprises were restored and built.
In agriculture, destroyed collective farms, state farms and MTS were restored. Collectivization was carried out in the western regions of Ukraine and Belarus, in the Baltic republics. The drought of 1946 led to famine.
In December 1947, a monetary reform was carried out and the card distribution system was abolished. Banknotes changed in the ratio of 10 old to 1 new, while keeping wages and prices unchanged.
In the social sphere:
- compulsory extracurricular work has been cancelled;
- vacations restored;
- payment of compensation for unused leave during the war began;
- the share of wages paid in government bonds was reduced.
Political system in the post-war period:
- strengthening the personal power of J.V. Stalin;
- holding elections to Councils at all levels;
- transformation in 1946 of the Council of People's Commissars into the Council of Ministers (Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR I.V. Stalin);
- a new round of political repression - the “Leningrad case”, the Shakhurin-Novikov case, the “doctors’ case”, the “Mingrelian case”, the “case of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee”.
Science and culture in the post-war period:
- restoration of the material and technical base of science and culture destroyed during the war;
- completion of the transition to universal seven-year education;
- holding discussions on philosophy, linguistics and political economy;
- development of research in nuclear physics;
- strengthening ideological control over culture;
- the defeat of genetics, declared a non-Marxist science, at the session of the All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1948;
- resolutions of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, 1946–1948. on issues of literature and art - “About the magazines “Zvezda” and “Leningrad””, “About the repertoire of drama theaters and means to improve it”, “About the film “Big Life””, “About the opera “Great Friendship” by V. Muradeli” , “On decadent moods in Soviet music”;
- persecution of cultural figures - film directors L. D. Lukov, S. I. Yutkevich, A. P. Dovzhenko, V. I. Pudovkin were accused of “lack of ideas” and “apoliticality”, S. M. Eisenstein was criticized for the second series of the film "Ivan groznyj";
- closure of the “Historical Journal”;
- campaign against cosmopolitanism.
Foreign policy in the post-war period. After the defeat of fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, in the context of the growing influence of the USSR on international affairs, relations between the former allies in the anti-Hitler coalition of the USSR, on the one hand, and the leading Western powers, on the other, worsened. Ideological contradictions come to the fore. The Cold War begins. The Soviet leadership is talking about the possibility of World War III. Plans for war against the Soviet Union are indeed being drawn up. In May 1945, W. Churchill was presented with a plan for a war with the USSR, which was supposed to begin in the summer of 1945. The American “Dropshot” plan provided for the start of the war in 1949 and the atomic bombing of 100 Soviet cities. The testing of an atomic bomb in the USSR in 1949 fundamentally changed the international situation.
Main foreign policy events:
- formation of the UN (1945);
- communist parties coming to power in Eastern European countries with the support of the USSR;
- formation of the People's Republic of China (1949);
- division of the world into two opposing systems - capitalism and socialism;
- Fulton speech by W. Churchill (1946), the beginning of the Cold War;
- creation of Cominform (Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties, 1947);
- rupture of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia;
- creation of NATO (1949);
- creation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA);
- Korean War (1950–1953)