Kurmysh.

The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality was formed in 1341, when the Khan of the Golden Horde, Uzbek, divided the Grand Principality of Vladimir, transferring Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilievich. The rise of Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the 14th century led to the transfer of the capital of the newly formed principality there from Suzdal. The development of feudal landownership and trade, especially in the Volga region, support from the Horde and Novgorod allowed the princes of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality Konstantin Vasilyevich and his son Dmitry to fight the Moscow princes for the great princedom of Vladimir. Dmitry in and captured the great reign, but not for long. From to he acted as an ally of the Moscow prince. The Nizhny Novgorod princes took part in Tokhtamysh's attack on Moscow.

Relations with the Golden Horde

Despite the weakness, the principality sent its squads to participate in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380).

Relations with other Russian principalities

Chronology

• 1221 - Yuri Vsevolodovich, Grand Duke of Vladimir, founded Nizhny Novgorod.
• 1238 - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, brother of Yuri Vsevolodovich, Grand Duke of Kyiv, Grand Duke of Vladimir, established diplomatic relations with the Golden Horde, received a label to reign from Batu.
• 1246-1256 - a dispute between the sons of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich Alexander Nevsky (senior) and Andrei Yaroslavich (a year younger) for the inheritance.
• 1256 - Andrei Yaroslavich, son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, nephew of Yuri Vsevolodovich, reconciles with his brother Alexander and receives from him Suzdal, Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod as inheritance.
• 1264-1304 - Yuri Andreevich (prince of Suzdal) (until 1279) and Mikhail Andreevich (until 1305), sons of Andrei Yaroslavich, rule in Suzdal, and Andrei Alexandrovich, son of Alexander Nevsky, in Gorodets (until 1304).
• 1305-1309 - Vasily Andreevich, son of Andrei Yaroslavich, rules in Suzdal. Subsequently, power passes to his son, Alexander Vasilyevich.
• 1304 - Principality of Gorodets (which included Nizhny Novgorod) passes to Mikhail Yaroslavich, Prince of Tver and at that time Grand Duke of Vladimir.
• 1318 - Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy was killed in the Horde, the great reign of Vladimir (and with it the principality of Gorodets) was transferred to Yuri Danilovich, Prince of Moscow.
• 1328 - Alexander Vasilyevich, Prince of Suzdal and son of Prince Vasily Andreevich of Suzdal, receives a label from Khan Uzbek for Vladimir and the Gorodets principality. Died in 1331.
• 1341 - The principality of Gorodets passes to the brother of Alexander Vasilyevich, Konstantin Vasilyevich, then to the son of Konstantin Vasilyevich, Andrei Konstantinovich.
• 1350 - Konstantin Vasilievich transfers the capital to Nizhny Novgorod.
• 1356 - Andrei Konstantinovich gives Suzdal as an inheritance to his brother, Dmitry Konstantinovich.
• 1359 - Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal receives a label to rule the Grand Duchy of Vladimir.
• 1362 - the Grand Duchy of Vladimir is transferred to Dmitry Donskoy (at that time he was 12 years old).
• 1363 - Dmitry Suzdalsky regains Vladimir, but not for long.
• 1365 - The principality of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod receives the status of a grand principality. Grand Duke- Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky.
• 1366 - reconciliation of Dmitry Donskoy and Dmitry Suzdalsky, marriage of Dmitry Donskoy with Dmitry Suzdalsky's daughter Evdokia.
• 1376 - a joint raid on Kazan with Moscow.
• 1377 - Ivan Dmitrievich, son of Dmitry Suzdal, dies in the battle on the Pyan River, as a result of which the closest potential contenders for the Nizhny Novgorod grand prince's table are Dmitry Suzdal's brother, Boris Konstantinovich, the sons of Dmitry Suzdal, Vasily Kirdyapa and Semyon Dmitrievich, as well as the son of Dmitry Donskoy and Evdokia, Vasily I Dmitrievich.
• 1380 - the troops of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality take part in the Battle of Kulikovo on the side of Dmitry Donskoy. Almost the entire army of Dmitry Konstantinovich dies in battle, the principality does not have enough strength even to protect against random raids. The Moscow principality, also exhausted, cannot provide assistance, and relations between Dmitry Suzdalsky and Dmitry Donskoy deteriorate.
• 1382 - the troops of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal principality, under the leadership of Vasily Kirdyapa and Semyon Dmitrievich, join the army of Tokhtamysh in order to attack Moscow. Dmitry Donskoy withdraws the army from the city without accepting the battle; Semyon and Vasily persuade the Muscovites to open the gates, and subsequently participate in the sacking of Moscow. Vasily Tokhtamysh is taken to the Horde.
• 1383 - the death of Dmitry Suzdal, the Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal by label becomes his brother Boris Konstantinovich.
• 1387 - Vasily Kirdyapa, son of Dmitry Suzdal, leaves the Horde with a label to reign.
• 1392 - Vasily I Dmitrievich, son of Dmitry Donskoy, captures Nizhny Novgorod.
• 1393 (according to other sources 1395, according to Solovyov 1399) - Semyon, the son of Dmitry Suzdal, is trying to return Nizhny Novgorod by force. The attempt turns out to be successful, but Prince Eityak, who was walking with them as an ally, killed both the remaining defenders of the city and the attackers. At this time, Moscow Vasily Dmitrievich buys a label for reigning, and gives Semyon and Vasily Shuya as inheritance. Vasily Kirdyapa, dissatisfied with this decision, departed for the Horde in 1394, but did not achieve success there. Semyon dies in Vyatka in 1402, Vasily dies in Gorodets in 1403.
• 1408 - Edigei wipes Gorodets off the face of the earth.
• 1411 - ???
• 1445 - Ulu-Mohammed uses Nizhny Novgorod as a stronghold in the war with Vasily II the Dark.
• 1446-1447 - Fedor and Vasily, sons of Yuri Vasilyevich Shuisky, grandsons of Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa, with the help of Dmitry Shemyaka, regain the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality, but after the defeat, the Shemyaki go over to the side of Moscow.

Links

• V. A. Kuchkin. "Formation of the state territory of northeastern Russia in the X-XIV centuries." Chapter 5: "Territories of the Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod Grand Principalities in the XIV century." (Including a map of the alleged territories of the Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy and its appanages in the 1360s).
• Igor Alexandrovich Kiryanov, "Ancient fortresses of the Nizhny Novgorod Volga region" Gorky, 1961.
• Talovin D. S. The Great Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal Principality (1341-1392) in the land system of North-Eastern Russia - Abstract, Nizhny Novgorod 2001.
• Chechenkov P. V. Administrative-territorial structure and management on the lands of the Gorodetsky appanage in the 15th - mid-16th centuries.

see also

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See what the "Nizhny Novgorod Principality" is in other dictionaries:

Modern Encyclopedia

Nizhny Novgorod Principality- NIZHNY NOVGOROD PRINCIPALITY, formed in 1341, when the Horde Khan Uzbek gave Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the prince of Suzdal Konstantin Vasilyevich. Capital Nizhny Novgorod. In 1392, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I annexed Nizhny Novgorod ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

In the east, the Vladimir lands bordered on another great principality of North-Eastern Russia - Nizhny Novgorod. This principality was formed as a result of the political action of the Horde. In 1341, Khan Uzbek transferred the territory of Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets, which had hitherto been part of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir, to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. As a result of this action of the Horde, the Grand Duchy of Vladimir was weakened, i.e. the princes of Moscow who ruled this principality and were gaining strength, since a large territory was leaving their control as the great princes of Vladimir. In addition, a new large state formation arose on the eastern outskirts of the Russian lands, the prince of which, relying on the support of the Mongol-Tatars and his own significant resources, could pursue a policy that was not consistent with the policies of the other Russian principalities. The action of the Horde thus prevented the development of centripetal tendencies in North-Eastern Russia.

In the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality extended from the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya and its right tributary r. Irmes in the west to the river. Sura and its left tributaries of the Pyana and Kishi rivers in the east, from Unzha in the north to Sara (settlements in the middle reaches of the Sura river) in the south. It included such cities as Nizhny Novgorod, Suzdal, Gorodets, Gorokhovets, Berezhets and, probably, Unzha. However, this large area was inhabited and developed unevenly.

The most populated and cultivated was the ancient district of Suzdal. The famous Suzdal opolye included many ancient large villages within its borders, but the areas located only 25-30 km east and north of Suzdal were large forests with small and rare points of settlements. Apparently, the areas of the upper reaches of the Uvod, Teza, and Lukha rivers belonging to Suzdal were just as rarely populated. The rest of the territory of the principality remained underdeveloped. Even near Gorodets and Nizhny Novgorod by the middle of the XIV century. such a rural district as Suzdal had not yet formed. The villages of Gorodets did not stray far from the banks of the Volga even at a much later time 10 . And on the territory that belonged to Nizhny Novgorod, even in the 15th century. forests grew on an area of ​​several hundred square kilometers 11 . However, the economic level of development of the cities themselves was quite high. This is especially true of Nizhny Novgorod, in the XIV century. turned into one of largest cities Of Eastern Europe. In Nizhny Novgorod, such complex and delicate medieval crafts as bell casting, copper gilding, and stone construction were developed. Nizhny Novgorod became the second city of North-Eastern Russia after Moscow, where in 1372 the construction of the walls of the stone Kremlin began. The city has grown into a major international shopping center, where even eastern merchants sailed with their goods 12 .

In political terms, by the end of the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality was not completely unified. The first Nizhny Novgorod prince Konstantin Vasilyevich Suzdal, who ruled in the principality with absolute power and even made an attempt in 1354 after the death of Simeon the Proud to challenge Ivan the Red table of the Grand Duchy of Vladimir in the Horde 13 , died in 1355. 14 He divided the Nizhny Novgorod principality into parts among his sons - heirs. The eldest son of Konstantin Andrei received Nizhny Novgorod proper with the volosts related to it along the lower Oka and lower Klyazma, as well as along the river. Volga, mainly along the right tributaries of the latter. The second son of Konstantin, Dmitry-Foma, received the city of Suzdal and villages in the Suzdal opole. Perhaps he owned some land to the northeast of Suzdal. The third son of Konstantin Boris got Gorodets with its volosts located on both banks of the river. Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to later Balakhna. Finally, the fourth son of Konstantin, also Dmitry, nicknamed the Nail, owned suburban Suzdal villages and lands along the lower reaches of the river. Take away and its right tributaries of the Vyazma and Ukhtoma rivers 15 .

To enlarge the image of the map, click on the map

Thus, in the second half of the 50s of the XIV century. The Nizhny Novgorod principality was divided into four parts according to the number of owners - the heirs of Prince Konstantin. The beginning of the feudal fragmentation of the Nizhny Novgorod territory has not yet led to the political isolation of local destinies, but, apparently, to a general political position Nizhny Novgorod princes had a certain influence. In any case, the Nizhny Novgorod prince Andrei Konstantinovich was forced to conclude in 1356 with the Moscow prince Ivan Krasny, who occupied the Vladimir table, an agreement, according to which he recognized himself as the "young brother" of the Grand Duke, i.e. formally agreed to regard the latter as his overlord 16 .

COMMENTS

Nasonov A.N. Mongols and Russia. M.; L., 1940, p. 97-98.

PSRL, vol. XV, no. 1, stb. 64.

Same place, stb. 72.

Same place, stb. 54.

NPL, p. 477; ASVR. M., 1958, vol. II, No. 435, p. 479.

PSRL, vol. XV, no. 1, stb. 78; NPL, p. 477.

The city of Unzha was first mentioned in the 13th century. (PSRL. M.; L., 1949, vol. XXV, p. 116). At the beginning of the XV century. the Unzhin tamga is mentioned, which was collected by the prince who owned Gorodets (DDG, No. 86, p. 43; cf.: NPL, p. 477). The cities of Gorokhovets, Berezhets and Unzha are mentioned in the famous list "And these are the names of all Russian cities, distant and near" (NPL, p. 477), compiled around 1394-1396. (Naumov E.P. On the history of the annalistic "List of Russian cities near and far". - In the book: Chronicles and Chronicles: Collection of articles, 1973, M., 1974, p. 157, 163).

one of the principalities of North-Eastern Russia. Occupied the territory along the river. Irmis, the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, the lower reaches of the Klyazma and Oka, the middle reaches of the Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to the lower reaches of the river. Sura. Its main centers were Suzdal, Nizhny Novgorod, Gorokhovets, Gorodets, Kurmysh. S.-N. The k. was formed in 1341, when the Mongol-Tatars transferred Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets to the Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich. The rise of Nizhny Novgorod in the first half of the 14th century led to the transfer there from Suzdal of the capital of the newly formed principality. The development of feudal land ownership and trade, especially in the Volga region, support from the Horde and Novgorod the Great allowed the princes of S.-N. to. Konstantin Vasilyevich and his son Dmitry to fight with the Moscow princes for the great reign of Vladimir. Dmitry in 1360 and 1363 captured the great reign, but not for long. From 1364 to 1382 he acted as an ally of the Moscow prince. In 1382 the princes of Nizhny Novgorod took part in Tokhtamysh's attack on Moscow. The existence of appanages in S.-N. k. (the main of the destinies - Gorodetsky) and the pressure of the Horde contributed to the aggravation of feudal contradictions in S.-N. j. The orientation of a part of the Nizhny Novgorod princes towards the Mongol-Tatars contradicted the unifying aspirations of Moscow. In 1392, the Moscow Grand Duke Vasily Dmitrievich captured Nizhny Novgorod. Since that time, the Moscow Grand Dukes kept the Volga region in their hands, although the princes S.-N. With the help of the Mongol-Tatars, they sometimes achieved the return of Nizhny Novgorod (1395, 1411-14, 40s of the 15th century).

Lit.: Presnyakov A.E., Formation of the Great Russian state. Essays on the history of the XIII - XV centuries, P., 1918; Lyubavsky M.K., Formation of the main state territory of the Great Russian people, L., 1929; Nasonov A. N., Mongols and Russia, M.-L., 1940; Kuchkin V. A., Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod principality in the XIII - XIV centuries, in the collection: Poland and Russia, M., 1974.

V. A. Kuchkin.

• - the name of state formations and territories that were in the possession of the prince. In Russia, the principalities were also called principalities, lands, regions, less often - counties. They were named after the capital city ...

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• - in the old German Empire, this was the name of an independent possession, which, in terms of the rank of its owner, occupied a middle place between a duchy and a county ...
• - one of the principalities of North-Eastern Russia. Occupied the territory along the river. Irmis, the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, the lower reaches of the Klyazma and Oka, the middle reaches of the Volga from the lower reaches of the river. Unzhi to the lower reaches ...
• - name state formations and territories that were in the possession of the prince. In Russia, k. were also called principalities, lands, regions, less often - counties. They were named after the capital city ...
• - one of the principalities of the 14th-15th centuries. North-East Russia. Occupied the territory along the middle course of the river. Nerl Klyazminskaya, river basin. Theses, cf. and lower currents of the Klyazma and Oka, cf. the course of the Volga to the lower reaches of the river. Sura. Main his...

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• - specific princes, they received their name from the main centers in their principality - Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod. Regarding the time of the founding of Suzdal, the chronicles do not give any indication ...

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• - see SECOND MILITIES 1611-12...

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• - Prince of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod, son of Dimitri Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Nizhny Novgorod, in 1367, together with his father, uncle Boris and brothers, pursued Bulat-Temir, in 1376 participated in his father's campaign to Kazan ...

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• - son of D. Konstantinovich, led. book. Nizhny Novgorod, in 1367, together with his father, uncle Boris and brothers, pursued Bulat-Temir, in 1376 he participated in his father's campaign to Kazan ...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - a monarchical state formation headed by the Prince; K. are most typical of the period of feudal fragmentation ...

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• - was formed in 1341, when the Khan of the Horde Uzbek gave the Prince of Suzdal Konstantin Vasilievich Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets. The capital is Nizhny Novgorod...

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• - arose in Nizhny Novgorod in September 1611 to fight the Polish invaders. It consisted of detachments of nobles, townspeople, peasants of the central and northern regions of Russia, the Volga region ...
• - NIZHNY NOVGOROD militia - see Second militia ...

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"Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Principality" in books

DMITRY KONSTANTINOVICH SUZDAL-NIZHNY NOVGORODSKI Sovereign of the vanished state