The meaning of the film. "Fountain" (2006). Psychological analysis. The meaning of the film Summary of the ballet The fountain of Bakhchisarai

The formidable Khan Giray sits in his palace, angry and sad. Why is Giray saddened, what is he thinking about? He does not think about the war with Russia, he is not afraid of the machinations of enemies, and his wives are faithful to him, they are guarded by a devoted and evil eunuch. The sad Giray goes to the abode of his wives, where the slaves sing a song in praise of the beautiful Zarema, the beauty of the harem. But Zarema herself, pale and sad, does not listen to praise and is sad because Girey has stopped loving her; he fell in love with young Maria, a recent inhabitant of the harem, who came here from her native Poland, where she was an adornment of her parents' house and an enviable bride for many rich nobles who were looking for her hand.

The Tatar hordes that rushed to Poland ravaged the house of Mary's father, and she herself became Giray's slave. In captivity, Mary withers and finds comfort only in prayer in front of the icon of the Blessed Virgin, in which an unquenchable lamp is burning. And even Giray himself spares her peace and does not disturb her loneliness.

The palace calms down, the harem sleeps, but only one of Girey's wives does not sleep. She gets up and sneaks past the sleeping eunuch. So she opens the door and finds herself in a room where a lamp is burning before the face of the Most Pure Virgin and unbroken silence reigns. Something long forgotten stirred in Zarema's chest. She sees the sleeping princess and kneels before her in supplication. Awakened Maria asks Zarema why she was here as a late guest. Zarema tells her his sad story. She does not remember how she ended up in Giray's palace, but she enjoyed his love undividedly until Maria appeared in the harem. Zarema begs Maria to return Giray's heart to her, his betrayal will kill her. She threatens Maria...

Having poured out her confessions, Zarema disappears, leaving Maria in confusion and in dreams of death, which is dearer to her than the fate of Giray's concubine.

Maria's wishes came true, and she died, but Giray did not return to Zarema. He left the palace and again indulged in the pleasures of war, but Giray cannot forget the beautiful Maria in battles. The harem is abandoned and forgotten by Girey, and Zarema is thrown into the abyss of water by the guards of the harem on the same night that Maria died.

Returning to Bakhchisaray after a disastrous raid on the villages of Russia, Giray erected a fountain in memory of Mary, which the young maidens of Taurida, having learned this sad legend, called the fountain of tears.

World of Heroes

Girey (pasha) - one of the three central characters of the poem, khan, owner of the harem; the name is conditional - Girayami (Gerai) was the name of almost all Crimean khans; the inscription on the "real" fountain of Bakhchisaray mentions Crimea-Girey, 60s. 18th century However, the “Pushkinian” G. is afraid of the “intrigues of Genoa” (which could be until 1475); in the drafts, the hero was called Devlet-Giray (the name of a khan of the 16th century); According to legend, the Polish princess Maria Pototskaya was captured by Kezim Giray Khan (XVIII century).

G.'s separation from history is fundamental; his suffering is the suffering of a man who has come into contact with another civilization.

AT " oriental poems"J. G. Byron (which is focused on" The Fountain of Bakhchisarai ") provides for the plot role of the "eastern antagonist" of the protagonist, who is always a European and an individualist. "Byronian", as if from the middle. His "pasha" is a glorious warrior and owner of a luxurious harem (the description of the harem in S. S. Bobrov's poem "Tavrida"); G. Pushkin borrows some techniques for creating an "oriental flavor" around the image from T. Moore's "oriental novel" Lalla-Ruk. G., like the hero of Byron's "Bride of Abydos", sits gloomily in a circle of close associates; his amber chibouk has gone out; he is immersed in gloomy thoughts - the reason for which the reader will learn much later. But at the same time, the plot is drastically shifted (which means that the status of the image has changed): there is no “individualist” among the characters; formally, Khan G. becomes the main character (with whom the author-northerner ironically relates himself); however, in reality, he is pushed into the shadow of two heroines - Maria and Zarema.

In the end, G. turns out to be his own antagonist. For, having fallen in love with the Polish Christian Maria, captivated by him, he step by step retreats from his Eastern habits; he is no longer pleased with the passionate love of the Georgian Zarema, who became a Muslim captive; he allows the Polish woman to retire and takes into account her feelings (although all the other captives are luxuriously insensitive), including religious feelings. As a result, the humble, devoid of any passion beauty of a European produces a coup in G.'s soul. Having lost Maria and executed Zarema (apparently who killed her), he is no longer able to enjoy either the harem or even the war: "... in the heart of the khan of other feelings / A joyless flame lurks." Tearful thoughtfulness - this distinctive feature of many Pushkin's heroes - overtakes G. sometimes even during the battle. And just as the conflict between Zarema and Maria reflects the struggle between the “Muslim”, Eastern, “Christian”, European principles that have penetrated into his heart, so does the “fountain of tears” built in memory of two completely opposite lovers of G. embody it: the "lawless symbol", the cross, crowns the "Mohammedan moon". Later, Pushkin generally recognized the character of G. as unsuccessful, “melodramatic” (“Refutation of Critics”).

In 1824, Pushkin wrote a poem "To the Fountain of the Bakhchisaray Palace", in which he once again relates himself to the "forked" G. When publishing, the poems will be marked 1820 to give the impression that they were created before the poem; the metaphorical layer of the plot will finally manifest itself in them: the harem is a symbol of the human soul, Maria and Zarema are only images of G. 1830).

By 1825, a dramatic adaptation of the poem “Kerim-Girey” by A. A. Shakhovsky dates back.

Zarema - the concubine and captive of Khan Girey; voluntarily and passionately breathing happiness, loves it. She is unable to come to terms with the new choice of a lover and ruler - with his attachment to the new captive, the Polish princess Maria. Sneaking into her "semi-monastic cell" at night,

3. pronounces a stormy monologue in which confession is mixed with threat, and tears with anger. From this monologue (which was an obligatory plot element of the "Byronic" poem), we learn that Z. is not just a "Georgian", but once, before she got into the harem, she was a Christian. (Therefore, she demands from Mary that she swear by her faith that she is ready to turn Giray away.)

This motif harmonically (and at the same time contrasts) balances the images of the three heroes of the Fountain of Bakhchisaray. 3. to the same extent violates the indifferent mores of the harem with her demonic passion, in which Mary violates them with her angelic nature. One was raised by her mother, the other by her father. Both are connected by birthright with the Christian tradition - one with its western branch, the other with its eastern one. But if the meeting of Giray with Mary destroys his "Mohammedan integrity", then his meeting with Z., on the contrary, rejects the concubine from Christianity. The mutual "half-heartedness" of Giray and

3. the ideal wholeness of Mary is shaded.

Following Byron's poetics, Pushkin blurs the plot of the poem; the reader knows that 3. was eventually executed; guesses that her nightly threat was not empty; but this is only a transparent hint at unnamed circumstances.

Mary is the central character of the poem. Central not in formal characteristics, but in psychological contrast to all other characters - from Zarema to Girey and the eunuch. Such a shift in the plot center of the Byronic poem from the hero to the heroine was not accidental; according to the unwritten rules of the genre, the hero was identified with the author, was his literary alter ego, and Pushkin, as he became convinced in the process of working on The Prisoner of the Caucasus, was not suitable for the heroes of a “romantic poem”. In the "Fountain of Bakhchisarai" the de jure situation that was revealed in the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" de facto is framed: the female image is eclipsed by the male.

Pushkin traces the image of Maria to the semi-legendary Princess Maria Pototskaya, whom, according to legend, he captured and placed in his harem in the 18th century. Kezim Giray Khan. In Pushkin's extract from the book by I. M. Muravyov-Apostol, and "Journey through Tauris", which accompanied the publication of the poem, the truth of the legend was rejected; it didn't matter to the poet. It was important for him to create a "Byronic" type of Christian woman, a European, captivated by the East. His young Polish woman was brought up by a gray-haired and gentle father, whom Giray killed, and does not want to recognize any other relationship between a man and a woman.

tire, except for paternal ones. (Partly she manages to awaken in Giray just such feelings, how to generally bring him out of the “Mohammedan” equality to herself) M. is a northerner both in appearance (dark blue eyes), and in temperament (“slender, lively movements”), and in sense of life (separation from the earthly fatherland only brings her meeting with the heavenly fatherland closer).

Everything is ready for death in her: “What should she do in the desert of the world? ..” There is no need to wait long for the denouement: without wanting it herself, M. pushes another concubine, Zarema, away from Girey; she, having appeared at night in the “cell” of M., half confesses, half threatens her “rival”, who maintains an embarrassed silence (the only dramatic episode of the poem).

But the beauty of M. is so unearthly, her features are so perfect that the author refuses to finish everything. He only hints that the terrible threat (“I own the dagger”) has been carried out, talking about the cruel execution of Zarema. (Zarema is a passionate, active heroine; one can speak directly about her death.) In the jets of the Fountain of Tears erected by Giray, the tears shed by M. in front of the icon of the Blessed Virgin, as if symbolically merge; the depths into which the unfortunate Zarema was immersed; Giray's mournful cry for both of them.

The very opposition of the "coldly beautiful" and "sensually beautiful" heroines will remain in Russian prose for a long time - until the late I. A. Bunin (the stories "Natalie", "Clean Monday").

In the poem, the action takes place in Bakhchisarai, a city in the Crimea. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin stayed there during his southern exile. The author, walking around the city, finds an old fountain, and he is captivated by the story associated with it.

A long time ago, a khan lived in Bakhchisarai. He had a beautiful palace and many wives. The khan's harem was followed by a eunuch, indifferent to female beauty and devoted to his master. All Giray's wives led a quiet life. They walked in the garden, played, bathed, ate sherbet, and so passed their youth. Giray's favorite wife was the Georgian Zarema.

Once the khan was sitting very gloomy, thoughtful. However, it was not new raids and wars that worried him. He was haunted by thoughts about the blue-eyed beauty Maria, the Polish princess, who had recently appeared in his harem.

Maria used to live with her father, who fulfilled all her desires. Her life was quiet and serene. Many rich people and nobles sighed about her, but she still did not love anyone. And then the Tatars attacked Poland, Maria's father was killed, and the princess was captured by Girey. Mary lives in a separate cell, and even a eunuch has no right to follow her. She often prays by the light of a lamp and rejects the khan.

Zarema is jealous of her Giray for Maria. One night, a Georgian woman secretly sneaks into the princess's room. Mary sleeps like an innocent angel. In the corner in front of the image, she has a lamp burning. Zarema vaguely recalls her childhood, looking at the image of the Blessed Virgin. Although she is now surrounded by the laws of the Quran, Zarema knows that her mother was of the same faith as Maria.

Zarema wakes up the young princess. Maria is scared. Zarema confesses to Maria that she is jealous of her Giray. Zarema passionately loves Girey, and now he is going to cheat on her, because he is in love with Maria. Zarema does not blame Maria. Zarema begs her to make Giray stop loving her. Zarema is ready for anything, she even has a dagger. Then Zarema silently leaves, leaving Maria confused. The princess does not need anything, she is afraid to spend her whole life in a harem and wants to die.

Mary soon died. It is not at all clear how this happened and why, but on the same night Girey ordered his servants to throw Zarema into the sea as punishment. After that, the khan took up wars and raids, but often during the battle he suddenly freezes and thinks about something.

The palace is deserted. For a long time there is neither a khan nor his harem. However, in memory of the princess, a fountain was made in the marble wall, and this fountain looks like a stream of tears. Above the fountain are depicted together the Muslim month and the cross. Residents of Bakhchisaray come to this fountain, remember the romantic story of Zarema, Girey and Maria and sigh. Roses are blooming and grapes are growing all around. The coolness of the Bakhchisaray fountain attracts travelers.

The author is fascinated by this love story, and he often comes to the Bakhchisaray fountain. One day he thinks he sees someone's shadow. Maybe it's the innocent Maria or the jealous Zarema. The author recalls his love. Now he is in exile, and his beloved is far away.

The poem by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin teaches that the power of love is eternal.

Picture or drawing Bakhchisaray fountain

The history of the creation of the work

Some researchers note that Pushkin heard the romantic legend about the Crimean Khan while still in St. Petersburg. However, most likely he recognized her during a visit to Bakhchisaray with the family of General Raevsky in the early autumn of 1820. Moreover, neither the palace nor the fountain itself made an impression on him, as they were in extreme desolation.

Work on the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (contents are presented below) began in the spring of 1821, but the poet wrote the main part during 1822. In addition, it is known that the introduction was created in 1823, and Vyazemsky made the final decoration and preparation for printing.

Who became the prototypes of the heroes of the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai”?

One of the main characters of this work is Khan Giray, more precisely Kyrym Gerai, the ruler of the Crimea, who ruled from 1758 to 1764. It was under him that the “Fountain of Tears” and many other structures appeared. Among them, the mausoleum stood out in particular, in which, according to legend, she was buried last love khana - Dilyara-bikech, who died at the hands of a poisoner. By the way, some researchers believed that it was in memory of this girl that a mournful marble monument exuding drops of water was built. Thus, it is possible that the real heroine, to whom the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray" is dedicated, a summary of which is given below, was not at all a Pole named Maria. Where did this legend about the princess come from? Perhaps it was invented in the family of Sofya Kiseleva, nee Pototskaya, with whom the poet was very friendly.

Pushkin. Summary of the first part

In his palace, the sad Khan Giray forgot about peace and pleasure. He is not interested in war or intrigues of enemies. He goes to the female half, where his beautiful wives languish in longing for his caresses, and hears the song of the slaves, which they sing in praise of the Georgian Zarema, calling her the beauty of the harem. However, the ruler’s favorite herself no longer smiles, since the khan fell out of love with her, and now young Mary reigns in his heart. This Polish woman has recently become an inhabitant of the harem and cannot forget her father's house and her position as the adored daughter of an old father and an enviable bride for many noble nobles who were looking for her hand.

How did this nobleman's daughter become a slave Hordes of Tatars poured into Poland and ruined her father's house, and she herself became their prey and a precious gift to her ruler. In captivity, the girl began to yearn, and her only consolation now is prayers before the image of the Most Pure Virgin, which is illuminated day and night by an unquenchable lamp. Maria is the only one who is allowed to keep symbols in her cell in the Khan's palace Christian faith, and even Giray himself does not dare to disturb her peace and loneliness.

The scene of the meeting between Maria and Zarema

The night has come. However, Zarema does not sleep, who sneaks into the room to the Pole and sees the image of the Virgin Mary. The Georgian woman recalls her distant homeland for a second, but then her gaze falls on the sleeping Mary. Zarema kneels before the Polish princess and begs her to return Girey's heart to her. The awakened Mary asks the Khan's beloved wife what she needs from the unfortunate captive, who only dreams of going to her heavenly father. Then Zarema tells her that she does not remember how she ended up in the Bakhchisaray Palace, but captivity did not become a burden to her, since Giray fell in love with her. However, the appearance of Mary destroyed her happiness, and if she does not return the heart of the khan to her, she will stop at nothing. Having finished her speech, the Georgian disappears, leaving Maria to mourn her bitter fate and dream of death, which seems to her preferable to the fate of the Khan's concubine.

The final

Some time has passed. Maria went to heaven, but Zarema was unable to return Giray. Moreover, on the same night when the princess left this sinful world, the Georgian woman was thrown into the depths of the sea. The Khan himself indulged in the pleasures of war in the hope of forgetting about the beautiful Polish woman, who never reciprocated his feelings. But he does not succeed, and, returning to Bakhchisaray, Girey orders a fountain erected in memory of the princess, which the maidens of Taurida, who learned this sad story, called the “Fountain of Tears”.

“The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”: analysis of the characters’ images

As already mentioned, one of the central characters of the poem is Khan Girey. Further, the author sins before history. After all, his hero is worried about the "intrigues of Genoa", that is, he lived no later than 1475, and the famous fountain was built in the 1760s. However, literary scholars consider this separation from historical realities to be quite natural and inherent in romanticism.

As in some of Byron's poems, the "Eastern hero" has its European antagonist. However, Pushkin himself turns out to be Giray himself, who, having fallen in love with the Christian Mary, retreated from his Eastern principles and habits. So, the passionate love of Zarema, who became a Mohammedan in the harem, is no longer enough for him. In addition, he respects the feelings of the Polish princess, including religious ones.

As for female images, Pushkin contrasts the immaculate Princess Maria with the oriental beauty Zarema, for whom the main thing in life is sensual love. Of all the three characters that are presented in the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (a summary gives only a faint idea of the original), Zarema is the most interesting. Her image balances the “east” of Khan Giray and the “west” of the Pole, who dreams only of the kingdom of heaven. Following Byron's tradition, in the plot of the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" Pushkin (read the summary of this work above) leaves many omissions. In particular, the reader is informed that Mary died, but how and why he can only guess.

Another, but inanimate hero of the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray" is the marble monument itself, erected by Girey. In it, as it were, the tears shed by Mary in front of the icon of the Blessed Virgin and the waters of the abyss, in which the unfortunate Zarema died, merge into a single whole. Thus, the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (an analysis of this work is still the subject of discussion among literary critics) became Pushkin's second Byronic poem and his tribute to romanticism.

Publication history

The poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”, the summary of which you already know, was first published on March 10, 1824 in St. Petersburg. Moreover, the author of its preface was Vyazemsky, who wrote it in the form of a dialogue between "Classic" and "Publisher". In addition, following the text of his poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray" (you already know the summary of this work), Pushkin ordered Vyazemsky to print a story about the journey through Tauris of the writer I. M. Muravyov-Apostol. In it, the father of three famous Decembrists described his visit to the palace of Khan Giray and casually mentioned the legend concerning his love for Maria Pototskaya.

Ballet "Fountain of Bakhchisarai"

In 1934, the well-known Soviet composer B. Astafyev had the idea to write music for a choreodrama based on the work of A. S. Pushkin. The fact is that the poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray”, a summary of which is presented above, has long attracted attention as fertile ground for creating a spectacular musical performance. Soon, in collaboration with the librettist, director S. Radlov and choreographer R. Zakharov, B. Astafiev created a ballet that has not left the stages of many theaters in Russia and the world for more than 80 years.

Now you know what “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray” is about - Pushkin's poem, created by him in imitation of Byron during his southern exile.

Intention romantic poem A.S. Pushkin's "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray" arose under the impression of his travels around the Crimean peninsula, and his stay in Bakhchisarai, which he visited with the Raevskys in the autumn of 1820. The story was told to Pushkin by a beloved woman. This fact alone prompted the poet to visit the Bakhchisaray Palace. The poem took its rightful place in.

The work was written in 1821-1823, and is one of the. Pushkin's passion for the work of Byron, the English romantic poet, left its mark on the choice of ideological and artistic direction.

The plot of the poem is simple, and its content can be summarized in a nutshell. She herself is saturated with poetic descriptions of the palace, romantic images of the main characters of The Fountain of Bakhchisaray, which give the work a unique, oriental charm.

The protagonist of the poem - Khan Giray - a heroic and legendary personality. As befits a khan of the Mohammedan faith, he had several wives and even more concubines, whom he brought from the conquered countries. The order in the harem was vigilantly and closely followed by a faithful old eunuch.

The wives did not need anything, and were happy and calm. Everything was smooth and calm in the harem. Women sing a song in which the beauty of the beloved concubine of the khan, the Georgian Zarema, keeps pace. Zarema is also a slave, but she fell in love with the khan with all her heart, and for the sake of him she forgot her native land and her faith. Until recently, she was happy in love.

But on the day of the events described, Zarema does not have fun as usual, she does not rejoice along with everyone. Her heart shrinks from the premonition that the beloved Khan Giray has forgotten about her, carried away by another.

At the same time

indifferent and cruel
Giray despised your beauty
And the nights are cold hours
Spends a gloomy, lonely
Ever since the Polish princess
She is in his harem.

A new concubine appeared in the harem, the Polish princess Maria. Khan Giray was seduced by her beauty and fortitude. He is in love with Mary, and does not want to take her by force. He created special conditions for her. Even a eunuch should not enter it. Khan wants Maria to love him too and give herself. But the Polish princess is disgusted by the very idea that she will belong to a man who destroyed her happy world, ruined the land in which she lived, killed her parents. She spends all her time in prayers to the Virgin Mary and in tears.

At night, Zarema sneaks up to Maria, probably with the aim of killing her rival, but seeing a lamp, an icon and a Christian cross in her room, she realizes that the girl is of the same faith as her. Then Zarema decides to talk to the Polish beauty.

She confesses to Maria that she loves Girey and does not imagine him in the arms of another woman. She begs the Polish princess with spells, or witchcraft, to turn the heart of the khan away from herself. The Georgian makes it clear to Maria that she is even ready to kill her. Zarema is gone.

And Maria suddenly realized clearly what was waiting for her. At the thought that the killer of her father would kiss her, the girl was seized with horror. The next morning she was found dead. What happened in the closet after the Georgian woman left, one can only guess.

Probably, a sensitive eunuch, or one of the servants, heard that Zarema left her room, only Zarema was accused of the death of the Polish beauty. As punishment, the girl was drowned in the sea.

With a crowd of Tatars in a foreign land
He sent an evil raid again;

Wives were doomed to grow old without male attention, under the supervision of an old eunuch.
Returning from the raids, the khan, in memory of Mary, ordered a fountain to be placed in the corner of the palace.

Above it is overshadowed by a cross
Mohammedan moon
(The symbol, of course, is bold,
Ignorance is a pitiful fault).
There is an inscription: caustic years
She hasn't softened yet.

Later it was called the fountain of tears.

This is the summary of Pushkin's poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai". It can only convey the plot, but does not describe the beauty of Pushkin's stanzas and the brightness of the images created by the poet. To fully enjoy the charm of Pushkin's verse, its expressiveness, you need to read the work itself.

The sweet Crimean night comes, the palace calms down, the harem sleeps, but only one of Girey's wives does not sleep. She gets up and sneaks past the sleeping eunuch. So she opens the door and finds herself in a room where a lamp is burning before the face of the Most Pure Virgin and unbroken silence reigns. Something long forgotten stirred in Zarema's chest. She sees the sleeping princess and kneels before her in supplication. Awakened Maria asks Zarema why she was here as a late guest. Zarema tells her his sad story. She does not remember how she ended up in Giray's palace, but she enjoyed his love undividedly until Maria appeared in the harem. Zarema begs Maria to return Giray's heart to her, his betrayal will kill her. She threatens Maria...

Having poured out her confessions, Zarema disappears, leaving Maria in confusion and in dreams of death, which is dearer to her than the fate of Giray's concubine.

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