Agriculture in southern Europe. Southern European countries Political geography of southern European countries

In recent years, the large countries of Southern Europe have been undergoing an intensified process of urbanization, although in this respect the region has lagged behind the industrialized countries of Western Europe. On the largest scale, the formation of continuous urbanized areas is characteristic of the Padana Plain in Italy, the most economically developed of the countries of Southern Europe.

Along with the growth of cities, there is a reduction in the rural population, masses moving to cities.

Southern European countries represent the least economically developed region of Foreign Europe. The average per capita income in Southern Europe is almost half the European average. Separate areas of Southern Europe are developed very unevenly. Industrially developed areas contrast sharply with backward agricultural areas.

The trends in the economic development of all southern European countries in recent years are similar. As a result of the most acute economic crisis of 1974-1975. here, as in other capitalist countries, there are a number of complications of a socio-economic nature - a slowdown in the rate of economic growth, a deepening of the monetary and financial crisis, which have a heavy effect on their economy. The inflationary rise in prices has led to a sharp rise in the cost of living. In the tangle of acute social contradictions that the southern European countries (as well as other capitalist countries, by the way) face, the problem of unemployment has come to the fore.

The difficult economic situation is exacerbated by an increase in military spending, which every year makes up an increasing part of the state budget of the southern European countries.

One of the important economic problems is the relative agrarian overpopulation and the intensive transfer of labor from agriculture to industry and the service sector. In the countries of Southern Europe (with the exception of the "dwarf" states), on average, over 36% of the economically active population is employed in industry, 23% in agriculture, fishing, etc., and more than 40% in the service sector. Despite the reduction of the labor force in agriculture, employed in much higher than in the most highly developed capitalist countries. The percentage of people employed in the service sector is associated primarily with the intensive development of international tourism in the region.

For the economy of large southern European countries is characterized by a relatively high concentration of production and centralization of capital, especially in the leading industries - metallurgy, chemistry, transport engineering. In all branches of the economy, a large monopoly dominates. However, along with a few large concerns, there is a huge number of small entrepreneurs. Monopoly capital began to penetrate into agriculture as well.

The southern European countries are characterized by the active intervention of state capital in the economy. The level of development of state-monopoly capitalism is especially high in Italy. Without the participation of the state, it would be difficult to create such industries as, for example, metallurgy and energy.

Southern European countries are heavily dependent on foreign capital, in particular American. Many sectors of the economy of Italy and Greece are very much influenced by the European Economic, of which they are members. This is especially true for agriculture. Italy and Greece are forced to rebuild the traditional structure of their economy by influence. The economic development of the region is adversely affected by the limited mineral, in particular energy, resources. The region's economy is especially sensitive to the almost complete absence of its own oil - the most important source of energy and raw materials for modern industry. However, with the lack of certain mineral resources, which are very important for the development of modern economy, there are quite a lot of minerals in Southern Europe. In terms of extraction of mercury ore (cinnabar), asbestos, pyrites, natural corundum (emery), marble and some other minerals, Southern Europe is ahead of many regions of the world. The extraction of bauxites, polymetals, uranium ore, antimony, etc. is also of great importance.

One of the important sources of energy in the southern European countries are the turbulent mountain rivers, mainly the Alps and the Pyrenees.

Italy was the first country in the world to use geothermal energy to generate electricity. In the future, in all the largest southern European countries, a large role is assigned to nuclear power plants, but so far they are available only in Spain and Italy. At present, in general, in the southern European countries, the main source of electricity is thermal power plants operating on fuel oil or natural gas. Insignificant own oil reserves did not prevent the creation in Southern Europe, primarily in Italy, of an oil refining industry based on imported oil and taking first place in capitalist Europe, as well as a powerful petrochemical industry.

Like oil refining, South European black oil depends on imported raw materials and fuel. It is characterized by the predominance of steel smelting, iron production and the share of electrometallurgy. Italy together with Spain gives about 8% steel produced in the capitalist countries.

Southern Europe is one of the oldest non-ferrous metal smelting regions in the world. Bronze smelting, for example, played a huge role in shaping the ancient civilizations of the Northern Mediterranean. In general, this industry is relatively well provided with local raw materials and is developing intensively in our time.

Of the engineering industries, transport is of the greatest importance: Italy and give 6- 1% world production of automobiles and marine vessels. Relatively new branches of mechanical engineering, which do not require a large consumption of metal, but are sensitive to its quality, are becoming increasingly important: precision instrumentation, the production of office equipment, and radio electronics.

Due to the large number of cheap labor in recent years, the industries traditional for the countries of the region have been intensively developing: textile, leather, and footwear.

Rich reserves of various building stone and raw materials for the cement industry contribute to the development of the production of building materials; in particular, the southern European countries provide 15% of the cement produced in the capitalist world.

Southern Europe is also known for such industries as the clothing, shoe, cork, canning, and wine industries; film production is developed, especially in Italy and Spain.

For the location of the industry of Southern Europe, it is characteristic to the sea coasts, to port centers as points of import of raw materials and fuel and export of finished products. The development of industry on the coasts is in conflict with the needs of the tourism industry.

The agriculture of Southern Europe, in terms of its level of development, lags far behind the agriculture of the most developed capitalist countries of Europe, although it holds the world championship in terms of the scale of production of certain products (olive oil, citrus fruits).

The structure of agricultural production in the southern European countries is characterized by a sharp predominance of crop production over animal husbandry, and in crop production the greatest role is played by food crops intended directly for the consumption of the population; a significant share of tree crops.

The southern European countries, later than their northern neighbors, embarked on the path of equipping agriculture with new machinery and technology. to industrial forms of agriculture was carried out only in a few large landholdings. A small large capitalist farm stands out against the background of a huge mass of small and tiny peasant holdings, either independent or included in the system of large land holdings as leased plots (often on share-cropping terms). Such land ownership is one of the main reasons for the comparative economic backwardness and low standard of living of the countries of Southern Europe. However, in recent years, capitalist relations in the region's agriculture have deepened and expanded.

: · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

The article contains geographical characteristics of the region. Describes the economic features of the countries of Southern Europe. Contains interesting historical facts.

Briefly about the countries of Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the cradle of the greatest ancient civilizations, as well as the birthplace of the championing of Christianity throughout Europe. This region has produced the world's greatest explorers and conquerors. Southern Europe has a grandiose history. Evidence of this can be architectural structures and monuments of art.

The region's economy is based on:

mining industry;
animal husbandry;
agriculture;
the manufacture of machines and devices;
skin;
textiles;
cultivation of agricultural and horticultural crops.

The main branch of specialization is agriculture. In addition, tourism infrastructure is actively developed in Southern Europe.

Rice. 1. San Marino.

The largest industrial centers are located in the northern regions of the region.

List of Southern European countries and their capitals

Southern Europe is a region of the globe, which is localized in the southern European latitudes.

Rice. 3. Maltese representation in Rome.

The states that make up the content of the region are located for the most part on the Mediterranean coast.

Belgrade received city status in the 2nd century. This happened during the existence of the Roman Empire. Around the year 520, Slavic people began to inhabit the city.

The total population is close to 160 million people.

States of Southern Europe and their capitals:

Albania - Tirana;
Greece - Athens;
Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo;
Vatican - Vatican;
Italy Rome;
Spain Madrid;
Macedonia - Skopje;
Malta - Valletta;
San Marino - San Marino;
Portugal - Lisbon;
Slovenia - Ljubljana;
Serbia - Belgrade;
Croatia - Zagreb;
Montenegro - Podgorica.

The geographical specificity of the countries of Southern Europe, which are located on the peninsular and island areas of the Mediterranean, is that they are located on the main sea routes from Europe to Asia, Africa, and Australia. All states of the region are historically and economically closely connected with the sea.

What have we learned?

We found out which of the states that make up the region is the smallest, as well as which countries are included in Southern Europe. We learned the reason for the economic stability of some states of Southern Europe. Get an idea of the geographic location of the region.

Topic quiz

Report Evaluation

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 264.

The peninsulas are elongated along the meridian and are far advanced into the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Their outskirts are only 1.3-44 km separated from the huge massifs of Asia and Africa by narrow straits - the Dardanelles, the Bosphorus, Gibraltar (Fig. 101). The territory is fenced off from continental Europe by a barrier of high mountains. All countries are characterized by mountainous terrain. Features of the geographical location played a significant role in the history of Southern Europe. They determine the different sizes and multiplicity of countries, the diversity of cultures and religions of the peoples inhabiting them.

Rice. 101. Strait of Gibraltar

Natural conditions and resources. The territory is part of the modern active belt of the lithosphere - the Alpine-Himalayan, which determines its high seismicity. At the intersection of the faults that broke the block of the island Sicily, there is a volcano Etna.

Etna is a stratovolcano. Its giant cone (base - 40 60 km, height - 3290 m) is "molded" from more than 200 cones and craters. Eruptions occur continuously. Several craters located along the same line "work" at the same time. The center of the eruptions is moving, and, at times, new craters grow on the slopes right before our eyes. Of these, lava flows are rushing at speeds up to 80 km / h.

The relief of each of the peninsulas is peculiar.

Most of the most massive peninsula - the Iberian - is occupied by the most extensive country in the region - Spain (503 thousand km 2). Its relief is dominated by plateaus, dissected by deep gorges (Fig. 102). In the north and south of the peninsula they are framed by mountain ranges: the highest point of the country in the Andalusian mountains - 3482 m; in the Pyrenees - the peak of Aneto (3404 m).

Vesuvius volcano(Fig. 103)

Portugal is located in the west of the peninsula. Hilly plains of its territory descends to the low coast of the Atlantic Ocean.

The second largest country in the region - Italy (301 thousand km 2) - occupies the Apennine Peninsula and the southern slopes of the Alps. Across the entire peninsula stretch the limestone Apennine Mountains (the highest point is 2914 m). Earthquakes are frequent in the Apennines; there is the only active volcano Vesuvius in mainland Europe (Fig. 103). The chain of the Alps, located perpendicular to the Apennines, from the north protects the fertile lands of the vast Padana lowland. The lowland is composed of river alluvium By(652 km) - the largest in the country. The peaks of the Alps are covered with glaciers. Descending along loose slopes, they feed numerous landslides with melt water.

The highest point of Greece, which occupies the mountainous Balkan Peninsula, is the mythological Olympus (2917 m). In the limestones and sandstones that make up the mountains, karst processes are actively taking place.

Numerous small islands are scattered in the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas - rocky and impregnable (Fig. 104).

Rice. 104 Cyprus

The Mediterranean climate of the region in summer is formed by tropical air masses; so it's hot everywhere- up to +23 ... +28 ° С - and dry.

In Sicily, the absolute maximum is +45 °C. The hot breath of Africa especially often reaches this island. From the south and southeast, a strong wind blows from the hot Sahara - sirocco. It carries heat and a huge amount of dust.

In winter, westerly transport brings humid temperate air from the Atlantic. Winters are warm(+5… +12 °С). They differ in the highest humidity in Italy: 600-1000 mm of precipitation falls here annually, and up to 1000-3000 mm high in the mountains and on the western slopes. In Spain and Greece the climate is drier: 300-600 mm of precipitation per year. Due to low rainfall, hot summers and high permeability of surface rocks, there are no large rivers in the region.

Little natural vegetation has survived in Southern Europe. In the north of the peninsulas and in the mountains there are unique forests of oak (cork and stone) and pine with an undergrowth of evergreen shrubs. They occupy about 10% of the territory on the Iberian Peninsula and 20% on the Apennine. Rocks are most often covered with impenetrable maquis.

The countries of Southern Europe do not have large reserves of mineral raw materials. In Spain, Italy, Greece there are ore minerals: chromium, copper, polymetallic, mercury. But due to its geographical position, the region is extremely rich in agro-climatic resources, its natural and recreational potential is great and diverse.

Population. The total population of the region is more than 120 million people. The most populated country is Italy (more than 60 million). All countries are characterized by the first type of population reproduction. Average life expectancy is approaching 80 years. The population density - more than 100 people / km 2 - is close to the average European one. In the microstates of the Vatican and Malta, it exceeds 1000 people/km2 and is one of the highest in the world. Among large countries, Italy is the most densely populated - about 200 people / km 2 (especially the Padana and coastal lowlands). The population is much rarer in the central arid and mountainous regions of Spain and in the Italian Alps. In Italy, Spain and Greece, more than 70% of the population are city dwellers. A significant part of them live in small towns, many of which were founded in antiquity.

The population is racially and ethnically homogeneous. The vast majority of it belongs to the Mediterranean (southern) branch of the Caucasoid race. The peoples of the Romanesque group of the Indo-European family dominate, whose language was formed on the basis of Latin - Spaniards, Portuguese, Catalans, Galicians, Italians. Greeks form a special group of this language family.

For centuries, emigration prevailed over immigration in the countries of Southern Europe. In the era of the great geographical discoveries, there was a mass emigration to overseas possessions. Then - to the USA, Canada, the countries of Latin America and Australia (XIX and XX centuries) and the countries of Western and Northern Europe (second half of the XX century). Internal migrations were intensive: from underdeveloped agricultural regions to large industrial regions and centers, from villages to cities. Now the situation is reversed: immigration exceeds emigration. Immigrants from North Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East flocked to the countries of the region in search of work and a better life. The fight against illegal immigration is one of the most acute problems of the countries of the region.

The countries of Southern Europe are predominantly single-ethnic. In Italy, Greece, Portugal, Malta, the main nations make up 95-98%. The most multinational of the southern European countries is Spain (the Spaniards make up 70%). Almost all believers from among the Romanesque peoples are Catholics. Here is the state of the Vatican with the residence of the Pope - the spiritual leader of all Catholics in the world. Orthodoxy prevails in the east of the region. It is practiced by more than 90% of Greeks. Turks and people from North Africa practice Islam.

Economy. The level of socio-economic development of the countries of the region is comparable to the average level for the EU. In terms of GDP per capita, they are among the top 30 countries in the world. countries are well endowed with labor and certain types of mineral resources, but they feel a shortage of their own fuel and energy resources. On the formation of the structure industry influenced almost complete absence of oil and natural gas in the region. Energy needs are met by oil and gas coming from Northern Europe, Russia, North Africa and the Middle East. The main part of electricity is produced at thermal power plants. In Spain, about 25% of electricity is generated by nuclear power plants. Much attention is paid to the use of renewable energy sources. In Italy and Spain, the role of hydropower is great. Solar energy is being developed. The missing part of the electricity is purchased in neighboring Germany and France. In the port cities of Italy, Spain, Greece, where imported oil is delivered, powerful oil refining and petrochemistry . This is where the main businesses are located. ferrous metallurgy also dependent on imported raw materials. Italy and Spain are respectively 2nd and 4th in the EU in terms of steel production. Electrometallurgy prevails and, as a result, the steel produced is of high quality.

The leading industry of the largest countries in the region is mechanical engineering. Its basis is the production of vehicles: cars and trucks, marine vessels. Electronics and electrical engineering, instrument making are developing at high rates. Brands of Italian refrigerators and washing machines, computers of the Olivetti company are world famous. Italy has a high level of machine tool development. Rich raw material reserves contribute to the development of production building materials . A significant part of Fig. 105. The production of pasta products (tiles, marble, cement) is exported. In the economies of the countries of the region, the role of light and food industry. The countries are major producers of cotton and woolen fabrics, knitwear, clothing and footwear, furniture, and jewelry. The food industry specializes in the production of pasta (Fig. 105), olive oil, grape wines, canned vegetables and fruits, and juices.

Rice. 106 Pasta production

The concentration of industries on the sea coasts is in conflict with their use by the tourism industry. Therefore, much attention is paid to the environmental culture of industrial production: the construction of treatment facilities, the use of low-waste technologies.

Favorable climate and artificial irrigation allow growing in agriculture Southern European countries have the widest range of cultures in the world. And the presence of a vast European market in the neighborhood contributes to large volumes of their production. The main crops are olive trees(Fig. 106) and grapes.

A variety of vegetables and fruits are grown everywhere: tomatoes, peaches, apricots, cherries. Subtropical crops - figs, citrus fruits - are exported in large volumes. Cereals (wheat, barley, rice), legumes and melons are produced mainly for their own needs. Of the industrial crops, sugar beets, tobacco and cotton are of the greatest importance. In the region the main branches of animal husbandry are represented: breeding of large and small (sheep, goats) cattle, pigs, poultry. Sheep are pastured on natural pastures. The fertile lowlands, primarily the Padanskaya, are characterized by intensive stall farming. Here, as well as in suburban areas, dairy farming, pig breeding and poultry farming are concentrated.

The development of agriculture is constrained by an acute shortage of land resources. Mountain slopes are terraced for agriculture. The development of animal husbandry is limited by the lack of a forage base for cattle and competition from highly specialized farms in Western and Northern Europe.

Transport. The peninsular position of the countries influenced the development of their transport systems. In international and domestic transportation, the role of maritime transport. All countries have a large merchant fleet, part of which is leased. The charter of sea vessels is especially developed in Greece. Ferry service is constantly expanding between the Mediterranean countries. Automotive and iron roads connect all the major settlements. Through the tunnels built in the mountains, communications with the continental regions of Europe are carried out.

Italy is located at the crossroads of many international routes. Therefore, in external - more than 70% of cargo turnover - and in domestic (coastal) cargo transportation, the role of maritime transport is exceptionally large. In the domestic transportation of goods and passengers, the leading position is occupied by road transport. The main highway - the "freeway of the Sun" - connects Turin and Milan with the southernmost city of the peninsula - Reggio di Calabria.

Rice. 107. Architectural monuments of the cities of Southern Europe: 1 - Colosseum in Rome;

2 - Acropolis of Athens

Foreign economic relations. The countries of Southern Europe are characterized by a wide and varied foreign trade. They export machinery and equipment, textile products, clothing and footwear, grape wine, olive oil and citrus fruits. The value of exports to Italy and Spain is 20% of the GDP of these countries. Imports are dominated by energy resources, mineral raw materials, engineering products, meat and dairy products, and grain. The main foreign trade partners are the EU countries. Natural, historical and cultural attractions of the countries of Southern Europe annually attract more than 100 million tourists from all over the world (Fig. 107). The development of the service sector is focused on their service.

In Italy, the industrial North is far ahead in its development of the predominantly agrarian South. The largest industrial centers are located in the North - Milan, Turin, Genoa, - forming a kind of "industrial triangle". More than 2/5 of all industrial products are produced here, the most modern industries are concentrated: automotive, electronics, and the chemical industry.

The south specializes in the production of agricultural, mainly crop products. In recent years, large oil refineries and metallurgical plants have emerged in port cities on the basis of imported raw materials.

Bibliography

1. Geography grade 9 / Textbook for grade 9 institutions of general secondary education with the Russian language of instruction / Edited by N. V. Naumenko/ Minsk "People's Asveta" 2011

Southern Europe is an agricultural region with ancient traditions. By EU standards, agriculture in most countries of the region is not efficient enough. Farms are small in area, usually no more than 5 hectares. Small farms are unproductive and not marketable.

The reasons for the backwardness of agriculture are varied: the predominance of extensive forms of management, the presence of feudal remnants in places; low level of mechanization, chemicalization and power supply of peasant labor; age fragmentation of land plots. Harvests are grown according to traditions, without taking into account market conditions, soil conditions.

Plant growing. In all countries of the region, it prevails over animal husbandry. In terms of cultivation, "Mediterranean crops" dominate. Cereals are also cultivated: wheat (mainly in the central and southern regions of the countries of the region), corn (in the northern regions), rye and oats (in the territories adjacent to the Alps and the Pyrenees). Durum wheat (for the pasta industry) is grown in southern Italy. Significant territories are occupied by rice (in Spain, its highest yield in Europe is 60-70 centners per hectare, and Italy ranks first in Europe in its collection). Parts for cereals use rain-fed lands.

Among industrial crops, the most important are: in the group of oilseeds - oils, plantations of which are distributed over large areas of the countries of the region; in the group of sugar-bearing crops, sugar beet cultivation dominates (especially in the Padan lowland in northern Italy and central regions of Spain), in the south of Spain there is the only area in Europe where sugar cane is grown. Portugal and Spain are the largest producers of cork oak bark in the world. Cotton is grown in small quantities in Spain and Italy, while Greece is Europe's leading producer of this crop. Essential oil crops are cultivated (in total on the territory of the Italian Riviera) - rose, lavender, sage, etc.

Large areas are occupied by vegetables: tomatoes (Italian region of Campania), cabbage, lettuce, onions. In San Marino, an agricultural sector specializing in the cultivation of green onions for export. Significant volumes of cultivation of gourds.

The Mediterranean warm climate is better conducive to the development of horticulture. In the north, apple trees, pears, cherries, plums are common, closer to the south - figs, apricots, peaches, pomegranates, almonds, walnuts. For the purpose of export, citrus trees are grown: oranges (in Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece), lemons (especially in Greece). Only in the southeast of Spain do date palms bear fruit in Europe.

The countries of the region are among the largest producers of grapes. Thus, Italy ranks first in the world in grape harvest (8.6 million tons) and wine production (shares the championship with France - 5.1 million tons). Spain (4th in the world in terms of grape harvest and 3rd in wine production) and Portugal are also leading producers of viticultural products.

Due to the predominance of crop production in the structure of agriculture, with a specialization in horticulture and horticulture, the region is often called the "garden" and "city" of Europe.

Livestock. It is traditionally a secondary branch of agriculture (the conditions of the Mediterranean are not favorable for it), but it is becoming increasingly important. Mainly goats (9.7 million heads), cattle (15 million), pigs (37.8 million), sheep (45.2 million) and poultry are bred. Dairy cattle are fed mainly on alpine pastures. A separate area of animal husbandry in Spain has long been the cultivation of bulls for bullfighting.

Fisheries are underdeveloped. The reason for this is a small shelf (poor food supply for fish) and long-term development of the sea (large depletion of fish resources). The total fish catch is 1.3 million tons, Spain is in the lead - 768 thousand tons.

Southern Europe, as a rule, includes countries on the Mediterranean coast - the countries of the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Spain, Andorra), Monaco, the states located on the Apennine Peninsula (Italy, the Vatican, San Marino), Greece, as well as the island states of Malta and Cyprus.

Sometimes, Southern Europe also includes Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the southern regions of Ukraine such as Odessa, Kherson and Nikolaev, as well as the European part of Turkey.

The quasi-state formation of the Order of Malta also belongs to Southern Europe (today's territory is just one mansion in Rome and a residence in Malta).

List of countries and their capitals:

Bosnia and Herzegovina - Sarajevo
Albania - Tirana
Cyprus - Nicosia
Macedonia - Skopje
San Marino - San Marino
Serbia - Belgrade
Slovenia - Ljubljana
Croatia - Zagreb
Montenegro - Podgorica
Portugal - Lisbon
Spain Madrid
Andorra - Andorra la Vella
Monaco - Monaco
Italy Rome
Vatican - Vatican
Greece - Athens
Malta - Valletta

Geographical position

It is based on the Cenozoic (Apennine, Balkan Peninsula) and Hercynian (Pyrenean Peninsula) folding. The relief of the countries is elevated, there are many minerals: aluminum, polymetallic, copper, mercury (Spain is one of the leaders in the extraction of pyrites and mercury), uranium, iron ores, sulfur, mica, gas.

Climate

Southern Europe is known for its hot climate, rich history and warm Mediterranean waters. The countries of southern Europe border on France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria. Turkey in the east with Syria, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Armenia, Iran, Georgia. In all countries of Southern Europe, a subtropical Mediterranean climate prevails, therefore, warm temperatures around +24 ° C prevail in summer, and rather cool in winter, around + 8 ° C. Precipitation is sufficient, about 1000-1500 mm per year.

Nature

Southern Europe is almost entirely in the zone of hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs, which has survived only on the Mediterranean coast (there was a glacier, and the mountains delayed it, and the trees moved over the mountains). Fauna: roe deer, servals, markhors, foxes, monitor lizards, wolves, badgers, raccoons. Flora : strawberry trees, holm oaks, myrtles, olives, grapes, citrus fruits, magnolia, cypresses, chestnuts, junipers.

Population

High population density, from 100 or more people per km². The predominant religion is Christianity (Catholicism).

The level of urbanization of the countries of Southern Europe: Greece - 59%, Spain - 91%, Italy - 72%, Malta - 89%, Portugal - 48%, San Marino - 48%. The natural increase in these countries is also low: Greece - 0.1 Spain - 0 Italy - (-0.1) Malta - 0.4 Portugal - 0.1 San Marino - 0.4 From which we can conclude that in these countries are also experiencing "nation aging".

Specialization in MGRT

In most countries, the mining industry, agriculture, mountain pasture animal husbandry, the production of machinery and instruments, fabrics, leather, the cultivation of grapes and citrus fruits are widespread. Tourism is very common. Spain ranks second in the world in terms of tourism (France ranks first). The main branch of specialization, in addition to international tourism, is agriculture, in particular, this area is rich in grapes, olives, quite high rates in the cultivation of cereals and legumes (Spain - 22.6 million tons, Italy - 20.8 million tons), and also vegetables and fruits (Spain - 11.5 million tons, Italy - 14.5 million tons). Despite the predominance of agriculture, there are also industrial areas, in particular, the cities of Genoa, Turin and Milan are the main industrial cities of Italy. It should be noted that they are located mainly in the north, closer to the countries of Western Europe.

(Visited 608 times, 1 visits today)