Tsarist power finally took shape in Russia in the middle of the 16th century, when in 1547 the Grand Duke of All Russia, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible, was the first to officially accept the title of tsar. On the first Russian tsar they solemnly laid the cap of Monomakh, a sign of royal power, put on a golden chain and handed over a heavy golden apple, which personified the Russian state. So Russia received its first tsar. He was from the dynasty of Grand Duke Rurik. Royal power was inherited by the eldest son.
Ivan the Terrible had three sons. The elder Ivan, his father's favorite, the middle Fedor, a weak and sickly young man, and the younger Dmitry, still a little boy. The throne was to be inherited by Ivan, but a tragedy happened in the royal family. In November 1581, Tsar Ivan the Terrible quarreled with his eldest son and, in a fit of anger, beat him. From a terrible nervous shock and severe beatings, Tsarevich Ivan fell ill and soon died. After this tragedy, Tsar Ivan the Terrible also did not live long and died in March 1584, and in May Moscow solemnly celebrated the coronation of the new tsar. They became the middle son of Ivan the Terrible, Fedor Ioannovich. He could not govern Russia on his own, so all issues were decided by his wife's brother Boris Godunov, who became tsar after the death of Fyodor Ivanovich in 1598. Boris Godunov left the throne to his son Fyodor Godunov, who did not have to reign for long. In 1605, he ascended the throne and in the same year was killed by supporters of False Dmitry, who pretended to be the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in Uglich in early childhood. False Dmitry managed to seize the Moscow throne, but he did not stay on it for a long time. Less than a year later, he, too, was killed by conspirators, headed by Prince Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky. From 1606, he became the next Russian tsar and ruled until 1610, when he and his wife were tonsured monks and imprisoned in the Joseph-Volokolamsky monastery.
After the deposition of Tsar Basil in Russia, the period of interregnum continued for three years. The boyars thought and wondered who to offer the royal crown to, sorted out one candidate after another, and this continued until 1613, when Mikhail Romanov became king. This was the first Russian tsar from the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives ruled in Russia until 1917, when the last tsar from the same dynasty, Nicholas II, abdicated and was shot.
Mikhail Romanov was the son of Patriarch Philaret and Xenia Ivanovna Shestova, who were tonsured into a monastery in 1601 by order of Boris Godunov. After the death of Mikhail Fedorovich in 1645, his son Alexei Mikhailovich became king. He had many children, among whom later the struggle for the royal throne flared up. At first, after the death of his father Alexei Mikhailovich, his son Fyodor Alekseevich was the king, and when he died in 1682, two kings, 16-year-old John V Alekseevich and his brother, ten-year-old Peter, were on the throne at once. They had different mothers. Due to the infancy of the children, besides, the eldest Ivan, as historians write, was weak-minded, Russia was ruled by their elder sister Sophia, John's sister. In 1696, after the death of his brother Ivan, Peter I began to reign alone, imprisoning Sophia in a monastery.
Subsequently, Peter I took the title of emperor.
The first of the great princes who ruled in Russia, which had already united, began to call himself Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich from the dynasty of the Grand Duke of the Varangian Rurik. He was also the first to write in various governmental acts not by Ivan, but by John, as was accepted by the church book rules: “John, by the grace of God, sovereign of all Russia,” and assigns himself the title of autocrat - this is how the title of the Byzantine emperor sounded in Slavonic. By that time, Byzantium was captured by Turkey, the imperial house fell, and Ivan III began to consider himself the successor of the Byzantine emperor. He marries the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine Palaiologos, Sophia Palaiologos, who was considered the heiress of the fallen imperial house. Having married Grand Duke John III, she seemed to share her inheritance rights with him.
With the advent of Princess Sophia in the Kremlin, the whole routine of the life of the Grand Duke's court and even the appearance of Moscow change. With the arrival of his bride, Ivan III also ceased to like the atmosphere in which his ancestors lived, and the Byzantine craftsmen and artists who arrived with Sophia began to build and paint churches, build stone chambers. True, our ancestors believed that it was harmful to live in stone houses, so they themselves continued to live in wooden houses, and only lavish receptions were held in stone mansions.
Moscow, in its appearance, began to resemble the former Tsaregrad, as Constantinople was called, the capital of Byzantium, which also now became a Turkish city. According to Byzantine rules, court life was now also scheduled, right down to when and how the king and queen should go out, who should meet them first and where the rest should stand at that time, etc. Even the gait of the Grand Duke has changed since he began to call himself Tsar. She became more solemn, unhurried and stately.
But it is one thing to call yourself a king, and another thing to actually be one. Until the middle of the 15th century, in Ancient Russia, in addition to the Byzantine emperors, they also called the khans of the Golden Horde. The grand dukes were subordinate to the Tatar khans for several centuries and were forced to pay tribute to them, so the grand duke could become king only after he ceased to be a tributary of the khan. But in this respect, too, the situation has changed. The Tatar yoke was overthrown, and the Grand Duke finally stopped attempts to demand tribute from the Russian princes.
By the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine imperial coat of arms, the double-headed eagle, appeared on the seals with which Ivan III sealed political treaties and other important political documents.
But the first officially crowned king was still not Ivan III. Some time passed when the great princes who ruled Russia began to be officially called kings and to pass this title by inheritance.
The first Russian tsar, who was officially called that all over the world, was the grandson of Ivan III, Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible in 1547.
Tsar - the main title of the monarchs of the Kingdom of Russia from 1547 to 1721. Ivan IV the Terrible was the first tsar, and Peter the Great was the last
Informally, this title has been used sporadically by the rulers of Russia since the 11th century and systematically since the time of Ivan III. Vasily III, who succeeded Ivan III, was content with the old title of "Grand Duke". His son Ivan IV the Terrible, upon reaching adulthood, was crowned as Tsar of All Russia, thus establishing his prestige in the eyes of his subjects as a sovereign ruler and heir to the Byzantine emperors. In 1721, Peter the Great adopted the emperor as the main title, unofficially and semi-officially the title "tsar" continued to be used until the overthrow of the monarchy in February-March 1917. In addition, the title was included in the official full title as the title of the owner of the former Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian khanates and then Poland.
Sources: wikii.ru, otvetina.narod.ru, otvet.mail.ru, rusich.moy.su, knowledge.allbest.ru
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For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn by completely different people - from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.
Rurikovichi
Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.
This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.
Such historical figures as had a great influence on the development of the whole country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.
Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.
Time of Troubles
After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.
In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.
The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, which was inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.
The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.
First Romanovs
When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.
The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.
These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of the reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.
Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.
Peter the Great
Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (let's look at all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.
A new army and navy appeared. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, in 1703, St. Petersburg was founded - the new capital of Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.
The era of palace coups
Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).
The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II was on the throne.
Catherine II and Paul I
Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.
All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.
After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.
First half of the 19th century
In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".
Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.
At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.
Second half of the 19th century
Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local self-government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost started under Nicholas I presented him.
But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.
Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.
The last king
Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.
In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions to public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and a parliament.
The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.
In 1914 the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.
The traditional form of government in Russia is the monarchy. Once part of this large country was part of Kievan Rus: the main cities (Moscow, Vladimir, Veliky Novgorod, Smolensk, Ryazan) were founded by princes, descendants of the semi-legendary Rurik. Hence the first ruling dynasty is called the Rurikovich. But they bore the title of princes, the tsars of Russia appeared much later.
Kievan Rus period
Initially, the ruler of Kyiv was considered the Grand Duke of all Russia. The specific princes paid tribute to him, obeyed him, put up squads during the military campaign. Later, when the period of feudal fragmentation began (eleventh-fifteenth centuries), there was no single state. But all the same, it was the throne of Kyiv that was most desired by everyone, although it lost its former influence. The invasion of the Mongol-Tatar army and the creation of the Golden Horde by Batu deepened the isolation of each principality: separate countries began to form on their territory - Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. On the modern Russian territory, the most influential cities were Vladimir and Novgorod (it did not suffer at all from the invasion of nomads).
History of the Tsars of Russia
Vladimir Prince Ivan Kalita, with the support of the great Khan Uzbek (with whom he had good relations), moved the political and ecclesiastical capital to Moscow. Over time, Moscow united other Russian lands near their city: the Novgorod and Pskov republics became part of a single state. It was then that the tsars of Russia appeared - for the first time such a title began to be worn. Although there is a legend that the royal regalia were transferred to the rulers of this land much earlier. It is believed that the 1st Tsar of Russia is Vladimir Monomakh, who was crowned according to Byzantine customs.
Ivan the Terrible - the first autocrat in Russia
So, the first tsars of Russia appeared with the coming to power of Ivan the Terrible (1530-1584). He was the son of Vasily III and Elena Glinskaya. Having become the prince of Moscow very early, he began to introduce reforms, encouraged self-government at the local level. However, he abolished the Chosen Rada and began to rule personally. The reign of the monarch was very strict, and even dictatorial. The defeat of Novgorod, the excesses in Tver, Klin and Torzhok, the oprichnina, protracted wars led to a socio-political crisis. But the international influence of the new kingdom also increased, its borders expanded.
Passage of the Russian throne
With the death of Ivan the Terrible's son, Fyodor the First, the Godunov family reigned on the throne. Boris Godunov, during the life of Fyodor the First, had a great influence on the tsar (his sister Irina Fedorovna was the wife of the monarch) and actually ruled the country. But the son of Boris - Fedor II was unable to keep power in his hands. A troubled time began, and for some time the country was ruled by False Dmitry, Vasily Shuisky, the Seven Boyars and the Zemsky Council. Then the Romanovs reigned on the throne.
The great dynasty of tsars of Russia - the Romanovs
The beginning of a new royal dynasty was laid by Mikhail Fedorovich, who was elected to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. This ends the historical period called the Time of Troubles. The House of Romanovs are the descendants of the great tsar who ruled in Russia until 1917 and the overthrow of the monarchy in the country.
Like Mikhail Fedorovich from an old Russian noble family, who bore the surname Romanovs from the middle of the sixteenth century. Its ancestor is considered to be a certain Andrey Ivanovich Kobyla, whose father came to Russia either from Lithuania, or from Prussia. It is believed that he came from Novgorod. Five sons founded seventeen noble families. The representative of the family - Anastasia Romanovna Zakharyina - was the wife of Ivan IV the Terrible, to whom the newly-minted monarch was a great-nephew.
The tsars of Russia from the house of the Romanovs stopped the Troubles in the country, which earned them the love and respect of the common people. Mikhail Fedorovich was young and inexperienced during his election to the throne. At first, the great old woman Martha helped him rule, and therefore the Orthodox Church significantly strengthened its position. The reign of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty is characterized by the beginning of progress. The first newspaper appeared in the country (it was published by clerks especially for the monarch), international relations were strengthened, factories (iron-smelting, iron-making and weapons) were built and operated, foreign specialists were attracted. Centralized power is being consolidated, new territories are joining Russia. The wife gave Mikhail Fedorovich ten children, one of whom inherited the throne.
From kings to emperors. Peter the Great
In the eighteenth century he transformed his kingdom into an empire. Therefore, in history, all the names of the tsars of Russia who ruled after him were already used with the title of emperor.
A great reformer and an outstanding politician, he did a lot for the prosperity of Russia. The board began with a fierce struggle for the throne: his father, Alexei Mikhailovich, had a very numerous offspring. At first he ruled together with his brother Ivan and the regent, but their relationship did not work out. Having eliminated other contenders for the throne, Peter began to rule the state alone. Then he launched military campaigns to ensure Russia's access to the sea, built the first fleet, reorganized the army, acquiring foreign specialists. If the great tsars of Russia did not pay due attention to the education of their subjects before, then Emperor Peter the Great personally sent the nobles to study abroad, brutally suppressing dissidents. He remade his country according to the European model, as he traveled a lot and saw how people live there.
Nikolai Romanov - the last tsar
The last Russian emperor was Nicholas II. He received a good education and a very strict upbringing. His father, Alexander the Third, was demanding: from his sons, he expected not so much obedience as reason, a strong faith in God, a desire to work, he especially did not put up with denunciations of children against each other. The future ruler served in the Preobrazhensky Regiment, so he knew well what the army and military affairs were. During his reign, the country was actively developing: the economy, industry, agriculture reached their peak. The last tsar of Russia actively participated in international politics, carried out a reform in the country, reducing the term of service in the army. But he also conducted his own military campaigns.
The fall of the monarchy in Russia. October Revolution
In February 1917, unrest began in Russia, in particular in the capital. The country at that time took part in the First World War. Wanting to end the contradictions at home, the emperor, while at the front, abdicated in favor of his young son, and a few days later he did the same on behalf of Tsarevich Alexei, entrusting his brother to rule. But Grand Duke Mikhail also refused such an honor: the rebellious Bolsheviks were already putting pressure on him. Upon returning to his homeland, the last tsar of Russia was arrested along with his family and sent into exile. On the night of July 17-18 of the same 1917, the royal family, along with the servants, who did not want to leave their sovereigns, was shot. All representatives of the Romanov dynasty who remained in the country were also destroyed. Some managed to emigrate to Great Britain, France, America, and their descendants still live there.
Will there be a revival of the monarchy in Russia
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many began to talk about the revival of the monarchy in Russia. On the site of the execution of the royal family - where the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg used to stand (the death sentence was carried out in the basement of the building), a temple was built dedicated to the memory of the innocently killed. In August 2000, the Council of Bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church canonized all of them as saints, approving the Fourth of July as their memorial day. But many believers do not agree with this: voluntary renunciation of the throne is considered a sin, since priests blessed the kingdom.
In 2005, the descendants of Russian autocrats held a council in Madrid. After that, they sent a demand to the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation to rehabilitate the Romanovs' house. However, they were not recognized as victims of political repression due to lack of official data. This is a criminal offense, not a political one. But representatives of the Russian imperial house do not agree with this and continue to appeal the verdict, hoping for the restoration of historical justice.
But whether a monarchy is needed in modern Russia is a question for the people. History will put everything in its place. In the meantime, people honor the memory of members of the royal family who were brutally shot during the Red Terror and pray for their souls.
SECRETS OF RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION. Who was the first Tsar of Russia?The origin of tsarist power is closely connected with the history of Russian statehood. We are assured that Ivan IV was the first. Let us assume that the FOURTH IVAN WAS THE FIRST KING. But why THIS STRANGE NUMBERING WAS ACCEPTED ONLY IN RUSSIA?
WHO IS THE FIRST KING
Culture has long been the main battlefield not only for the development of the economy, but also for the survival of Russia in the global geopolitical competition. History textbooks, with the release of Karamzin's work, became an instrument of an undeclared war against Russia.
The desire of historians to present their country without spots is quite understandable. Every nation wants to embellish its achievements, victories, bitterness of defeats. Russia is different in this as well. Our historians, most of the elite, the intelligentsia, have a painful passion to turn out the dirty linen of our history, to propagate black myths, which are often the product of the information war being waged against our country.
On the eve of each new academic year, law enforcement agencies carry out serious work to identify copies of falsified school textbooks. A huge number of "self-made" is subject to public destruction. Their elimination is associated with the harm to health that they can cause to our younger generation.
However, other, no less serious consequences for the student's personality are never considered. The problem is to protect their worldview from lies by word and by default. Because a deformed worldview causes irreparable damage to morality and mental health.
Any science, as new facts are accumulated, changes. Often, drastically. History, in this series, looks like a monument that is only partially restored. At the same time, all its main elements remain unchanged.
In the 90s. Russia returned the old state emblem - the double-headed eagle. Different researchers offer different interpretations of its meaning. But he most accurately conveys the state of the current concept of history - the two-faced Janus.
two-faced story
The historical investigation initiated by the editors of our newspaper (The past gives rise to the future; Father Frost and Santa Claus; The Secrets of Baptism; The Bible is a collection of myths or a historical document; The Second Coming; There is a Russian spirit) revealed a number of hypotheses supported by documentary evidence and artifacts that are NOT CONSIDERED by official historiography, and historical evidence are DECLARED MYTHS AND LEGENDS.
While even behind the fabulous figures of Santa Claus and Father Frost there is a REAL historical figure. The appearance of these mythical characters is connected with the fact that this historical character associated with Russian history is still hidden from all of us.
They hide it because it is the biblical Jesus Christ, whose story is COMPLETELY correlated with the real historical figure of the Byzantine emperor Andronik Komnenos. Whose name unites two well-known characters in Russian history: Andrei-Andros the First-Called and Nikolai-Nika the Prelate (Wonderworker, Pleasant).
In the published material “There is a Russian Spirit”, a hypothesis is put forward that there are good reasons to look for the reason for the distortion of world history, clearly visible on the example of the shrine of the COLOGNE Cathedral, the giant tomb of the Three Magi (Three Magicians or Holy Kings) in the fact that Europeans have long been VASSALS OF THE RUSSIAN STATES.
That is why in the current history are ignored:
The existence of documents confirming the historical authenticity of the baptism of Russia by Andrew the First-Called;
That Andrew the First-Called not only baptized ancient Russia, but also ruled there, that is, he can rightfully be called the Tsar of Russia, or part of it;
At the time of St. Andrew the First-Called, ROME WAS IN THE NORTH of Russia;
What " Nikola - Patron God of all Russians»;
There are TWO annual celebrations, the spring holiday, which is now called "Nikola Veshnim" (i.e. "spring") and "Nikola Winter", and there is only one more character in Christianity, who is also celebrated TWO dates (Christmas and Easter) - Jesus Christ (I.H.);
On Orthodox icons I.Kh. there are inscriptions: NIKA and the KING OF GLORY, and in the Bible he is directly called the KING OF THE JEWS;
What Magi and Mother of God on numerous images of offering gifts to the born Christ, and in some images and baby Jesus have a CROWN on their heads, and the EMPEROR of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation Otto - WITHOUT IT;
About the existence in the East of a huge and strong Christian kingdom, ruled by a powerful monarch, Presbyter (the head, at the same time, of religious and state power) John. There is also a real character in our story - Ivan Kalita / Caliph. In Russian documents, even the XVII century. there are phrases: "Togo they honor the Pope, as we Caliph."
And the only thing that prevents us from seeing this is that our history textbooks state that statehood came to Russia from the West, from Norman foreigners and much later than European countries.
What school textbooks are silent about
The origin of tsarist power is closely connected with the history of Russian statehood. We are assured that Ivan IV was the first. Let us assume that the FOURTH IVAN WAS THE FIRST KING. But why THIS STRANGE NUMBERING WAS ACCEPTED ONLY IN RUSSIA? This would raise, among the inquisitive public, doubts in any country. But we do not ask this question to our historians.
In any European country, from which our fatherland has already lagged far behind and made up for lost time, as we are assured, it is necessary to copy their experience. The first autocrat, it is quite reasonable to have the first number in the dynastic chronology. Why do we have nothing to do with people again? On this, our textbooks keep deathly silence.
The concept put forward by official historiography immediately collapses if you look at it through the eyes of not a schoolboy, but an adult. Because there were also Vasily in Russia, from the 1st to the 3rd. They were rulers before Ivan IV.
It does not work with the version that the numbering has become traditional ONLY among the Grand Dukes of Moscow. Insofar as Ivan I and II were the Grand Dukes of Vladimir. There is no answer to this question in traditional textbooks.
But in encyclopedic dictionaries you can see that the tradition of numbering dynastic names begins with Svyatoslav I, known from history textbooks as a prince-warrior, son of Igor and Princess Olga. After Vladimir I, the son of Svyatoslav, a new tradition is already being established, after the corresponding number to name the patronymic, for example: Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich, Svyatoslav II Yaroslavovich, Vladimir II Vsevolodovich (Monomakh), Vsevolod III Yurievich (Big Nest), Ivan I Danilovich (Kalita) and etc.
For some reason, the loudest names fall out of this tradition
, with which, according to traditional history, the most significant accomplishments for Russia are associated: Yaroslav the Wise(son of Vladimir I), Yury Dolgoruky(son of Vladimir II Monomakh), Alexander Nevskiy(son of Yaroslav II). Especially mysterious, in this light, the figure looks Dmitry Donskoy(son of Ivan II), Grand Duke of Moscow, whose son was Vasily I.
Thus, traditions corresponding to European royal courts have existed in Russia since at least the 10th century. In terms of size and influence, the great principalities: Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Moscow, and others - were not inferior to the largest states of Europe. While the rulers, much smaller in territory, power and wealth, were called kings (the kingdoms of Navarre and Burgundy).
It can be concluded that any Russian Grand Duke, according to European tradition, fully corresponded to European kings. This is also confirmed by historical facts, such as dynastic marriages.
The wife of Yaroslav the Wise, Ingigerda, was the queen of Sweden. The son, Vsevolod I Yaroslavich, became the son-in-law of the emperor of Byzantium Constantine IX Monomakh. Yaroslav's daughters - Anna, Anastasia and Elizabeth - married respectively the kings of France, Hungary and Norway. Grandson of Yaroslav, Vladimir II Vsevolodovich, thus, could real (and not as a historical legend) to be crowned Emperor of Byzantium as the legitimate Monomakh. His wife was Gita, daughter of the last king of the Saxons of England - Harold. Such an enumeration could be continued, but dynastic marriages are concluded between equal in status.
What is hidden behind the crowning of the kingdom in Russian history
There is a lot of confusion in the official history about this. On the one hand, there is information called "historical legend" about Vladimir Monomakh (1053-1125). Data on the following surviving information is given.
Once upon a time, the German emperor offered to send a crown as a gift, as a sign of royal power, to either grandfather or father of Ivan IV. But the Russian princes reasoned as follows: "... worthless to them, born sovereigns, whose family(naturally, according to legend) goes back to the Roman Caesar Augustus, and the ancestors occupied the Byzantine throne, to accept handouts from the Catholic emperor ... ".
On the other side it is recognized that the tradition of the rite of enthronement goes back to the mists of time. That the solemn wedding to the throne of Ivan IV on January 16, 1547, in Moscow, took place according to a rite invented by his grandfather, Ivan III (1440-1505). Who once himself, with his own hands, crowned another grandson, Dmitry Ivanovich, to the kingdom. True, the scepter - a rod, symbolizing state power, for some reason did not give it away.
We also have to believe that the attributes of royal power
: Monomakh's hat, barmas, a cross on a golden chain and other items used in the ceremony - For more than 400 years they have been waiting in the wings in the princely treasuries.
There is also a question about the new history. Why did the first Romanovs, before Peter I, have no dynastic numbering?
Borrowing traditions
Questions also arise about the absence of traces of borrowing, on which Romanov historians insisted, from foreign traditions and in state symbols. For example, the appearance of a double-headed eagle as a symbol of state power. According to the original official version, this emblem was borrowed from the Byzantine Empire after the marriage of Ivan III to Sophia Paleolog. Modern historical research refutes this version. Historian N.P. Likhachev believes that Byzantium did not have a national seal, much less a coat of arms. On the personal seals of the Byzantine emperors known to science, there was also no double-headed eagle. And since there never was, there was nothing to borrow.
By the time of the “first” coronation in Russia, in Europe, a similar rite had already fully developed. A set of corresponding symbols of power has also been formed. It would be reasonable to expect corresponding copying on the part of the "younger" statehood. But in Russia, among the regalia of royal power, there was never a sword, unlike all other European countries, where it was certainly handed over to the monarch during the coronation.
In the European rites of enthronement, the monarch himself took an oath, which obliged him to comply with the laws of the state, the rights of his subjects, and preserve the borders of his state.
The main text of the oath, as well as the content, as well as the sequence of the rite of enthronement, has not changed over the centuries. With the changes that took place in society, there was only an increase in the number of obligations assumed by the monarch.
In Russia, at the wedding to the kingdom, no oath and promises were given to subjects
. Of course, these historical facts can be attributed to traditional Russian savagery. But there is, in our opinion, a more worthy of consideration version. By tradition, weapons were handed over to their vassals standing higher in the hierarchies of feudal states. Thus, handing over the sword implied a certain subordination. At the same time, an oath about his obligations was also taken from the vassal. The absence of this in Russian traditions may indicate that the king was personified only with God given power. Maybe that's why they called the anointed of God?
In this case, the Russian monarchy should have stood above the European kings. Is such historical evidence known? Yes, and some have already been given. There are other pieces of evidence of this kind. It is known that the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, Anna, during her coronation in France, wished to give the royal oath not in Latin, but in a Slavic Bible brought from Kyiv. This Bible remained in the Reims Cathedral, where until 1825 all French monarchs were crowned. All subsequent generations of French kings, as it is not amazing for historians, swore on the Bible, which arrived in France from Russia.
A reasonable question arises. How does historical science manage to ignore such obvious facts?
Who wrote Russian history
Tatishchev (1686-1750) is considered the first Russian historian. Back in the 19th century Academician P.G. Butkov wrote about the published book "Tatishchev": “... published not from the original, which is lost, but from a very faulty, poor list ... When printing this list, the author’s judgments, recognized (by editor Miller - author) as free, were excluded from it, and many issues were made, ... it is impossible to know on which time Tatishchev stopped, which definitely belongs to his pen .. ".
Current version of Russian history was developed by foreigners, German historians: Schlozer, Miller and Bayer. Bayer is the founder of the Norman theory, Miller collected a collection of COPIES of documents (where are the originals?), Schlozer was the first to study the original of the oldest manuscript of the Radziwill Chronicle, the basis of the CHRONOLOGY of The Tale of Bygone Years. In the future, nothing radically new was introduced into Russian history until the Romanov period..
Academician B.A. Rybakov, based on the analysis of the text of the Radziwill Chronicle (without studying the issue about the violations of page numbering and the replacement of the order of sheets) wrote that the introductory section of the chronicle is composed of separate, poorly connected passages. They have logical breaks, repetitions, inconsistency in terminology.
This is consistent with the data from the study of the photocopy of the chronicle. The first notebook of the manuscript was assembled from separate scattered sheets, with obvious traces of editing the Church Slavonic numbering. In half of the cases, these numbers are not available at all. Thus, an appropriate forensic examination of the document and appropriate new studies confirming its authenticity and historical accuracy are required.
The Romanov dynasty is the customer of the current version of Russian history. It was they who invited foreigners who developed the corresponding concept before the Romanov historical period. The name of the sentimentalist writer Karamzin, like Tatishchev, was only a cover for foreign roots.
They provided this concept with reliable state protection from opponents, in such a way that it became not a scientific, but a political dispute. It is quite natural to connect this with their story of accession to the royal throne. The new dynasty, reasonably, needed a new history. At least in order to ideologically justify her legitimate right to the Russian throne.
It was necessary to hide what was recently revealed during the restoration of old frescoes in the Kremlin's Annunciation Cathedral. Image of the family of Christ, which includes the Russian Grand Dukes - Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III, Vasily III. RURIKOVICH WERE relatives of Jesus! Therefore, the inscriptions on the icons KING OF GLORY objectively mean - KING OF THE SLAVES!
The founders of Rome: Remus and Romulus.
From Hartman's "World Chronicle"
Schedel (1493). In the hands of Romulus -
Scepter and royal orb with
CHRISTIAN CROSS.
Medieval coin depicting Jesus Christ. On the front side - Jesus Christ, on the back it is written: "Jesus Christ Basileus", that is, "Jesus Christ the King."
Sergei OCHKIVSKY (Moscow)
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http://expert.ru/users/ochkivskiis/
Expert of the Committee on Economics. politics, investment development and entrepreneurship Duma of the Russian Federation. Member of the Council for the Promotion of Entrepreneurial (Investment) Activities and the Development of Competition in the Northwestern Federal District
Disagreements on the question of who was the first Russian tsar in the history of Russia are observed if there is no specific definition - "who can be considered a tsar." But the period of the Russian kingdom lasted a little over 170 years.History reference
The Russian kingdom was a temporary formation between the Moscow principality and the Russian Empire. It is rather difficult to designate a strict date for the birth of the Russian kingdom, since it is necessary to be tied to some decisive episode in history.
Muscovy
Under Ivan the Great, a number of significant events took place that raise the status of the Moscow principality. In particular:
· The territory of the country has increased several times;
· Exit from under the Tatar-Mongolian dependence (after standing on the river Ugra);
· The process of forming a rigid vertical of power and the creation of state bodies has begun. management;
· Created the first collection of laws - "Sudebnik".
In addition to everything, Ivan the Great married a Byzantine princess - Sophia Paleolog. And she was the heiress of imperial blood. This further raised the status of the ruler. But Ivan the Third was not the first Russian Tsar, although he liked to call himself that.
Now few people know about it, but in 1498, the grandson of Ivan the Great, Dmitry Ivanovich, was crowned king in full Byzantine rank. It was not only a whim of the grandfather, but also the dying request of his son (Ivan the Young).
For 5 years, he was the co-ruler of his grandfather. And we can assume that the name of the first Russian Tsar is Dmitry. Although in the documents he had the title of Grand Duke.
But the intra-family strife, partly started by Sophia Paleolog, led to the fact that Dmitry Vnuk was removed from the board during the life of his grandfather, despite his royal status.
In other words, it was a sporadic element in the system of Russian rulers, without beginning or continuation.
What was the name of the first Russian tsar?
The year of the coronation of the first Russian tsar, who laid the foundation for the royal dynasty, was 1647. On January 16, a full Byzantine rite of enthronement was held. Tsar Ivan the Terrible sat on the royal throne.Ivan the Terrible
By a strange coincidence, the name of the first Russian tsar, like the last, was Ivan. But the last tsar, Ivan V, was a co-ruler of Peter the Great. And since he died before Peter, Ivan V “rested in a bose” with royal regalia. But Peter the Great, dying, was already an emperor.And in fact it turns out that the last royal funeral was at Ivan V.
But discrepancies in these intricacies of historical facts arise from different points of view on the same episode.
Peter the Great was born a prince, was a king, became an emperor and died as an emperor.
But Ivan V, and in funeral litia was commemorated as a king.
The nuances of the succession to the throne of Russia
Before the adoption by Emperor Paul of the act of succession to the throne, at the death of the king (and later the emperor), discrepancies constantly arose with the definition of the next monarch.The undercover struggle in the royal environment destroyed stability and introduced troublesome thoughts into the power-hungry consciousness of relatives.
It was Paul the First who legislated the semi-Salic pro-geniture. Its principle was extremely simple, and the succession to the throne received the following sequence:
1. The eldest son and his offspring. If there are none, then -
3. The succession to the throne passes on the same principles to the female generation, to the eldest daughter, etc.
But this was already with the emperors, but the kings were still chosen. Although, these elections very much resembled a similar process with the election of governors in modern Russia.
In fact, the contender for the royal throne was known, this is the son of the last monarch. But he had to be formally elected.
For this, a special, "electoral for the kingdom", Zemsky Sobor was convened, and its participants made a unanimous decision.
In some critical situations, the Council was dispensed with. At the same time, a behind-the-scenes decision was required, the people confirmed. Maybe it was some echo of the ancient formula: "Voxpopuli - voxDei" (The voice of the people is the voice of God). But such kings did not rule for long, and they did not leave heirs.
Ivan the Terrible, although he was the first Russian tsar, avoided the election procedure. But the first tsar elected to the Russian throne was his son, Theodore Ioannovich.
Tsar Theodore Ioannovich
According to the notes of his contemporaries, Feodor Ioannovich was in poor health and mind. He did not have any particular desire to govern the country. He lived according to the principle "neither a candle to God, nor a poker to hell."
And what is especially important, being the last, direct descendant of the Rurikovich, he had no children. So, the heir to the throne had to get out of indirect relatives.
With the death of the first elected Russian Tsar, leapfrog began with the change of rulers. Historically, this coincided with the peak of the "Little Ice Age", which led to monstrous crop failures and famine. Added to this was the extreme dissatisfaction of the Orthodox people with the appearance of drinking houses, which more than once led to riots. And in the end, this period between the death of Theodore Ioannovich and the accession of the first tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was called the era of the Time of Troubles.
By the way, again a curious coincidence. If you do not know the history of the Time of Troubles, and judge by the patronymic, then an ignorant person may think that Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was the son of Feodor Ivanovich.
Such strange coincidences have happened in Russian history.
