Nagorno-Karabakh. History and essence of the conflict. Karabakh conflict Karabakh conflict war between armenia

A military clash arose here, since the vast majority of the inhabitants inhabiting the territory have Armenian roots. The essence of the conflict is that Azerbaijan makes quite reasonable demands on this territory, however, the inhabitants of the region gravitate more towards Armenia. On May 12, 1994, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh ratified a protocol that established a truce, which resulted in an unconditional ceasefire in the conflict zone.

Excursion into history

Armenian historical sources claim that Artsakh (the ancient Armenian name) was first mentioned in the 8th century BC. According to these sources, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia in the early Middle Ages. As a result of the aggressive wars of Turkey and Iran in this era, a significant part of Armenia came under the control of these countries. The Armenian principalities, or melikdoms, at that time located on the territory of modern Karabakh, retained a semi-independent status.

Azerbaijan has its own point of view on this issue. According to local researchers, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of their country. The word “Karabakh” in Azerbaijani is translated as follows: “gara” means black, and “bag” means garden. Already in the 16th century, together with other provinces, Karabakh was part of the Safavid state, and after that it became an independent khanate.

Nagorno-Karabakh during the Russian Empire

In 1805, the Karabakh khanate was subordinated to the Russian Empire, and in 1813, under the Gulistan peace treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh also became part of Russia. Then, according to the Turkmenchay Treaty, as well as an agreement concluded in the city of Edirne, Armenians were resettled from Turkey and Iran and settled in the territories of Northern Azerbaijan, including Karabakh. Thus, the population of these lands is predominantly of Armenian origin.

As part of the USSR

In 1918, the newly created Azerbaijan Democratic Republic gained control over Karabakh. Almost simultaneously, the Armenian Republic puts forward claims to this area, but the ADR claims these claims. In 1921, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh with the rights of broad autonomy is included in the Azerbaijan SSR. Two years later, Karabakh receives the status (NKAR).

In 1988, the Council of Deputies of the NKAO petitioned the authorities of the AzSSR and the ArmSSR of the republics and proposed to transfer the disputed territory to Armenia. was not satisfied, as a result of which a wave of protest swept through the cities of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. Solidarity demonstrations were also held in Yerevan.

Declaration of Independence

In the early autumn of 1991, when the Soviet Union had already begun to fall apart, the NKAO adopted a Declaration proclaiming the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Moreover, in addition to the NKAO, it included part of the territories of the former AzSSR. According to the results of the referendum held on December 10 of the same year in Nagorno-Karabakh, more than 99% of the population of the region voted for complete independence from Azerbaijan.

It is quite obvious that the referendum was not recognized by the Azerbaijani authorities, and the act of proclamation itself was designated as illegal. Moreover, Baku decided to abolish the autonomy of Karabakh, which it enjoyed in Soviet times. However, the destructive process has already been launched.

Karabakh conflict

For the independence of the self-proclaimed republic, Armenian detachments stood up, which Azerbaijan tried to resist. Nagorno-Karabakh received support from official Yerevan, as well as from the national diaspora in other countries, so the militia managed to defend the region. However, the Azerbaijani authorities still managed to establish control over several regions, which were initially proclaimed part of the NKR.

Each of the opposing sides cites its own statistics of losses in the Karabakh conflict. Comparing these data, we can conclude that 15-25 thousand people died in the three years of sorting out the relationship. At least 25,000 were wounded, and more than 100,000 civilians were forced to leave their places of residence.

Peace settlement

Negotiations, during which the parties tried to resolve the conflict peacefully, began almost immediately after an independent NKR was proclaimed. For example, on September 23, 1991, a meeting was held, which was attended by the presidents of Azerbaijan, Armenia, as well as Russia and Kazakhstan. In the spring of 1992, the OSCE established a group for the settlement of the Karabakh conflict.

Despite all the attempts of the international community to stop the bloodshed, it was not until the spring of 1994 that a ceasefire was achieved. On May 5, the Bishkek Protocol was signed, after which the participants ceased fire a week later.

The parties to the conflict failed to agree on the final status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan demands respect for its sovereignty and insists on maintaining its territorial integrity. The interests of the self-proclaimed republic are protected by Armenia. Nagorno-Karabakh is in favor of a peaceful resolution of controversial issues, while the authorities of the republic emphasize that the NKR is able to stand up for its independence.

Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Nagorno-Karabakh, being an integral part of the entire Karabakh, is one of the oldest settlements and cultural centers of Azerbaijan. In 1923, under Soviet rule, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO) was created in the mountainous part of Karabakh on a territory of 4.4 thousand km², which contributed to the emergence of separatist aspirations. In fact, at the root of the problem lay the desire of the Armenians, who had been resettled in Karabakh since the 18th century, to appropriate Azerbaijani lands.

The Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict flared up in 1988 with the open claims of Armenians to the ancestral lands of Azerbaijan and provocations on ethnic grounds. Taking advantage of the weakness of the central Soviet government, the Armenians in the leadership of the USSR, the ruling elite of the Armenian SSR and the Armenian diaspora, from the beginning of the 80s launched a stormy activity with the aim of annexing the NKAO to Armenia.

In 1987-89 Over 250,000 Azerbaijanis living in Armenia were forcibly expelled from their ancestral lands, 216 of them were brutally killed, 1,154 people were injured.

On February 20, 1988, at a meeting of the Council of People's Deputies of the NKAO, representatives of the Armenian community sent petitions to the Supreme Soviets of the Azerbaijan and Armenian SSRs to separate the NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR and join the Armenian SSR.

On February 22, 1988, near Askeran, Armenians opened fire on peaceful Azerbaijanis who were protesting against the decision made by the Council of People's Deputies of the NKAO. As a result, two young Azerbaijanis were killed, becoming the first victims of this conflict.

On December 1, 1989, the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR adopted a decision on the "reunification" of the Armenian SSR and Nagorno-Karabakh. On January 10, 1990, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a decision "On the inconsistency of the Constitution of the USSR with the decisions regarding Nagorno-Karabakh adopted by the Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR on December 1, 1989 and January 9, 1990", which emphasized the illegality of the annexation of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR without the consent of Azerbaijan SSR.

On August 30, 1991, the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan proclaimed the restoration of state independence. On October 18, 1991, the Constitutional Act "On State Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" was adopted.

On November 26, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Azerbaijan adopted the law “On the liquidation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Republic of Azerbaijan”.

At the end of 1991 - beginning of 1992, the stage of armed confrontation of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict began. Taking advantage of the political instability that arose as a result of the collapse of the USSR and internal strife in Azerbaijan, Armenia, with military assistance from abroad, began hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh.

In February 1992, a massacre of the Azerbaijani population unprecedented in its cruelty was carried out in Khojaly. As a result of the bloody tragedy, which went down in history as the Khojaly genocide, thousands of Azerbaijanis were killed and went missing, and the city itself was wiped off the face of the earth.

In May 1992, the Armenians occupied Shusha and the Lachin region, located between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia. In 1993, the armed forces of Armenia captured six more regions around Nagorno-Karabakh - Kalbajar, Aghdam, Fizuli, Jabrayil, Gubadli and Zangelan.

On April 30, 1993, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 822, demanding the immediate withdrawal of the occupying troops from the territory of Kalbajar and other occupied regions of Azerbaijan.

On July 29, 1993, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 853, containing a demand for the complete, immediate and unconditional withdrawal of the occupying troops from the territory of Aghdam and other occupied regions of Azerbaijan.

On October 14, 1993, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 874, which contained a demand to take urgent, mutual and necessary actions in accordance with the timetable for the settlement of the CSCE Minsk Group, including the withdrawal of troops from the newly occupied territories.

On November 11, 1993, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution No. 884, which condemned the occupation of the Zangelan region and the village of Horadiz, the attack on the civilian population and the bombing of the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and demanded a unilateral withdrawal of the occupying forces from the Zangelan region, the village of Horadiz and other recently occupied territories of Azerbaijan.

As a result of the military expansion of Armenia, 20% of the territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan was occupied - Nagorno-Karabakh and seven adjacent regions - the city of Khankendi, Khojaly, Shusha, Lachin, Khojavend, Kalbajar, Aghdam, Fizuli, Jabrayil, Gubadly, Zangelan, as well as 13 villages of Terter district, 7 villages of Gazakh region and 1 village of Sadarak region of Nakhchivan.

As a result of the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, more than 1 million Azerbaijanis became internally displaced, 20 thousand people were killed during hostilities, 50 thousand people became disabled, about 4 thousand Azerbaijanis went missing, including 67 children, 265 women and 326 old people. To this day, nothing is known about their fate. Over two thousand Azerbaijanis were taken captive and hostage by the Armenians.

In 1988-1993 900 settlements, 150 thousand houses, 7 thousand public buildings, 693 schools, 855 kindergartens, 695 medical institutions, 927 libraries, 44 temples, 9 mosques, 473 historical monuments, palaces and museums were destroyed in Karabakh, 40 thousand museum exhibits were destroyed , 6 thousand industrial and agricultural enterprises, 160 bridges and other infrastructure facilities.

Monuments of world significance were located in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan, among which were the medieval 11- and 15-arch Khudaferin bridges and the Bronze Age Niftala mounds in Jabrayil, the medieval Ganjasar and Khudavang monasteries in Kelbajar, the Gutlu Musa oglu mausoleum dating from the 14th century and belonging to the Bronze Age residential area of Uzerliktepe in Aghdam, the Azykh and Taglar caves in Khojavend dating back to the Paleolithic era, the burial mounds of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Khojaly.

Mediation in the settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict began in February 1992 within the framework of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). At an additional meeting of the Council of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the CSCE, held on March 24, 1992 in Helsinki, it was decided to convene a conference on Nagorno-Karabakh in Minsk in order to provide a forum for negotiating a peaceful settlement with a view to an early resolution of the crisis on the basis of principles, obligations and provisions CSCE.

On May 12, 1994, an agreement on a ceasefire regime was reached between Armenia and Azerbaijan. On December 5-6, 1994, at the CSCE summit in Budapest, in order to coordinate mediation efforts within the framework of the CSCE, a decision was made to establish the institute of co-chairmanship of the Minsk Conference. At the Budapest Summit, the CSCE Chairman-in-Office was instructed to conduct negotiations to reach a political agreement on ending the armed conflict. This political agreement was intended to eliminate the consequences of the conflict and allow the convening of the Minsk Conference.

On March 23, 1995, the OSCE Chairman-in-Office issued a mandate to the co-chairs of the Minsk process. At the summit in Lisbon on December 2-3, 1996, the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group and the OSCE Chairman-in-Office recommended the fundamental principles of the Nagorno-Karabakh settlement, which Armenia rejected, becoming the only one of the 54 OSCE member states that voted against the proposal.

Azerbaijan hopes for a more resolute and consistent position of the international community on the issue of a just settlement of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, which will contribute to the establishment of long-term peace, stability and an atmosphere of cooperation in the region, as well as force Armenia to start working on a final peace agreement based on the principles proposed by the co-chairs of the Minsk the OSCE group.

Numerous documents adopted by many international organizations emphasize the need to resolve the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict within the framework of the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. The resolution adopted on March 14, 2008 by the UN General Assembly covered the legal, political and humanitarian aspects of the conflict, reaffirming the principles of its settlement. These principles boil down to respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of Armenian troops from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan, ensuring the rights of persons who have become internally displaced as a result of the conflict to return to their homes, ensuring conditions for the joint residence of both communities in the territory of Azerbaijan. the status of autonomy within Azerbaijan and the illegality of the situation that arose as a result of the occupation.

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has been repeatedly discussed in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Guided by the norms and principles of international law, the OIC declared Azerbaijan a victim of military expansion. Adopted back in 1993 at the 21st meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the OIC member countries in Karachi, the resolution condemned the Armenian occupation of Azerbaijani territories, demanding the immediate withdrawal of Armenian troops from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan. The resolution demanded that Armenia respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, called for a fair, peaceful settlement of the conflict, based on the principles of territorial integrity and inviolability of borders. In the regular resolutions of the OIC on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the organization called on the UN Security Council to actively participate in the political settlement of the conflict, fully ensure the implementation of four resolutions and recognize the fact of aggression committed against Azerbaijan.

In 2016, within the framework of the OIC summit in Istanbul, a "Contact Group in connection with the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan" was created. It consists of 7 countries - Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Malaysia, Morocco, Djibouti and Gambia.

The European Union called for the implementation of four well-known UN Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, the withdrawal of Armenian troops from the occupied territories, the parties to respect the territorial integrity and internationally recognized borders of states, and to abandon the illegitimate situation that has developed by force. The Joint Statement, adopted at the Eastern Partnership Summit on 24 November 2017, reiterated support for the territorial integrity, sovereignty and independence of states, demonstrating the determination of all EU partners in these matters. At the beginning of 2016, while specific plans for resolving the conflict were being discussed, Armenia resorted to military provocation by subjecting the territories densely populated by civilians along the entire line of contact to massive artillery fire on April 2. As a result, 6 civilians from among the Azerbaijani population, including children, were killed, 33 people were seriously injured. Having given a worthy rebuff to the enemy, the armed forces of Azerbaijan liberated strategic heights as a result of a counteroffensive. During the April battles, the village of Jojug Merjanly of the Jabrayil region was completely liberated from the Armenian occupation. On the basis of the relevant orders of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev on measures to restore the village of Jojug Merjanly, a lot of work was carried out to restore and improve the liberated territory, normal life was restored in the village.

The political and military provocations of Armenia continued in 2017 as well. The Armenian army fired heavy artillery at the positions of the Azerbaijani troops and the places of residence of the civilian population along the entire front line. As a result, on July 4, in the village of Alkhanli, Fizuli region, 2 civilians were killed, one person was seriously injured.

Despite the peacekeeping efforts of Azerbaijan, Armenia, with its destructive policy, prevents a phased resolution of the conflict, seeks to disrupt the negotiation process through political and military provocations, while maintaining the current status quo based on the occupation of the territories of Azerbaijan. The Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict must be resolved within the internationally recognized borders and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. The world community unequivocally recognizes and supports the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev openly stated that “Territorial integrity is not and will never be a subject of discussion. Azerbaijan will not retreat from this position. There will be no concessions on the issue of territorial integrity.”

Territories of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia

Nagorno-Karabakh

Territory - 4388 km 2

Population (1989) - 189.085 people.

Shusha region of Nagorno-Karabakh

Territory - 312 km 2

Population - 20579 people.

Azerbaijani population - 19.036 people. (92.5%)

Armenian population - 1.377 (6.7%)

Adjacent areas Dates of occupation

Documents of international and regional organizations on the Armenian-Azerbaijani Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Prehistory of the Armenian-Azerbaijani war. 1905

The conflict between Christian Armenians and Muslim Azerbaijanis has deep roots. There are not only religious, but also broader, cultural differences. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were no clear boundaries between the Armenian and Azerbaijani territories. Everything belonged to one empire. Two peoples settled "inside the territories" of another people, that is, a situation developed when, for example, first there was a settlement of Azerbaijanis, then Armenians, then again Azerbaijanis. “Inside the territories” is used in quotation marks, since these territories belonged to the Russian Empire until the end of 1917. No one just cared about the peaceful division of the lands, so that everyone had their own country. As a result, land surveying is still taking place, although not with such heat. A typical story in the territories of the former colonies: “efficiency” is important for empires, not the life of peoples. Here it is appropriate to recall to some extent the Middle East: inadequate drawing of borders as a symbol of the "effective management" of the empire. More similarities follow.

Cossack patrol near the burnt oil fields in Baku, 1905

The first clashes in the 20th century occurred just when the imperial center trembled - in 1905. In February 1905, the massacre in Baku and Nakhichevan (the territory bordering with present-day Armenia). Then a rumor spread in Baku teahouses that the Armenians wanted to attack Muslims on a Shiite holiday, any funerals of victims of contract killings turned into demonstrations. The situation was tense. Then a group of Armenians shot an Azerbaijani worker. This is where the pogroms broke out.

The beginnings of conflict at the end of the 19th century

If we delve further into prehistory, we will find several causes of conflict in the last decades of the 19th century. After Russia annexed Transcaucasia, the empire applied the same practices to these territories as to its European possessions. In particular, non-Christians could occupy no more than a third of the seats in local governments. Initially, this measure was directed against the Jews, but in Transcaucasia it turned against Muslims. As a result, most of the seats in the meetings were occupied by Armenians.

Further, the Russian Empire tried to rely on Armenians as conductors of its power in the region (Christians, on the other hand). However, this only developed a sense of exclusivity among the Armenian nobility, which went against the goals of the empire. More and more Armenians remember the great Armenian kingdom. They will not only think about him more often, but also write about him when the governor and politics in Transcaucasia change. Grigory Golitsyn, appointed in 1886, will support the Muslims: he will greatly reduce the number of Armenian officials, and Azerbaijanis will take their place. Golitsyn will see a danger in the Armenians, since they are the same Jews - this is how it was written in the reports to St. Petersburg. Armenian schools will be closed, children will receive education according to the Russian model, the history and geography of Armenia will be excluded from school curricula. Armenian nationalists, in particular the Dashnaktsutyun party, will embark on the path of terror.

It is noteworthy that the representatives of the empire, in general, were inactive. The Bolsheviks later saw the reason for the massacre in the fact that the imperial authorities deliberately pitted the more loyal Muslim Azerbaijani population against the revolutionary-minded Armenian population.

Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 1918-1920

Azerbaijan and Armenia in 1919-1920

As already noted, the history around the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is reminiscent of how they fought in the Middle East. Only in smaller spaces, very close and no less confusing. Azerbaijan sought to reach the borders of friendly Turkey and take the territories inhabited by Azerbaijanis under its control. The main actions unfolded in Karabakh, Zangezur and Nakhichevan. Everything is in the direction from Azerbaijan to the border with Turkey. The Armenians also wanted to take control of all the territories inhabited by Armenians.

Azerbaijani artilleryman in Karabakh

During the war, the mutual hatred of the neighbors reached such an extent that both sides destroyed the settlements of the enemies. The terrain in the war zones, according to foreigners, was not just depopulated - there was simply nothing left. Both sides expelled enemy peoples, shot, destroyed villages, turned the received territories into purely Armenian or Azerbaijani territories.

The territories inhabited by Armenians in Azerbaijan were empty or were settled by Azerbaijanis and Kurds. In Shamakhi district, 17 thousand Armenians were killed in 24 villages, in Nukhinsky district - 20 thousand Armenians in 20 villages. A similar picture was observed in Aghdam and Ganja. In Armenia, the regions inhabited by Azerbaijanis were also left without their original inhabitants. Dashnaks, members of the Dashnaktsutyun party and controlled troops “cleared” the Novobayazet, Erivan, Echmiadzin and Sharuro-Daralagez districts of Azerbaijanis.

Karabakh Armistice Commission, 1918

The Entente is doing something (the Bolsheviks won)

In view of the inaction, for obvious reasons, of the Russian authorities in this direction, the British and the Americans got involved in resolving the situation around the conflict near the borders of the Ottoman Empire. And at first everything went well for the Armenians, they even called the British allies. The victors in the Great War were able to recapture Western Armenia on paper - in 1920 the Treaty of Sevres was signed, denoting the division of Turkey. The implementation of the papers was prevented by the coming to power of the Kemalists in Turkey. They did not ratify the treaty signed by the Sultan's government.

Brits in Baku

In addition to the Treaty of Sevres and the Paris Conference that took place a year before Sevres (there, for example, the United States was given a mandate for the Transcaucasus in the spirit of those established in the Middle East), one should note the constant mediation of the British in the negotiations, their attempts to reconcile the parties. But, apparently, because of some goals in Paris, the British pursued a more pro-Azerbaijani policy, which aroused the indignation of the Armenians. The latter considered themselves a "little ally" of Britain. In general, the efforts of the Entente to establish peace in the region were in vain. And not even because the Bolsheviks came and pacified everyone by the power of the Red Army. Simply, apparently, such a deep hatred is not smoothed out by papers and diplomats. This is visible today.

Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Transcaucasia, which is legally the territory of Azerbaijan. At the time of the collapse of the USSR, a military clash arose here, since the vast majority of the inhabitants of Nagorno-Karabakh have Armenian roots. The essence of the conflict is that Azerbaijan makes quite reasonable demands on this territory, but the inhabitants of the region gravitate towards Armenia more. On May 12, 1994, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh ratified a protocol that established a truce, which resulted in an unconditional ceasefire in the conflict zone.

Excursion into history

Azerbaijan has its own point of view on this issue. According to local researchers, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of their country. The word "Karabakh" in Azerbaijani is translated as follows: "gara" means black, and "bag" means garden. Already in the 16th century, together with other provinces, Karabakh was part of the Safavid state, and after that it became an independent khanate.

Nagorno-Karabakh during the Russian Empire

As part of the USSR

In 1918, the newly created Azerbaijan Democratic Republic gained control over Karabakh. Almost simultaneously, the Armenian Republic makes claims to this area, but the ADR does not recognize these claims. In 1921, the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh with the rights of broad autonomy was included in the Azerbaijan SSR. Two years later, Karabakh receives the status of an autonomous region (NKAR).

In 1988, the Council of Deputies of the NKAO petitioned the authorities of the AzSSR and the ArmSSR of the republics and proposed to transfer the disputed territory to Armenia. This petition was not granted, as a result of which a wave of protest swept through the cities of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region. Solidarity demonstrations were also held in Yerevan.

Declaration of Independence

Karabakh conflict

Peace settlement

Despite all the attempts of the international community to stop the bloodshed, it was not until the spring of 1994 that a ceasefire was achieved. On May 5, the Bishkek Protocol was signed in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, after which the participants ceased fire a week later.

Fb.ru

Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh. Reference

(updated: 11:02 05/05/2009)

15 years ago (1994) Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed the Bishkek Protocol on ceasefire on May 12, 1994 in the Karabakh conflict zone.

15 years ago (1994) Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed the Bishkek Protocol on ceasefire on May 12, 1994 in the Karabakh conflict zone.

Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in Transcaucasia, de jure part of Azerbaijan. The population is 138 thousand people, the vast majority are Armenians. The capital is the city of Stepanakert. The population is about 50 thousand people.

According to Armenian open sources, Nagorno-Karabakh (the ancient Armenian name is Artsakh) was first mentioned in the inscription of Sardur II, king of Urartu (763-734 BC). In the early Middle Ages, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia, according to Armenian sources. After most of this country was captured by Turkey and Iran in the Middle Ages, the Armenian principalities (melikdoms) of Nagorno-Karabakh retained a semi-independent status.

According to Azerbaijani sources, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of Azerbaijan. According to the official version, the appearance of the term "Karabakh" dates back to the 7th century and is interpreted as a combination of the Azerbaijani words "gara" (black) and "bagh" (garden). Among other provinces of Karabakh (Ganja in Azerbaijani terminology) in the 16th century. was part of the Safavid state, later became an independent Karabakh khanate.

According to the Kurekchay Treaty of 1805, the Karabakh Khanate, as a Muslim-Azerbaijani land, was subordinated to Russia. AT 1813 Under the Gulistan Peace Treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh became part of Russia. In the first third of the 19th century, according to the Treaty of Turkmenchay and the Treaty of Edirne, the artificial placement of Armenians resettled from Iran and Turkey began in Northern Azerbaijan, including in Karabakh.

On May 28, 1918, the independent state of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR) was created in Northern Azerbaijan, which retained its political power over Karabakh. At the same time, the declared Armenian (Ararat) Republic put forward its claims to Karabakh, which were not recognized by the government of the ADR. In January 1919, the ADR government created the Karabakh province, which included the Shusha, Javanshir, Jabrayil and Zangezur districts.

AT July 1921 By decision of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), Nagorno-Karabakh was included in the Azerbaijan SSR on the basis of broad autonomy. In 1923, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was formed on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan.

February 20, 1988 Extraordinary session of the Regional Council of Deputies of the NKAR adopted a decision "On the petition to the Supreme Soviets of the AzSSR and the ArmSSR on the transfer of the NKAO from the AzSSR to the ArmSSR". The refusal of the allied and Azerbaijani authorities caused demonstrations of protest by Armenians not only in Nagorno-Karabakh, but also in Yerevan.

On September 2, 1991, a joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional and Shahumyan regional councils was held in Stepanakert. The session adopted a Declaration on the proclamation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic within the borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, the Shahumyan region and part of the Khanlar region of the former Azerbaijan SSR.

December 10, 1991, a few days before the official collapse of the Soviet Union, a referendum was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, in which the vast majority of the population - 99.89% - spoke in favor of complete independence from Azerbaijan.

During the conflict, regular Armenian units completely or partially captured seven regions that Azerbaijan considered its own. As a result, Azerbaijan lost control over Nagorno-Karabakh.

At the same time, the Armenian side believes that part of Karabakh remains under the control of Azerbaijan - the villages of the Mardakert and Martuni regions, the entire Shaumyan region and the Getashen sub-region, as well as Nakhichevan.

In the description of the conflict, the parties give their own figures on losses, which differ from those of the opposite side. According to consolidated data, the losses of both sides during the Karabakh conflict amounted to 15 to 25 thousand people killed, more than 25 thousand wounded, hundreds of thousands of civilians left their places of residence.

May 5, 1994 Through the mediation of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and the CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly in Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia signed a protocol that went down in the history of the settlement of the Karabakh conflict as Bishkek, on the basis of which an agreement on a ceasefire was reached on May 12.

On May 12 of the same year, a meeting was held in Moscow between the Minister of Defense of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan (now the President of Armenia), the Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan Mammadraffi Mammadov and the commander of the NKR Defense Army Samvel Babayan, at which the commitment of the parties to the previously reached ceasefire agreement was confirmed.

The negotiation process to resolve the conflict began in 1991. September 23, 1991 A meeting of the Presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Armenia took place in Zheleznovodsk. In March 1992, the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) was established to resolve the Karabakh conflict, co-chaired by the United States, Russia and France. In mid-September 1993, the first meeting of representatives of Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabakh took place in Moscow. At about the same time, a private meeting was held in Moscow between Azerbaijani President Heydar Aliyev and then-Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh Robert Kocharyan. Since 1999, regular meetings have been held between the presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Azerbaijan insists on maintaining its territorial integrity, Armenia defends the interests of the unrecognized republic, since the unrecognized NKR is not a party to the negotiations.

ria.ru

Karabakh conflict

The Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh, located in the Armenian Highlands, has an area of 4.5 thousand square meters. kilometers.

The Karabakh conflict, which has become the cause of hatred and mutual enmity between the once friendly peoples, is rooted in the twenties of the last century. It was at this time that the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, now called Artsakh, turned into a bone of contention between Azerbaijan and Armenia.

Even before the October Revolution, these two republics, drawn into the Karabakh conflict, along with neighboring Georgia, took part in territorial disputes. And in the spring of 1920, the current Azerbaijanis, whom the Russians called "Caucasian Tatars", with the support of the Turkish interventionists, massacred the Armenians, who at that time made up 94% of the entire population of Artsakh. The main blow fell on the administrative center - the city of Shushi, where more than 25 thousand people were slaughtered. The Armenian part of the city was wiped off the face of the earth.

But the Azerbaijanis miscalculated: having killed the Armenians, having destroyed Shushi, they, although they became masters in the region, received a completely destroyed economy, which had to be restored for more than a dozen years.

The Bolsheviks, not wanting to flare up full-scale hostilities, recognize Artsakh as one of the parts of Armenia, along with two regions - Zangezur and Nakhichevan.

However, Joseph Stalin, who in those years served as People's Commissar for National Affairs, under pressure from Baku and the then leader of the Turks, Ataturk, forcibly changes the status of the republic and transfers it to Azerbaijan.

This decision causes a storm of indignation and indignation among the Armenian population. In fact, it was it that provoked the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.

Almost a hundred years have passed since then. In subsequent years, Artsakh, being part of Azerbaijan, secretly continued to fight for its independence. Letters were sent to Moscow, which spoke of official Baku's attempts to expel all Armenians from this mountainous republic, however, there was only one answer to all these complaints and requests for reunification with Armenia: “socialist internationalism”.

The Karabakh conflict, the causes of which lie in the violation of the people's right to self-determination, arose against the backdrop of a very alarming situation. In relation to the Armenians in 1988, an open policy of eviction began. The situation was heating up.

In the meantime, official Baku developed its own plan, according to which the Karabakh conflict was to be “resolved”: in the city of Sumgayit, all the living Armenians were massacred in one night.

At the same time, multi-million rallies began in Yerevan, the main demand of which was to consider the possibility of Karabakh secession from Azerbaijan, the response to which were actions in Kirovabad.

It was at this time that the first refugees appeared in the USSR, who left their homes in a panic.

Thousands of people, mostly old people, came to Armenia, where camps were set up for them all over the territory.

The Karabakh conflict gradually developed into a real war. Volunteer detachments were created in Armenia, and regular troops were sent from Azerbaijan to Karabakh. Famine began in the republic.

In 1992, the Armenians captured Lachin, the corridor between Armenia and Artsakh, ending the blockade of the republic. At the same time, significant territories were seized in Azerbaijan itself.

The unrecognized republic of Artsakh, after the collapse of the USSR, held a referendum at which it was decided to declare its independence.

In 1994, a tripartite agreement on the cessation of hostilities was signed in Bishkek with the participation of Russia.

The Karabakh conflict is one of the most tragic pages of reality to this day. That is why both Russia and the entire world community are trying to resolve it peacefully.

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History of the disaster. How the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh began | History | Society

In a series of interethnic conflicts that engulfed the Soviet Union in the last years of its existence, Nagorno-Karabakh became the first. The restructuring policy launched Mikhail Gorbachev, was tested for strength by the events in Karabakh. The audit showed the complete failure of the new Soviet leadership.

A region with a complex history

Nagorno-Karabakh, a small piece of land in the Transcaucasus, has an ancient and difficult fate, where the life paths of neighbors - Armenians and Azerbaijanis are intertwined.

The geographical region of Karabakh is divided into flat and mountainous parts. In Plain Karabakh, the Azerbaijani population historically prevailed, in Nagorno - Armenian.

Wars, peace, wars again - and so the peoples lived side by side, now at enmity, now reconciling. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, Karabakh became the scene of a fierce Armenian-Azerbaijani war of 1918-1920. The confrontation, in which nationalists played the main role on both sides, came to naught only after the establishment of Soviet power in the Transcaucasus.

In the summer of 1921, after a heated discussion, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to leave Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the Azerbaijan SSR and grant it wide regional autonomy.

The Autonomous Oblast of Nagorno-Karabakh, which became the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast in 1937, preferred to consider itself part of the Soviet Union rather than part of the Azerbaijan SSR.

"Defrosting" mutual grievances

For many years, these subtleties were ignored in Moscow. Attempts in the 1960s to raise the topic of the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh to the Armenian SSR were severely suppressed - then the central leadership considered that such nationalist encroachments should be nipped in the bud.

But the Armenian population of the NKAO still had a reason for concern. If in 1923 Armenians made up over 90 percent of the population of Nagorno-Karabakh, by the mid-1980s this percentage had dropped to 76. This was no accident - the leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR deliberately staked on changing the ethnic component of the region.

While the situation in the country as a whole remained stable, everything was calm in Nagorno-Karabakh too. Minor skirmishes on national grounds were not taken seriously.

Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika, among other things, "unfrozen" the discussion of previously taboo topics. For the nationalists, whose existence until now was possible only in the deep underground, this was a real gift of fate.

It was in Chardakhlu

Big things always start small. The Armenian village of Chardakhly existed in the Shamkhor region of Azerbaijan. During the Great Patriotic War, 1250 people went to the front from the village. Of these, half were awarded orders and medals, two became marshals, twelve - generals, seven - Heroes of the Soviet Union.

In 1987 secretary of the district committee of the Asadov party decided to replace director of the local state farm Yegiyan on the leader-Azerbaijani.

The villagers were outraged not even by the dismissal of Yegiyan, who was accused of abuse, but by the way it was done. Asadov acted rudely, impudently, suggesting that the former director "leave for Yerevan." In addition, the new director, according to the locals, was "a barbeque with a primary education."

The inhabitants of Chardakhlu were not afraid of the Nazis, they were not afraid of the head of the district committee either. They simply refused to recognize the new appointee, and Asadov began to threaten the villagers.

From a letter from Chardakhly residents to the USSR Prosecutor General: “Every visit of Asadov to the village is accompanied by a detachment of police and a fire engine. There was no exception and the first of December. Arriving with a police detachment late in the evening, he forcibly gathered the communists in order to hold the party meeting he needed. When he did not succeed, they began to beat the people, arrested and took 15 people on a pre-arrived bus. Among those beaten and arrested were participants and invalids of the Great Patriotic War ( Vartanian V., Martirosyan X.,Gabrielian A. etc.), milkmaids, advanced link ( Minasyan G.) and even former deputy of the Supreme Council of Az. SSR of many convocations Movsesyan M.

Not satisfied with his atrocity, the misanthropic Asadov again on December 2, with an even larger police detachment, organized another pogrom in his homeland Marshal Baghramyan on his 90th birthday. This time 30 people were beaten and arrested. Such sadism and lawlessness would be the envy of any racist from the colonial countries.”

“We want to go to Armenia!”

An article about the events in Chardakhly was published in the newspaper Selskaya Zhizn. If the center did not attach much importance to what was happening, then in Nagorno-Karabakh a wave of indignation arose among the Armenian population. How so? Why does the unbelted functionary go unpunished? What will happen next?

“The same thing will happen to us if we don't join Armenia,” - who and when said it first is not so important. The main thing is that already at the beginning of 1988, the official press organ of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan and the Council of People's Deputies of the NKAO "Soviet Karabakh" began to print materials that supported this idea.

Delegations of the Armenian intelligentsia went to Moscow one after another. Meeting with representatives of the Central Committee of the CPSU, they assured that in the 1920s Nagorno-Karabakh was assigned to Azerbaijan by mistake, and now is the time to correct it. In Moscow, in the light of the policy of perestroika, the delegates were received, promising to study the issue. In Nagorno-Karabakh, this was perceived as the readiness of the center to support the transfer of the region to the Azerbaijan SSR.

The situation began to heat up. Slogans, especially from the lips of young people, sounded more and more radical. People far from politics began to fear for their safety. They began to look at neighbors of a different nationality with suspicion.

The leadership of the Azerbaijan SSR held a meeting of party and economic activists in the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh, at which they denounced "separatists" and "nationalists". The stigma was, in general, correct, but, on the other hand, did not give answers to the question of how to live on. Among the party activists of Nagorno-Karabakh, the majority supported calls for the transfer of the region to Armenia.

Politburo for all good things

The situation began to get out of control of the authorities. Since mid-February 1988, a rally was held almost non-stop in the central square of Stepanakert, the participants of which demanded the transfer of the NKAR to Armenia. Actions in support of this demand began in Yerevan as well.

On February 20, 1988, an extraordinary session of people's deputies of the NKAO addressed the Supreme Soviets of the Armenian SSR, the Azerbaijan SSR and the USSR with a request to consider and positively resolve the issue of transferring the NKAO from Azerbaijan to Armenia: The Supreme Council of the Armenian SSR to show a deep understanding of the aspirations of the Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh and resolve the issue of transferring the NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR, at the same time petition the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for a positive decision on the issue of transferring the NKAO from the Azerbaijan SSR to the Armenian SSR " ,

Every action creates a reaction. Mass actions began to take place in Baku and other cities of Azerbaijan demanding to stop the attacks of Armenian extremists and keep Nagorno-Karabakh as part of the republic.

On February 21, the situation was considered at a meeting of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee. What Moscow decides was closely monitored by both sides of the conflict.

“Consistently guided by the Leninist principles of national policy, the Central Committee of the CPSU appealed to the patriotic and internationalist feelings of the Armenian and Azerbaijani population with a call not to succumb to the provocations of nationalist elements, to strengthen in every possible way the great heritage of socialism - the fraternal friendship of the Soviet peoples,” the text published after the discussion said. .

Probably, this was the essence of Mikhail Gorbachev's policy - general correct phrases about everything good and against everything bad. But persuasion didn't help. While the creative intelligentsia spoke at rallies and in the press, the local radicals more and more often controlled the process.

Rally in the center of Yerevan in February 1988. Photo: RIA Novosti / Ruben Mangasaryan

First blood and pogrom in Sumgayit

The Shusha region of Nagorno-Karabakh was the only one in which the Azerbaijani population predominated. The situation here was fueled by rumors that in Yerevan and Stepanakert "Azerbaijani women and children are being brutally murdered." There were no real grounds for these rumors, but they were enough for an armed crowd of Azerbaijanis to start a “campaign to Stepanakert” on February 22 to “put things in order”.

Near the village of Askeran, the distraught avengers were met by police cordons. It was not possible to reason with the crowd, shots were fired. Two people were killed, and, ironically, one of the first victims of the conflict was an Azerbaijani who was killed by an Azerbaijani policeman.

The real explosion occurred where they were not expected - in Sumgayit, a satellite city of Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan. At that time, people began to appear there, calling themselves "refugees from Karabakh" and talking about the horrors committed by the Armenians. In fact, there was not a word of truth in the stories of the "refugees", but they heated up the situation.

Sumgayit, founded in 1949, was a multinational city - Azerbaijanis, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Ukrainians lived and worked here for decades ... Nobody was ready for what happened in the last days of February 1988.

It is believed that the last straw was a TV report about a skirmish near Askeran, where two Azerbaijanis were killed. A rally in Sumgayit in support of the preservation of Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan turned into an action at which the slogans “Death to the Armenians!” began to sound.

Local authorities and law enforcement agencies could not stop what was happening. Pogroms began in the city, which lasted for two days.

According to official figures, 26 Armenians died in Sumgayit, hundreds were injured. It was possible to stop the madness only after the introduction of troops. But even here everything turned out to be not so simple - at first the military was ordered to exclude the use of weapons. Only after the number of wounded soldiers and officers exceeded a hundred, patience snapped. Six Azerbaijanis were added to the dead Armenians, after which the riots ceased.

Exodus

The blood of Sumgayit has made ending the conflict in Karabakh an extremely difficult task. For Armenians, this pogrom became a reminder of the massacres in the Ottoman Empire that took place at the beginning of the 20th century. In Stepanakert they repeated: “Look what they are doing? Can we stay in Azerbaijan after that?”

Despite the fact that Moscow began to use tough measures, there was no logic in them. It happened that two members of the Politburo, coming to Yerevan and Baku, made mutually exclusive promises. The authority of the central government fell catastrophically.

After Sumgayit, the exodus of Azerbaijanis from Armenia and Armenians from Azerbaijan began. Frightened people, leaving everything acquired, fled from their neighbors, who suddenly became enemies.

It would be unfair to talk only about the scum. Not all of them were knocked down - during the pogroms in Sumgayit, the Azerbaijanis, often risking their own lives, hid the Armenians. In Stepanakert, where the "avengers" started hunting the Azerbaijanis, they were rescued by the Armenians.

But these worthy people could not stop the growing conflict. Here and there, new clashes broke out, which did not have time to stop the internal troops brought into the region.

The general crisis that began in the USSR increasingly diverted the attention of politicians from the problem of Nagorno-Karabakh. Neither side was ready to make concessions. By the beginning of 1990, illegal armed formations on both sides launched hostilities, the number of dead and wounded was already in the tens and hundreds.

Servicemen of the USSR Ministry of Defense on the streets of the city of Fuzuli. Introduction of a state of emergency on the territory of the NKAR, the regions of the Azerbaijan SSR bordering it. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Mikhalev

Education in hate

Immediately after the August putsch of 1991, when the central government practically ceased to exist, independence was proclaimed not only by Armenia and Azerbaijan, but also by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Since September 1991, what is happening in the region has become a war in the full sense of the word. And when, at the end of the year, units of the internal troops of the already defunct USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs were withdrawn from Nagorno-Karabakh, no one else could prevent the massacre.

The Karabakh war, which lasted until May 1994, ended with the signing of an armistice agreement. The total losses of the parties killed by independent experts are estimated at 25-30 thousand people.

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic has existed as an unrecognized state for more than a quarter of a century. The Azerbaijani authorities still declare their intention to regain control over the lost territories. Fighting of varying intensity on the contact line breaks out regularly.

On both sides, people will be blinded by hatred. Even a neutral comment about a neighboring country is seen as a national betrayal. From an early age, children are instilled with the idea of who is the main enemy that must be destroyed.

“From where and for what, neighbor,
So many troubles have fallen on us?

Armenian poet Hovhannes Tumanyan in 1909 he wrote the poem "A drop of honey". In Soviet times, it was well known to schoolchildren in the translation of Samuil Marshak. Tumanyan, who died in 1923, could not have known what would happen in Nagorno-Karabakh at the end of the 20th century. But this wise man, who knew history well, in one poem showed how sometimes monstrous fratricidal conflicts arise from mere trifles. Do not be too lazy to find and read it in full, and we will give only its ending:

... And the fire of war blazed,
And two countries are ruined
And there is no one to mow the field,
And there is no one to carry the dead.
And only death, ringing scythe,
Wandering through the desert...
Leaning at the gravestones
Alive to Alive says:
- Where and for what, neighbor,
So many troubles have fallen on us?
Here the story ends.
And if any of you
Ask the narrator a question
Who is more guilty here - a cat or a dog,
And is it really so much evil
Crazy fly brought -
The people will answer for us:
There will be flies - there would be honey! ..

P.S. The Armenian village of Chardakhlu, the birthplace of the heroes, ceased to exist at the end of 1988. More than 300 families inhabiting it moved to Armenia, where they settled in the village of Zorakan. Previously, this village was Azerbaijani, but with the outbreak of the conflict, its inhabitants became refugees, just like the inhabitants of Chardakhlu.

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The Karabakh conflict in brief: the essence of the war and news from the front

On April 2, 2016, the press service of the Armenian Ministry of Defense announced that the armed forces of Azerbaijan had launched an offensive along the entire area of contact with the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army. The Azerbaijani side reported that the hostilities began in response to the shelling of its territory.

The press service of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) stated that Azerbaijani troops went on the offensive in many sectors of the front, using large-caliber artillery, tanks and helicopters. Within a few days, official representatives of Azerbaijan announced the occupation of several strategically important heights and settlements. In several sectors of the front, the attacks were repulsed by the armed forces of the NKR.

After several days of heavy fighting across the front line, military representatives from both sides met to discuss terms for a ceasefire. It was reached on April 5, although, after this date, the truce was repeatedly violated by both sides. On the whole, however, the situation at the front began to calm down. The Azerbaijani armed forces have begun to strengthen the positions conquered from the enemy.

The Karabakh conflict is one of the oldest in the expanses of the former USSR, Nagorno-Karabakh became a hot spot even before the collapse of the country and has been in a state of frozen for more than twenty years. Why did it flare up with renewed vigor today, what are the strengths of the opposing sides and what should be expected in the near future? Can this conflict escalate into a full-scale war?

To understand what is happening in this region today, you should make a short digression into history. This is the only way to understand the essence of this war.

Nagorno-Karabakh: prehistory of the conflict

The Karabakh conflict has very old historical and ethno-cultural roots; the situation in this region has escalated significantly in the last years of the Soviet regime.

In ancient times, Karabakh was part of the Armenian kingdom, after its collapse, these lands became part of the Persian Empire. In 1813 Nagorno-Karabakh was annexed to Russia.

Bloody inter-ethnic conflicts took place here more than once, the most serious of which occurred during the weakening of the metropolis: in 1905 and 1917. After the revolution, three states appeared in Transcaucasia: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, which included Karabakh. However, this fact absolutely did not suit the Armenians, who at that time made up the majority of the population: the first war began in Karabakh. The Armenians won a tactical victory, but suffered a strategic defeat: the Bolsheviks included Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

During the Soviet period, peace was maintained in the region, the issue of transferring Karabakh to Armenia was periodically raised, but did not find support from the country's leadership. Any manifestations of discontent were severely suppressed. In 1987, the first clashes between Armenians and Azerbaijanis began on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, which led to human casualties. The deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAO) are asking to be annexed to Armenia.

In 1991, the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) was proclaimed and a large-scale war with Azerbaijan began. The fighting took place until 1994, at the front, the parties used aviation, armored vehicles, and heavy artillery. On May 12, 1994, the ceasefire agreement comes into force, and the Karabakh conflict passes into the frozen stage.

The result of the war was the actual obtaining of independence by the NKR, as well as the occupation of several regions of Azerbaijan adjacent to the border with Armenia. In fact, in this war, Azerbaijan suffered a crushing defeat, did not achieve its goals and lost part of its ancestral territories. This situation absolutely did not suit Baku, which for many years built its internal policy on the desire for revenge and the return of lost lands.

Current balance of power

In the last war, Armenia and the NKR won, Azerbaijan lost territory and was forced to admit defeat. For many years, the Karabakh conflict was in a frozen state, which was accompanied by periodic skirmishes on the front line.

However, during this period, the economic situation of the opposing countries changed greatly, today Azerbaijan has a much more serious military potential. During the years of high oil prices, Baku has managed to modernize the army and equip it with the latest weapons. Russia has always been the main supplier of weapons to Azerbaijan (this caused serious irritation in Yerevan), and modern weapons were also purchased from Turkey, Israel, Ukraine and even South Africa. The resources of Armenia did not allow it to qualitatively strengthen the army with new weapons. In Armenia, and in Russia, many thought that this time the conflict would end the same way as in 1994 - that is, with the flight and defeat of the enemy.

If in 2003 Azerbaijan spent $135 million on the armed forces, then in 2018 the costs should exceed $1.7 billion. Baku's military spending peaked in 2013, when $3.7 billion was spent on military needs. For comparison: the entire state budget of Armenia in 2018 amounted to $2.6 billion.

Today, the total strength of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces is 67 thousand people (57 thousand people are ground forces), another 300 thousand are in reserve. It should be noted that in recent years, the Azerbaijani army has been reformed according to the Western model, switching to NATO standards.

The ground forces of Azerbaijan are assembled into five corps, which include 23 brigades. Today, the Azerbaijani army has more than 400 tanks (T-55, T-72 and T-90), and from 2010 to 2014 Russia delivered 100 of the latest T-90s. The number of armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles and armored vehicles and armored vehicles - 961 units. Most of them are products of the Soviet military-industrial complex (BMP-1, BMP-2, BTR-69, BTR-70 and MT-LB), but there are also the latest vehicles of Russian and foreign production (BMP-3, BTR-80A, armored vehicles manufactured Turkey, Israel and South Africa). Some of the Azerbaijani T-72s have been modernized by the Israelis.

Azerbaijan has almost 700 artillery pieces, including both towed and self-propelled artillery, including rocket artillery. Most of them were obtained during the division of Soviet military property, but there are also newer samples: 18 self-propelled guns "Msta-S", 18 self-propelled guns 2S31 "Vena", 18 MLRS "Smerch" and 18 TOS-1A "Solntsepek". Separately, it should be noted the Israeli MLRS Lynx (caliber 300, 166 and 122 mm), which are superior in their characteristics (primarily in accuracy) to Russian counterparts. In addition, Israel supplied the Azerbaijani Armed Forces with 155-mm self-propelled guns SOLTAM Atmos. Most of the towed artillery is represented by Soviet D-30 howitzers.

Anti-tank artillery is mainly represented by the Soviet anti-tank missiles MT-12 "Rapier", also in service are Soviet-made ATGMs ("Malyutka", "Konkurs", "Fagot", "Metis") and foreign production (Israel - Spike, Ukraine - "Skif "). In 2014, Russia delivered several Khrizantema self-propelled ATGMs.

Russia has delivered serious sapper equipment to Azerbaijan, which can be used to overcome the enemy's fortified zones.

Also, air defense systems were received from Russia: S-300PMU-2 Favorit (two divisions) and several Tor-M2E batteries. There are old "Shilki" and about 150 Soviet complexes "Circle", "Osa" and "Strela-10". There is also a division of the Buk-MB and Buk-M1-2 air defense systems transferred by Russia and a division of the Israeli-made Barak 8 air defense system.

There are operational-tactical complexes "Tochka-U", which were purchased from Ukraine.

Separately, it is worth noting unmanned aerial vehicles, among which there are even shock ones. Azerbaijan bought them from Israel.

The country's Air Force is armed with Soviet MiG-29 fighters (16 units), MiG-25 interceptors (20 units), Su-24 and Su-17 bombers, and Su-25 attack aircraft (19 units). In addition, the Azerbaijani Air Force has 40 L-29 and L-39 trainers, 28 Mi-24 attack helicopters and Mi-8 and Mi-17 combat transport helicopters supplied by Russia.

Armenia has a much smaller military potential, due to its more modest share in the Soviet "legacy". Yes, and with finances, Yerevan is much worse - there are no oil fields on its territory.

After the end of the war in 1994, large funds were allocated from the Armenian state budget for the creation of fortifications along the entire front line. The total number of ground forces of Armenia today is 48 thousand people, another 210 thousand are in reserve. Together with the NKR, the country can deploy about 70 thousand fighters, which is comparable to the army of Azerbaijan, but the technical equipment of the Armenian Armed Forces is clearly inferior to the enemy.

The total number of Armenian tanks is just over a hundred units (T-54, T-55 and T-72), armored vehicles - 345, most of them were made at the factories of the USSR. Armenia has practically no money to modernize the army. Russia transfers its old weapons to it and gives loans to buy weapons (of course, Russian ones).

The air defense of Armenia is armed with five divisions of S-300PS, there is information that the Armenians maintain the equipment in good condition. There are also older samples of Soviet technology: S-200, S-125 and S-75, as well as Shilka. Their exact number is unknown.

The Armenian Air Force consists of 15 Su-25 attack aircraft, Mi-24 (11 units) and Mi-8 helicopters, as well as multi-purpose Mi-2s.

It should be added that in Armenia (Gyumri) there is a Russian military base, where the MiG-29 and the S-300V air defense division are deployed. In the event of an attack on Armenia, according to the CSTO agreement, Russia must help its ally.

Caucasian knot

Today, the position of Azerbaijan looks much more preferable. The country has managed to create a modern and very strong armed forces, which was proved in April 2018. It is not entirely clear what will happen next: it is beneficial for Armenia to maintain the current situation, in fact, it controls about 20% of the territory of Azerbaijan. However, this is not very beneficial for Baku.

Attention should also be paid to the domestic political aspects of the April events. After the fall in oil prices, Azerbaijan is experiencing an economic crisis, and the best way to pacify the dissatisfied at such a time is to unleash a "small victorious war." In Armenia, things in the economy are traditionally bad. So for the Armenian leadership, the war is also a very suitable way to refocus the attention of the people.

In terms of numbers, the armed forces of both sides are roughly comparable, but in terms of their organization, the armies of Armenia and the NKR are decades behind the modern armed forces. Events at the front clearly showed this. The opinion that the high Armenian fighting spirit and the difficulties of waging war in mountainous areas will equalize everything turned out to be erroneous.

Israeli MLRS Lynx (caliber 300 mm and range 150 km) surpass in their accuracy and range everything that was made in the USSR and is now being produced in Russia. In combination with Israeli drones, the Azerbaijani army got the opportunity to inflict powerful and deep strikes on enemy targets.

The Armenians, having launched their counteroffensive, could not dislodge the enemy from all their positions.

With a high degree of probability, we can say that the war will not end. Azerbaijan demands to liberate the regions surrounding Karabakh, but the leadership of Armenia cannot agree to this. It would be political suicide for him. Azerbaijan feels like a winner and wants to continue fighting. Baku has shown that it has a formidable and combat-ready army that knows how to win.

The Armenians are angry and confused, they demand to recapture the lost territories from the enemy at any cost. In addition to the myth of the superiority of its own army, another myth has been shattered: that of Russia as a reliable ally. Over the past years, Azerbaijan has been receiving the latest Russian weapons, while only old Soviet weapons have been supplied to Armenia. In addition, it turned out that Russia is not eager to fulfill its obligations under the CSTO.

For Moscow, the state of the frozen conflict in the NKR was an ideal situation that allowed it to exert its influence on both sides of the conflict. Of course, Yerevan was more dependent on Moscow. Armenia has practically found itself surrounded by unfriendly countries, and if opposition supporters come to power in Georgia this year, it may find itself in complete isolation.

There is another factor - Iran. In the last war, he sided with the Armenians. But this time the situation may change. A large Azerbaijani diaspora lives in Iran, whose opinion the country's leadership cannot ignore.

Recently, talks were held in Vienna between the presidents of the countries mediated by the United States. The ideal solution for Moscow would be to introduce its own peacekeepers into the conflict zone, this would further strengthen Russian influence in the region. Yerevan will agree to this, but what should Baku offer to support such a move?

The worst-case scenario for the Kremlin would be the start of a full-scale war in the region. With the Donbass and Syria on the sidelines, Russia may simply not pull another armed conflict on its periphery.

Video about the Karabakh conflict

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The essence and history of the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh has been one of the most potentially explosive points in the South Caucasus for more than 25 years. Today there is a war going on here again – Armenia and Azerbaijan accuse each other of escalation. Read the history of the conflict in Sputnik Help.

TBILISI, April 3 - Sputnik. The conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan began in 1988, when the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region announced its withdrawal from the Azerbaijan SSR. Negotiations on a peaceful settlement of the Karabakh conflict have been held since 1992 within the framework of the OSCE Minsk Group.

Nagorno-Karabakh is a historical region in Transcaucasia. The population (as of January 1, 2013) is 146.6 thousand people, the vast majority are Armenians. The administrative center is the city of Stepanakert.

Background

Armenian and Azerbaijani sources have different points of view on the history of the region. According to Armenian sources, Nagorno-Karabakh (ancient Armenian name - Artsakh) at the beginning of the first millennium BC. was part of the political and cultural sphere of Assyria and Urartu. First mentioned in the cuneiform writing of Sardur II, king of Urartu (763-734 BC). In the early Middle Ages, Nagorno-Karabakh was part of Armenia, according to Armenian sources. After most of this country was captured by Turkey and Persia in the Middle Ages, the Armenian principalities (melikdoms) of Nagorno-Karabakh retained a semi-independent status. In the 17th-18th centuries, the princes of Artsakh (meliks) led the liberation struggle of Armenians against the Shah's Persia and Sultan's Turkey.

According to Azerbaijani sources, Karabakh is one of the most ancient historical regions of Azerbaijan. According to the official version, the appearance of the term "Karabakh" dates back to the 7th century and is interpreted as a combination of the Azerbaijani words "gara" (black) and "bagh" (garden). Among other provinces, Karabakh (Ganja in Azerbaijani terminology) was part of the Safavid state in the 16th century, and later became an independent Karabakh khanate.

In 1813, according to the Gulistan peace treaty, Nagorno-Karabakh became part of Russia.

In early May 1920, Soviet power was established in Karabakh. On July 7, 1923, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (AO) was formed from the mountainous part of Karabakh (part of the former Elizavetpol province) as part of the Azerbaijan SSR with the administrative center in the village of Khankendy (now Stepanakert).

How did the war start

On February 20, 1988, an extraordinary session of the regional Council of Deputies of the NKAO adopted a decision "On a petition to the Supreme Soviets of the AzSSR and the ArmSSR on the transfer of the NKAO from the AzSSR to the ArmSSR."

The refusal of the allied and Azerbaijani authorities caused demonstrations of protest by Armenians not only in Nagorno-Karabakh, but also in Yerevan.

On September 2, 1991, a joint session of the Nagorno-Karabakh regional and Shahumyan regional councils took place in Stepanakert, which adopted a Declaration on the proclamation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic within the borders of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region, the Shaumyan region and part of the Khanlar region of the former Azerbaijan SSR.

On December 10, 1991, a few days before the official collapse of the Soviet Union, a referendum was held in Nagorno-Karabakh, in which the overwhelming majority of the population - 99.89% - voted for complete independence from Azerbaijan.

Official Baku recognized this act as illegal and abolished the autonomy of Karabakh that existed in the Soviet years. Following this, an armed conflict began, during which Azerbaijan tried to keep Karabakh, and the Armenian detachments defended the independence of the region with the support of Yerevan and the Armenian diaspora from other countries.

Victims and losses

The losses of both sides during the Karabakh conflict amounted, according to various sources, to 25 thousand people were killed, more than 25 thousand were injured, hundreds of thousands of civilians left their places of residence, more than four thousand people are missing.

As a result of the conflict, Azerbaijan lost over Nagorno-Karabakh and - in whole or in part - seven regions adjacent to it.

Negotiation

On May 5, 1994, through the mediation of Russia, Kyrgyzstan and the Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS in the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, representatives of Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Azerbaijani and Armenian communities of Nagorno-Karabakh signed a protocol calling for a ceasefire on the night of May 8-9. This document entered the history of the settlement of the Karabakh conflict as the Bishkek Protocol.

The negotiation process to resolve the conflict began in 1991. Since 1992, negotiations have been underway on a peaceful settlement of the conflict within the framework of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on the settlement of the Karabakh conflict, co-chaired by the United States, Russia and France. The group also includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Finland and Turkey.

Since 1999, regular bilateral and trilateral meetings of the leaders of the two countries have been held. The last meeting of the Presidents of Azerbaijan and Armenia, Ilham Aliyev and Serzh Sargsyan, within the framework of the negotiation process on the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, took place on December 19, 2015 in Bern (Switzerland).

Despite the confidentiality surrounding the negotiation process, it is known that they are based on the so-called updated Madrid principles, transmitted by the OSCE Minsk Group to the parties to the conflict on January 15, 2010. The basic principles of the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, called Madrid, were presented in November 2007 in the capital of Spain.

Azerbaijan insists on maintaining its territorial integrity, Armenia defends the interests of the unrecognized republic, since the NKR is not a party to the negotiations.

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Nagorno-Karabakh: causes of the conflict

The war in Nagorno-Karabakh is smaller than the Chechen one, with about 50,000 deaths, but the duration of this conflict is longer than all the Caucasian wars of recent decades. So, today it is worth remembering why Nagorno-Karabakh became known to the whole world, the essence and causes of the conflict, and what the latest news is from this region.

Prehistory of the war in Nagorno-Karabakh

The prehistory of the Karabakh conflict is very long, but in short, its cause can be expressed as follows: Azerbaijanis, who are Muslims, have long begun to argue over territory with Armenians, who are Christians. It is difficult for a modern layman to understand the essence of the conflict, since killing each other because of nationality and religion in the 20-21st century, yes, as well as because of the territory, is complete idiocy. Well, you don’t like the state within whose borders you find yourself, pack your bags, but go to Tula or Krasnodar to sell tomatoes - you are always welcome there. Why war, why blood?

The scoop is to blame

Once, under the USSR, Nagorno-Karabakh was included in the Azerbaijan SSR. By mistake or not by mistake, it doesn’t matter, but the Azerbaijanis had paper on land. Probably, it would be possible to agree peacefully, dance a collective lezginka and treat each other with watermelon. But it was not there. The Armenians did not want to live in Azerbaijan, to accept its language and legislation. But they didn’t really intend to dump to Tula to sell tomatoes or to their own Armenia. Their argument was ironclad and quite traditional: “Didas lived here!”.

The Azerbaijanis also did not want to give up their territory, they also had didas living there, and there was also paper on the ground. Therefore, they did exactly the same as Poroshenko in Ukraine, Yeltsin in Chechnya and Snegur in Transnistria. That is, they sent in troops to restore constitutional order and protect the integrity of the borders. The first channel would call it a Bandera punitive operation or an invasion of blue fascists. By the way, the well-known hotbeds of separatism and wars, the Russian Cossacks, actively fought on the side of the Armenians.

In general, the Azerbaijanis started shooting at the Armenians, and the Armenians at the Azerbaijanis. In those years, God sent a sign to Armenia - the Spitak earthquake, in which 25,000 people died. Well, it seems like the Armenians would have taken it and left for the vacant place, but they still really did not want to give the land to the Azerbaijanis. And so they shot at each other for almost 20 years, signed all sorts of agreements, stopped shooting, and then started again. The latest news from Nagorno-Karabakh is still periodically full of headlines about shootings, killed and wounded, that is, although there is no big war, it is smoldering. In 2014, with the participation of the OSCE Minsk Group, together with the United States and France, a process was launched to resolve this war. But this did not bear fruit either - the point continues to be hot.

Everyone probably guesses that there is a Russian trace in this conflict. Russia really could have settled the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh a long time ago, but it is unprofitable for it. Formally, it recognizes the borders of Azerbaijan, but it helps Armenia - just as duplicitously as in Transnistria!

Both states are very dependent on Russia and the Russian government does not want to lose this dependence. Both countries have Russian military installations - in Armenia, the base in Gyumri, and in Azerbaijan - the Gabala radar station. Russian Gazprom deals with both countries, buying gas for supplies to the EU. And if one of the countries comes out from under Russian influence, it will be able to become independent and rich, what good else will it join NATO or hold a gay parade. Therefore, Russia is very interested in the weak countries of the CIS, and that is why it supports death, war and conflicts there.

But as soon as the power changes, Russia will unite with Azerbaijan and Armenia within the EU, tolerance will come in all countries, Muslims, Christians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Russians will hug each other and will visit each other.

The most serious clashes have taken place in the zone of the Armenian-Azerbaijani confrontation since 1994 - from the moment when the parties agreed on a truce, stopping the hot phase of the war for Nagorno-Karabakh.

On the night of April 2 , the situation in the Karabakh conflict zone escalated sharply . "I ordered not to succumb to provocations, but the enemy completely unrestrained himself," Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev explained what was happening. The Armenian Defense Ministry announced "offensive actions from the Azerbaijani side."

Both sides announced significant losses in manpower and armored vehicles from the enemy and minimal losses from their side.

On April 5, the Ministry of Defense of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic announced that an agreement had been reached on a ceasefire in the conflict zone. However, Armenia and Azerbaijan have repeatedly accused each other of violating the truce.

History of the conflict

On February 20, 1988, the Council of Deputies of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region (NKAR), predominantly populated by Armenians, turned to the leadership of the USSR, the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR with a request to transfer Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. The Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU refused, which led to mass protests in Yerevan and Stepanakert, as well as pogroms among both the Armenian and Azerbaijani populations.

In December 1989, the authorities of the Armenian SSR and the NKAO signed a joint resolution on the inclusion of the region into Armenia, to which Azerbaijan responded with artillery shelling of the Karabakh border. In January 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declared a state of emergency in the conflict zone.

In late April - early May 1991, Operation "Ring" was carried out in the NKAR by the forces of the OMON of Azerbaijan and the troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs. Within three weeks, the Armenian population of 24 Karabakh villages was deported, more than 100 people were killed. The forces of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Soviet army carried out actions to disarm the participants in the clashes until August 1991, when the putsch began in Moscow, which led to the collapse of the USSR.

On September 2, 1991, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic was proclaimed in Stepanakert. Official Baku recognized this act as illegal. During the outbreak of the war between Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia supporting it, the parties lost from 15 thousand to 25 thousand people killed, more than 25 thousand were injured, hundreds of thousands of civilians left their places of residence. From April to November 1993, the UN Security Council adopted four resolutions demanding a ceasefire in the region.

On May 5, 1994, the three parties signed a ceasefire agreement, as a result of which Azerbaijan actually lost control over Nagorno-Karabakh. Official Baku still considers the region an occupied territory.

International legal status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

According to the administrative-territorial division of Azerbaijan, the territory of the NKR is part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In March 2008, the UN General Assembly adopted the resolution "The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", which was supported by 39 member states (OSCE Minsk Group co-chairs the United States, Russia and France voted against).

At the moment, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic has not received recognition from the UN member states and is not a member of it, in this regard, in the official documents of the UN member states and organizations formed by them, certain political categories are not used in relation to the NKR (president, prime minister minister, elections, government, parliament, flag, coat of arms, capital).

The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is recognized as the partially recognized states of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, as well as the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic.

Escalation of the conflict

In November 2014, relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan deteriorated sharply after the Azerbaijani military shot down an Armenian Mi-24 helicopter in Nagorno-Karabakh. Regular shelling resumed on the line of contact, for the first time since 1994 the sides accused each other of using large-caliber artillery weapons. During the year, there were numerous reports of dead and wounded in the conflict zone.

On the night of April 2, 2016, large-scale hostilities resumed in the conflict zone. The Armenian Defense Ministry announced Azerbaijan's "offensive actions" using tanks, artillery and aircraft, while Baku reported that the use of force was a response to shelling from mortars and heavy machine guns.

On April 3, the Azerbaijani Defense Ministry announced its decision to unilaterally suspend hostilities. However, both Yerevan and Stepanakert reported that the fighting continued.

Artsrun Hovhannisyan, spokesman for the Armenian Defense Ministry, said on April 4 that "fierce fighting continues along the entire length of the line of contact between the Karabakh and Azerbaijani forces."

For three days, the parties to the conflict reported on heavy losses from the enemy (from 100 to 200 killed), but this information was immediately refuted by the opposite side. According to independent estimates by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 33 people were killed in the conflict zone, more than 200 were injured.

On April 5, the Ministry of Defense of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic announced that an agreement had been reached on a ceasefire in the conflict zone. Azerbaijan announced a halt to hostilities. Armenia announced the preparation of a bilateral ceasefire document.

How Russia Armed Armenia and Azerbaijan

According to the UN Register of Conventional Arms, in 2013 Russia delivered heavy weapons to Armenia for the first time: 35 tanks, 110 armored combat vehicles, 50 launchers and 200 missiles for them. There were no deliveries in 2014.

In September 2015, Moscow and Yerevan agreed to provide a $200 million loan to Armenia for the purchase of Russian weapons in 2015-2017. Launchers of the Smerch multiple launch rocket system, Igla-S anti-aircraft missile systems, TOS-1A heavy flamethrower systems, RPG-26 grenade launchers, Dragunov sniper rifles, Tigr armored vehicles, ground-based electronic intelligence systems should be supplied for this amount. "Avtobaza-M", engineering and communications equipment, as well as tank sights intended for the modernization of T-72 tanks and infantry fighting vehicles of the Armed Forces of Armenia.

In the period 2010-2014, Azerbaijan signed contracts with Moscow for the purchase of 2 divisions of S-300PMU-2 anti-aircraft missile systems, several batteries of Tor-2ME anti-aircraft missile systems, about 100 combat and transport helicopters.

Agreements were also signed for the purchase of at least 100 T-90S tanks and about 100 infantry fighting vehicles BMP-3, 18 Msta-S self-propelled artillery mounts and the same number of heavy TOS-1A flamethrower systems, Smerch multiple launch rocket systems .

The total cost of the package was estimated at no less than $4 billion. Most of the contracts have already been completed. For example, in 2015, the Azerbaijani military received the last 6 out of 40 Mi-17V1 helicopters and the last 25 out of 100 T-90S tanks (under 2010 contracts), as well as 6 out of 18 TOS-1A heavy flamethrowing systems (under the 2011 agreement). In 2016, the Russian Federation will continue to supply BTR-82A armored personnel carriers and BMP-3 infantry armored vehicles (Azerbaijan received at least 30 of them in 2015).

Evgeny Kozichev, Elena Fedotova, Dmitry Shelkovnikov

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