MOSCOW, July 20 - RIA Novosti. Famed cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, who personally prepared for participation in the Soviet lunar exploration program, denied years of rumors that American astronauts were not on the Moon, and the footage broadcast on television around the world was allegedly edited in Hollywood.

He spoke about this in an interview with RIA Novosti on the eve of the 40th anniversary of the first landing in the history of mankind of US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin on the surface of an Earth satellite, celebrated on July 20.

So were or weren't the Americans on the moon?

“Only absolutely ignorant people can seriously believe that the Americans were not on the moon. And, unfortunately, this whole ridiculous epic about the allegedly fabricated footage in Hollywood began precisely with the Americans themselves. By the way, the first person who began to distribute these rumors, was imprisoned for slander," Aleksey Leonov noted in this regard.

Where did the rumors come from?

It all started with the fact that when, at the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the famous American film director Stanley Kubrick, who created his brilliant film Odyssey 2001 based on the book of science fiction writer Arthur Clark, journalists who met with Kubrick's wife asked to talk about her husband's work on the film in Hollywood studios.And she honestly said that there are only two real lunar modules on Earth - one in a museum where no filming has ever been done, and it’s even forbidden to walk with a camera, and the other is in Hollywood, where, to develop the logic of what is happening on the screen and additional filming of the landing of the Americans on the moon was made," the Soviet cosmonaut specified.

Why was studio photography used?

Alexei Leonov explained that in order for the viewer to be able to see the development of what is happening on the movie screen from beginning to end, elements of additional filming are used in any movie.

“It was impossible, for example, to film the real opening of the hatch of the descent ship on the Moon by Neil Armstrong - there was simply no one to film it from the surface! For the same reason, it was impossible to film Armstrong’s descent to the Moon along the ladder from the ship. Kubrick in Hollywood studios to develop the logic of what is happening, and laid the foundation for numerous gossip that the entire landing was allegedly simulated on the set, "explained Alexei Leonov.

Where Truth Begins and Editing Ends

“Real shooting began when Armstrong, who first set foot on the moon, got a little used to it, installed a highly directional antenna through which the broadcast to Earth was carried out. its movement on the surface of the moon," the astronaut specified.

Why did the American flag fly in the airless space of the moon?

“They argue that the American flag was flying on the moon, but it shouldn’t be. The flag really shouldn’t be flying - the fabric was used with a rather rigid reinforced mesh, the cloth was twisted into a tube and tucked into a case. The astronauts took with them a nest, which they first inserted into the lunar soil, and then they stuck the flagpole into it, and only then removed the cover. And when the cover was removed, the flag's cloth began to unfold in conditions of reduced gravity, and the residual deformation of the springy reinforced mesh created the impression that the flag was rippling, as if in the wind " , - Alexey Leonov explained the "phenomenon".

“It’s simply ridiculous and ridiculous to talk about the fact that the entire film was filmed on Earth. The United States had all the necessary systems that tracked the launch of the launch vehicle itself, acceleration, flight orbit correction, flight around the Moon by the descent capsule and its landing,” concluded the famous Soviet cosmonaut.

What did the "lunar race" lead to two space superpowers

“In my opinion, this is the best competition in space that humanity has ever carried out. The “moon race” between the USSR and the USA is the achievement of the highest peaks of science and technology,” Alexei Leonov believes.

According to him, after the flight of Yuri Gagarin, US President Kennedy, speaking in Congress, said that the Americans simply thought too late about what triumph could be achieved by launching a man into space, and therefore the Russians triumphantly became the first. Kennedy's message was clear: within ten years, put a man on the moon and return him safely to Earth.

"This was a very true step of the great politician - he united and rallied the American nation to achieve this goal. Huge funds for those times were also involved - 25 billion dollars, today, this is, perhaps, all fifty billion. The program included a flyby of the moon, then the flight of Tom Stafford to the point of hovering and selection of a site for landing on Apollo 10. Sending Apollo 11 already provided for the direct landing of Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon. Michael Collins remained in orbit and waited for the return of his comrades, " - said Alexei Leonov.

18 Apollo-type ships were made to prepare for landing on the moon - the whole program was implemented perfectly, except for Apollo 13 - from the engineering point of view, nothing special happened there, it just failed, or rather, one of the fuel cells exploded , the energy weakened, and therefore it was decided not to land on the surface, but to fly around the Moon and return to Earth.

Alexey Leonov noted that only Frank Bormann's first flight around the Moon, then Armstrong and Aldrin's landing on the Moon, and the Apollo 13 story remained in the memory of the Americans. These accomplishments have brought the American nation together and made every individual empathize, walk with fingers crossed, and pray for their heroes. The last flight of the Apollo series was also extremely interesting: American astronauts no longer just walked on the Moon, but traveled on its surface in a special lunar car, making interesting photographs.

In fact, it was the peak of the Cold War, and in this situation, after the success of Yuri Gagarin, the Americans simply had to win the "moon race". The USSR then had its own lunar program, and we also implemented it. By 1968, it had already existed for two years, and even the crews of our cosmonauts were formed for a flight to the Moon.

On censorship of the achievements of mankind

"The launches of the Americans as part of the lunar program were broadcast on television, and only two countries in the world - the USSR and communist China - did not broadcast these historical footage to their peoples. I thought then, and now I think - in vain, we simply robbed our people "The flight to the moon is the property and achievement of all mankind. The Americans watched Gagarin's launch, Leonov's spacewalk - why couldn't the Soviet people see it?!", laments Alexei Leonov.

According to him, a limited group of Soviet space specialists watched these launches through a closed channel.

“We had military unit 32103 on Komsomolsky Prospekt, which provided space broadcasting, since there was no TsUP in Korolev then. The Americans set up a television antenna on the surface of the moon, and everything they did there was transmitted through a television camera to Earth, several repetitions of these television broadcasts were also made.When Armstrong stood on the surface of the moon, and everyone in the USA clapped, we are here in the USSR , Soviet cosmonauts, also crossed their fingers for good luck, and sincerely wished the guys success, "recalls the Soviet cosmonaut.

How was the implementation of the Soviet lunar program

"In 1962, a decree was issued, signed personally by Nikita Khrushchev, on the creation of a spacecraft for flying around the moon and using the Proton launch vehicle with an upper stage for this launch. In 1964, Khrushchev signed a program for the USSR to fly around , and in 1968 - landing on the moon and returning to Earth. And in 1966 there was already a decision on the formation of lunar crews - a group was immediately recruited for landing on the moon, "Alexey Leonov recalled.

The first stage of the flyby of the Earth satellite was to be carried out with the help of the launch of the L-1 lunar module by the Proton launch vehicle, and the second stage - landing and returning back - on the giant and most powerful N-1 rocket, equipped with thirty engines with a total thrust of 4.5 thousand tons with the weight of the rocket itself about 2 thousand tons. However, even after four test launches, this super-heavy rocket did not fly normally, so it had to be abandoned in the end.

Korolev and Glushko: the antipathy of two geniuses

"There were other options, for example, using a 600-ton engine developed by the brilliant designer Valentin Glushko, but Sergei Korolev refused it, since he worked on highly toxic heptyl. Although, in my opinion, this was not the reason - just two leaders , Korolev and Glushko - could not and did not want to work together. Their relationship had its own problems of a purely personal nature: Sergei Korolev, for example, knew that Valentin Glushko had once written a denunciation against him, as a result of which he was sentenced to ten years When Korolyov was released, he found out about this, but Glushko did not know that he knew about it, "said Alexei Leonov.

A small step for a man, but a giant leap for all mankind

NASA's Apollo 11 spacecraft on July 20, 1969, with a crew of three astronauts: Commander Neil Armstrong, Lunar Module Pilot Edwin Aldrin, and Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, became the first to reach the Moon in the USSR-US space race. The Americans did not pursue research tasks in this expedition, its goal was simple: to land on the Earth's satellite and return successfully.

The ship consisted of a lunar module and a command module that remained in orbit during the mission. Thus, of the three astronauts, only two went to the moon: Armstrong and Aldrin. They had to land on the moon, collect samples of the lunar soil, take pictures on the Earth satellite and install several instruments. However, the main ideological component of the trip was the hoisting of the American flag on the moon and the holding of a video communication session with the Earth.

The launch of the ship was watched by US President Richard Nixon and German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth. A total of about a million people watched the launch at the cosmodrome and mounted observation platforms, and more than a billion people watched the television broadcast, according to the Americans, around the world.

Apollo 11 launched to the moon on July 16, 1969 at 1332 GMT and entered lunar orbit 76 hours later. The command and lunar modules were undocked about 100 hours after launch. Despite the fact that NASA intended to land on the lunar surface in automatic mode, Armstrong, as the expedition commander, decided to land the lunar module in semi-automatic mode.

The lunar module landed on the Sea of ​​Tranquility on July 20 at 20:17:42 GMT. Armstrong descended to the lunar surface on July 21, 1969 at 02:56:20 GMT. Everyone knows the phrase that he uttered when he stepped on the moon: "This is one small step for a person, but a giant leap for all mankind."

Aldrin also landed on the moon 15 minutes later. The astronauts collected the necessary amount of materials, placed the instruments and installed a television camera. After that, they planted an American flag in the field of view of the camera and held a communication session with President Nixon. The astronauts left a commemorative plaque on the Moon with the words: "Here, people from the planet Earth first set foot on the Moon. July 1969 of the new era. We came in peace on behalf of all Humanity."

Aldrin was on the moon for about an hour and a half, Armstrong for two hours and ten minutes. At the 125th hour of the mission and the 22nd hour of stay on the Moon, the lunar module was launched from the surface of the Earth's satellite. The crew splashed down on the blue planet about 195 hours after the start of the mission, soon the astronauts were picked up by the aircraft carrier that came to the rescue.

The rumors that Apollo is a scam, in which the launches of Saturn-5 launch vehicles were real at best, started already in December 1968, during the Apollo-8 flight around the moon. The campaign to expose the Apollo begins in 1974 with the release of the first book on the subject, We Never Went to the Moon: A Thirty Billion Fraud by Bill Kaising and Randy Reid. Moreover, Kaising worked at the Rocketdyne company, where engines for the Saturn-5 were manufactured. This fact gave special weight to his opinion.

Americans have not been to the moon They flew to the moon, but the films were lost ... Lies to Save the Nation A triumph, but the mother-in-law does not believe! Stubborn whys launch vehicle Photoshop made its way to the moon To the moon - without preparation? Fantastic landing accuracy Stones were collected on the moon. Where do you share? Tracked down, tracked down, but not tracked down Kennedy's Plans Failed The role of the USSR Opponents express doubts on all counts Russia's official position What Putin Says About the Moon Landing Roscosmos has no information Chinese scientists refute US lunar mission The big space lie about the moon landing

The theory of falsification of the US lunar program was most vividly expressed in the feature film "Capricorn-1", filmed in the same USA in 1978. He talked about how NASA faked the flight with the help of special effects. True, not to the Moon, but to Mars, but the hint was obvious.

The well-known American film director Stanley Kubrick, the author of "Space Odyssey - 2001", admitted that, by order of NASA, he imitated some alleged episodes of the astronauts' activities on the Moon in the film studio. But there is no malicious intent here: NASA just wasn't sure that the TV broadcast from the surface of Selena would be of high enough quality to give viewers an idea of ​​what the astronauts were doing there. So the agency recreated on Earth what should have happened on the Moon.

The most famous Russian author, Yuri Mukhin, wrote the book Anti-Apollo: The US Lunar Scam. A relatively new argument in anti-Apollo conspiracy theories concerns the engine. If the United States was really able in the mid-1960s to create such a powerful oxygen-kerosene engine as the F-1 (there were five of them on Saturn-5), then why did they then turn to Russia in the late 1990s with a request sell them almost half as powerful RD-180, also running on oxygen and kerosene?

Is this not confirmation that the Saturn 5 was actually a flying "rattle", the purpose of which was to give the impression of a super-powerful carrier, supposedly capable of delivering people to the moon?

They flew to the moon, but the films were lost ...

Causes serious suspicions and that circumstance. that, together with the original video recording of the first steps of people on the moon, the films with the telemetry recording of the operation of the lunar module systems and the data on the health of Armstrong and Aldrin transmitted to Earth during their stay on the moon also disappeared: a total of about 700 boxes with various kinds of films . However, according to Florida Today, film and television evidence is missing not only for the Apollo 11 mission, but for all eleven flights of the Apollo program, including near-Earth, near-lunar, and landing. In total - 13,000 films.

Lies to Save the Nation

Americans are such a people that fooled, fooled and wakes to fool all of humanity. Of course, among them there are many honest people who do not want to hide the truth. But they can not be attributed to the "discoverer" of the North Pole, American Robert Peary. Only in 1970, a camp was found in Greenland, where Piri sat for two months, not intending to go to the pole. And then he came and told everyone that he was there. Piri's diaries, found in the parking lot, told about everything.

But who cared then? The road is a spoon to dinner ... The train has already left, and now the Americans will be forever proud of their Piri - the "discoverer" of the North Pole. Until now, in some geography textbooks, one can read that the first person to visit the North Pole was the American Robert Peary. So it is now, all space passions remained in the 20th century, so the Americans will forever remain the people who first set foot on the moon.

Ambitious America, which considered itself the greatest country in the world, could not bear the space successes of the USSR.

President Kennedy had no choice but to presumptuously declare:

“By the end of the decade, we will land on the moon. Not because it's easy, but because it's difficult."

America, busy bombing Vietnam, threw insane money on the Great Task - to wipe the nose of the Russians.

And in 1969, in the presence of almost a million people gathered at the cosmodrome, a super-powerful hulk, the Saturn-5 launch vehicle, launched live.

She carried the Apollo spacecraft and three astronauts. Apollo flew up to the Moon, the lander separated from it, which landed safely on the moon, and Neil Armstrong got out of the capsule, saying the prepared: “This is a small step for a man, but a huge step for all mankind” .

For some reason, the eyes of an American do not shine with happiness, like those of our Yuri. Astronauts who have been on the moon are extremely taciturn and do not seek meetings, unlike our sociable astronauts. Armstrong generally lived in a castle with a descending bridge. So 82-year-old Neil Armstrong took his secret to the grave on August 24, 2012.

The world applauded. The Americans set up their flag, collected stones, took pictures, filmed a movie ...

Then the capsule took off from the lander, docked with the Apollo, then - a safe splashdown in the Pacific Ocean and an American triumph for all time.

A triumph, but the mother-in-law does not believe!

It was the name day of America, she went crazy with happiness, neither before nor after did the Americans rejoice like that. Then there were five more successful expeditions ...

Of the Soviet space minds, no one doubted, except for the General Designer Mishin, who replaced the deceased Korolev. During the live report, he smoked all the time and repeated:

“It’s impossible, Apollo won’t be able to break away from the earth’s orbit and head towards the moon…”

One must think he knew what he was saying ... But then the cheerful voice of the American commentator said: "Apollo has left Earth's orbit and is heading for the Moon" . Mishin could not understand anything, got up, left, slamming the door ... He realized that the Americans are smarter than us. We all believed it, but my wise mother-in-law would never believe it.

Then, more and more often, the voices of skeptics began to be heard, claiming that there were no flights to the moon, but there was a hoax. The American space agency NASA twirled a finger at the temple and declared that it would not discuss this issue with anyone. Why argue with cretins? And such cretins turned out to be journalists and their fellow bloggers ...

From the fundamental works, the book by Y. Mukhin first came out "Anti-Apollo" .

A recently published work by physicist A. Popov "Great Breakthrough or Space Scam" represents a huge number of analyzed facts, which can be dismissed only by the Main Argument In All Disputes - You don’t understand anything!

The blogosphere is divided into three unequal parts: skeptics; fans of Americans; and the most numerous wise comrades - those who do not care.

Stubborn whys

— Why are the shadows cast by the stones clearly converging at an angle, while the shadows from the Sun are always parallel? Spotlight in the studio?

- Why is the surface of the moon illuminated unevenly, while the Sun should flood everything equally? Not enough lighting fixtures?

- Why is a crushed cockroach visible in the photograph of Armstrong's footprint?

- Why do astronauts jump 50 cm on film frames, while they should jump 2 meters?

- Why, when every gram of roads had to be transferred to an electric car (rover) and ridden on it?

- Why is the dust from under the wheels of the rover swirling like in the air.

- Why do the shadows give the estimated height of the Sun 30 degrees, while it was at that time at an angle of 10 degrees?

- Why is the astronaut clearly visible even when the Sun shines directly at his back? Backlight?

Why are there no stars in the lunar sky?

- Why did the engines of the landing module have to sweep away tons of dust from its place (Armstrong wrote: “We raised the dust hundreds of meters”), and under the nozzles of the engines the dust is pristine, as if the module was put by a truck crane? Etc.

Skeptics of lunar flights argue that astronauts' spacesuits on the moon, 80 centimeters thick, can serve as a salvation from radiation.

- One American specialist generally claims that the radiation belt around the Earth is insurmountable for a living being.

- During the "flight" to the moon, Armstrong wanted to go out into space for some kind of sting. Footage of Armstrong's spacewalk is exactly the same as astronaut Shepard's spacewalk footage from the Gemeni spacecraft three years earlier. Only in a mirror image and the color is slightly changed.

- Footage of how the Earth gradually decreases in size as the Apollo moves away from it - a cartoon made from a single photograph.

- "The moon is approaching" - a similar cartoon.

- A spectacular movie of flying over the Moon, when the shadow runs over the craters - shooting a huge lunar globe that NASA has.

- The lunomobile, in size, cannot fit into a capsule, even when folded.

- In the preparation of "flights to the moon" died in car accidents and otherwise 11 astronauts. Sad record. Shut the mouths of those who disagree?

launch vehicle

Launch vehicle "Saturn-5"

Some conspiracy theorists believe that the Saturn V rocket was never ready to launch, and make the following arguments:

After a partially unsuccessful test launch of the Saturn-5 rocket on April 4, 1968, a manned flight followed, which, according to N.P. Kamanin, was “the purest adventure” from the point of view of safety.
In 1968, 700 employees of the Marshall Space Research Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where the Saturn V was being developed, were fired.
In 1970, at the height of the lunar program, the chief designer of the Saturn-5 rocket, Wernher von Braun, was dismissed from the post of director of the Center and removed from the leadership of rocket development.
After the end of the lunar program and the launch of Skylab into orbit, the remaining two rockets were not used for their intended purpose, but were sent to the museum.
The absence of foreign cosmonauts who would fly on the Saturn-5, or would work on the superheavy object launched by this rocket into orbit - the Skylab station.
The lack of further use of F-1 engines or its descendants on subsequent missiles, in particular, the use instead of them on the powerful Atlas-5 rocket.

Fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 04/13/2019

The version about NASA's failures in the issue of creating hydrogen-oxygen engines is also being considered. Supporters of this version claim that the second and third stages of the Saturn V had kerosene-oxygen engines, like the first stage. The characteristics of such a rocket would not be enough to launch an Apollo with a full-fledged lunar module into a lunar orbit, but it would be enough for a manned spacecraft to fly around the Moon and drop a greatly reduced model of the lunar module to the Moon.

Photoshop made its way to the moon

Retouched NASA image in original and gamma corrected form. After gamma correction, digital retouching of the scanned image appears on the photo.

Retouched NASA image in original and gamma corrected form. After gamma correction, digital retouching of the scanned image appears on the photo.

The main debunker of this whole lunar production turned out to be ... Photoshop. After all, no one knew that 30 years after the "landing on the moon" there would be this damned computer program for processing images. When, with the help of it, the maximum brightness and contrast were added to the photographs, instead of the absolute black sky, painted backdrops appeared in the pictures, on which stripes of light from searchlights and shadows from astronauts became clearly visible. And traces of retouching were literally everywhere. The picture was especially touching: an astronaut at the American flag, directly above the flag - a distant Earth. With an increase in brightness-contrast in the lunar sky, the astronaut's shadow became clearly visible, and the Earth turned out to be a cardboard circle,

And then even cunning mathematicians, by combining two photographs taken with a pause of several seconds (hence, the camera shifted 20 centimeters to the side), calculated the distance to the lunar mountains, which are visible behind the astronauts. According to the globe, they are 5 kilometers away, according to measurements - 100 meters. The back, with painted mountains, definitely. And the line between the sandbox and the backdrop is very clearly visible ...

Then the fans of the Americans admitted through their teeth: “Well, yes, something was filmed in Hollywood for clarity. It's the Americans. But on the moon they were, were, were!

What color is the moon? According to NASA - the Moon is gray, according to Soviet scientists - brown. On December 15, 2013, the Chinese space mission Chang'e-3 transmitted images from the moon: The moon is brown! Here, NASA supporters (Vitaly Yegorov, aka Zelenyikot) caught on and came up with an explanation: “the white balance was not corny on the cameras.” This video proves that NASA supporters are wrong.

›

Convincing proof of the fakery of photographs allegedly taken on the moon, which simultaneously depicted an astronaut, an American flag and the Earth. The proof is based on an analysis of the Earth's appearance using the Celestia astronomical program.

›

The video uses photographs, the author of which is NASA, the materials of which are the property of all mankind. Photos published on flickr by link.
This video is published under a free Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license.

To the moon - without preparation?

The hundred-meter hulk Saturn-5 was supposed to deliver a module with a capsule to the moon, a three-story building high. The first test of the rocket with stretches was called successful. But during the second unmanned takeoff, the rocket wobbled and exploded.

A fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 09/30/2017

Yale University professor David Gelernter, science adviser to the American president, denies even the very possibility that the Americans were on the moon. And he argues...

“How can we organize a mission to Mars by an American team by the mid-2030s if we haven’t even been to the Moon? The idea itself is ludicrous, as is the entire Obama administration."— said the scientist. — "Apollo's lunar landing is a hoax in human history worse than global warming."

What is the logical conclusion in such cases? That's right, you need to test the rocket in unmanned mode until it starts flying like a clock. Then, again, without pilots, you need to send it to the Moon with its help and do all the necessary operations. It is clear that there should be many tests and, according to statistics, half of them will fail.

But the Americans are sending three astronauts to the moon in three weeks. Apollo 8 flew around the Moon remarkably well and returned to Earth beautifully. Also, Saturn-5 let us down by throwing Apollos-9, 10 to the Moon. And then it was Apollo 11's turn with Armstrong and the others. And everything is like clockwork. The most sophisticated space technology suddenly refused to fail. What god helped the Americans?

The lander has never landed on the moon without people. The landing capsule, accordingly, did not take off.

Nevertheless, all six American expeditions to the moon went off without a hitch. According to the theory of probability, this simply could not be

Our lunar rocket took off four times and exploded four times, after which the Soviet program was closed, since the Americans "were ahead of us anyway."

And it was supposed to first send two lunar rovers to our satellite. They had to carefully examine the landing site and choose the most even one. For with an inclination of more than 12 degrees, the lander will either not land or the capsule will not take off from it.

Then a spare rocket was supposed to land on the radio beacons from the lunar rovers. If she landed safely, the lunar rovers would examine her for the fact that she could safely launch from the moon. Only then would you launch the module with ONE astronaut. The second cosmonaut, and also the lunomobile, is an unaffordable luxury when every gram counts.

The Americans, however, did not touch these little things. After all, they were kept by the cosmic God.

Fantastic landing accuracy

And in one more question, the Americans wiped our nose - exactly the landing (splashdown). During landing, Gagarin was blown away for hundreds of kilometers, he was searched for almost a day from helicopters. And then the hits were not much closer.

But the splashdown accuracy of the American returnable capsules was from 2 to 15 kilometers. Amazing result. Our teeth gnashed with envy ... And only by the end of the 80s it became clear that, according to the laws of physics, landing with an accuracy of more than 40 kilometers was unattainable. But in the 60s, no one knew this yet.

Stones were collected on the moon. Where do you share?

And further. The Americans together "collected on the moon" as much as 400 kilograms of soil. The Soviet automatic station "Luna-16" brought only 100 grams. When the Americans were offered to exchange samples for research, they dragged on for almost three years, and only in 1972 they gave us as much as ... 3 grams.

Skeptics claim that it was then, finally, that the Sekveyer automatic station secretly flew to the moon and brought the same 100 grams of lunar powder. And no one has ever seen those 400 kilos of moonstones, they are kept behind seven locks and are not issued to anyone.

In total, the Americans gave us 28 grams of regolith - lunar sand, which three of our automatic stations delivered about three hundred grams. Moonstone - none!

There was a case. when a pebble was presented to a prince, but after the death of the prince, this pebble turned out to be a piece of petrified wood.

Fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 12/23/2017

Tracked down, tracked down, but not tracked down

The Americans, like the gypsies who inflate a horse with air in order to sell it, fictitiously increased the size of the launch rocket. A. Popov made out the takeoff of the Saturn-5 rocket in frames. And here's what I found. A quarter of a second before the separation of the first stage, a bright explosion occurs on the surface of the rocket. And for a hundredth part, it becomes clear how the outer hull of this hulk collapsed, under which a hull was found much smaller than the much less powerful American Saturn-1 rocket.

All the same evil tongues suggested that the Americans simply increased the size of Saturn-1 with the help of a casing. When she took off and disappeared from sight, her remains fell into the ocean.

Unfortunately, our prominent specialist and honored cosmonaut, respected Alexei Leonov, like everyone else, fell for the American lure of deceit. He fiercely defends the Americans and repeats all the time: “We tracked all stages of the Apollo flight. Alas, not tracked ...

Our space specialists followed the flight as well as the whole world, i.е. according to the "picture" provided by NASA. Only two Soviet scientific vessels that were in the Atlantic Ocean could follow the takeoff of Saturn-5. So, an hour before the “takeoff”, our ships were surrounded by the American Navy, helicopters, which turned on the jammers at full power.

Kennedy's Plans Failed

Yes, in the beginning the Americans honestly and enthusiastically took up the realization of Kennedy's dream. But a few years later, having threatened 25 billion, they were convinced that this was still impossible. We need more weeks-months-years, billions-billions... And the Russian turtles have already circled the moon. How could this be explained to taxpayers, to Congress?

And then NASA and the CIA created the Great Hoax during the Cold War.

Of course, many of us would like the Russian tricolor to be the first flag set on the Moon.

But, apparently, it will be the Chinese flag.

The role of the USSR

Yu. A. Gagarin and S. P. Korolev

One aspect of the "lunar conspiracy" theory is also attempts to explain the recognition by the Soviet Union of the American landing on the moon. Supporters of the "lunar conspiracy" theory believe that the USSR had no conclusive evidence of NASA falsifications, other than incomplete human intelligence data (or that the evidence did not appear immediately). The possibility of collusion between the USSR and the USA to conceal the alleged scam is assumed. The following versions of the reasons that could have prompted the USSR to enter into a "lunar collusion" with the United States and stop their lunar flyby and lunar landing manned lunar programs at the last steps of implementation are called:

1. The USSR did not immediately recognize the scam.
2. The leadership of the USSR refused to public exposure for the sake of political pressure on the United States (threats of exposure).
3. In exchange for silence, the USSR could receive economic concessions and privileges, such as the supply of wheat at low prices and access to the Western European oil and gas market. Among the possible assumptions are also personal gifts to the Soviet leadership.
4. The United States had political compromising information on the leadership of the USSR.

A fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 11/18/2017

Fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 12/09/2017

Opponents express doubts on all counts:

1. The USSR closely monitored the US lunar program both according to open sources and through a wide network of agents. Since falsification (if it existed) would require the participation of thousands of people, among them with a very high probability would be an agent of the Soviet special services. In addition, the lunar mission was subject to continuous radio-technical and optical monitoring from various points in the USSR, from ships in the World Ocean and, possibly, from aircraft, and the information received was immediately subjected to verification by specialists. Under such conditions, it is almost impossible not to notice the anomalies in the propagation of radio signals. In addition, there were six missions. Therefore, even if the deception had not been discovered immediately, it would have been easily discovered later.

2. This probably would have been possible in the 1980s, but not in the conditions of the Moon Race and the Cold War. In the USSR and in the World in those years there was euphoria from the successes of Soviet cosmonautics, which reinforced the thesis fundamental for the USSR and all Marxist movements about the "superiority of the socialist system over the capitalist one." For the USSR, the defeat in the "Moon Race" had significant negative ideological consequences both within the country and in the world, but the proof of the failure of the United States and falsification (if it really took place) was a very strong trump card in promoting the ideas of Marxism in the world, which would allow to give a new breath to the communist movements in the West, which by that time had begun to lose popularity. Against this background, the possible bonuses from the "collusion" with the United States for the USSR would not look very tempting. It should not be forgotten that the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s in the United States were marked by a fierce internal political struggle, and if there had been falsification, American politicians themselves could have exposed it in the course of the struggle. In this case, the USSR would not have received anything from its silence.

3. The principle of "Occam's razor" applies here. The reasons for the USSR's entry into the Western European oil and gas market have been well studied and it is not necessary to involve a possible conspiracy between the USA and the USSR to explain them. The price for the supply of wheat to the USSR was, although somewhat lower than the exchange price, but this is due to the huge volumes of deliveries, self-delivery of products by the Soviet merchant fleet and the payment system that was beneficial to the West. The version about personal gifts is completely doubtful, since in such a vital issue for the superpowers, these gifts, obviously, should have been very valuable. Here it is even difficult to guess their content. In addition, after the collapse of the USSR, information about them would certainly become publicly available.

4. Before and after the Race to the Moon The United States conducted a continuous and tough information campaign to discredit the leadership of the USSR, using both real compromising materials and fakes created by special services. Among the leaders of states, a kind of "information immunity" to this kind of propaganda has developed, and it is unlikely that in such an environment any new materials would have been taken seriously with political consequences for the USSR.

A fragment of the program “Secrets of Chapman. What was really there? from 02.06.2017

Russia's official position

Making it clear to society that there should be no doubt about the truth of the statement about the flights of American astronauts to the moon, neither the country's top leadership nor domestic official science, in response to a direct question, provide a single piece of evidence that would sweep away all doubts and become an unconditional confirmation of their correctness. positions on this issue.

And if Russia, as one of the leading space powers in the world, and in the 20th century the USSR - the leader in the space race, cannot bring through the mouth of its leader or official science a single convincing fact proving or refuting the flights of American astronauts to the Moon, then all the information about these flights, published in textbooks, scientific and popular science literature, shown in newsreels, placed in the media, the Internet, displayed on postage stamps, badges, coins, etc., is a simple repetition of the version proposed by the Americans and is based either on the naive faith of people into this version, or, most likely, on the implementation by the authors of these products of the will of the highest officials of the state.

What Putin Says About the Moon Landing

What is the position of official Russia today on the issue of flights of American astronauts to the Moon? This question is best asked to the head of state, who, by his status, should be better than anyone else aware of the reliability of this global event.

A. Anisimov: Good afternoon, Vladimir Vladimirovich, my name is Alexey Anisimov, Novosibirsk. I have a question. Do you think the Americans landed on the moon, well, landed on the moon?

V. V. Putin: I think yes.

A. Anisimov: There is a version that ...

V. V. Putin: I know this version, but it seems to me that it is impossible to falsify such an event. This is the same as some claim that on September 11, the Americans themselves blew up these twin towers, they themselves directed the actions of the terrorists. Complete nonsense! Brad, this is impossible! ...Complete nonsense! The same applies to the moon landings: it is impossible to falsify an event of this magnitude.

A. Anisimov: Thanks.

V. V. Putin: We can say that Yuri Gagarin did not fly either - you can invent anything you like. Meanwhile, let's not forget about it, after all, our compatriot took the first step into space.

What conclusions can be drawn from this dialogue?

First. VV Putin knows the version according to which the Americans falsified the flights to the Moon.

Second. It turned out that V.V. Putin, being the head of state - a pioneer in space exploration, forty years after the flights of American astronauts to the moon, does not have reliable data that would unambiguously answer the question posed: yes, American flights to the moon are a reality, their reliability confirm such and such facts.

Third. V. V. Putin, although he had the opportunity to request information confirming or refuting the official version of the flights of American astronauts to the moon, in the archives of the special services, the Foreign Ministry and scientific organizations involved in space exploration, but for unknown reasons did not do this, but expressed his point of view as an ordinary citizen, who does not always have the opportunity to obtain reliable information from competent sources.

Putin's point of view is that American astronauts landed on the moon, although no new evidence is provided to confirm this, it just seems to him that it is impossible to falsify an event of this magnitude.

But if enough money is allocated, then anything can be falsified. The problem is only as a fake. And the higher the quality, the more likely the falsification will be perceived as reality.

But, as you know, doubts about the reliability of the American flights to the moon arose in the United States immediately after the completion of these flights and were not dispelled for forty years. It is believed that the basis for these doubts was the results of a close study of materials related to the flights of American astronauts to the Moon, but it can be assumed that the primary source of these doubts was a leak of information, intentionally or accidentally made by one of the organizers or performers of lunar flights.

But be that as it may, in reality, in the end, V.V. Putin turned out to be right that it is impossible to falsify such an event, and to be more precise, it is impossible to pass off the falsification of such an event as reality.

The response of the highest-ranking official does not contain any new information confirming the presence of American astronauts on the Moon, but only indicates that the head of state has developed his own personal opinion on this issue, based on indirect data and analogies.

It is surprising that an official, who by his status has access to any information owned by the state, did not cite a single fact, including from competent sources, confirming the authenticity of these flights, although he is familiar with the version of the falsification of flights.

Thus, the answer of the head of state to the question whether the Americans landed on the moon did not put an end to the dispute about the possible falsification of NASA manned flights to the moon.

Roscosmos has no information

Having expressed his opinion on this issue, V.V. Putin outlined the position of the state, namely, the flights to the moon declared by the Americans correspond to reality. This position is supported not by facts, but by the authority of the head of state, and, by default, this position should be guided by Russian state structures and official science.

However, having received the installation that flights to the moon are a reality, Russian state structures and official science did not receive convincing facts from NASA or the country's leadership confirming the reality of these flights to present them to the public.

The question of the presence of Americans on the moon was raised before V.V. Putin and in 2012.

So, V. Grinev in his article “To be or not to be?” ( Newspaper "In Their Own Names", N14, April 2, 2013) writes:

“In December of the past year, a conference was held by the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin, at which everyone could ask the head of state a question of interest to him ... and I asked the question in writing: "Have Americans been to the Moon or not?" . The question was not heard on the air, but an answer was soon received from the president's office that my question had been accepted and sent to Roskosmos. Some time later, a response was received from Roskosmos signed by the Chief Scientific Secretary of the NTS A. G. Milovanov. …Turns out, “Roscosmos does not have information confirming your point of view regarding the landing of Americans on the moon”. ... You can understand the answer of A. G. Milovanov from two angles: either A. G. Milovanov really does not know about the landing (or non-landing) of the Americans on the Moon - which is impossible to believe, or A. G. Milovanov, for one reason or another - more likely, he did not consider it necessary to be frank with me.

At first glance, it would seem that the right decision was made - to refer this issue to the relevant department dealing with space issues. But neither Roskosmos nor its predecessors participated in the NASA program to send a man to the Moon and, accordingly, do not bear any responsibility for the accuracy of reports about these flights. Therefore, formally, Roskosmos cannot have information either confirming or refuting the landing of American astronauts on the moon.

Of course, such an agency as Roskosmos can be imagined as an expert whose activities are most related to the issue under discussion and which, dealing with space topics, can resolve a long-standing dispute. However, as can be seen from the excerpt from the letter of the Chief Scientific Secretary of the NTS of Roscosmos, Roscosmos does not act as an expert on this issue. And how can he take on such a role when such famous cosmonauts as G.M. Grechko and A.A. Leonov, who has no doubts about the flights of American astronauts to the moon, allow the Americans to make additional filming of "lunar episodes" in the studio.

The question arises, where should the question of the reliability of the lunar expedition be directed? Without a doubt, to the bodies of the foreign intelligence service (formerly the KGB of the USSR) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the years of the Cold War, employees of these departments successfully obtained information important for the security of our country (atomic weapons, military-technical developments, the military potential of the enemy, etc.). It is impossible to imagine that such strategically important information as the first flight of a man to the moon would go unnoticed by these departments.

Nevertheless, as follows from the above article, the task of confirming or refuting the presence of American astronauts on the Moon is set before Roscosmos, as if the responsibility of this agency or its predecessors was to determine the reliability of information provided by other states in the field of space exploration.

Roskosmos is formally right in answering that it does not have information confirming the falsification of the landing of American astronauts on the moon. First of all, Roskosmos officially could not obtain such information from any sources (from higher management, other ministries and departments, foreign states and citizens), Secondly, the task of analyzing and evaluating the reliability of information about the flights of American astronauts to the moon was not set before Roscosmos.

Roskosmos's response does not refute, but does not prove the version accepted by the state that the flights of American astronauts to the moon really took place.

Probably, it would be more correct to ask Roskosmos to present evidence confirming the flights of American astronauts to the moon. But since V.V. Putin cited only one indirect argument as confirmation of these flights, then, apparently, it would be a problematic task for Roscosmos to prove the presence of American astronauts on the moon.

Voluntary a moratorium on the dissemination of information about these flights will allow not to “lose face” and preserve the scientific authority of the authors of works on the flights of American astronauts to the natural satellite of the Earth in case of receiving direct evidence of the falsification of lunar expeditions by the Americans.

Chinese scientists refute US lunar mission

Chinese scientists started exploring the moon not so long ago. And the first practical results were obtained about 10 years ago, when the research apparatus was launched " Chang'e-1» to the satellite of the Earth. Throughout the year, Chang'e-1 collected and transmitted data. These were photographs of the surface, from which a three-dimensional map was subsequently formed.

The second launched vehicle studied a certain area of ​​the Moon, where it was planned to land the next lunar module called " Chang'e-3" in 2013. China has become the third country in the world to successfully land a research vehicle on the surface of an earth satellite. True, for technical reasons, the module failed to complete all the tasks.

In addition, Chinese scientists are constantly monitoring the space object with the help of modern telescopes and equipment. The purpose of these studies is a detailed study of the surface of the Moon, as well as the search for a landing site for astronauts from the United States. Parts of the alleged American lunar landing site were photographed, as well as an area within a radius of 50 kilometers around.

In the course of these observations, it was possible to examine the lunar craters in detail. Even traces of impacts of large meteorites were visible. The giant telescope "Red Star" was sent to exactly the place that, according to NASA documents, is listed as the area where the American lunar module was left after the Apollo expedition. However, the landing stages of the American spacecraft, as well as the star-striped flag, did not fall into the field of view of scientists.

Based on the research carried out, representatives of the PRC made a statement on the official website of the China Space Agency that the Americans had not been to the moon. This caused a strong reaction from the public, due to the fact that many do not believe in the flights of astronauts from America to the moon.

Fragment of the program "Postscript" with Alexei Pushkov from 01.12.2018

The big US space lie about the moon landing

Russia has been and remains the leading space power. But at the same time, she has to literally survive in a serious struggle for orbit. Those who are commonly called "our Western partners" directly declare their superiority in space. And they are trying to achieve this superiority by all available means. Dozens of military satellites are launched into the sky, missile threats are announced and they are preparing to fly to Mars. At the same time, the fight is not always fair. For example, Russian cosmonauts in foreign blockbusters are shown as unshaven men in hats with earflaps. Or even forget about their existence. At the same time, Americans fly into space on Russian engines and are trained in Russian cosmonautics centers. So who is the boss in orbit?

Video of the TV channel "Zvezda" dated 08.10.2018 │ "Hidden threats" with Nikolai Chindyaykin

At the end of last week, American scientists released data according to which the majority of participants in manned flights to the moon died from severe cardiovascular diseases, while other astronauts have this cause of death much less frequently. According to researchers, this is a consequence of the dose of radiation received in space. The news caused a mixed reaction, and the debate about the reliability of NASA's lunar program flared up again. At the request of the editors of Life, the popularizer of astronautics and the press secretary of the Dauria Aerospace company, Vitaly Egorov, spoke about the main misconceptions and stereotypes that constantly accompany many discussions about people on the moon.

1. Lunar landing was filmed in the pavilion

NASA, of course, had pavilions with a mock-up of the lunar module and an imitation of the lunar surface. There was a test site where lunar craters were simulated. But all this was created and used to train astronauts so that unusual conditions were more familiar to them and allowed them to work more efficiently. This is a normal stage in the preparation of any mission. In the same way, Soviet drivers of the lunar rover trained at the training ground in the Crimea and on the volcanoes of Kamchatka. And not to fake pictures from the moon, but to be prepared for what awaits them there. Those images that are officially listed as lunar are actually taken on the Moon and can be analyzed for compliance with satellite images of the lunar surface.

The myth "was filmed in a pavilion" is held by many Russian cosmonauts and space specialists, who have no doubts about the authenticity of the American flights to the moon. Our cosmonauts say: "They flew, but some details of the landing could be filmed already on Earth and shown just for clarity - how it was." In my opinion, such a position is partly forced, as our specialists protect themselves from the need to explain all sorts of controversial moments of photo and video shooting with a waving flag or the absence of stars in the sky, and the like.

2. The flag is waving, but the stars are not visible

A frequently encountered argument in discussions, which, according to its asserters, should prove a conspiracy. But, firstly, actually flying to the moon and filming a landing on the moon are two different things, and one does not exclude the other. Secondly, you need to know the conditions on the surface a little better and watch videos and photos more carefully. As for the flag, everything is simple there, the astronaut just waves it with his hand. If you watch not five seconds of filming the installation of the flag, but take a longer recording - they are now all published on the YouTube video service - you can see a direct connection between the "draft" and the astronaut who approaches the flag. He grabbed the flag - the wind rose, let go of the flag - the wind died down. And so several times.

As for the stars that are not in the photo from the Moon, this is also explained simply: they sat down in the afternoon. Although the sky on the moon is black, the cameras were set up for shooting in daytime conditions, because the brightness of the sun on the moon is even higher than on earth. If you look at the shots taken on the International Space Station, then there are also no stars in the black sky, if the shooting was carried out on the sunny side of the Earth.

3. The tapes of the first landing were missing.

This myth has some grounds, although it does not fully correspond to reality. All photographs and videos that were filmed on cameras on the surface of the Moon by the Apollo 11 expedition have been preserved and are now published. The footage of a live television broadcast, which was conducted from the Moon to the NASA receiving station and distributed to various television studios, was rewritten. Since everyone saw the broadcast anyway, and the recordings of these frames were stored in television studios, NASA did not particularly value the magnetic coils with the broadcast in their archives and re-recorded them with a light soul when such a need arose in the 80s.

They realized it only in the 2000s: as it turned out, the recordings on television studios were left with a big loss of quality, and at NASA stations they received a better signal. The broadcast sources were never found, so they tried to improve the quality with the help of specialists from Hollywood. Therefore, now Hollywood officially took part in the preparation of the records of the lunar landing, and this was openly written on the NASA website. However, this does not cast doubt on the fact of the first landing and five subsequent ones, the records of which were no longer lost.

4. After the completion of the lunar program, the Saturn-5 rocket disappeared without a trace

A myth based on the fact that it is no longer possible to resume the production of this rocket, since all the performers and contractors of this system have long disappeared or changed their direction of activity. In addition, the difference in the capabilities of the rocket of the 60s, which put 140 tons into low earth orbit, and modern rockets, whose record is only 28 tons, is very surprising.

Saturn-5 itself has not disappeared, NASA has two samples of the rocket, which are located in the museums of the Space Center. Johnson (Houston) and Kennedy Space Center (Cape Canaveral). Plus, there are several dozen F1 engines that provided outstanding rocket capabilities. Now NASA has a small group that is engaged in reverse engineering (reverse engineering): based on surviving samples, it is developing a new version of the engine using modern technologies. But this work does not have a high priority, since NASA has engines that are superior to the F1 in a number of ways.

The Soviet H1 and Energiya missiles "disappeared" in a similar way. Now, if in Russia there is a conversation about creating a super-heavy rocket, then they are talking about work practically from scratch, and not a return to the Soviet legacy.

The most important contribution of the lunar program remained in the form of the colossal experience of the US space technology developers, who were able to translate it into the Space Shuttle program. If the entire NASA lunar program took place in Hollywood, then America simply would not be physically able to implement the space shuttle program. Let me remind you, if you count with the shuttle itself, the Space Shuttle system launched up to 90 tons into low Earth orbit.

5. Now America does not have its own rocket engines, which means that it did not exist before

The successful sale of Russian RD-180 and RD-181 engines to the United States has led some Russians to believe that America has forgotten how to make rocket engines, if not.

Here, too, it is easy to dispel doubts with two simple facts: the most powerful Delta IV Heavy rocket to date is American, and American RS-68 engines are installed on it.

These engines are oxygen-hydrogen and are inherited from the Space Shuttle program. Their problem is high cost, so it is more profitable for the United States to buy Russian ones.

The most powerful rocket engines of our time - more powerful than the F1 and RD-171 - are solid-propellant SRBs, which are also left over from the shuttle. The SRB is now being installed on the new SLS super-heavy rocket, which is supposed to launch 70 tons into low Earth orbit. It was the SRBs that became the reason why NASA did not resurrect the F1.

For more applied tasks, such as launching satellites or supplying the ISS, both Russian engines and SpaceX's American Merlins are used in the United States.

6. To take off from the moon, you need a rocket and a spaceport, and they were not there

Actually they were. The lunar landing module was not only a means of soft landing, but also a take-off device. The upper part of the module was not only a cabin for astronauts, but also a launch rocket, and the lower part of the landing module acted as a cosmodrome.

To launch from the surface of the Moon and enter the circumlunar orbit, much less energy is required than to launch from the Earth, since there is less gravity, there is no atmospheric drag, a small payload mass, and therefore large rockets can be dispensed with.

7. All lunar soil is missing or carefully hidden by NASA

During six moon landings, astronauts were able to collect and deliver 382 kilograms of lunar samples. Most are now stored at the Lunar Sample Laboratory in Houston. About 300 kilograms are now really inaccessible for research: they are stored in a nitrogen atmosphere so that terrestrial conditions, primarily atmospheric oxygen, do not lead to a change and destruction of the samples. At the same time, about 80 kilograms of samples are available for study by scientists around the world, including Russian ones, and if you wish, you can find scientific publications that compare lunar meteorites, samples from Soviet stations and samples delivered by Apollo astronauts.

In Russia, anyone can see a few grains of lunar soil at the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow. There is both Soviet and American lunar soil.

Some soil samples delivered under the Apollo program were indeed stolen or disappeared from the vaults of museums and institutes, but this is an insignificant percentage of the total amount of moon rocks and dust delivered.

For those interested in the topic, I can recommend a photo report by a young Russian cosmonaut Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, who visited the Lunar Sample Laboratory tours and posted photos on his blog.

8. Cosmic radiation should kill everyone

Today, the press often discusses cosmic radiation along the way. In the context of these conversations, the question is raised of how people flew to the moon if radiation is so dangerous.

To understand the difference in flight conditions, it is worth remembering that a flight to Mars is a year and a half, and a flight to the Moon under the Apollo program is less than two weeks. If you carefully study the results of studies of the effect of cosmic radiation during a flight to Mars, you can find out that in 500 days of flight an astronaut will receive a dose that is approximately one and a half times higher than the permissibleexposure level. If for astronauts this level corresponds to a 3 percent increase in the threat of cancer, then a flight to Mars already gives 5 percent of such a threat. By comparison, smokers increase their cancer risk by 20 percent.

The design of the spacecraft should also be taken into account. The lunar module did not have additional radiation protection, but its skin included an aluminum case, a sealed shell, and multilayer thermal protection, which created an additional shield from cosmic particles. At the same time, only 40 percent of the area of ​​​​the lunar module directly protected the pilots from space conditions. In other areas of the surface, they were additionally covered by a multi-meter service compartment with equipment and rocket fuel and a landing module.

Do not forget about the Soviet and then Russian experiments on the study of cosmic radiation. Now the Phantom and Matryoshka experiments are being implemented on the ISS, and the Phantom flew to the Moon in Zonda-7, which made it possible to assess the degree of human damage by cosmic particle flows. In general, the conclusions are encouraging: if there are no solar flares, then you can fly. If it were not possible, then Roskosmos probably would not have been working on the lunar program at the end of the 2020s and would not have made plans to build a lunar base.

The political leaders of the USSR immediately congratulated the United States on the successful lunar program, and Russian cosmonauts and scientists still express confidence in the reality of landing people on the moon. The conspirators have to explain this somehow in order to remain committed to their idea. And so the idea was born that the USSR was also in a conspiracy. As arguments in favor of a conspiracy, facts from the history of our countries are usually cited, which belonged to the period of detente of international tension: arms limitation, trade cooperation, the Soyuz-Apollo program.

Despite the fact that the Soviet Union no longer exists for a quarter of a century, there is, of course, no documentary evidence of any of its participation in the Lunar conspiracy. Moreover, there was not a single piece of evidence from contemporaries that could confirm the fact of such a conspiracy. Although now, it would seem, nothing is preventing the withdrawal of the Americans to clean water.

10. No one has seen traces of astronauts on the moon, and the "landing site" is forbidden to be viewed and studied.

Earth's most powerful modern telescopes are unable to see traces of the lunar landing. They can see surface details as large as 80-100 meters, which is much larger than the size of the lunar module. The only way to see the lunar modules and astronaut footprints is to send a satellite to the moon or a rover to the surface.

Over the past 15 years, satellites from Europe, India, Japan, China, and the USA have been sent to the Moon. But only the NASA LRO satellite could see more or less qualitatively. Detailing his images - up to 30 centimeters, it allows you to see the lunar modules, scientific equipment on the surface, paths trodden by astronauts, and traces of lunar rovers.

The satellites of India and Japan tried to see the traces of American landings, but the detail of their cameras at 5-10 meters did not allow them to see anything. The only thing that was possible was to identify the so-called halos - a spot of light soil, which arose from the impact of rocket engines of the landing stages. Using stereo imaging, Japanese scientists were able to recreate the landscapes of the landing sites, and they showed full compliance with what is seen in the astronauts' photographs: large craters, mountains, plains, faults. In the 60s, there was no such technique, so it would not have been possible to model the landscape in the pavilion.

In 2007, the Google Lunar X PRIZE competition was announced for the development of a private lunar rover, which must reach the moon and overcome a certain distance. The winner should be paid up to $30 million. As part of the competition, there is an additional $2 million Legacy Award for the team whose lunar rover can photograph one of the Apollo lunar modules or Lunokhods. Fearing that crowds of private robots will rush to the sites of historic landings, NASA has published recommendations not to get too close to the landing sites, so as not to trample on the astronauts' tracks and ruin historical monuments. Currently, only one of the contest teams has announced that they are going to take a look at the Apollo 17 lunar landing site.

In 2015, a group of space engineers appeared in Russia, which undertook to develop a microsatellite capable of reaching the moon and filming the Apollo landing sites, the Soviet Moons and Lunokhods with a quality exceeding NASA LRO. Funding for the first part of the work was sought through crowdfunding. There are no funds yet to continue the work, but the developers do not intend to stop and hope for the support of large private investors or the state.

How American astronauts were able to fly back to Earth from the Moon and got the best answer

Answer from User deleted[guru]
Guys, are you kidding or what? Have you heard of landing aircraft? There was fuel. Getting ready to fly to the moon.
Lunar module
Apollo Lunar Module The Apollo Lunar Module was developed by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp. (USA) and has two stages: landing and takeoff. The landing stage, equipped with an independent propulsion system and landing gear, is used to lower the lunar lander from lunar orbit and soft landing on the lunar surface, and also serves as a launch pad for the takeoff stage. The takeoff stage, with a pressurized cabin for the crew and an independent propulsion system, after completion of research, starts from the surface of the Moon and docks with the command compartment in orbit. The separation of steps is carried out using pyrotechnic devices.
takeoff stage
The lunar module takeoff stage has three main compartments: the crew compartment, the center compartment, and the rear equipment compartment. Only the crew compartment and the central compartment are sealed; all other compartments of the lunar spacecraft are not sealed. The volume of the hermetic cabin is 6.7 m3, the pressure in the cabin is 0.337 kg/cm2. The height of the take-off stage is 3.76 m, the diameter is 4.3 m. Structurally, the take-off stage consists of six nodes: the crew compartment, the central compartment, the rear equipment compartment, the LRE mount, the antenna mount, the thermal and micrometeor screen. Cylindrical crew compartment with a diameter of 2.35 m, a length of 1.07 m (volume 4.6 m3) of a semi-monocoque design made of well-welded aluminum alloys.
Two workplaces for astronauts are equipped with control panels and instrument panels, an astronaut harness system, two forward viewing windows, an overhead window for observing the docking process, and a telescope in the center between the astronauts.
landing stage
The landing stage of the lunar module in the form of a cruciform frame made of aluminum alloy carries a propulsion system with an STL landing rocket engine in the central compartment.
In four compartments formed by a frame around the central compartment, fuel tanks, an oxygen tank, a water tank, a helium tank, electronic equipment, a navigation and control subsystem, a landing radar and batteries are installed.
A four-legged retractable landing gear mounted on the landing stage absorbs the impact energy of the spacecraft landing on the lunar surface by collapsing honeycomb cartridges mounted in the telescoping legs of the landing gear; additionally, the impact is softened by the deformation of the honeycomb liners in the centers of the landing heels. Each heel is equipped with a probe that signals to the crew the moment the LRE is turned off upon contact with the lunar surface. The landing gear is in the folded state until the separation of the lunar ship from the command compartment; after separation at the command of the crew of the lunar ship, the squibs cut the checks at each leg and, under the action of the springs, the chassis is released and locked. As well as the takeoff stage, the landing stage is surrounded by a thermal and micrometeor protective shield made of multi-layered Mylar and aluminum. Landing stage height 3.22 m, diameter 4.3 m
Source: Read! It's all spelled out here!

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: How American astronauts were able to fly back to Earth from the Moon

Answer from Andrey Pokhlebaev[newbie]
All this is very interesting, especially in theory. However, I am tormented by vague doubts - why the hell do they need our RD-180s NOW? In theory, we should learn from them in space, visit their orbital stations, however ...

Answer from Yergey Familiev[newbie]
oh, I don’t know how you can breathe and still mentally work at an air pressure of 0.337 kilograms !!! it's only a third of the atmosphere!

Answer from Alina Dubinina[newbie]
Takeoff from any surface of the planet is carried out using a jet engine, the thrust of which must be sufficient to overcome the gravity of the planet and lift the weight of the aircraft. A simple school formula is known to everyone: force is equal to mass times acceleration. The force with which the spacecraft presses on the surface of the Earth (is attracted to it) is the weight of the apparatus. It is equal to the mass of the apparatus, multiplied by the acceleration of free fall on a particular planet. Mass - the value that is indicated in the passport for each device.
The force of a running engine that lifts a craft is called thrust. For the spacecraft to take off, the thrust must be greater than the weight of the spacecraft on a particular planet. In addition, a reserve is needed that will provide the acceleration necessary for the aircraft to achieve the so-called first space velocity - the speed at which the device can enter a near-planetary orbit. The lunar module also had to reach this speed in order to be picked up by the return vehicle in orbit of the Moon.
Under Earth conditions, the thrust of the engine can exceed the mass of the rocket by ten times, as, for example, the engine of the first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle participating in that American space flight. A rocket weighing 3 million kilograms (3 thousand tons), overcoming the acceleration of free fall of 9.8 m / s2, was accelerated to the first space velocity by an engine with a thrust of 34 million Newtons. That is, the engine thrust of 34,000,000 newtons is equal to: 3,000,000 kg times 9.8 m/s2 plus a margin of 10-15 percent.
According to the published performance characteristics, the lunar module (USA) has a total mass of 16.5 thousand kilograms, the mass of the landing compartment is 11.7 thousand kilograms, the mass of the take-off compartment is about 4.5 thousand kilograms; the takeoff stage engine has a thrust of 1590 newtons. According to the above formula, such a thrust can lift on the Moon, where the acceleration of free fall is 1.62 m/s2, an apparatus weighing only 980 kilograms.
Thus, the take-off compartment of the Lunar mission weighing 4599 kilograms cannot be lifted from the Moon by an engine with a thrust of 1590 Newtons. Moreover, the same module, all the more, could not fly under terrestrial conditions, because the lack of engine thrust on Earth was exacerbated here by another five times.
Therefore, no Americans flew to any moon, or at least they definitely did not return from it

Answer from Yo S[guru]
they succumbed together and flew back ... To the Earth.

Answer from Vasily Selyunin[master]
Miraculously 🙂

Answer from User deleted[guru]
They jumped and flew away. 🙂
Updated after 18 hours.
But as? - work in a compartment with a height-length of 1.07 meters? - like astronauts are not dwarfs at all ...
With extreme curiosity, I will listen to the tales of anyone who has spent half a day, well, for example, in an empty case of a washing machine 1.07 meters long - and: unmistakably! - at the same time solving the most difficult ballistic problems, firmly knowing that for each mistake he will receive, well, at least, very much! - a painful electric shock, and not inevitable death, as was the case with the astronauts who allegedly landed on the moon ... Ha.
In addition, with an unbiased, even unprofessional, analysis of supposedly "lunar" photographs, it is obvious that two or three of any randomly selected five are fakes.
And if we also recall the panicked behavior and extremely unprofessional actions of the American crew members in emergency situations that took place on joint expeditions on the Russian orbital station Mir, and compare with them: the American astronauts are officially propagandized - the behavior and actions during accidents in their lunar program, everything becomes crystal clear. Especially if you take into account the "disappearance" of their lunar archives. Ha.

Answer from Daimon[guru]
On the road, with the Russians.

Answer from Maxim:)[guru]
It’s just that they didn’t actually fly to the moon, there is such a thing as a “radiation barrier”, an ordinary person cannot overcome it without consequences. And all the films of their flight and documents disappeared without a trace from their archive.

Answer from Dee[guru]
But does lunar gravity and the absence of an atmosphere require a lot of fuel? . But for the operation of rocket engines, air is not needed at all! =))

Answer from Selg Samitter[guru]
it's good to laugh at the poor. it's a sin.

Answer from Aloprort Dorpaolrvyp[newbie]
Well, after all, it has long been known that this is all a production, the Americans officially recognized that they were not on the moon, Armstrong was filmed in the studio. now they are preparing a flight to the moon in order to rehabilitate themselves and prove to everyone that they really will be the first to land on the moon

Answer from New[guru]
They pedaled

Answer from Yo.[guru]
they had everything. . Have you ever heard of liquid oxygen? ? 😉

Throughout 2010, American popular science channels "discovery" continued to display massive documentaries on the landing of Americans on the moon.

A lot of details and a lot of interesting things about this supposedly amazing mission have been demonstrated this year.

But what really?

Since childhood, every boy of my generation dreamed of becoming an astronaut and surf the expanses of space. Or become a designer and create spaceships. And I was just like everyone else.

But my dreams were lucky to come true. In 1983, I entered the institute, where they began to teach us how to design the very rocket engines on which the process of space exploration is going on.

I am infinitely grateful to my teachers, who were able to instill in me (as well as all my classmates) this subtle feeling, which allows me to treat iron and various chemicals as something alive, having its own character and its own capabilities. Taught to invent, design and analyze.

Time has passed. And in the summer of 2010, while watching another American film about the landing on the moon, I became interested in an interview with Neil Armstrong- the first of the people who, according to the United States, landed on the surface of the Earth's satellite. Neil, aged and, it seems, wiser, answering a journalist's question, passionately told what impression the lunar soil made on him when landing:

“He was like powder! Like talc! Small-small. Only here is the smell ... It smelled so disgusting from him, as if something had burned down. It's like burning rubber...

After these words, my wife and I looked at each other in bewilderment, and after silence she asked: “ But are the spacesuits not tight? »

This case became another “pebble” that turned the bowl of my “scales” into the plane of complete skepticism regarding the authenticity of the "US lunar mission".

The fact is that in another popular science TV show - "Destroyers of Legends" (USA) - its participants, with the help of specialists from NASA and the opportunities provided by this agency, consistently recreated in Earth conditions all the controversial moments that illustrate the "lunar mission".

These are long jumps, and a swinging flag, and intricate running on the surface of the moon, and much more. It has been clearly proven that all this can be done on Earth without much difficulty.

But personally, I want to elaborate on just one hard fact: was it possible for the American lunar module flight module to take off from the surface of the moon?

Takeoff from any surface of the planet is carried out using a jet engine, the thrust of which must be sufficient to overcome the gravity of the planet and lift the weight of the aircraft.

A simple school formula is known to everyone: force is equal to mass times acceleration. The force with which the spacecraft presses on the surface of the Earth (is attracted to it) is the weight of the apparatus. It is equal to the mass of the apparatus, multiplied by the acceleration of free fall on a particular planet. Mass - the value that is indicated in the passport for each device.

The force of a running engine that lifts a craft is called thrust. For the spacecraft to take off, the thrust must be greater than the weight of the spacecraft on a particular planet.

In addition, a reserve is needed that will provide the acceleration necessary for the aircraft to achieve the so-called first space velocity - the speed at which the apparatus can enter a near-planetary orbit. The lunar module also had to reach this speed in order to be picked up by the return vehicle in orbit of the Moon.

Under Earth conditions, the thrust of the engine can exceed the mass of the rocket by ten times, as, for example, the engine of the first stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle participating in that American space flight. A rocket weighing 3 million kilograms (3 thousand tons), overcoming the acceleration of free fall of 9.8 m / s2, was accelerated to the first space velocity by an engine with a thrust of 34 million Newtons. That is, the engine thrust of 34,000,000 Newtons is equal to: 3,000,000 kg times 9.8 m/s2 plus a margin of 10 - 15 percent.

According to the published performance characteristics, the lunar module (USA) has a total mass of 16.5 thousand kilograms, the mass of the landing compartment is 11.7 thousand kilograms, the mass of the take-off compartment is about 4.5 thousand kilograms; the takeoff stage engine has a thrust of 1590 newtons. According to the above formula, such a thrust can lift on the Moon, where the acceleration of free fall is 1.62 m/s2, an apparatus weighing only 980 kilograms.

Thus, the take-off compartment of the Lunar mission weighing 4599 kilograms cannot be lifted from the Moon by an engine with a thrust of 1590 Newtons. Moreover, the same module, all the more, could not fly under terrestrial conditions, because the lack of engine thrust on Earth was exacerbated here by another five times.

Therefore, no Americans flew to any moon, or at least they definitely did not return from it.

For what reasons Soviet space explorers agreed to recognize this "flight", we are not even interested, because this does not affect the very possibility of implementing the Lunar mission.

But the fact that the takeoff compartment of the American lunar module did not have an appropriate engine, and also did not even have fuel and oxidizer tanks in its design, is eloquently explained by the fact that the average age of four hundred employees of the American Lunar Mission Control Center was 26 years old. These are young specialists, without work experience, without skills, without the necessary technical literacy. The oldest of them was 36 years old, in order to compensate for his age, three people who were still 18 years old had to work at the Center.

And this “kindergarten” allegedly accomplished what, after almost half a century, NASA still cannot do. In what secret laboratories like "NASA-Hollywood" Neil Armstrong sniffed the "lunar soil", one can only guess.

Andrey Tyunyaev