Construction of new railways. How the railroad was built How the railroad was built

Classification of types of railway construction

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Railroad construction is

Construction of new railways;

Construction of second tracks;

Railway electrification;

Reconstruction (reconstruction) of existing railways;

Reorganization of stations and nodes.

Newly built railways are divided into universal and specialized.

Universal railways are intended both for the transportation of passengers and cargo for various purposes (oil, coal, timber, engineering products, building structures, etc.). Most of the railways already built and newly built are just like that.

According to their power, purpose and mechanical equipment, railways are divided into pioneer,

connecting,

unloading;

built immediately to design capacity or with the expectation of its phased increase;

having diesel or electric locomotive traction.

In addition, railways can be divided into those built for normal gauge (1520 mm), European (1435 mm) and narrow (760 mm).

Pioneer railways are built mainly for the development of developing areas. Bandwidth they are relatively small - up to 1 million tons of cargo per year. However, when designing them, one should take into account the subsequent increase in cargo turnover - the possibility of opening additional separate points, an increase in the useful length of receiving and departure routes; the parameters of the substructure of the track (subgrade, culverts) must comply with the design standards for category I and II railways. On difficult sections, the pioneer railway can be laid along long-term detours.

Connecting railways are designed to reduce the length of the run of goods, reduce the time spent by passengers on the road. The power of such a road, as a rule, should correspond to the power of the lines it connects. How connecting roads were built: Astrakhan-Guriev, Beineu-Kungrad and others.

In a number of cases, instead of strengthening the capacity of the existing railway, it is advisable to build another line in the same direction, but along a different route, - an unloading line. When transferring individual highways to high-speed passenger trains, freight flows from them are switched to other lines newly built for this purpose or to existing ones that need to be further reconstructed. So, one of the purposes of the Baikal-Amur Mainline was, in essence, the unloading of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Freight traffic from the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway was transferred to the Sankovskoye direction.

Railways can be built immediately to full capacity, if the productivity of the enterprise for whose cargo transportation they are intended is known in advance. Commercial railways owned by private owners (investors) are immediately put into permanent operation completely finished (“turnkey”) so that in the future there will be no problems with their strengthening.

The capacity of newly built railways can be increased in stages.

At the first stage, the line is rented in the volume of the launch complex, the minimum required for the opening of permanent train traffic (the volume and cost of the work performed is 70-80% of the design). The purpose of such a line (in general, a pioneer one) is the transportation of goods for the construction of enterprises, the development of an uninhabited area, etc. In the future, as the readiness of enterprises, the completion of the construction of cities and towns, its capacity is brought to the design one.

Depending on the design freight turnover, the line can be built for diesel or electric traction.

As a rule, universal railways are initially built single-track. However, in some cases, if it is necessary to ensure a large freight turnover, the railway can be built immediately for two tracks with simultaneous electrification. At the end of the XIX century. near a number of roads, the lower structure was built immediately for two tracks (for the future), and the upper structure was arranged as a single track.

Narrow gauge railways in Lately practically never built. Existing roads in some directions are being transferred to a normal gauge everywhere. So, in the 60s. during the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan were originally built narrow gauge roads, but almost immediately they were transferred to the normal gauge of 1520 mm. For a long time, the Chudovo-Novgorod narrow-gauge railway was in operation. Separate logging lines are still in operation. Narrow gauge is used on children's railways. However, there are already significant difficulties here - the rolling stock, the elements of the superstructure of the track (rails, switches) are worn out, and new structures are not produced by industry.

Specialized newly built railways can be designed (and suitably equipped) for the transportation of one (general) type of cargo (coal, oil, timber). On such lines, heavy, specialized rolling stock of great length is used in circulation. Weight loads on the track reach up to 30 tons per axle. The ego determines the increased power of the upper structure. Increased requirements are imposed on subgrade soils, methods of its compaction and structures. Such lines can be built under two tracks at once. There are significant features in the design of stations and nodes (especially those designed to receive goods from suppliers and transfer them to consumers).

High-speed and high-speed Railways also have a number of features. If the first ones allow freight transportation, then the second ones are intended only for the transportation of passengers. High-speed railways include those with passenger train speeds up to 250 km/h, and high-speed railways up to 350 km/h.

Construction of second tracks

One of the main ways to increase the throughput and carrying capacity of existing railways is construction of the second tracks.

It is advisable to organize the construction of a second track in all directions at once. At the same time, the problem of increasing the throughput of the line is being solved in the future. The organization of construction is also facilitated - the units systematically move from one stage (section) to another. Construction can be carried out according to single or multi-beam schemes, with sequential commissioning of limiting spans into permanent operation.

With insufficient material resources, it is possible to initially build double-track inserts on limiting spans, subsequently, after a relatively long time, connecting them into continuous second tracks.

Recently, in order to reduce the duration of construction, construction has been practiced on a wide front. At the same time, contract and design documentation is prepared for each individual haul. Tenders are being held for the performance of work on it, after which work on hauls is carried out simultaneously by several contractors.

Decide railway network what length do you want to build. The length of the network is not limited, but you need to know approximately how many blocks it will take and how many rails it will take.

Try to walk from the supposed beginning of the railroad to its end. This will help you plan your route and also find out what obstacles are in the way.

Remember the components of the railroad. To build a rail network, you need four basic elements:

Trolley- means of transportation on rails.
rails- ordinary rails along which the trolley moves.
Electric rails- rails that are activated by a red stone and speed up the minecart (or prevent it from slowing down). If the electric rails are not activated with redstone, they will slow down (and eventually stop) the cart.
Red torches- power supply for every 14 electric rails. Such torches are not needed for conventional rails.

Gather the necessary resources. To create a rail network, you will need the following items:

iron ingots- every 16 rails can be crafted from six iron ingots. The cart is made from five iron ingots. To get iron ingots, smelt iron ore in a furnace.
Sticks- for every 16 rails you will need one stick. You also need one stick to craft one lever and one red torch. To get four sticks, add two planks (one above the other) to the workbench.
gold bars- are used to create electrical rails. For every six such rails, it will take six gold bars. To get one gold ingot, smelt gold ore in a furnace.
Red stone- Mine a redstone with an iron pickaxe (or better).
Cobblestone- to create one lever you will need one cobblestone.

Open the workbench. To do this, put it on the ground and right-click.

Create a cart. Add one iron ingot each to the top left, top right, middle left, center, and middle right slots of the workbench, and then drag the crafted cart into your inventory.

Craft the rails. Add one iron ingot to each slot of the left and right columns of the workbench, add one stick to the center slot, and then drag the rails into your inventory.

You get 16 rails; if more rails need to be crafted, increase the crafting ingredients accordingly.
On the console, go to the "Redstone and Vehicles" tab, select the "Rails" option and press "A" or "X" until you have created enough rails.

Craft electric rails. Such rails need much less than usual. Add one gold ingot to each slot of the left and right columns of the workbench, add one stick to the center slot, and then add one redstone to the bottom middle slot. Now drag the electrical rails into your inventory.

This will craft 6 electric rails; if you need to create more of these rails, increase the crafting ingredients accordingly.
On the console, go to the "Redstone and Vehicles" tab, select the "Rails" option, scroll down to the "Electric Rails" option and press "A" or "X" until you have created enough rails.

Classification of types of railway construction

Railroad construction is

Construction of new railways;

Construction of second tracks;

Railway electrification;

Reconstruction (reconstruction) of existing railways;

Reorganization of stations and nodes.

Newly built railways are divided into:

Universal

Specialized.

Construction of new railways

According to their capacity, purpose and mechanical equipment, railways are divided into:

pioneer,

connecting,

unloading;

built immediately to design capacity or with the expectation of its phased increase;

having diesel or electric locomotive traction.

In addition, railways can be divided into those built for normal gauge (1520 mm), European (1435 mm) and narrow (760 mm).

Pioneer railways are built mainly for the development of developing areas. Their carrying capacity is relatively small - up to 1 million tons of cargo per year.

However, when designing them, one should take into account the subsequent increase in cargo turnover - the possibility of opening additional separate points, an increase in the useful length of receiving and departure routes; the parameters of the substructure of the track (subgrade, culverts) must comply with the design standards for category I and II railways. On difficult sections, the pioneer railway can be laid along long-term detours.

In some cases, instead of strengthening the capacity of the existing railway, it is advisable to build another line in the same direction, but along a different route - unloading. When transferring individual highways to high-speed passenger trains, freight flows from them are switched to other lines newly built for this purpose or to existing ones that need to be further reconstructed. So, one of the purposes of the Baikal-Amur Mainline was, in essence, the unloading of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Freight traffic from the St. Petersburg-Moscow railway was transferred to the Sankovskoye direction.

The capacity of newly built railways can be increased in stages.

Depending on the project cargo turnover, the line can be built under locomotive or electric traction.

Narrow-gauge railways have not been built in recent years. Existing roads in some directions are being transferred to a normal gauge everywhere. So, in the 60s. During the development of virgin lands in Kazakhstan, narrow-gauge roads were initially built, but almost immediately they were transferred to a normal gauge of 1520 mm. For a long time, the Chudovo-Novgorod narrow-gauge railway was in operation.

Separate logging lines are still in operation. Narrow gauge is used on children's railways. However, there are already significant difficulties here - the rolling stock, the elements of the superstructure of the track (rails, switches) are worn out, and new structures are not produced by industry.

As in all times, the construction of railways was a strategically important aspect of the life of every country. This is a really serious area of construction, which includes not only the design plans for the future railway and the implementation construction works, but also, directly, the very introduction of the railway track into operation.

Engineers and workers

The main point in the construction of railways is the accuracy and coherence of the actions of the workers who were entrusted with this process. A significant role is played in the construction of railways by employees of the engineering and technical department staff, who should be just experts in their field and know all the nuances of this process in order to minimize the appearance unforeseen situations. The construction of railways does not tolerate blots and mistakes, and even more so, low-quality materials, the use of which can lead to breakdowns on the railway, and as a result, the lost lives of people. It is necessary to coordinate all the points that relate to the construction of railways in a particular region, district, to clearly assess the possibility of carrying out construction work in the indicated place.

The construction of railways implies, first of all, the availability of professional personnel who are able to bring any railway project to life. They are required to have special knowledge and skills in this area. In addition to the necessary package of permits, the construction of railways requires the use of resources of special equipment, such as lifting and earth-moving machines, transport and specialized machines that have both road and rail tracks. In addition, it is imperative to have a repair and mechanical workshop and a special storage room in reserve for troubleshooting that may appear during the construction of the railway. Only under the condition that all these points are fulfilled, the work on the construction of railways can be carried out with high quality and within a certain time frame.

Material requirements

The construction of railways is carried out with high quality only if specialized materials are available. High Quality such as geotextiles. Geotextile material, in recent years, has been widely used in the construction of railways. It can perform the function of reinforcing the soil structure, which has a low bearing capacity, strengthen retaining walls and steep slopes, and perform the function of a technological layer. Geotextiles can also be used as a filtering layer in a drainage structure and used as an effective protective layer against metal corrosion.

Geotextile material in the construction of railways is used to stabilize under the ballast layers of the railway, and also significantly improves the operational characteristics of the railway track. Geofabrics have the property of strength, reinforcing unstable soils and can significantly reduce both the construction time of railways and significantly reduce the cost of building a railway.

Job Requirements

Building railroads is an exciting but very difficult process. this work eliminates the possibility of even the smallest error or mistake - only in this case the railway will be built in accordance with all norms and standards. Equally important is the quality of reinforced concrete structures and welded metal structures, as well as railway equipment, which form the basis of railway construction. You should not save on building materials for the railway and purchase the necessary structures only from specialized manufacturing plants that have a narrow railway specialization.

From the correct combination of these points - the clarity of the actions of workers and engineers, the coherence of the work process, the high quality of the necessary materials that are needed for the construction of railways - depends on the suitability and durability of the railway. At stake is not only the reputation of the engineering bureau and the contractor, but most importantly, the human lives of people who will use the services of railway transport and the railway.

Education of engineers

Today, it can be said that a large number of railroad design engineers come from the railroad modeling schools. Every child in childhood, not just a boy, dreamed of his own railway. Railway construction in children's version has always been and is a popular and very exciting activity. Most of the boys, and even some of the girls, attend modeling school, which instills in them many skills and abilities. Such circles and schools, which teach children and teenagers how to build railways in a reduced format, perform several very important functions that allow the child to develop himself comprehensively. Children experience the world from an adult perspective. They carefully study all the smallest details of the railway, learn attentiveness and responsibility, and also develop perseverance and logic. Children from the past transfer these skills and abilities to the adult present and become excellent and inventive design engineers who are responsible for their work, and most importantly, they love it and are devoted to their vocation.

It is safe to say that most of the parents in their childhood spent more than one hour building railways, which were almost the most expensive of all the gifts offered. The construction of railways allows you to develop the imagination, and even the child's attitude to the world and society, through the distribution of roles in this process.

History of road construction in Russia

If we turn to the history of the construction of railways in Russia, we will see that the railway was really the most important for the country. He connected large shopping centers, to which it was simply impossible and difficult to get to and deliver the goods by simple road transport, which, moreover, was not a cheap pleasure. Therefore, the construction of railways has always been a priority for each of the developed countries of the world.

The first railway line that was laid in Russia was about two kilometers long and was based on horse traction. Then the next railway track was built in the Urals, which was already based on steam traction. These short railway tracks were laid out of necessity to transport products from the factories of the Urals. The very first full-fledged operating railway was a route that connected several settlements- Petersburg, Tsarskoye Selo and Pavlovskoye. The total mileage was only 26 kilometers.

Initially, the construction of railways was carried out, which satisfied the strategic interest Russian Empire. Then the railways were built to supply raw materials to factories and factories, after the railway served for military purposes - transportation military equipment, and only much later, approximately, after the revolution of 1917, the railway was open to consumers and everyone. At that time, it was the fastest and most affordable transport for the population of the country. The construction of railways took place where people did not even dream of seeing it.

The construction of railways made it possible to establish basic strategic and commercial ties not only in the middle of the country, but also beyond its borders. The construction of railways began to be actively implemented with the massive development of trade and market relations between countries and regions of the country. Railway transport is the most accessible and popular transport. Every year the need for the construction of new railways increases.

Therefore, the construction of railways is not only a priority in construction, but also a fairly profitable area.

Having slightly opened one more page of history, we will be able to plunge into 1935, when the idea of building a railway for children arose. The first children's railway was built in Tbilisi. But this is not exactly a children's toy road - this is a full-fledged railway project, which was supposed to become an analogue of a real railway. After the first railway line, they began to build such roads throughout the Soviet Union.

The history of the children's railway in Kyiv

So, let's take a closer look at the history of the Children's Railways of the city of Kyiv.

Initially, it was assumed that the construction of a railway for children would have a total length of rails of three kilometers. In addition, this project included the construction of several railway stations, the necessary depot, a water tower and two bridges with a tunnel. That is, the plans of the engineers and the project management were to create a real railway track for children with all the necessary facilities.

Directly, the construction of the railway could not do without rolling stock, which included a steam locomotive, a diesel locomotive, an electric locomotive and nine trailers of various types, which were made of wood. The most interesting thing is that this project plan also included the construction of a specially equipped children's highway, a small children's river port, which would become part of the children's railway. But due to some circumstances, the construction of the railway for children and adolescents was not successful.

The second stage of the construction of the children's railway surfaced in the post-war period. Approximately, in 1950, the project of building a railway for children was again actively discussed. But the very direction of the railway tracks was chosen, rather unsuccessfully - the railway was supposed to pass through the territory of Babi Yar, which was categorically impossible to carry out due to the events of the war years that took place on this territory. The dispute over the location of the railroad tracks dragged on for two long years. But in 1952, finally, permission to build a children's railway was received and approved.

Like the construction of full-size and purpose railroads, the children's railroad was supposed to be a full-fledged copy of a conventional railroad. The first mileage of the children's railway was 1.9 kilometers. In addition, according to the project plan, a railway station was built, called "Technical", as well as the main railway track, the presence of a bypass track, a dead end, which included a viewing ditch. All the details that were taken into account during the construction of the railway were natural and valid. It was a real railway, only for the use of children.

When Malaya South-Western celebrated its anniversary, the children's railway increased its mileage - it was increased to three kilometers. At the same time. Mostremonttunnel built a special throughput viaduct, which was laid through the ravine. A hundred meters long and almost twenty meters high - it was almost the grandest engineering building.

Further construction of the railway for children was marked by the appearance of several new railway stations - Komsomolskaya and Pionerskaya. Unfortunately, at that time, there was no necessary turning track at the Komsomolskaya station, so the locomotive had to follow the tender forward. Also, the construction of the railway included the installation of a mandatory semaphore with compensators and a remote drive, which was activated with the help of a station attendant.

The railway track was equipped with all the necessary details - special markings that did not deviate from the standards, picket and kilometer poles, an indicator of the slope and radius of the curve, a sign that announced the starting line and the final line of the braking distance. At the heart of the construction of the railway was laid the electric train movement system.

In 1950, a specially manufactured diesel locomotive, TU1-001 series, was added to the railway construction project. A little later, a diesel locomotive TU2-021 was added to it. Until that moment, trains on the children's railway used wooden wagons, but now they have been reconstructed and completely new all-metal wagons have appeared, which were stronger and more durable.

But in 1960, the construction of a children's railway was again threatened with closure - it was necessary to transfer this railway line due to active construction work in the Voleikiv region. It was proposed to move the road to the VDNKh area, but the local authorities prevented this, since about 1,500 units of green spaces would have to be destroyed. Long disputes about the transfer of the railway track ended with the fact that the construction of the railway remained in its original place, only in a slightly shortened version.

In subsequent years, the Komsomolskaya station was completely disbanded - it took a place for the construction of a hospital complex. Now the total mileage of the railway was about 2.8 kilometers. Already by 1986, the project for the construction of a railway for children was further curtailed - it was marked by the elimination of the small ring of train traffic.

Around the same time, the rolling stock of the train was updated - new PV51 trailers were manufactured. But they were of lower quality than the previous ones, and could not last long. The same fate befell the new diesel locomotives TU7A and TU7A-3197, which ended up with a factory defect in the diesel system, which led to its downtime on the siding.

The years that followed brought the children's railroad project to the brink of shutting down because there wasn't enough money to keep it going. The staff of this rolling stock was reduced. This project did not have a bright future ahead - as it turned out, the interests of the authorities changed over time. Diesel locomotives are now at the service of foreign tourists. In view of the fact that the Pionerskaya station burned to the ground as a result of a fire, and the locomotive was unexpectedly scrapped, the children's railway construction project was on the verge of complete destruction, as it was already unprofitable for the city. In addition, there were not isolated cases of safety violations - the children tried to ride on the footboard of the car while the train was moving, which was strictly prohibited.

On the this moment, the railway for children was restored, a reserve steam locomotive was put into operation, which now has a bright red locomotive color and it follows the city on exclusively holidays and solemn days.

As you can see, the construction of railways includes not only the modeling and construction of a real railway, but the efforts of the same once young railway workers made it possible to bring to life a unique railway construction project specifically for children. This is a truly unique and very useful project that gave children joy and unforgettable experiences.

Like any construction of railways, this project required great dedication from the project managers and workers who were directly involved in its implementation. Thanks to these enthusiasts, we can now enjoy his work.

conclusions

To summarize, the construction of railways is a necessary and unique process. Many children are still passionate about railway modeling, in the hope that someday they will take the place of the leading designers and engineers of the railway.