There are two types of participles.

The first is when the participle expresses an action that refers to the subject of the whole sentence.

Being a good surgeon he made complex operations.
Being a good surgeon, he performed complex operations.

having lost his money he could buy nothing.
Having lost money, he could not buy anything.

In these sentences, the participles being and having lost refer to and depend on the subject he (there is no other subject in these sentences), so this participial dependent (on its subject). In Russian, it corresponds to the adverbial turnover.

The second type of participial turnover is when the participle has its own, independent subject, expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, and does not depend on the subject of the whole sentence. Such a participial phrase, which has its own subject, is called an independent participial phrase.

Doctor Ivanov being a good surgeon, the operation lasted only two hours.
Since Dr. Ivanov is a good surgeon, the operation lasted only two hours.

The boy having lost his money, a new magazine wasn't bought.
The boy lost money, a new magazine was not bought (did not buy).

In these two sentences, each participle - being and having lost - has its own subject: Doctor Ivanov and the boy, which are not related to the subject of the whole sentence.

The independent participial turnover performs in the sentence the role of the circumstance of time, cause or condition and is separated from the main part of the sentence by a comma.

The independent participial turnover translates:

1. Adnexal adverbial clause with unions because, since, in view of the fact that; after, if the independent participial turnover precedes the main part of the sentence.

The weather being fine, we went out for a walk.
Since the weather was good, we went for a walk.

The student knowing English well, the teacher asked him to meet the delegation.
Since the student knew English well, the teacher asked him to meet the delegation.

2. Independent proposal with unions and, moreover, at that time like, if the independent participial turnover is after the main part of the sentence.

He helps me with physics, I helping him with mathematics.
He helps me in physics, and I help him in mathematics.

The Belarusian girls won the competition, the Polish athletes placing second.
The Belarusian girls won the competition, while the Polish athletes took second place.

The participle in an independent participial turnover can be in any form: Participle I, Participle II, Perfect Participle.

Participle I/Present Participle is translated by the present tense verb if the predicate of the main clause is expressed by the present tense verb.

Nick is translating an English text, we watch a TV program.
While Nick is translating the English text, we are watching TV.

If the predicate of the main clause is expressed by the verb in the past tense, then Participle I is usually translated by the verb in the past tense. But if Participle I expresses an action that coincides with the moment of speech, it can be conveyed in Russian by a phrase in the present tense.

Nick was translating an English text, we watch a TV program.
Nikolay translated the English text, we watched TV.

The steamer could not enter dock, its length exceeding 120 metres.
The ship could not enter the dock, as it is over 120 meters long.

The verb to be in passive form may be omitted in independent circulation.

Good afternoon dear friends!

Today let's talk about business English. About the one you use in business correspondence, during important negotiations and meetings. There are many grammatical constructions that will help make your speech more formal, one of them is the participial phrase in English.

From this article you will learn:

Let's remember what it is

If you have forgotten what a participle is, let me remind you - this is a part of speech formed from a verb that characterizes a person or object. In Russian, for example, they look like this: playing, singing. In English they are of two types. In order to get the first one, we add the ending -ing to the verb: sing - singing, walk - walking.

For the second - add the ending -ed or select a verb from the third column of incorrect ones: go - gone, stop - stopped.
When a whole phrase is formed from the sacrament, we already have a participle turnover. Have you been repeating our past about the possessive form in English?

Two types of participles

There are two types of participial phrases in English: dependent and independent.
Let's look at the second one first. This is a fairly capacious topic, as they perform different functions. In addition, independent ones are also called absolute or independent. All this is because they have their own subject, which differs from the main sentence. Very rarely they can be found in colloquial speech, most often in business correspondence, negotiations or scientific literature.

They perform the functions of circumstances:

1. Condition. That is, when an action is performed when a certain condition is met. Examples of sentences with an independent participial turnover: Weather permitting, the works will start next week (If the weather permits, work will begin next week). The plan failing, we will have to start everything again (If the plan fails, we will have to start all over again). The constructions we are considering are highlighted in bold.
2. Causes. When one event happened because of another. It being raining heavily, we had to cancel our plans (Due to the fact that it was raining heavily, we had to cancel our plans). He being late for the meeting, the boss was disappointed. (Because he was late for the meeting, the boss was disappointed.)
3. Time. One event followed another. The lesson having finished, all children went outside (After the lesson ended, all the children went outside).
4. Action pattern. In this case, the action that occurred in the main part of the sentence is characterized. She looked at me with her eyes wide open (She looked at me with her eyes wide open).

Examples of independent participle turnover

The first type - dependent participial turnover is characterized by the fact that it does not have its own subject, it depends on the main part. Such sentences are translated into Russian as adverbial phrases. For example, They were looking at her smiling (They looked at her smiling). John was working happily singing (John worked happily singing). Did you miss the plural lesson?

Subscribe to the blog, find even more useful articles and rules, and you will also receive as a gift a basic phrasebook in three languages, English, German and French. The main plus is that there is a Russian transcription, therefore, even without knowing the language, you can easily master colloquial phrases.

In this group, a separate type can be distinguished - subjective participial turnover.
The scheme of its construction is as follows: subject + was / were + PastParticiple + verb with the ending -ing.

For example, She was found cheating at the exam (She was found cheating on the exam). They were heard shouting loudly (They were heard screaming loudly). Haven't forgotten our past yet?

Subject participial turnover

As for punctuation, most often the independent is distinguished by commas on both sides, but the dependent is not.
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I was with you, a philologist of the English language, Ekaterina Martynova.
I wish you good mood!

Today you will get acquainted with the sacrament and understand why it can simultaneously give literary, virtuosity, and brevity to the English language. We will compare it with similar Russian forms in terms of application and capabilities. Looking ahead, I will say that there are even more opportunities for participles in English than in Russian, and when you understand this, you will be happy to use them.

Features of the use of the sacrament

The participle in English is (like the gerund and the infinitive) the non-personal form of the verb, that is, it is not conjugated either by persons or by numbers. It can combine the properties of a verb, adjective and adverb

Here are two versions of the same sentence:

1. I went to the ticket office, which had just opened, and bought a ticket for the train, which follows the route Moscow - Novosibirsk
2. Going to the newly opened ticket office, I bought a ticket for the Moscow-Novosibirsk route.

Not only was the sentence in the second version reduced by as much as five words, it stopped cutting the ear. And all this thanks to two participles:

• open, next

and one gerund:

• coming up

In English, formally there are no gerunds, but in fact we will have to distinguish them in order to build sentences correctly. And it is convenient to do this precisely on the questions that we pose in Russian:

• For communion:
  • what doing(imperfect species)
  • what did(perfect view)
• For adverb:
  • what doing(imperfect species)
  • what having done(perfect view)

Let's see how it works in English.

Types of English participles

There are two types of participles in English:

1. Participle 1 The present participle has two forms:
   Present Participle Simple - simple participle
   Present Participle Perfect - perfect participle
2. Participle 2 or Participle Past - past participle

Unlike Participle 1, Participle 2 has only a passive voice (the object in the role of the subject cannot itself perform an active action)
The rules of formation in affirmative and negative sentences, together with examples, are presented in the form of a table.

Analogy between English and Russian participles and gerunds

It is clearly visible from this diagram:

• Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action that occurs simultaneously with the main action expressed by the predicate, and answers the questions:
  which,
  corresponding to the Russian participle:
  
  • drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
  • drawable ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,

  how, in what way,
  
  

  • drawing ( drawing) - Active Voice
  • being drawn ( being drawn) - Passive Voice,

  In the passive voice (Passive Voice) Participle 1 Simple is used to express an action experienced by the subject or object

• Participle 1 Perfect is used in both voices to express the action preceding the predicate, and answers various questions about the circumstances of time and reason, for example:
  when, in connection with what, under what circumstances etc.,
  corresponding to the Russian gerund:
  • He left the workshop when? - Drawing ( drawing) picture
  • The painting was sent to the exhibition in connection with which? — being drawn ( having been drawn).

  As you noticed, the literal translation of the English passive participle into Russian looks indigestible, so the option is acceptable here:

  • When the picture was painted
• Participle 2 Past is used only in the passive voice to express a past action and basically answers the question:
  • what picture- drawn ( drawn)

  However, there are times when other questions can be asked:

  • Drawn many years ago the picture needed in the restoration. — Since the picture was drawn many years ago, it needed restoration.

  Why Is the painting in need of restoration? — Since it was drawn many years ago

Participle and adverbial phrases

The participle in English, associated with other parts of speech, forms participial and (as an analogy) participle turnover.

What turnover is before us, we can also judge by the function of the participle in the sentence.
Most often, attributive turns are participles, and adverbials are participles, with the exception of Participle 2 Past: there are no analogies with gerunds here.

Participle Functions in a Sentence

Participles can be:

The semantic verb of the tense form:

• Participle 1 - Continuous and Perfect Continuous groups
• Communion 2 - Perfect groups

Definition:

• Participle 1 Simple:
  • Active Voice: We saw a plane soaring into the sky. We saw a plane taking off into the sky.
  • Passive Voice: The book being waited in the literary community promises to be interesting. - The book, expected in the literary community, promises to be interesting
• Participle 2 Past
  • The lesson learned yesterday went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.

  Learned here it may not be part of a turnover, but a separate adjective when it comes before a noun:

  • The learned yesterday lesson went to the benefit of the student. — The lesson learned yesterday was good for the student.
  • My broken life nobody cares. - My broken life does not bother anyone
• Participle 1 Perfect never acts as a definition, which cannot be said about the Russian analogue of this perfect English form- perfect past participle (it differs by the suffix -vsh)
  • We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law. — We remember the name of the scientist who discovered this law.

  Instead of a participle, in the English version - a subordinate clause

circumstance of time:

• Participle 1 Simple
  • Living in India, he became interested in Roerich's pictures. — While living in India, he became interested in Roerich's paintings.
  • Being put in the hospital, he waited an operation with fear. - When he was admitted to the hospital, he was waiting for the operation with fear
• Participle 1 Perfect
  • Having passed the final exam, he went to the rest. Having passed the last exam, he went to rest.
  • Having been grown, flowers decorated our garden. — When the flowers grew, they decorated our garden
• Participle 2 Past
  • When written, the article was published. — When the article was written, it was published

  The use of the participle made it possible to shorten the longer version.

I saw her leaving the house very early this morning.
IsawherpublishedfromHousesearlyin the morning.

• after catch, find, leave, go, come, spend time, waste time, be busy

I caught him looking through my drawers.
Icaughthisprowlinginmyboxes.

Wouldyouliketo comeskiingwithus?
Would you like to ski with us?

Additional revolutions

Participle phrases instead of subordinate clauses are used in official language. Here the subject of the participle and the main verb are the same.

• 2 simultaneous actions of the 1st subject

holding his hand,she led him through the crowd.
holdinghisbehindhand, shespenthisthroughcrowd.

• participial action as an immediate result of the main

I stayed at home watching TV.
I stayed at home for TV viewing

Seeing her on the other side of the road I quickly tried to hide.
Seeing her across the road, I immediately disappeared.

Turning on her computer, she started work.
Turning on the computer, she began to work.

He told her not to eat , explaining that there was a risk of food poisoning.
He forbade her to eat, explaining that the food could be poisoned.

• instead of temporary clauses

Ifeltmuchbetterafterspeakingtoyou - I feel much better after talking with you

I didn't like him on first meeting him .
When we met, I didn't like him.

• instead of causal clauses

being happy with my results,I decided to go out and celebrate.
Happyfromresults, Idecidedtake a walkAndMarkthis .

having lived here all his life, he knows a lot about the town.
Having livedherealla life, is heknowscityinside out.

• instead of compliant clauses

While fully understanding your problem, I can't allow you to break the rules.
AlthoughIfullyI seeYour problem, I can't let you break the rules.

• instead of definitive subject clauses in the present

The woman living next door works for a TV company.
Neighborworkingon theTV.

Past participle turnovers

• instead of passive voice

Loved by all who knew him,he devoted his life to others.
Favoriteeveryonewho knewhis, is hededicateda lifeothers.

lost for many years,the manuscript suddenly turned up again.
Lostmanyyears, manuscriptsuddenlyagainsurfaced.

• after/before/when/since/while/on/by + being+ past participle

after being cleaned,the bike looked good as new.
Aftersinksgreatlookedhownew .

when being questioned,he suddenly burst into tears.
Atinterrogationis hesuddenlyburst into tears.

English Joke

During the worst of the spy-scare period in London a man was brought into the police station, who declared indignantly that he was a well-known American citizen. But his captor denounced him as a German, and offered as proof the hotel register, which he had brought along. He pointed to the signature of the accused. It read.

or “Absolute (independent) participle turnover”

(difficult circumstance)

An independent participial phrase is a combination of a noun in the common case or (less often) a personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, he, she, it, we, you, they) with a participle (any) in which the noun (or pronoun) acts as the subject of relation to the participle, but is not the subject of the whole sentence.

Noun / Pronoun + Participle (any)

In a sentence, the turnover most often takes place before the subject, less often at the end or middle of the sentence, and is always separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence.

Note: In English, participial phrases in the circumstance function are of two types: dependent and independent:

a) dependent - those in which the participle expresses the action related to the subject of the sentence. They correspond to Russian adverbial phrases (reading, knowing, losing ...) and have already been discussed in sections Participle I and Perfect Participle I;

b) independent - those in which the participle has its own subject. They are discussed in this section.

Independent, or independent, participial phrases are common in technical, legal and economic literature, less common in fiction, and almost never used in colloquial speech.
Independent participial phrases perform the function of various circumstances in the sentence (time, cause, mode of action, conditions) and are translated into Russian by a subordinate clause or, less often, by an independent sentence.

1. The circumstance of time corresponds subordinate clause time, most often introduced by unions when, after:

The sun having risen, we continued our way. (Perfect Part.)
After the sun rose, we continued on our way. (time circumstance)

The work having been done, they went home. (Perfect Part. Passive)

Such constructions are typical for scientific and technical literature, and in ordinary speech they use the simple past tense - Past Indefinite in Passive:

When the work was done, they went home.
When the work was finished, they went home.

Between the noun and the participle of an independent turnover, there may be words defining them:
The letter being written, I went to post it. (Participle I, Passive)
When the letter was written, I went to post it.

The letter to her parents being written, she went to post it. (Participle I, Passive)
After the letter to her parents was written, she went to post it.

Sometimes the form of the Participle I, formed from the verb to be (a linking verb in a compound nominal predicate), is omitted in turnover, as it is easy to guess:

The party (being) over, they went home.
The party ended and they went home.

2. Reason circumstance:

The rain having stopped, they went on with their work. (Perfect Part.)
Since the rain stopped, they continued to work.

He coming very late, we had to stay at home.
Since he came very late, we had to stay at home.

The place of a noun in an independent phrase can be taken by the introductory there (is) or the formal subject it:

There being nobody at home, I had dinner alone.
Since there was no one at home, I had lunch alone.

It being late, the children were sent to bed.
Since it was late, the children were sent to bed.

3. circumstance of the condition, in this case, participles formed from verbs are usually used: to permit- allow to fail- to fail, fail

Time permitting, I'll come next week.
If time permits, I will come next week.

Your attempt falling, no one will help us.
If your attempt fails, no one will help us.

4. The circumstance of the course of action or concomitant circumstance, usually found at the end of a sentence, can be introduced with the preposition with:

We went out for a walk, the dog running behind us.
We went for a walk and the dog was running behind us.

She looked at me, her mouth worked.
She looked at me and her lips trembled.

I lay idly in a big chair with my eyes closed.
I lay lazily in a large armchair with my eyes closed.