On August 25, within the framework of the project, a meeting of the focus group "State and prospects of international youth cooperation Russia-Kazakhstan" was held.

Recall that more than 60 people take part in the project events. The initiator of the project is the Children's Public Organization of the Kurgan Region " open world» using funds from the Presidential Grants Fund. The invited party is the Association of Legal Entities " North Kazakhstan Regional Children's Association» from the city of Petropavlovsk.

The third day of the international youth exchange began with a discussion of the participants of the youth delegations from Petropavlovsk and the Kurgan region within the framework of the planned focus group "The state and prospects of international youth cooperation Russia-Kazakhstan".

The organizers of the focus group are teachers of the Humanitarian Institute of Kurgan State University Zakharova Tatiana, Chebanenko Irina, with the participation of the director of the Charitable Foundation "Together with us" Lilia Maslova, candidate of sociological sciences.

The participants, 16 people in total, 8 representatives from each state: civil servants, members of the non-profit sector, leaders of youth organizations and volunteer movement, spoke about their own experience of international exchanges, about the difficulties in building communications with peers from different countries, about successful practices in implementing joint projects in spheres of education, ecology, culture, patriotic education.

The discussion ended with a large set of proposals from the participants on expanding the geography of joint cooperation between young people on an ongoing basis. The materials will be published on the Open World website.

Margarita Raspopova, Kurgan

The decision of the Ministry of Health came after the doctors of City Hospital No. 1 and City Hospital No. 4 reported that they could not cope with the increased workload resulting from the departure of several surgeons from the Demidov Hospital at once. The reason for the departure of the latter, as they say, is the policy of the chief physician and persecution by the Investigative Committee. Some of the doctors have already withdrawn their statements, media reported, citing sources.

Recall that last weekend the governor of the Sverdlovsk region Evgeny Kuyvashev gathered a meeting on the personnel problem in the healthcare sector, at which the problem of Nizhny Tagil surgeons was voiced. Physicians and representatives of trade unions were invited to the meeting.

According to eyewitnesses, at the exit from the Mega shopping center, a Volkswagen driver crashed into a Daewoo Nexia, and a Mazda drove into the Daewoo from behind. A six-year-old boy, who was in the Mazda salon, received a contusion of the abdominal cavity - the restraint saved the child from a more serious injury. He and four people from Daewoo Nexia were taken to the hospital, according to the Yekaterinburg traffic police.

Causes and perpetrators of the accident are established.

According to a RIA-Novosti study, mortgage loans are most in demand in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug and the Tyumen Region: in these regions, there are about 30 mortgages per 1,000 people. Residents of Moscow, Crimea, Sevastopol and Gorny Altai take mortgage loans least of all.

The Sverdlovsk and Kurgan regions ranked 20th and 21st respectively in this indicator. On average, there are about 22 mortgage loans per 1,000 people in the Middle Urals and Trans-Urals. In the Chelyabinsk region, mortgages are taken somewhat less often, the average in the region is 21 mortgages per person, and the average mortgage size is 500 thousand less than in the Sverdlovsk region and 1.3 million less than in Yamal.

According to experts, the last two years there has been an explosive growth in demand for mortgages, 2018 even became a record year for the number of mortgage agreements in the entire history of the country. In 2019, the demand for mortgages decreased markedly, on average, 18 loans are issued per 1,000 economically active population per year.

In forecasting the results of the upcoming September 8 voting in the regions, we publish the details and opinions of Konstantin Kostin, as well as his colleagues in the workshop, on a number of issues that arose during the discussion among journalists.

Recall that the discussion of the course of the election campaign within the framework of the 2nd stage took place in live August 22 under the auspices of the Civil Society Development Fund. The event was attended Konstantin Kostin, Chairman of the Board of the Civil Society Development Fund; Leonid Davydov, head of the expert network and Telegram-channel "Davydov.Index" and Mikhail Vinogradov, President of the Petersburg Politics Foundation.

Elections of heads in 4 "problem" regions. Question: What are the most difficult electoral regions in your opinion and why?

Kostin: More than what we said, I can not add, everything that I wanted to say before, I have already said. Of course, I consider the company in the Vologda region to be quite complex. There, in my opinion, important stages were missed when the rating was supposed to rise. That is, elections are underway, the company is already in a rather active phase, voters are being determined, and the rating of the head of the region is standing still.

There is a candidate from A Just Russia, who was not very well known at the federal level, but then again, who knew Sipyagin, for example, or Konovalov? Furgal was known, he was still a deputy of the State Duma. In this sense, there are opposition-minded voters in the region, there are protest moods, and if we do not accelerate much at the last stage, then, of course, we will be able to see that the company is moving into a competitive scenario, and this is always a risk of a second round.

The second region in terms of complexity, in my opinion, is the Altai Republic. There are now many elections there, and for the head of the region it is always a difficult situation with the combination of companies. There are very strong opposition parties that have strong candidates, these are not only parliamentary parties, but also the Patriots of Russia. Vladimir Vladimirovich, once at one of the meetings he used the apt definition that there one of the representatives of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation is an experienced tournament fighter.

The candidate perfectly understands how to run a company, what he can rely on, what his political infrastructure of the republic (Altai) looks like, how to use the parallel elections. Therefore, he has quite serious opportunities for this protest and the negative attitude towards the authorities that exists in the republic (and this actually came from the previous head of Berdnikov, who had a very low rating). Therefore, the combination of these two factors is a heavy political legacy and the presence of a strong candidate, a representative of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, plus, in general, the combination of elections: the head of the region and the legislative body of the subject.

Kostin: I do not agree with the experts about the Volgograd region, the experts insisted that we put the Volgograd region on the agenda. It simply, in my opinion, has its own specifics, the regional elites are accustomed to a certain liberties and falsely perceived subjectivity.

Bocharov has largely returned this situation to normal, but there is dissatisfaction about this within the elites. But here, unlike the Vladimir region, there is no strong candidate - all the participants in the elections are quite old, there is no one to shake this situation, in my opinion.

As for Astrakhan, I agree that the situation is such that the interim went into the campaign "on wheels", the company was practically going, it was in the summer. But he has a very good rating dynamics, the whole question is whether he will be able to maintain this rating dynamics, if this is the case, then he will have one of the best results. And the whole question is how much Shein's voters will listen to him. Now he is in a certain constructive position in relation to the acting, but, nevertheless, when the "leaders" stop telling their voters what they want to hear, the voters act in their own way.

Here are four problem areas at the moment.

Sakhalin. Question: Why do you think that there will not be a second round?

Kostin: Because we see what today's ratings are and we see, again, the ratings of opponents. To talk about the second round, we need high ratings of competitors, an unfavorable factor of social well-being, or something else. There is no such thing.

MHD-2019. Question: Tell us about priority constituencies in Moscow

Kostin: I do not want to deliberately go into detail about this, so that in these discussions that are going on among the irreconcilable opposition, so as not to add fuel to the fire and not to simplify, so to speak, the situation.

We have named several districts, they have even been published. I don’t want to voice the rest, because whoever wants to arrange a smart vote, let them look for these constituencies themselves, and we will tell about them in the last week of the elections, before that we don’t want to make life easier for anyone. After all, we are analysts and do not participate in the political struggle.

If we talk about smart voting, there will be a guessing game. It is necessary to find out where in which constituency there is an opposition candidate with good chances, and declare his support. Moreover, the political position, as well as the candidate himself, are often not important, it does not matter at all. He will be supported because he has some hypothetical chance of winning against the target candidate.

Therefore, now there will be no specifics, but three days before the elections we will clearly name which constituencies should be considered which, indicating the candidates who have waged an equal fight for the past two weeks.

Question from Anastasia Melnikova: Please tell me, how could you predict, after the elections to the Moscow City Duma are held, is there a possibility of a second protest wave?

Davydov: The wave does not depend much on whether people are tired of going to protests or not, there would be interest, as they say ... Everything fades, since there is no consolidating idea. Therefore, it does not depend on whether there will be a second wave or not, that is, on the result of the elections, I mean.

Kostin: You understand, those who made the protest were not going to change anything. In all these protests, the reason was very small. One of the dissonances of this action was, for example, the intensity of rhetoric and the insignificance of the occasion.

Kostin: I don't think there will be any protests. But you understand, if someone needs ...

… and yet: about the forecast of protest activity?

Vinogradov: There are two important variables that make it possible to veil the prediction of the protest. First, has the protest movement learned anything since 2011-2012? Judging by what we saw in the stands the day before, nothing! Performances are disastrously bad. As a rule, the protesters have no agenda in case of defeat.

Second, the action of the state as a factory of informational occasions for mobilization. Everything is quite ambiguous.

Davydov: When there is no agenda - it turns out clowning.

Vinogradov: The protest movement never creates an agenda, the government creates the agenda. The summons factory is not suspended, although the intensity has slightly decreased. Therefore, it is important both in Moscow and in the regions - this is the competition of anti-ratings.

Kostin: In this sense, among the members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, including those participating in the Moscow elections, many people who call for protesters to vote for themselves are accused of participating in foreign interference in the Russian elections. In fact, we support our own executioner in the elections.

Communist Party, Moscow State Duma, prospects for Zyuganov Jr.

Question: Due to the fact that the recent protest actions took place practically without the influence of strong opposition parties, is it possible to conclude that the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party practically merged in this conflict, or are they very weak if they allowed what happened in Moscow to happen? Please evaluate the prospects for the Moscow elections, what will we get as a result? If the parties cannot take the liberty of leading society and allow supposedly oppositionists to stir up the people in Moscow, then what will we get in terms of governance in the city, is this at least? And in this sense, the prospect of Zyuganov Jr.?

Kostin: I would not consider the prospect of Zyuganov Jr. in this context as a whole, this is a new formulation of the problem. I think he has a good chance of being elected.

I would divide the protests: natural interest and political activity. Activity created by a certain event agenda, as well as certain technological actions. All of these things need to be shared.

What do you think the opposition parties should be responsible for? They take responsibility to their voters, to those who vote for them. The communists are well represented. What you are talking about are different things.

I am far from thinking that there is a natural part of the people who got involved in these protests for various reasons, the protest group is quite large, but most importantly, there were people who were technologically brought there. For a multi-million metropolis, an action of several thousand people is generally normal ...

Kostin: I liked how Vladimir Vladimirovich said about the “yellow vests”: “This performance political activity has little to do with political activity: it has little to do with elections, with electoral behavior.”

Who benefited from the yellow vest protests in France? Results have improved the far right and the far left. Marine Le Pen and the Communists, respectively, while the Yellow Vests themselves received less than 1%. We have the same. Those who go to rallies don't go to elections very often, this is also an axiom.

On the registration of candidates.

Question: There is an opinion (in particular, Liberal Mission and Golos wrote about this, analyzed the registration of candidates) that this year, compared to last year, there are quite a few cases when representatives of the parliamentary opposition did not register governors in the regions and at the same time registered very many "spoilers" compared to previous years. A good example of this is Transbaikalia, where there is not a single representative of the parliamentary opposition, and Sakhalin, where there are three communists. Do you agree with this opinion? Why is this happening?

Kostin: I don't agree with the statistics because I haven't seen them. In Moscow, pro-government candidates were not all registered, because they could not hand over their signatures.

Well, if we talk about the election of governors, then I believe that such large-scale expert discontent can only exist if these parties have at least 80 percent of the resource to overcome the filter on their own. Another question is that the filter is somehow needed to work as a qualification tool.

By the way, no one talks about the political results of the protests. In 2011 and 2012, the protesters can say that there were at least some results. And the breakdown, respectively, occurred after Putin's victory in the first round, and the fact that they gathered about power rallies, much larger. Nevertheless, the liberalization of party legislation took place, the elections of governors were returned, that is, there was some kind of formal result.

Here people run into their professional career, that is, we need to go to the elections and to the deputies, so that we have a good cabinet, but about the institutional problem, about what let's think about how to do it in order to collect signatures, which exists in all countries as a qualification tool, make it more transparent so that there are fewer controversial points during inspections. I won't use the word "spoiler".

Vinogradov: Of course, the political system is regional, the results of previous elections. It certainly raised my anxiety. From this they try to draw conclusions. Whether not registering a candidate for parliamentary parties is an effective response, guaranteeing against failure in the elections, probably not always. But such is the specific reading of the lessons of the previous company that we see.

The letter notes that the 2018 Animal Cruelty Law prohibits walking dangerous dogs without a leash and a muzzle, but does not provide for punishment for the owner if the animal attacks an outsider.

In the event that his health is slightly harmed, Marat Amanliev proposes to punish the owner with a fine of up to 200 thousand rubles and restriction of freedom for up to six months. If a dog has harmed a person of moderate severity, the amount of the fine can reach up to 400 thousand, but if the pet has caused serious harm to the health of the victim, its owner may face up to three years in prison, in case of death - up to seven years.

“A potentially dangerous dog is actually a kind of weapon that its owner must handle even more carefully than with an ordinary gun or pistol,” the text of the letter says.

Recall that in July Russia approved a list of potentially dangerous dog breeds. It includes Akbash, American Bandog, Ambuldog, Brazilian Bulldog and other breeds of dogs distinguished by aggression and strength. From January 1 next year, these breeds will not be allowed to walk without a leash and a muzzle, except when the owner walks the dog in a private fenced area, with a warning sign.

Taganskaya Square is a legendary place. Artisans once lived here, then they were replaced by merchants. Until the beginning of the 20th century, there was a brisk trade on Taganskaya Square. And its name was associated with the criminal world until a theater opened nearby, which became the most popular in Moscow. The history of Taganskaya Square is the topic of today's article.

Craft settlement

Moscow burned many times. The most famous fire occurred in 1812. Once upon a time, artisans lived in the very center of the capital, making metal coasters for dishes and boilers. But in the 15th century they had to move away from the Kremlin. Their trade was not safe.

In order to prevent another fire, the craftsmen moved to a new area, fenced off from the center by the Moscow River. This event can be considered the beginning of the history of Taganskaya Square.

From what word does the name of the district located in the east of Moscow come from? Tagans are the same products that were produced by the artisans mentioned above. The word is of Tatar origin.

Trading area

In the 16th century, a special defense against the enemy was built on the site where Zemlyanoy Val is today. A high gate was built on Taganskaya Square. From here roads led to Novgorod, Ryazan, Suzdal and Vladimir. Taganskaya Square in Moscow has become quite a popular place among merchants.

In order to get into the city, you had to pay a fee. Traders, in order to save money, stopped near the gate. This is where the sales were made. In the middle of the 17th century, trade from wagons was banned on the central streets. Then one of the most popular market places in Moscow was the square, which today leads to the exit from the Taganskaya metro station.

The area was divided into two parts for a long time. The wooden trading rows burned down during the fire of 1812. It was through Taganskaya Square that Muscovites left the city, fearing the entry of Napoleon's troops. A few years later, stone trading rows were built here. The author of the project was Osip Bove, a man who made a huge contribution to the restoration of the city after the events of 1812.

Until the end of the 19th century, the area located between Moscow and the Yauza River was called Zayauzye. As mentioned above, the square got its name from the word "tagan" - a metal product intended for boilers. But there is another version. "Tagan" in translation from Turkic - "hill". Indeed, the area in which the square is located is located on the hills.

One of the most famous and most terrible prisons in Russia has been towering near Taganskaya Square for more than 150 years. What interesting things can be said about it and about other attractions located in the area?

Theatre

The names of many streets of the Tagansky district still keep the memory of their first inhabitants. In the old days, artisans lived here: potters, masons, boilermakers, shoemakers. Under Catherine II, the first estates appeared in Zayauzye, mostly merchants. At the beginning of the 20th century, Taganka became a full-fledged Moscow district, in which, however, brilliance and poverty were surprisingly combined.

The building of the famous Taganka Theater was built in 1912. After the revolution, the Vulkan cinema was located in this house. Later, a branch of the Maly Theater was located here. The building acquired great cultural significance in the 1960s. Then the theater of drama and comedy, which existed here since 1946, was headed by Yuri Lyubimov. The new director assembled a new troupe, which soon became famous throughout the country. Actor Vladimir Vysotsky became one of the symbols of the Soviet era.

temples

The Novospassky Monastery is the oldest in the capital. It was founded in the 12th century by the son of Alexander Nevsky. Today the ensemble of the monastery unites several temples, including the Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior. Here is one of the highest bell towers in Moscow. During the revolution, a branch of the Taganskaya prison was located in the monastery complex. She herself was very close.

Taganskaya prison

There was a legend among the locals that the monastery and the prison were connected by an underground passage. The prison, built by the decree of Emperor Alexander I, remained only in the people's memory. The Taganskaya prison, to which many hard labor songs are dedicated, was for many years the most gloomy object in the region. It was demolished in 1958.

There was an opinion among those who broke the law that getting into this prison meant saying goodbye to their freedom forever. Among the inhabitants of "Tagank" there were also fiery revolutionaries: Anatoly Lunacharsky, Nikolai Bauman and others. However, the "political" have never been held in high esteem here. Criminals ruled in the Taganka prison. One of them was Osip Shor. This famous swindler is the prototype of Ostap Bender.

With the advent of Soviet power, Taganskaya Square received a new name. It was renamed to October. However, not for long. After all, two squares were named in Moscow in honor of the revolutionary month. In addition to the one discussed in this article, Kaluzhskaya Square was also named Oktyabrskaya. She retained this name until 1993. Taganskaya returned the former in the 20s.

architectural features

Taganskaya Square was once divided into two parts, in this state it existed until the end of the 30s of the last century. In the 1940s, several houses were built not far from it, on Goncharnaya Street.

The surroundings of Taganskaya Square are architecturally rather disordered. Along with the so-called stalinkas, multi-storey buildings erected in 1989 rise here. Radical changes in the history of Taganskaya Square took place in the 60s, when the construction of a tunnel began here. Then they demolished both the shopping malls and part of the ancient buildings located nearby.

In 1950, a metro station of the same name was opened near Taganskaya Square. At first, the lobby was decorated with a portrait of Stalin. In 1954, Joseph Vissarionovich was replaced by Vladimir Ilyich.

Farewell to Vysotsky

At the end of July 1980, the largest public meeting in its history took place on Taganskaya Square. There were no reports in the media about Vysotsky's death. Nevertheless, on July 28, a kilometer-long line formed at the theater, on the stage of which the actor played his best roles.

These days, the Olympics were taking place in the capital - an event due to which a futile attempt was made to hide the death of the famous artist from Muscovites. Thanks to Yuri Lyubimov and Vladimir Vysotsky, the name of Taganskaya Square acquired a positive connotation.

The ancient Zayauz locality Bolvanovka is the first mystery. The fact is that since the 15th century, an area with the exact same name “Bolvanovka” has been known in Zamoskvorechie, and they are very often confused. According to Moscow legend, this was the name of the place in Russia conquered by the Tatar-Mongols, where allegedly there was a "dummy" - either a pagan idol, or a felt image of the Mongol Khan as a sign of his greatness. (Some researchers believe that not a Tatar, but an ancient Russian pagan idol depicting the sun stood on the Zayauz Bolvanovka.)

The Khan's court in Zamoskvorechie, where the main road from Moscow to the Horde passed, authentically existed. It is sometimes believed that he was transferred here from the Kremlin back in the time of St. Alexis: for the miraculous healing of the wife of Khan Taidula, he was presented with the Kremlin territory that belonged to the Khan, on which he built the Chudov Monastery, and the Khan’s court was transferred to Zamoskvorechye, where the political center of the Golden Horde was formed. It was there that the great Ivan III trampled the khan's basma in 1480, refusing to pay tribute, which was the end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. According to legend, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Savior was later built exactly on that spot.

And what was on Taganka? The most harmonious and substantiated version of scientists says that in ancient times a part of the road to the Horde also passed here, which then approached the Kremlin and spread to Zamoskvorechye. Less common is the opinion that until the time of Ivan III, it was here, on the Zayauz Bolvanovka, on the eastern approaches to Moscow, that the grand dukes met the ambassadors of the Golden Horde with honor, listened to the khan's orders, which the ambassadors read out, stepping on sables laid on the ground, swore allegiance to the khan and brought tribute collected here. So here, too, there could be a “blockhead” - an image of the Khan. And then the Horde center finally moved to Zamoskvorechye. However, sometimes even scientists share the opinion that on Zayauz Bolvanovka, and not in Zamoskvorechye, Ivan III trampled on Basma. They also suggest that here, on the future Taganka (this toponym arose later), as well as in Zamoskvorechye, peaceful Tatars settled near the road to the Horde, who could put a “dummy” here - an image of a khan or even a temple with idols.

It is only known for certain that a very ancient road to the south began from Taganka, along which they traveled to the Horde, and this road was called Bolvanovka. She could give the name of the Zayauz area, if both Moscow Bolvanovka were not interconnected by some common concept. It was along this road that the army of Dmitry Donskoy went from Moscow to the Kulikovo field. That is why in our recent time on the former Nizhne-Bolvanovskaya, and now Yauzskaya Street, a high mortgage cross was erected, signifying that a monument to the Right-believing Prince Dimitri Donskoy will be opened at this place.

Another version of scientists connects the name "Bolvanovka" (both Taganskaya and Zamoskvorechnaya) with the activities of local artisans who made metal cast-iron blanks necessary for ancient foundry or pottery - after all, boilermakers, blacksmiths, and potters lived nearby. The same situation was in Zamoskvorechye, where the settlement of blacksmiths was adjacent to Bolvanovka proper. It is possible that the Zayauz masters (unlike the Zamoskvorechny ones) made not metal, but wooden blanks for sewing men's hats, which gave rise to the version that in the old days on the Taganka the whole Bolvanovskaya settlement lived hat craftsmen. They were either supplied with blanks turned from wood, or they made them themselves. It is believed that ancient Moscow tailors lived nearby, on Shviva Gorka, and that is why the hill was called Shviva. Then it is quite probable that hatters could really live on the neighboring Bolvanovka, and that ready-made clothes were produced in this area of ​​ancient Moscow.

Two old Moscow streets - Nizhnyaya and Verkhnyaya Bolvanovskaya (now Radishevsky) - also reflected the topographic features of the area where the high Tagansky Hill was, according to legend, one of the seven hills of Moscow. The Lower Bolvanovka was located at the foot of the hill, near the Yauza, and the Upper Bolvanovka was on the mountain itself. And it was here, on top of this high, steep hill, that a beautiful Orthodox church was destined to appear, consecrated in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, whom the Tatar-Mongols called the "Russian god." But before that it was still far away. Before Taganka was destined to turn another page in the annals of its history.

Secrets of the German Quarter

On this page, the old Taganka also "competed" with Zamoskvorechye. It was here, on the Zayauzskaya Bolvanovka, that in the 16th century the Moscow German settlement was located, which is traditionally associated with another - the Lefortovo district on the right bank of the Yauza and with Zamoskvorechye.

Indeed, the very first Foreign Sloboda appeared in Zamoskvorechie under Grand Duke Vasily III. There he settled his foreign mercenaries, away from the Moscow people (as you know, in the old days, Muscovites called "Germans" all foreigners who did not speak Russian - "dumb", "unable to answer"), provided them with benefits and rights, for example relatively free drinking. A little later, under Ivan the Terrible, who settled his archers in Zamoskvorechye, the first Moscow tavern was opened there. That is why the Zamoskvorechnaya Foreign Sloboda, according to legend, was called "Nalivki" - from the demand that was often heard there: "Pour it!", Which ordinary Muscovites were not yet allowed to use often.

In 1547, Zayauzskaya Bolvanovka burned down in the infamous fire that broke out six months after the coronation of Ivan the Terrible. But already in the 1560s and 1570s, the Foreign Sloboda was transferred from Zamoskvorechye to the left bank of the Yauza and specifically to Bolvanovka. The reason for this was the huge number of prisoners of war taken during the Livonian War, who settled on the Zayauzskaya Bolvanovka. According to the memoirs of Jerome Horsey, the advisers explained to the sovereign John Vasilyevich that there was a difference between his captives and his enemies. Moreover, from these pardoned prisoners, and among them were the French, and the Dutch, and the Scots, and the British, the king created a combat detachment that fought on his side against the Crimean Tatars. The soldiers were given a good diet, strong horses and firearms, which greatly frightened the Crimean Tatars, after which the Livonian captives "lived in mercy" with the Russian sovereign.

In 1579, the population of the Foreign Sloboda in Zayauzie numbered more than 400 people. Bolvanovka had its own German cemetery (the old one; the very first was in Zamoskvorechye), and tombstones with Latin epitaphs later went to the masonry of St. Nicholas Church.

There are disagreements among scientists about the future fate of the Moscow German settlement: some believe that the famous settlement on Kukuy in the future Lefortovo, on the right bank of the Yauza, arose simultaneously with Bolvanovskaya. Others believe that Foreign Sloboda was simply transferred from Bolvanovka to Kukuy, where, under Boris Godunov, its population was allowed to build a church, start a mill business, were given benefits, loans, and so on.

The most interesting thing is that in Zayauz Bolvanovka, as well as in Zamoskvorechye, Moscow archers lived. This is evidenced by the name of the local Teterinsky Lane, reminiscent, as it is believed, of the Streltsy Teterinskaya Sloboda. According to ancient Moscow traditions, the lane was named after the head of the settlement, the head of the archery Teterin, who, under Ivan the Terrible, participated in the campaign against Astrakhan and led the archery regiment, which was probably located here.

Temple on the seventh hill

The history of the Taganskaya Sloboda, in which the Nikolskaya Church appeared, also in a bizarre way echoes Zamoskvorechye. Palace craft settlements were crowded in Zayauzye, which especially developed here after the transfer of the German settlement to Lefortovo. Craftsmen of one such settlement produced tagans- cast-iron tripods-stands for camping boilers and pots, on which food was cooked on a fire, which is why the name of the area came about. Here, in the neighborhood, in the Kotelnicheskaya Sloboda, the boilers themselves were made, and the pots were made in the Goncharnaya Sloboda, from which the name of Goncharnaya Street and the Sloboda Church of the Assumption in Gonchary remained. Cauldrons and pots, along with tagans, were supplied mainly to the army, but, of course, the civilian population also used them.

It is less widely believed that the word "Taganka" comes from the Tatar language, a legacy from the time of the yoke, when the Tatars settled in Moscow along the road to the Horde. It is possible that “tagan” in translation from Turkic means “mountain”, “hill”, “mountain top”, which is quite consistent with the natural features of this area. At the end of the 16th century, under Boris Godunov, the Tagansky Gates of the Earthen City appeared here, named after the main local settlement, and numerous craft settlements began to be settled around them. That is why another version arose about the origin of the name of Shviva Gorka: as if it came from the nickname “Lice”, which meant that simple craftsmen settled here.

So many settlements needed to have their own parish churches. It so happened that this area in the old days was literally dotted with temples. Voskresensky, Assumption, two Nikolsky, two Kosmodamianovsky, Nikitsky ... Many of them were demolished or rebuilt beyond recognition after the revolution, but even now the two surviving churches - Nikolsky on Bolvanovka and the Assumption in Gonchars - literally stand opposite each other. Now it seems strange, but then it was a natural suburban division. The Church of the Assumption in Gonchary was a parish church of Moscow potters who settled here because of the proximity of the Yauza - the river was necessary for pottery and saved the central city from the "flammable" Goncharnaya Sloboda. And the St. Nicholas Church became a parish for local artisans of Bolvanovskaya Sloboda and, possibly, the Taganites themselves, until the Church of the Resurrection of the Word appeared, which stood on the arrow of Marxistskaya (Empty) and Taganskaya (Semenovskaya) streets, where now is the square in front of the Taganskaya grocery store. This church was built later than Nikolskaya, in 1654, in gratitude for getting rid of the plague, from which Zayauzie was especially affected at that time. Presumably, it was erected by the architect Dmitry Startsev, the father and teacher of the architect Osip Startsev, who later built the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Bolvanovka.

The Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Bolvanovka was relatively young among Moscow churches. The first wooden temple has been known only since 1632 and did not exist before the Romanovs, although it is extremely rare to find that it was founded in 1506. His parish had already taken shape - in 1632, the Taganskaya Sloboda consisted of 93 courtyards. There are two versions about the history of its construction. According to the first, in 1682, Patriarch Joachim blessed the construction of the stone St. Nicholas Church, the very one that miraculously survived to our time. However, the parishioners did not have enough funds to carry out the expensive construction, and the money was collected for a very long time, so that the construction of the temple began only in 1697. The second version says that in 1682 a small stone church with a hipped bell tower appeared on this site, as far as the collected donations of the parishioners allowed. And at the beginning of the 18th century, they began to rebuild and expand it at the expense of the princes Gagarins. It was this new building of the temple that was built by the architect Osip Startsev.

The five-domed handsome temple turned out to be about two floors. Below was a warm, that is, heated during the cold season, a church with an altar in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker for winter services, and on the second tier - a summer one, where the altar was consecrated in the name of the apostles Peter and Paul, on the namesake of the then reigning sovereign Peter Alekseevich. There were also chapels - the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos and the Beheading of John the Baptist. Interestingly, the altar apses of the lower church are more advanced in the east than the upper ones, because, according to an old church rule, one temple altar should not overlap another altar, so as not to interfere with the prayers performed in the altar, freely ascend to heaven.

In August 1712, the newly built temple was consecrated by the clergy of the Assumption Cathedral. The temple, erected on the Tagansky Hill, was the high-rise dominant of the square and closed the perspective of the adjacent streets, in accordance with the original Moscow tradition, where the temples played the role of town-planning symbols, and it turned out that in the future, every street in Moscow led to the temple.

The temple that appeared presented Moscow with another riddle. Erected at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries, that is, in the early Peter the Great times, which became revolutionary for Moscow architecture as well, it was built in the architectural traditions of Moscow Russia, and this at a time when the young Peter the Great baroque was already marching around Moscow. The temple has become an architectural anachronism. Why? This is one of the rare examples of the influence of the architect's personality.

Osip Startsev was a convinced Muscovite, and his architecture expressed the spirit of old Moscow. It was he who built a true miracle in the Kremlin - the famous ensemble of house churches of the Terem Palace with 11 chapters on one roof, where the Upper Spassky Cathedral, the Church of the Resurrection and the Crucifixion united. He also built the Krutitsky Teremok and the refectory in the Simonov Monastery. The Startsevs were somehow especially connected with the Taganka. It has already been said that his father probably built the local Resurrection Church and was buried in it. And it is known about Osip Startsev that over time he started his own pottery workshop, in which glazed tiles were made. Researchers believe that this workshop was located just in the Taganka-Yazuya region, where pottery was carried out from time immemorial and there were all conditions for this. The master made tiles of his own making and delivered them to the Krutitsy Compound. Moreover, scientists suggest that the house of the architect himself was located next to the workshop, that is, in the same Zayauzie, where the master erected the St. Nicholas Church at the end of his life: in this case, it could also be his parish church.

Osip Startsev was a very talented architect. This is evidenced not only by his beautiful creations, but also by the fact that Startsev twice received an award from the tsar, for "he reduced the price of stone works." After all, then to be an architect meant not only to create a project and implement it, but to be able to fully implement the construction, managing both financial and administrative issues.

Peter's reforms brought tragedy to the master. Nicholas Church was deliberately built by him not just in the old traditions, but as a protest against the innovations of history. Especially if you take into account the fact that in 1703 Petersburg appeared and became the center of Russia from the very beginning of its foundation. Russian life was leaving original, Orthodox Moscow for the new capital, and this could not but cause protest among Muscovites and other Russian people. Startsev did not receive an invitation to St. Petersburg, sometimes it is precisely this fact that explains the “conservatism” of the master, who remained out of work, but everything was much deeper and more dramatic.

Two years after the consecration of the St. Nicholas Church, in 1714, stone construction was completely banned in Moscow. For an Orthodox Moscow architect, this was a real disaster. It is known that the old master took monastic vows in one of the Moscow monasteries and died after the fatal year of 1714 in his life. That is why the Nikolsky Church on Bolvanovka is called the last medieval building of old Moscow and the last work of the last medieval architect of Moscow - the “swan song” in the work of the Moscow architect, his farewell to Moscow. But fate turned out to be favorable for his offspring.

This temple has a peculiarity: it was built and always restored at the expense of parishioners. Unfortunately, after the fires and numerous rebuildings and painting, we now see the temple not the way it was created by Startsev. And before, people admired its architecture and decoration. It contained priceless ancient icons - the deesis and the image of Sergius of Radonezh, written by the nephew of St. Sergius of Radonezh - Archimandrite of the Simonov Monastery, St. Theodore. The icons were in silver vestments, the oak iconostases were gilded, the chandeliers were made of expensive bronze, and the temple facades were decorated with relief cherubs.

The last pre-revolutionary restoration of the temple was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was renovated by the artists I. M. and M. I. Dikarev. By that time, Taganka had already turned from a handicraft area into a settled merchant area. Although before eminent people did not disdain the old Taganka. For example, in the parish of the Church of St. Nicholas in Kotelniki (not far from the church of the same name on Bolvanovka), the famous Stroganovs lived, the very ones who mastered the Urals and Siberia during the time of Ivan the Terrible. In the 19th century, at the request and at the expense of Prince S. M. Golitsyn, a descendant of the Stroganovs, a new building of St. Nicholas Church, which has survived to this day, was built in memory of them, which was erected by Osip Bove. And their rebuilt house on Goncharnaya, 12 passed either to the brother of the Chancellor Bezborodko, then to General Tutolmin, then to the “chintz” king Prokhorov, the owner of the famous Trekhgornaya manufactory.

In 1911, the merchants Zimins settled in 5th Kotelnichesky Lane, and the mansion was built for them by the architect V.D. And the next year, 1912, for the merchant Platova, the architect Gelrikh built a two-story corner house, where the Vulkan cinema, rare even in those days, was opened, and many years later, the Taganka Theater.

Repentance

The revolution came to Taganka swiftly. In 1919, both Bolvanovsky streets were renamed Radishevsky, since the disgraced writer, rescued from exile by Paul I, was returning to Moscow along this road. The Resurrection Church was also demolished, despite the protests of Baranovsky, and the grave of the architect Dmitry Startsev disappeared without a trace. Miraculously, the creation of his son did not disappear, and even in the Simonov Monastery, when it was demolished in January 1930, the refectory, which was built by Osip Startsev, survived the explosion.

The Nikolsky Church was closed around 1920, but, fortunately, it was not demolished, but given over to institutions - for this it looked like a large and spacious building. All furnishings were destroyed. In 1922, more than 15 pounds of silver were taken out of the temple, but by the evening a large crowd of Muscovites had gathered on Taganka - about 400 people. The concentrated special-purpose units began to "intensely conduct propaganda" in order to persuade the people to disperse.

In 1944, when the ring metro station "Taganskaya" was being built and Taganskaya Square was being rebuilt, they began to destroy the Nikolsky Church, which was "unnecessary" in the new ensemble. They destroyed the heads and the top of the bell tower, but since the patriarchate had just been restored, they managed to defend the temple as an architectural monument and even carry out restoration, returning everything lost, except for the crosses on the domes. And only in 1990 the temple was given to believers. It stood closed for a long, long time, its tightly locked door attracted the attention of Taganka old-timers, beckoning to itself with a mystery - what is inside ...

Now the temple, assigned to the neighboring Church of the Assumption in Gonchary, where the Bolgar Compound is located, has been reopened. Titanic efforts were required to restore it as much as possible in the form in which it was conceived by Startsev. The temple shines with gilded crosses. Its interior, of course, has not been restored in its pre-revolutionary form, but it is quite beautiful. Here is a very rare in Moscow image of the icon of the Mother of God "Addition of the mind", so important, so necessary for people. Usually people go to the Tikhvin Church at VDNKh to see this icon, and it is wonderful that now prayers can be offered to it in the very center of Moscow. Before this icon of the Mother of God, they pray for children, and for students, and for the sick, and for the gift of reason - spiritual and bodily. And to the left of the iconostasis is the marvelous image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. When you see him, you just want to light a candle in front of him ...

It got its name from the Tagannaya Sloboda, one of the many located in Zemlyanoy Gorod, between the current Boulevard and Garden rings of craft settlements. This is where the horsemen lived. A tagan was an iron stand (hoop on legs) for a cauldron or other utensils, used when cooking food over an open fire. In 1632, 93 courtyards were noted in the settlement. Its center was the Church of Cosmas and Damian "in Tagannaya Sloboda", known since 1625, although, apparently, it existed earlier. In 1657 it was shown wooden, and in 1659-1662. was rebuilt in stone.

Bolvanovka

According to legend, the Bolvanovka tract was located here earlier. Its place can be determined by the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker on Bolvanovka, known since 1632 and rebuilt in stone at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. ( , 20). According to P.V. Sytin, in the 17th century. here was the craft Bolvanovskaya Sloboda, the inhabitants of which made blanks of wood for sewing men's hats. Another explanation connects this name with the fact that in these places, in front of felt images of khans brought from the Horde - “blockheads” - Moscow princes gave them an oath before the Tatar ambassadors. And although the second explanation is closer to the truth, it still does not correspond to reality. In these places, the road that went to Moscow from Ryazan and the Horde ended, and it was here that eastern merchants stopped before entering the capital, paying the necessary customs and other duties here. This is confirmed by the fact that as far back as 1380, the chronicle mentions the Bolvanovskaya road passing here.

Singing Sloboda

As for the territory of the White City, in this part of it only one small Singing settlement of the patriarchal singers was known, which now only Pevchesky lane, located between, and, reminds of.

The Orthodox Church has always had special singers at each church to perform liturgical singing. In addition, approximately from the XV century. there were special metropolitan (later patriarchal) choristers - the so-called. patriarchal choristers and clerks. Under Patriarch Filaret (according to the data of 1626), there were 29 of them, and by the end of the 17th century there were 29 of them. there were already 50 of them. Singing clerks (there were always 10 of them) were divided into two articles or villages, five people each. Singing poddyaks formed six villages, for the most part also five people each. Quite often they were joined by the seventh village, which consisted of newcomers. All singers dyaks and poddyaks were divided by age into large (or age) and small (or short). Age singers were allowed to marry. The duty of the patriarchal choristers was to perform church singing during the patriarchal service. Often they sang in the royal palace or the house of the patriarch, as well as at services ordered by individuals. The patriarchal choristers perfectly knew the most common and oldest Znamenny (or Pillar) chant in the Russian Church, large and small demesne singing. They also knew the three-line yen, and from the second half of the 17th century. - Greek (large and small) chant. For their service, the singers received food supplies from the patriarchal corn yard (up to 400 quarters of rye, the same quarters of oats), and from the patriarchal treasury a cash salary (in 1626, 186 rubles for 29 people, in 1698 - 309 rubles for 50 people ). In addition, the singers received other incomes - glorified money, official money, duties, alms and rewards for individual services.

Vorontsovo

Perhaps the oldest settlement in this area was the village of Vorontsovo, located on the right bank of the Yauza, not far from its mouth. Now only the name of the Moscow street reminds of him. According to a very reasonable assumption, I.E. Zabelin, it owes its origin to the family of the Moscow boyars Vorontsov, to whom it belonged at the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. Later it ended up at the Andronikov Monastery. In the second half of the XV century. these lands were exchanged at the monastery by the Grand Duke Ivan III, who set about creating one of his suburban grand ducal residences here. In 1504, he bequeathed to his son Vasily, among others, "the village of Vorontsovskoye on the Yauza, where is my yard." This suburban yard is also mentioned later, when in 1515 Vasily III, "having arrived in Moscow, flew to Vorontsovo in his yard." He also ordered the visiting architect Aleviz Fryazin to build in the village one of the first stone churches in Moscow, the Annunciation Church, the building of which, although with many alterations, has survived to this day. Subsequently, she was better known for her chapel in the name of the prophet Elijah.

In the neighborhood with Vorontsov already in the XIV century. there was a small Lyshchikov monastery, in which, according to legend, although not documented, the brother of the famous Sergius of Radonezh, Stefan, was tonsured. It is mentioned in the wills of Ivan III and his grandson Ivan IV, and its location can be judged from the modern one.

Streltska Sloboda

If in the XIV-XV centuries. the lands near the Yauza were an extensive princely possession, then in the 16th century. the situation is changing here. Vorontsovo turns into one of the many Moscow settlements in which the archers lived. At the end of the XVII century. this area was considered the land of the Streltsy regiment of the order of Stepan Strekalov. In the 17th century it consisted of 135 households. In addition to the Streltsy of the Strekalov regiment, another Streltsy settlement is also known here, the existence of which is reminded by Nikolovorobinsky Lane, which got its name from the name of the Streltsy Colonel Danila Vorobin, whose regiment was settled here, and the parish church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker of his archers. The local wooden temple has been documented since 1625. In 1688 it burned down, but two years later it began to be built again, already in stone, “for the 550 rubles granted from the sovereign’s treasury for the birth of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and for many services” to the archers. The temple was consecrated in June 1693 and stood on this site until 1932.

foreign settlement

For a short time in the 17th century there also existed a small foreign settlement, which, according to the data of 1638, was inhabited by Poles and Lithuanians. Then there were 52 yards. Later, in the second half of the 17th century, Georgians appeared here, who built the Church of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God on the Vorontsovo field (the current one was once called Krivogruzinsky Lane after it). But gradually the archers forced out the old inhabitants from here beyond the Yauza, where the New Vorontsovskaya Sloboda was formed (in the area of ​​​​the current street of the same name).

The main population here was the artisan population. Yauza was a reliable barrier to fires, and artisans settled here, whose activities were somehow connected with the need to use fire.

Silversmiths

Serebryaniki and preserved the memory of the settlement of silversmiths, in which the masters of the silver money yard lived, also called Trinity, after the church of the same name. The Trinity Church for a long time was called "what is in the Old Serebryaniki", or "what is in the money masters". It is mentioned in 1620 as being made of wood, and in 1657 it was shown to be made of stone.

Silver casting, which Moscow was famous for, began to develop in it from the 14th century. This is evidenced by the existence of a special duty on silver casting, mentioned in the spiritual charter of Prince Vladimir Andreevich Serpukhov at the beginning of the 15th century. Products of Moscow silversmiths were highly valued. Crimean Khan Mengli Giray at the end of the 15th century. specifically asked Ivan III to send him silver charms of a “good deed”, with a capacity of two buckets, and silver goblets corresponding to their size. “We don’t have good masters to do this, but you, my brother, have such,” the khan wrote. At the same time, among the silversmiths there were not only Russians, but also foreigners.

According to information from the 17th century, silversmiths were under the jurisdiction of the Silver Order, responsible for the manufacture of silverware for the royal court. Some of the craftsmen received a regular "sovereign" salary, some were civilian employees. Large silver products were more often made to order, and small silver items - rings, earrings, pectoral crosses - could be purchased on the market. Since there was practically no silver in Russia, one can note the originality of settlements with silversmiths. The master was given silver, as a rule, in a foreign coin that went into redistribution, in an amount equal to the weight of the finished products, and, in addition, the cost of the work was paid separately.

Purse settlement

At the beginning of the current once stood the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker "in Kosheli". This name indicates the existence of Koshelnaya Sloboda here. In 1632, it included 24 courtyards. In the literature, the opinion was expressed that craftsmen lived here, making pouches for various supplies. However, in reality, purses were called fish catchers, or rather people who delivered fresh fish from the nearest palace villages near Moscow for the needs of the palace. They transported it in special "purses", from which their name was formed. The local church was first mentioned in connection with the Moscow fire of 1547. In 1657 it was mentioned as wooden. A stone church on this site was founded in 1692, but consecrated only in 1706.

Kotelnicheskaya Sloboda

Five Kotelnichesky and remind of the Kotelnicheskaya Sloboda, where the boilermakers lived, who made metal utensils. Unlike blacksmiths who worked on iron products, boilermakers worked with copper and tin. Household items came out of their workshops: “copper cookware” boilers, pewter dishes, as well as all kinds of church utensils - censers, chandeliers, etc. Since there were no deposits of its own copper in medieval Russia, copper scrap usually served as raw material for boiler houses. The settlement was small - in 1632 there were only 7 courtyards in it. But in 1654, there was no longer a single boiler house among the owners of the local yards. Their parish church was the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, “in Kotelniki”, known since 1625. In 1657, it was already listed as a stone church.

Kuznetskaya Sloboda

The Kuznetsk Sloboda department of the Armory Chamber was also known here. Its center was the church of Cosmas and Damian "in the Old Blacksmiths". The settlement of blacksmiths was subsequently transferred to Zamoskvorechye, where the New Kuznetskaya Sloboda was formed.

Pottery Sloboda

A whole layer of names associated with potters (Pottery, two), reminiscent of the one that existed here in the 17th century. Pottery Liberty. Its main temple was the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, "which is in the Gonchars." It was restored after the Time of Troubles around 1619, by 1649 it was rebuilt in stone, and the Slobozhans decorated it with tiles made by them. The reliefs of the tiles contained narrative compositions on the theme of the defense of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery from the Poles. Although in essence the temple was a monument to one of the main events of the Time of Troubles, it was destroyed in 1932. Sloboda was one of the largest in Moscow (89 courtyards were noted here in 1679) and there was a second parish church of the Assumption of the Virgin "in Gonchars, in Spasskaya Sloboda. According to available data, it arose even before the Time of Troubles at the beginning of the 17th century, but then it was not restored for quite a long time, and therefore in 1632 it was recorded as “newly arrived”.

Teterinskaya Sloboda

On the site of the modern one there was a small (in 1632, only 10 households) Teterinskaya settlement, probably populated by palace masons.

Semyonovskaya Sloboda

The Church of Simeon the Stylite behind the Yauza does not designate the site of the vast Semyonovskaya trading settlement, which received its name from the parish church. According to legend, the local church was consecrated on December 3, 1600 by Boris Godunov in memory of the day of his wedding on September 1, 1598, which fell on the memory of this saint. In 1657 this church was shown to be made of stone. In 1632, 189 households were recorded in the settlement, and by 1653 their number reached 238 households.

Rogozhskaya Yamskaya Sloboda

The very same and reminiscent of the Yamskoy settlement. In the XV century. the local lands, which belonged to the Andronikov Monastery, passed to Ivan III, who built gardens here. In the XVI century. coachmen settled here, who by 1671 were replaced by archers. The main temple here was the Trinity Church, known since 1642 and demolished by 1959. As for the coachmen, their houses were moved somewhat to the east, along the same one, and their settlement was called the Rogozhskaya Yamskaya Sloboda, named after the pit closest to the capital , located in the village of Rogozh (now the city of Noginsk). In 1628 it had 67 households, and in 1653 there were already 142 households. The central street of the settlement was considered the 1st Rogozhskaya (now). According to the memoirs of contemporaries, in the first half of the XIX century. it consisted entirely of inns, in which all the wagon trains that passed along the Vladimir and Ryazan highways stopped. The settlement, already included in the city, flourished until the railroad was built.

Alekseevskaya Sloboda

In addition to the Yamskaya Sloboda, in the area of ​​the current one, there was Alekseevskaya Sloboda, the first information about which dates back to the beginning of the 17th century. It was a black draft settlement, probably named after the church in the name of St. Alexei, Metropolitan of Moscow, whose building stood on. Two streets were considered central here - Bolshaya and Malaya Alekseevskaya, renamed in the early 1920s. In 1632 there were 65 households in the settlement, and in 1651 there were already 166 households.

Semyonovskaya Sloboda

The lands beyond the Taganskaya Zastava began to be populated since the 17th century, when the Slobozhans were resettled here from the Vorontsovskaya settlement on the Yauza and from the Semenovskaya settlement at the beginning of the streets. In 1639 they formed the New Vorontsovskaya and Semyonovskaya settlements. After the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, many inhabitants of these settlements were resettled at the beginning of the 18th century. on the banks of the Neva, and, as a result, merchants and petty bourgeois began to settle here, who had nothing to do with the occupations of the former inhabitants of these places. In the second half of the XVIII century. the former black Semyonovskaya settlement was already called merchant, and Vorontsovskaya - "the settlement of various ranks of people."

Krutitsy

Modern Krutitsy, and are reminiscent of Krutitsy. This place got its name from the Krutitsy Monastery, which arose at the very beginning of the 14th century. Its origin is closely connected with the history of the Golden Horde.

After the Mongol-Tatar invasion, in the capital of the Horde, the city of Sarai, which lay in the lower reaches of the Volga, a mass of captives from the Slavic peoples found themselves - various masters and experts in crafts who were captured by the Tatars. Later, many Russian merchants and "guests" who traded with the countries of the East constantly came here. The Tatar khans were well aware that they could hold power over a huge conglomeration of peoples with different languages ​​and beliefs only with the help of clergy. In 1261, at the request of Prince Alexander Nevsky, Russians were allowed to hold Christian services in the capital of the Horde. The then Metropolitan of "All Russia" Kirill sent an Orthodox bishop here. Thus, the Sarsk diocese of the Russian Church was created, embracing the territory of the Lower Volga region, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and the North Caucasus.

The names of most of the main streets of Taganka reflect the history of the district and are associated with the territorially isolated settlement settlements that were here in the old days, in which people of the same type of occupation lived. Most of the settlements of the old Taganka dealt with fire and were concentrated here to the east of the old city so that the predominantly northeast (in winter) and southwest (in summer) winds blowing in Moscow would not carry sparks of fire towards the Kremlin ( Fig. 1).

in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bTaganskaya Square, as I already mentioned, there was Taganskaya (or Tagannaya) settlement, which gave the name to Taganskaya Square. Blacksmiths lived and worked here, making tagans - iron tripods.

Taganskaya freedom. On the site of modern Radishevsky streets (formerly Bolvanovsky) Boiler room. The Boiler Sloboda, where boilers for tagans were made, which were used in campaigns by archers, gave the name to 5 Kotelnichesky lanes and the embankment of the Moskva River, on which the famous Stalinist high-rise building on Taganka is located today. Pottery freedom. Between Taganna and Kotelnaya there was a Pottery Sloboda, where in the 16th century flammable pottery production was expelled beyond the Yauza and where household utensils were made from clay. Stone freedom. At the end of his reign, Mikhail Fedorovich replaced the wooden walls of the Novospassky Monastery with stone ones with towers at the corners and built a stone cathedral in the monastery. Palace masons were settled in a settlement outside the Tagansky Gates, between the monastery and Vorontsovskaya Street. They stayed here to live after the construction of the Novospassky Monastery was completed. At the end of the 17th century, masons were also settled there. It turned out two settlements, now Bolshie and Malye Kamenshchiki streets. Semyonovskie Sloboda. The black settlement of plowmen at the beginning of the old Bolvanovskaya and Nikolo-Yamskaya streets (238 yards) was the largest in the region in the 17th century. Part of it in the middle of the century moved beyond Zemlyanoy Val. In 1639 they formed a new Semyonovskaya settlement, settled along Semyonovskaya (modern Taganskaya) street.

Vorontsov settlements. The lands beyond the Taganskaya Zastava began to be settled even more actively when part of the taxpayers of the black Vorontsovskaya Sloboda moved beyond the city wall with Semenovskaya Sloboda from Vorontsovskaya Polya, who founded the new Vorontsovskaya Sloboda, located in the area of ​​​​modern Vorontsovskaya Street (Fig. 2)

Rice. 2. View of Vorontsovskaya street at the end of the 19th century

Kalitnikovskaya Sloboda. The area in the east of the Tagansky region began to be called "Kalitniki" under Prince Ivan Kalita (1325-1340), when a large reconstruction of the Kremlin was begun, and on the lands that belonged to him, kilns for firing bricks from the clay mined here were installed. Now in this area are Bolshaya and Malaya Kalitnikovskaya streets.
German freedom. The German settlement "Kukui-Gorod" on Taganka was located along with the German cemetery behind Zemlyany Val, along Vorontsovskaya Street and duplicated the German settlement in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Baumanskaya Street. Teterinskaya Sloboda. In the Tagansky market, most of the shops in the 17th century were kept by archers, who lived in a separate settlement in the area of ​​Nizhnyaya Bolvanovskaya Street. Modern Teterinsky Lane reminds of their commander, Colonel Teterin. Rogozhskaya Sloboda. Coachmen lived in the Rogozhsko-Yamskaya Sloboda, serving the road to the village of Rogozhi - the current city of Noginsk, which I also wrote about earlier. The names of the streets Nikoloyamskaya, Rogozhsky Val, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Rogozhsky streets (now School, Library and Century streets) reflect the name of the historical settlement. In the second half of the 18th century, Rogozhskaya Sloboda became the center of the Russian Old Believers. Greek freedom. Across the Yauza River, near the Androniev Monastery, in the area around the Church of St. Nicholas on the Pits, there has been a Greek settlement since the 17th century. Syromyatnicheskaya sloboda. The syromyatnicheskaya palace stable settlement, in which syromyatnicheskaya (shorters) lived, who made collars, harnesses, saddles and other leather products for palace needs, arose in the 16th century in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmodern Upper Syromyatnicheskaya Street not far from the Kursk railway station.
Alekseevskaya Sloboda. Sloboda, named after the famous Moscow mayor-innovator-philanthropist of the late 19th century. Sellers of hay, firewood and other goods settled here from the old days, they tried to shift the payment of the duty to the buyers, for which they stopped at the gates of the Earthen City without entering it, and here they sold their goods to the townspeople, and even those, transporting goods through the gate, paid the duty . This led to the fact that markets for hay, firewood, charcoal were formed near the gates, and therefore the squares near the gates were not built up. This is reminiscent of B. and M. Drovyanye lanes.

Silver freedom. Serebryanicheskaya embankment stretches along the bank of the Yauza, where the Mint was located in the 12th century, where silver coins were minted, and silversmiths lived in the lanes. At the corner of Serebryanichesky Lane, in the 17th century, a stone church with a wooden dome was built and named "in the old money masters" (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. View of Serebryanicheskaya embankment at the end of the 19th century

Purse freedom. In the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe modern Yauzskaya (former Nikolo-Bolvanovskaya) near the embankment of the Yauza River, there was Koshelnaya Sloboda, which has disappeared today. In the 17th century, this territory was inhabited by millers who made coarse "purse" flour, which went through "purses" - mill sleeves, which gave the settlement its name. There is another “legend” that says that the Koshelnaya Sloboda got its name from the purses made by the Sloboda residents for luggage of food and other supplies. In 1975, on the site of Koshelnaya Sloboda, an empty square was laid out - Partisan Square. It is not clear why the historical settlement was demolished, but now it offers an excellent view of the Stalinist skyscraper on Kotelnicheskaya embankment :)

Rice. 4. View of the Stalin skyscraper on Kotelnicheskaya embankment from Koshelnaya Sloboda

Also in the Taganka district were such well-known settlements as Krutitsy with the Krutitsy Compound and Khitrovo with the Khitrovsky market, which I wrote about earlier. Indeed, the history of Taganka lives today in the names of the streets and squares of the district. But also, which is often found in Moscow, the stupidity of past Soviet and modern "Luzhkov" officials lives in many street names, renaming the old historically established street names into not entirely adequate new ones, according to associations and discretions that they understand only. Often, this takes especially tragicomic forms, but more on that in the following posts :)

Rice. 1. View of the settlements of Zayauzya from the river. Yauza at the end of the 19th century