The sound "r" is the most complex in education, requiring precise movements of various parts of the tongue.
Before carrying out corrective work, it is necessary to conduct a thorough speech therapy examination of the structure and mobility of the articulatory apparatus, to assess the state of phonemic hearing of each child. In cases of severe impairment of sound pronunciation, it may be necessary for a speech therapist to conduct a course of massage of the organs of the articulatory apparatus (E.A. Dyakova). And only after that start working on setting the sounds.

The main goal of logopedic influence in speech disorders (DYSLALIA, DYSARTRIA, RINOLALIA, etc.) is the formation of various skills and abilities for the correct reproduction of speech sounds.

To do this, you need to learn:

• Recognize and distinguish between speech sounds;
• Distinguish between correct and defective pronunciation of sound;
• To exercise auditory and speech-motor control over their own pronunciation;
• Take the correct articulatory positions necessary for the normal reproduction of sounds in speech.

The predisposing factors for the incorrect pronunciation of the sound "r" are the following:

• A shortened hyoid ligament that limits upward movement of the tip of the tongue and the anterior portion of the dorsum of the tongue;
• Weakness of the muscles of the tongue;
• Weak pressure of the air jet;
• Inability to perform arbitrary purposeful movements with the tongue;
• Phonemic hearing disorders.

At the preparatory stage, it is important to work out a clear pronunciation of the reference sounds. For the sound "r" it is -t,d and z,zh.

Also, special attention should be paid to exercises for the development of the air stream. She must be strong, tk. the air jet vibrates the tip of the tongue.
Initially, work is carried out to develop a long exhalation. At the same time, it is important to ensure that the children do not raise their shoulders, do not unnecessarily strain the muscles of the respiratory apparatus, so that the exhalation is smooth, gradual.
Exercises are performed in a free position in a standing, sitting, lying position. All breathing exercises are aimed at producing a long air stream. Each exercise is performed 5 times.

In some cases, it is believed that in order to produce the sound “p”, trimming of the hyoid ligament (“bridle”) is necessary. However, this is redundant. The reason for the absence of the “r” sound is the weakness of the muscles of the tongue and the underdevelopment of the “bridle”, so the tongue is not able to rise and press against the palate. Work experience shows that after a complex of speech therapy massage of the tongue or special exercises, the muscles of the tongue develop, and the “bridle” is stretched, and there is no need to trim it. To help the exercises, you can stretch the hyoid ligament with a special massage. Grab the "bridle" at the very bottom under the tongue with two fingers (thumb and forefinger) and pull your fingers along it to the tip of the tongue. Try to pull it, but do not use force so as not to damage the thin fabric. Perform several of these movements in each reception. Very quickly, your fingers will feel the possibilities of the "bridle", and this procedure will not cause concern. Go back to it 4 - 5 times a week, and after a while you will see that the hyoid ligament has changed.

Thus, the correction of defective pronunciation requires serious preparatory work. First of all, this is the development of speech breathing (slow deep inhalation and prolonged exhalation) and the development of sufficient mobility of the muscles of the articulatory apparatus as a whole. All this is the basic basis that prepares the child's speech apparatus for pronouncing a sound.

Traditionally, there are three ways of staging sounds:

• by imitation;
• with mechanical assistance;
• mixed;

1 way.
Setting "r" from "d".
First of all, try to put the sound "r" in the first way.The child pronounces the sound "d", pressing the tip of the tongue in front of the alveoli. Show how it's done. Tell your child that the tongue is a sail that fills with the wind. In the future, the child should blow “wind” into the sail more strongly, so that the wind breaks through the sail and the tongue vibrates. On the palm of the hand held to the mouth, the child should feel this gust of wind escaping. A drrrrr sound appears. The staging process will be more effective if speech therapists use such game techniques as imitation of ambient noises (car engine, aircraft engine, tiger, lion growl, tractor engine, alarm clock, etc.)

Playing techniques for this method of setting the sound "p":
"Merry rain" (raindrops fall and hit something hard.)
"Song of the crocodile Gena" - sing the syllable for yes, dy, de, and then work with the syllable ra).
"Tank fires" dddddd
"Machine gun scribbles" tddtdtd
"Woodpecker knocks" dddddddd
"Building a house" .t-dt-dtdtdtdt.
“We start the motorcycle” -ddddddddddThe motorcycle crackled and drove off, have a good trip!
In this case, it is possible to use mechanical action. In the future, we fix in the syllables Dru, dra, dra, dro. We then suggest pronouncing the sound DDDD in a whisper and for a long time rrrrrr, a transition to singing is possible.

2 way.
Setting the sound "r" from "h"
If the child pronounces the sound “z”, touching the tip of the tongue to the lower incisors, you first need to put him “upper lingual” (the tip of the tongue is at the base of the upper incisors). You need to continue to pull the sound "z" to pay attention to this sound, the attention of the child and say that it resembles "the buzzing of a fly that beats against glass", "a magic mosquito". However, mechanical action significantly speeds up the process of setting sounds. Especially in children who cannot reproduce exact movements for a speech therapist.

To set the sound "r" use a ball probe. After a fricative sound is received, the speech therapist inserts a probe or a cleanly washed finger of the child under the lower surface of the anterior part of the tongue and makes quick rhythmic movements from side to side, swinging the tongue. It is necessary to ensure that the exhaled stream is strong. If you use a child's finger, then first you yourself must make movements with his brush (the finger must be absolutely straight, otherwise there will be no significant vibration of the tongue). In the future, he can act independently (still make sure that the finger is straight). The teeth should be in the position of the correct bite, the lips should be in a smile, the mouth should be slightly open just enough so that an object or a finger of the child, which is used to cause the tongue to vibrate, can enter it (the child should hum strongly in voice). In the future, we move on to automation in the syllables ra-ra-ra-ra.

3 way.
Setting the sound "r" on the inhale.
The child must have a full pronunciation of the sound "s". Leaning his tongue to his teeth, the child should pull the sound "s" and feel how the air stream passes between his teeth. Then the sound “s” must be pronounced on a short breath, feeling how the air hits the tip of the tongue with a cold stream. Teeth should be in the position of the correct bite, lips - in a smile.

Tell the child: “First, blow out the air from your mouth and pronounce the sound “s” outward, and then suck in the same air and with it the sound “s” back - inside. As a result, the child will pronounce the sound "s" on the exhale and inhale. Make sure that he does not take a deep breath (chest and shoulders should be lowered) and that he is not out of breath - let him rest.

4 way.
Setting the sound "r" from the interdental position
The position “tongue on the upper lip” and a directed air jet are preliminarily practiced.
Wide edge of the tongue on the upper lip. In this position, the child is asked to blow on the tip of the nose with a buzzing sound similar to "B-B-B".

In addition to the previous position, the speech therapist “plays” with the index finger on the child’s lower lip, as a result of which the air stream acquires a vibrating character. This effect needs to be worked out properly. Older children can be offered independent “performance” with a finger on the lip. Then gradually reduce the duration of the touch of the finger, then removing it, then returning. Achieve a vibrating sound from the slightest touch to the lower lip (something similar to “v-r-r-e-e…” Keeping the same configuration of the tongue, it is easy to move the tongue behind the upper teeth during the developed vibration sound. It is important not to lose tongue shape!

5 way.
Setting the sound "r" from exercise. "Chatterbox"
There is an interesting playful way of setting the sound R from the "Chatterbox" exercise, which is well known to children. The method is available to any novice speech therapist. The child does the exercise "Chatterbox" (or "Turkey"): a protruding wide tongue on the sound "A" performs back and forth movements, sliding across the hard palate. At the moment when the tongue touches the alveoli, a single-beat R is heard. Now it remains to fix this position and proceed to automate the sound “R”. As a rule, very soon a single-beat sound itself turns into a vibrant.

6 way
Setting the sound "r" from the sound "g"
Everything new is well forgotten old. The method of setting the sound "r", actively used 30-40 years ago. All speech therapists love to call the sound “P” with the help of all kinds of vibrations (“motor” and the like). But there are children who are terribly afraid of probes, sticks, nipples, teaspoons and other improvised means. The following method is very good for them: the child pronounces the sound “Ж” (the bee is working, the car is skidding), for a long time, on one exhalation, and at the same time moves the tip of the tongue deeper into the oral cavity. In a second, you can hear a single-strike R. After fixing the isolated pronunciation of this sound, they immediately proceed to the pronunciation of syllables with the confluence of TR, DR, NR, ZhR. This contributes to the rapid translation of a single-beat P into a state of vibrating sound. The method justifies itself.

7 way
Setting the sound "r" from exercise. "Fungus".
It is performed in 3 steps:
1) stick the tongue to the hard palate ("Fungus")
2) take a deep breath through the nose (tongue in the same position)
3) make a sharp short exhalation through the mouth, directing the air stream to the tongue and connecting the voice.

8 way.
Setting the sound "r" from exercise. "A vacuum cleaner"
The vacuum cleaner is also good for developing the mobility of the tip of the tongue. The bottom line is that with the tip of the tongue behind the alveoli we perform FORWARD-BACK movements (we vacuum) and at the same time we turn on the sound of the vacuum cleaner. When performed correctly, the sound R is heard.

Staging the sound "p" with anomalies in the structure of the speech organs.
If the child has signs of dysarthria, it is recommended to produce the sound “p” mechanically.
With a lower protruding bite (progeny), all other bites, except for a mechanical bite, can give a too rough sound.
In prognathism, you can use any way of setting the sound "p", but its sounding will probably be more accurate if the tip of the child's tongue is slightly shifted to the upper incisors. The same rule applies when the child has a high palate.
If the child does not have molars (especially the upper ones), you will need to give him the sound "p" from "z". When the teeth grow, the pronunciation can be fixed in any way.
The staging process will be more effective if speech therapists use such game techniques as imitation of ambient noises (car engine, aircraft engine, tiger, lion growl, tractor engine, etc.)

Setting the sound "r".
When setting a soft p, the same technique is used, but with the help of the syllable zi, and later ze, zya, ze, zu. Usually, in case of violations of hard and soft sounds, p is first set to hard, and then soft, but this order is not rigid, it can be arbitrarily changed. Only simultaneous setting is not recommended to avoid bias. The soft sound r is pronounced almost without vibration, in one stroke. To make the consonant sound soft, vowel and should be as closed as possible, offer to stretch your lips into a very strong smile and completely close your teeth in the form of a regular bite.

The basis of correct speech is laid in childhood. Left unattended, incorrectly pronounced letters can "haunt" a person all his life, making it difficult to communicate normally with people around him. It is very important to solve this problem at an early age.

Any mother wants her child to learn to speak as early as possible, pronouncing all the letters clearly. Unfortunately, this task is not for all children. The sound P and Pb is especially difficult for many. The correct production of these sounds requires special physiological efforts, namely the precise movements of the speech apparatus, the required amount of vibration, as well as the correct amplitude of the tongue. In any case, only a speech therapist can help in this situation.

Most often, instead of a clear P and Pb, children who have problems pronouncing this sound get the following parodies of it:

• The sound P during pronunciation is replaced by the sounds y, l, s;
• The sound R is not pronounced, it may disappear from the word. Most often this happens in those words where P is before or after a vowel;
• When talking, the sound P is heard recognizably, but there is an extra vibration that should not be present in the pronunciation, or when talking, it does not sound as confident as it should.

In order to understand in which cases the child does not get the pronunciation of this sound, you need to ask him to pronounce his sound first separately, then as part of a word. For example: cow, jaguar, tractor. In the case when the sound is not pronounced separately from the word, it will be necessary to focus on training its single pronunciation. If the sound R is not pronounced in the word itself, then special attention will need to be paid to words with vowels o, a, u, and going before or after the letter R.

There can be several reasons for incorrect sound production in children. Only a competent speech therapist will determine the main cause of the problem and advise the necessary methods of correction without harming the child.

The main reasons for the poor pronunciation of the sound P and Pb

Incorrect speech breathing

Our speech breathing is the basis for the correct pronunciation of any sounds. Its violation most often occurs as a result of a disease of the adenoids, a runny nose that has become chronic, and also cardiovascular diseases. A speech therapist will help develop speech breathing correctly. Only he, taking into account all the peculiarities of children's health, can prescribe the required gymnastics. This gymnastics includes the pronunciation of words along with special exercises.

Problem in speech hearing

Most often, speech impairment occurs in children over the age of three. This is the period of the formation of speech and active imitation by adults. At this age, children try to repeat all the phrases they hear in their environment, distorting them or confusing letters, especially consonants, changing voiced to deaf or vice versa. A speech therapist may not be needed here. Setting the sound may not be required, most often speech will improve on its own over time.

Poor development of the articulatory apparatus

You can develop good articulation only by performing active facial exercises. They will quickly strengthen the muscles of the face of the child, and also develop the organs of speech sufficiently. Special articulation exercises can be presented as a game, so it will be much more interesting to perform them.

There is the following articulatory gymnastics that a speech therapist can prescribe:

• Smile and open your mouth a little, then run your tongue from the roof of your mouth to your throat as far as you can;
• The initial position is the same, only with your tongue sticking out move back and forth, from one corner of your mouth to another;
• Run your tongue over your upper and inner teeth starting on the left side and moving towards the right side.

The individual structure of the frenulum

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation of a sound can occur due to physiological characteristics in children. Articulatory gymnastics will not help in this case. This reason can only be identified by a speech therapist. An underdeveloped hyoid ligament can prevent the tongue from reaching the palate, which will cause poor pronunciation of some sounds. Special exercises, as well as massage, will help to solve this problem in children. But there are cases when a speech therapist may decide to cut the child's tongue frenulum a little. There is nothing wrong with this. This is necessary for the normal movement of the tongue in speech and the correct production of sound.

14 exercises for setting the sound P

To obtain the correct setting of the sounds P and Pb, you need to perform daily exercises specially designed for this. In speech therapy, there are 14 methods for the rapid development of correct diction. All these exercises should be performed many times, each time faster and more accurately.

1. This method is aimed at generating as much air jet as possible, which is necessary for vibration when pronouncing a sound. To do this, take a semi-lying position, raise your tongue to the alveoli, head slightly tilted back. In this position of the body, say the sound D. At the same time, with a special probe under the tip of the tongue, make movements from side to side. This manipulation allows you to slightly pull the tongue, due to faster inhalation of air, vibrations increase. With repeated repetition, you can achieve the correct pronunciation 2 times faster.
2. Take a comfortable position and try to press your tongue as tightly as possible to the sky. In this position, air is inhaled through the nose, then exhaled sharply through the mouth, without changing the position of the tongue. This is one of the easiest of the suggested 14 ways to learn how to pronounce the R sound.
3. It is performed very simply, we pronounce the letter Zh, trying to move our tongue to the throat as far as possible. When you hear R, you will need to say a combination of syllables from consonants.
4. Pronouncing the letter A, the tongue protrudes, in a relaxed wide position, while performing movements from side to side across the sky. When the tongue of the alveoli is touched, the sound R will be heard. It is necessary to fix this position and perform the automation of R. The sound itself should further move into vibration at the tip of the tongue.
5. The next method is aimed at setting the sound through the sound C. To do this, C is pronounced as long and clearly as possible, then when inhaling through the mouth, you need to try to raise your tongue to the alveoli and suck it further into the mouth. It is important to touch the alveoli with your tongue when entering, otherwise the sound may not work.
6. Put the tongue with a wide edge on the upper lip and blow on the tip of your nose. At this time, the speech therapist should press on the lower lip, receiving "vibrating" air. This exercise can be performed independently, gradually reducing the duration of pressing with your finger. This is one of the most difficult of the 14 sound production methods.
7. Having sucked the tongue to the sky, put the child's head on the knees of the speech therapist, who will press the edges of the tongue to the sky with his fingers. At this time, you need to blow very hard on the tongue, thereby causing the necessary vibration.
8. In this exercise, you need to raise your tongue by the upper teeth, closer to the sky and pronounce the sound D. The result will be something between Z and Zh.
9. And this is the easiest way to develop speech from the 14 proposed methods. Having touched the alveolus with the tongue, you need to release air on it while pronouncing the sound Z for a long time. As soon as the sound P is obtained, it should then go into vibration itself.
10. Press the tongue against the incisor, which is located below. Opening and closing your mouth, try to pronounce the letter A. When the mouth is closed, the upper incisors will be placed on the tip of the tongue pressed against the lower ones.
11. It is necessary to quickly pronounce syllables with a combination of letters dy, do, you, hells.
12. There is also a more unconventional way of developing speech. It must be done in the form of a game. The child is offered to portray the rain, while pronouncing the sounds T and D. On the left palm, you need to show the falling drops with your fingers, constantly increasing the rhythm.
13. We strain the tongue, putting our index finger under the tip, then we try to move it as evenly as possible from one corner to another. A rumbling sound should be heard. With a little getting used to, you can make these movements without the help of a finger.
14. This method is aimed at the rapid setting of P and Pb. It is necessary to direct a stream of air to your tongue, quickly sucking them to the sky. Vibration will be caused at the moment when the tongue comes off the palate with a stream of exhaled air.

All these 14 ways are aimed at developing correct diction and are best suited for children from 4 years old. At this age, children can not only perform them correctly, but also do these exercises much more efficiently. Only a speech therapist can choose the right exercises, taking into account all the features of the child's health.

To achieve the correct pronunciation, you can follow a few simple rules. It is necessary to teach the child gradually, first to say the sound P and Pb separately from everything, further in the syllable, and only after that already in the conversation. To overcome this problem, you will need to be patient and in no case give up trying to fix the defect. The end result depends only on perseverance and daily training.

The most frequent request for parents to contact a speech pathologist is a violation of the pronunciation of the sound “R”. It is formed last in the child's speech, the production of the sound "P" requires control by adults.

Mnemonic phrases for the development of the pronunciation of the sound "R".

When is a correction needed?

The sound "R" is one of the most difficult in the development of a child's speech. It belongs to the category of sonorants, in which the tones of the voice are greater than the noise.

Experts put "P" last, when all other sounds have already formed and consolidated correctly. The production of "P" is done after 5.5-6 years. Until that time, a violation in his pronunciation is the age norm.

In some cases, it is worth contacting a speech therapist from the age of 4, when the “P” appeared in speech, but does not appear correctly. In this variant, the child does not replace “R” with other sounds (“L”, “V”), but tries to pronounce “R”, but with violations of the articulatory apparatus.

Norm of pronunciation "R":

• lips are relaxed;
• distance between teeth 4-5 mm;
• the tip of the tongue rises to the upper gums;
• tongue vibrates in a stream of air;
• the middle part of the back of the tongue arches;
• the back of the tongue is directed backward, pressed against the palate;
• lateral edges are pressed upward;
• vocal folds fluctuate during speaking.

Violation of the pronunciation of the hard "P" and soft "Pb" in defectology is called rotacism or pararotacism. In Soviet times, these violations were called burr.

The main types of rotacism that require correction:

1. Velar.
   The tip of the tongue is lowered down, does not participate in articulation. The tongue is tense, pushed back. There is little voice in the pronunciation, a lot of air. The sound is guttural, loud.
2. Uvular.
   The tongue vibrates in the air stream. The sound is soft, quiet, smooth.
3. Nasal.
   The air is directed to the nose, there is no vibration.
4. Bilabial.
   Only the lips take part in articulation, without the tongue.
5. slotted.
   The tongue is directed upward and forms a gap with the soft palate. The sound changes to "Z" or "Zh".
6. Interdental.
   The tongue is between the teeth.

Stages of correction of violations:

1. Preparatory.
2. Sound setting.
3. Automation.
4. Differentiation.
5. Consolidation in speech.

Reasons for mispronunciation

A set of art exercises.

Forms of rotacism:

1. Distorted pronunciation.
2. Lack of sound in the child's speech.
3. Replacing one sound with another.

1. Disorders of articulatory motility and the structure of the articulatory apparatus: short frenulum, narrow or enlarged tongue, malocclusion, absence of teeth, high palate.
2. Violation of the central regulation of respiration. Violated rhythm, coordination of inhalation and exhalation. Exhalation occurs through the nose with throat pronunciation. Defects are caused by changes in muscle tone, limitation of mobility of the muscles of the larynx, soft palate, vocal folds, tongue and lips.
3. Pedagogical neglect. The child does not hear literate speech in everyday situations, there is no literacy training. Adults consciously imitate its pronunciation, changing the sounds, do not correct the incorrect sound. Literary works are not read to a preschooler, they do not have long conversations with him.
4. Phonemic hearing disorder. The child does not distinguish the phonemes of the native language, mixes them up, poorly understands the speech of others.

Problems with speech breathing

Speech breathing is the basis of sounding speech. It is responsible for the voice-forming and articulatory functions. Speech breathing is the ability of a person to take a short deep breath and distribute the air during exhalation while simultaneously pronouncing various sounds. At the same time, inhalation is shorter than exhalation by 5-8 times. On a long output, speech is formed. With correct speech breathing, the child speaks clearly and expressively, observes pauses.

Preschoolers do not control themselves, they begin to speak on inspiration or on the residual output, they take in air before pronouncing each word. This affects the correct pronunciation. If the child does not pronounce "P", correction work should begin with breathing.

Hearing disorders

Phonemic hearing is the ability to distinguish, analyze and differentiate heard phonemes. From birth, children learn their native language by imitation. By the age of 4, a preschooler develops the technique of pronunciation of all sounds except sonorants.

Impaired phonemic hearing (dyslalia) makes it difficult to perceive oral and written speech in school, so it is necessary to correct defects immediately when they are detected.

Speech therapy exercises for the development of phonemic hearing, which parents can do on their own:

1. The adult names a series of sounds, and the child clap his hands when he hears the hidden one.
2. An adult claps or taps a rhythm with a pencil, which the child must repeat.
3. The adult dictates sound combinations, the child repeats them.
4. The adult shows the pictures, the child chooses those in which there is a hidden sound.
5. The adult calls the words correctly and incorrectly, the child claps his hands when he hears the correct option.

Automation of the letter "R".

Underdevelopment of the organs of speech

The immaturity of the speech apparatus is the main cause of pronunciation disorders in preschoolers. The speech apparatus consists of 2 sections: central (brain sections) and peripheral (tongue, lips, soft palate, lower jaw). Brain disorders are diagnosed and corrected by a neuropsychologist. Defects of the articulatory apparatus are eliminated by a speech pathologist-defectologist in a playful way.

The individual structure of the frenulum

A shortened frenulum, anomalies in its location, is a defect in the oral cavity that occurs in early childhood. The problem is effectively solved surgically, with timely access to a specialist, the hyoid ligament is stretched with the help of exercises and speech therapy tools.

Preparation of the articulatory apparatus

In remedial classes, the preparatory stage is devoted to working with the articulatory apparatus. Exercises are carried out to stretch the hyoid ligament, upper tongue lift, warm up the lips and jaw.

Tasks for preparing the articulatory apparatus for work:

1. "Swing" - open your mouth, stretch your tongue alternately to the nose and to the chin.
2. "Horse" - click the tongue slowly and strongly, imitating the sound of a horse's hooves, while the lower jaw remains motionless.
3. "Chatterbox" - with a wide tip of the tongue, draw back and forth along the upper lip, without tearing off the tongue. Simultaneously pronounce "BL-BL-BL".

Breathing exercises

Breathing speech therapy gymnastics:

1. "Bubbles".
   Take a deep breath in through your nose, puff out your cheeks and exhale through your mouth.
2. "Mill".
   Feet together, arms up. Rotate with straight arms, pronouncing “zh-r-r” on the exhale. Accelerate movement, amplify sound.
3. "Geese".
   Walk around the room, flapping your arms like wings. Raise your hands while inhaling, lower them while exhaling, pronouncing "g-u-u".
4. "Balloon".
   Lying on your back, put your hand on your stomach. Take a deep breath in and out, observing the movement of the hand. Inflate your belly like a balloon.
5. "Hedgehog".
   Imitation of hedgehog panting with tension in the muscles of the nasopharynx.

Sound production methods

Tongue twisters for the pronunciation of the sound "r".

Basic staging techniques:

1. By imitation - the child's attention is fixed on the movements, positions of the organs of articulation when using visual and auditory control.
2. Mechanically - using speech therapy probes, spatulas, hand tools.
3. In a mixed way - staging from other sounds.

The period of fixing the correct sound is from 25 to 60 days. Lessons are held 2 times a week, without a speech therapist at home they are engaged daily.

Imitation

Until the age of 6, pure "P" and "Pb" appear in children by imitation. The child masters articulation independently through phonemic perception, focusing on the speech of the surrounding people. Therefore, the pronunciation of adults should be clean and clear, without violations.

Setting "R" from the sound "D"

You can teach your child to say the letter "P", starting from already formed sounds.

Statement from "D":

1. The child pronounces "D" loudly. The tip of the tongue rests on the alveoli of the upper palate. The tongue does not leave the palate.
2. Repeat without stopping "Ddddd". The tongue will vibrate and “DDD-RRR” will appear.
3. Say the syllables DRA, DRO, DRU, DRE, DRA, in which the "R" sounds hard.
4. Pronounce words that begin with "DR", "TR", work out pronunciation.
5. Remove the "D" from the exercises.

If the child is unable to vibrate the tongue, then you can help him by gently pushing the tongue with an ice cream stick.

Exercises from the sound "Ж"

If the preschooler correctly pronounces “F”, then when pronouncing it, you can move the tongue with a stick deep into the mouth. A short "R" is formed. Fix it by repeating the exercises. After automating "R" to select words without using "F".

Staging from the sound "Z"

The child pronounces "Z" briefly, lightly touching the alveoli with his tongue, blowing strongly on the tongue. A single-hit “P” will be heard, which then easily turns into a vibrating one.

This method is rarely used in practice, because. the articulation of "R" and "Z" is different.

Exercises from the sound "C"

The child pulls "Sssss" for a long time, then inhales through the mouth and presses the tongue to the alveoli. A short "P" will appear, which is automated through the above exercises.

Inhale

A distinctive feature of the above method is that the sound is evoked on inspiration. Speech is built on a long exhalation, inhalation during speech breathing is short. But when setting "P" from "C", the child makes a sound, inhaling the air.

Ways of setting the sound "r".

mechanical method

"P" is placed mechanically using speech therapy tools. The child opens his mouth, raises his tongue to the sky. The speech therapist taps the alveoli with a hammer, adds vibration with a spatula. The sound is fixed with the help of exercises, vibration is worked out first with a spatula, then without it.

The vibration of the tongue can be obtained in the following way: put a thick piece of paper (tied to a long thread) on the tip of the tongue, remove the tongue by the upper teeth and blow it off the tongue with a strong stream of air.

The mechanical method is applied with care, in the game, so as not to injure the preschooler.

Setting the sound "Pb"

When replacing "P" with its soft pair, the child opens his mouth wide and pronounces a sound more slowly, moving the front edge of the tongue forward to the upper incisors. In this case, "R" is combined with the front vowel "I". As a result, the sound acquires a soft tone.

Automation of the sound "P" in the syllables "ra-ro-ry-ru"

The game for working out "R" in open syllables helps the child to consolidate hard and soft forms, and contribute to the fluency of speech.

The preschooler repeats tongue twisters:

Ra, ra, ra is a warm hole.

Ra, ra, ra - thin bark.

Ry, ry, ry - a hedgehog sits at the hole.

Ry, ry, ry - they ran to the mountain.

Ru, ru, ru - we will walk in the forest.

Ru, ru, ru - I'll pick a lot of berries.

Ro, ro, ro - we called the bureau.

Setting the sound "R" according to Khvattsev

The Soviet teacher M. E. Khvattsev in 1959 developed a system of stage-by-stage production of "P":

1. Comparison of phrases with an explanation of the difference for the development of phonemic perception (hot-sorry, thief-ox, horns-spoons).
2. Obtaining vibrations mechanically, by tapping on the gums, and through working with an air jet.
3. Setting "P" from the resulting long "D" and "P".
4. Automation through the insertion of a reduced vowel sound "Y" (dyyyra, tyyyyra).

Exercises for the development of the pronunciation of the sound "r" according to Khvattsev.

Method according to Levina

Speech therapist R. E. Levina in 1965 developed a set of articulation exercises for teaching the pronunciation of "P".

At the first stage, the exercises are aimed at obtaining a fricative "P" without vibration after achieving the correct articulation.

On the second, the vibration of the tongue is trained from the sounds “Sh”, “Zh”. The child spreads his lips without rounding them, stretches out the “F”, moves the tip of the tongue up to the gums, there is no gap between them. The child exhales forcefully.

To generate vibration, the sound “D” is used, which is pronounced on one exhalation. The mouth is wide open, the front edge of the tongue is tightly connected to the gums of the upper teeth. "D" is pronounced instead of "R" in words with a combination of "TR" or "DR".

Bogomolova's method

A. I. Bogomolova in 1979 proposed a method for generating vibration for speaking "P". The teeth are open at a distance of 2 fingers. The tongue is pressed against the palate, stretching the frenulum as much as possible. The teacher moves the edges of the tongue to the sky with his fingers, while the frenulum is free.

The child takes a deep breath and blows it out sharply, connecting the voice. The combination "TJ" is formed. Repeat the exercise, gradually increasing the air pressure. The sound combination "TLE" will change to "TR". After fixing the short “TR”, they work out the rolling “TR” with the help of fingers, and then without them.

Correct articulation of the sounds "R" and "R"

SOUND "R"
The tongue is wide, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front edge of the tongue is raised to the alveoli (tubercles behind the upper incisors) and comes into contact with them during vibration. Vibration of the tip of the tongue occurs under the pressure of air (air passes through the middle of the tongue). The tension of the exhaled air current is strong.

Sound "r"
The front edge of the tongue moves forward and falls lower and closer to the upper incisors, there is no vibration. The back of the tongue rises higher, and the entire mass of the tongue is more tense. A short one-beat sound “R” is heard.

In fact, everything is simple, but in order for all this to work out, you need strong muscles of the tongue, a developed frenulum, in which the tongue rises and presses against the palate, and a strong air jet that creates vibration. All this needs to be developed with the help of exercises (in some cases, massage may be necessary). And accordingly, depending on the degree of development of these parameters, sound production can be quite fast, or it can drag on for months. Therefore, do not rush, but simply follow the regime of training and exercises, the regularity of which helps to speed up the process.

Preparatory exercises for the sound "R"

Articulation exercises for the tongue for the sound "R"

(All exercises are performed in front of a mirror counting 5-7 times.)

• Fence: stretch the lips in a smile so that the lower and upper teeth are visible. Then clamp the teeth with a "fence".
• Window: mouth open, lower and upper teeth should be visible.
• Brushing teeth: open your mouth and use the tip of your tongue to “clean” the upper and lower teeth from the inside, making movements from side to side.
• Painter: smile, show teeth, open your mouth and “stroke” the hard palate with the tip of your tongue, moving your tongue back and forth.
• Horse: smile, show teeth, open your mouth and click your tongue (like a horse clatters its hooves). The chin is immobile. With a variable pace (sometimes quickly, sometimes slowly), click the tongue so that it first sticks to the palate, and then falls down. The distance between the teeth should be at least one and a half fingers. Repeat exercise. The lower jaw is immobile. With the right click, the hyoid ligament ("bridle") is stretched and clearly visible. You can also change the position of the lips from the sound "A" to the sound "O" and at the same time try to click with the child to a certain rhythm.
• We kick the ball into the goal: smile, put a wide tongue on the lower lip and, as if pronouncing the sound [Ф], blow off the cotton wool to the opposite edge of the table.
• Sail: smile, show teeth, open your mouth and raise a wide tongue behind the upper teeth to the tubercle. Hold your tongue counting from 1 to 5.
• Woodpecker: the mouth is wide open, the chin is motionless. The tip of the tongue hits the tubercle behind the upper teeth, pronounce the sound [D]: D-D-D. Slowly at first, then pick up the pace.
• Turkey: sticking your tongue between your lips, make a "talker".
• Fungus: suck the tongue to the palate, stretching the “bridle” to the limit. The distance between the teeth is one and a half to two fingers. Keep your tongue up as long as possible. You can count together with the child - who will hold on longer. Repeat exercise. With insufficient opening of the mouth, the “bridle” is slightly stretched and the goal of the exercise is not achieved.

Exercise to develop air pressure.

Having typed air into the lungs, blow with force (and not just exhale!), Forcing the lips to vibrate. Blow air with the inclusion of voice. Make sure that the lips vibrate exactly with the voice.

Setting the sound "R"

The mouth is wide open, the front edge of the tongue is raised behind the upper teeth to the alveoli. The child speaks with a breath D-D-D or T-T-T. The tongue "jumps on the bumps." The blows of the tip of the tongue are clearly visible, which then touches the alveoli, then rebounds. For a better view, you can put a spatula between the molars. At the same time, blow strongly on the tip of the tongue - a vibration occurs.

We repeat letter combinations, the tongue is on the "tubercles"

- TDA-TDA-TDA, TDA-TDA-TDA

— TD-TD-TD

— DZA-DZY

— Tink-Tink-Tink

- quickly knocking tongue DDDD, starting from the palate "top" and go down "down" to the upper incisors

1. We pronounce the sound “Ж” with a drawl, moving the tip of the tongue slightly forward (to the alveoli - tubercles behind the teeth). Definitely with strong air pressure. At this moment, a spatula is inserted under the tongue and fluctuations of the tongue are caused by quick movements.
2. The same can be done when pronouncing the sound "Z" with the tongue raised to the upper incisors.
3. With the mouth open, we stick the tongue to the palate and, without releasing the tongue, blow on it with force. At this moment, a short vibration of the tip of the tongue is caused.
4. The same is only with mechanical help - we stick the tongue to the palate, press the lateral edges of the tongue with the thumb and forefinger, leaving the frenulum free. We blow out the air with force and connect the voice. You should get a sound similar to "trr", "drr". Make sure that the fingers do not hold the bridle, the force of the air stream along the middle of the tongue.

Setting the sound "R"

• The sound "Pb" may appear by itself simply by imitation after automation of a solid "P"
• After automating P, we simply combine this sound with the vowels “I”, “E”, “Yo”, “Yu”, “I”, while stretching our mouth in a smile.
• If it is difficult, you can try from the upper "Z", we exclude vibration and make one blow with the tip of the tongue to the place where the upper incisors grow.

In any case, after staging any sound, it is necessary to devote time to automating this sound in syllables, words, sentences.

After that, do not forget about the differentiation of similar or vice versa different sounds.

Beautiful and competent speech is the key to a successful life. Without it, a person will not be able to hold a number of positions and make a successful career. Clear pronunciation contributes to the development of self-esteem. Problems can arise for various reasons.

Staging the sound "R" requires a long preparatory period. It develops proper breathing and articulation. The defect in the pronunciation of "P", "Pb" is called rotacism, if the sounds change to others - pararotacism.

Reasons for violation

Children have problems with speech for a variety of reasons. If only the pronunciation side of speech is impaired, that is, the preschooler does not pronounce one or more sounds, then this is dyslalia.

Such a conclusion is made only after a detailed examination. The child checks the acuity of hearing, the mobility of the muscles of the speech apparatus. If both components are normal, put dyslalia.

It appears due to two main groups of factors. With the first, there are no deviations in the structure of the peripheral speech apparatus. The disorder is called functional dyslalia. It appears due to biological problems:

• frequent illnesses;
• problems during pregnancy and childbirth;
• minimal brain dysfunction.

It is impossible to establish exactly what became the catalyst for the violation. The social environment influences the formation of speech. Parents can deliberately distort speech, use primitive babbling words and lisp. All this does not contribute to the correct sound pronunciation.

In dysfunctional families, there is limited contact. The child does not communicate with peers, adults. The formation of speech occurs not only during the perception of addressed words, but also the ability to use them. Without practice, there will never be a sound pronunciation skill.

Mechanical dyslalia occurs due to violations of the structure of the articulatory apparatus. Sonora (sounds "R", "L" and soft pairs) require the tip of the tongue to be raised. A short hyoid frenulum limits the mobility of the organ.

At home, checking the length of the ligament is easy: the child is asked to open his mouth and raise his tongue. A small thin strip is visible from the bottom of the oral cavity to the organ - this is the frenulum. If it is short, then the tongue will not rise or come off a little from the lower jaw.

In rare cases, problems appear due to a high palate. This is a congenital anomaly. Problems with bite do not affect the pronunciation of sonorous sounds.

There is a concept of age dyslalia. Groups of sounds appear at different periods - this is a normal development. Sonors are formed at the age of five. Until then, don't worry.

Differentiation of diagnoses

Rotacism appears not only with dyslalia. With dysarthria, problems arise with the mobility of the muscles of the speech apparatus. In children, hypotonicity or hypertonicity is noted - weakness or tension of the organs of articulation.

Preschoolers with dysarthria have:

• breathing problems - weak, superficial;
• increased salivation;
• coordination disorders.

To make a diagnosis, use special tests proposed by Arkhipova. The child is asked to open his mouth, stick out his tongue and follow the bright toy with his eyes. When conducting, involuntary movements of the tongue are noticeable.

Sometimes a visual inspection is enough. The preschooler is asked to open his mouth, the tongue does not lie quietly in the cavity, but is collected in a lump - this indicates hypertonicity. If it is sluggish, motionless, then it is hypotension.

With rhinolalia, defects in the structure of the articulatory apparatus are observed - these are cleft gums, lips, and palate. Corrective work begins after plastic surgery; it is built in a different way than with dyslalia and dysarthria.

Violations of soft and hard sounds occur with general underdevelopment of speech (OHP). With this conclusion, problems are observed in vocabulary, grammar, coherent speech.

Forms of rotacism

Parents rarely hear defective sound. An experienced speech therapist will immediately recognize it. The complete absence of the soft sound "R" is rare. In this case, the child will say “tsa” instead of “king”.

Burr is called velar pronunciation. Due to the vibration of the soft palate, extra noise appears, the sound is distorted. With the uvular form, a small tongue works.

With lateral pronunciation, the vibration does not go to the tip of the tongue, but to its lateral edges. The form is characteristic of dysarthria, defects in the structure of the speech apparatus (short hyoid ligament).

With the bilabial form, the sound is created by trembling of the lips, the combination “prrrr” is obtained. It is sometimes called "coachman".

Sometimes the child manages to say a single-strike “P”, in which case there is no fluctuation of the tongue. The output sounds distorted "D".

“Pb” can be replaced by different sounds: solid “P”, “L”, “S”, “D” and others.

Preparatory stage

To prepare the speech apparatus, articulation and breathing exercises are used. In individual lessons with a child, they analyze the correct pronunciation of the sound "R":

• lips open;
• teeth are open;
• the back of the tongue is raised and slightly pushed forward;
• the tip rests against the alveoli and vibrates.

Graphic pictures are used to facilitate perception. All exercises from art. gymnastics are performed in front of a mirror. The complex is aimed at working out the rise and movements of the tip of the tongue.

"Horse" - with your mouth open, click your tongue, it is important that the jaw does not move. "Malyar" - move with the tip of the tongue from the alveoli of the upper teeth to the palate. "Fungus" - the mouth is open, the wide tongue is firmly glued to the sky and held. From this position, an "Accordion" is made - the lower jaw drops and rises, the tongue remains in the same place.

Exercise is done every day. The speed of staging, automation of sound depends on this.

To create vibration, do breathing exercises. A piece of cotton wool is placed on the tip of the nose, a wide tongue protrudes, assumes a “cup” position, the cotton wool is blown off.

It is useful to blow off paper balls, sultans, wind blowers. You need to do this every day, several times. It is important to control the child so that he does not puff out his cheeks.

It is impossible to designate a clear time frame for the passage of the preparatory stage. With dyslalia, it will take from a month to a year. With dysarthria, the period increases. Additionally, they do speech therapy massage, physiotherapy.

If the problem is caused by somatic weakness, then the child is tempered, his immunity and endurance are increased. Do not rush the preschooler, otherwise he will have secondary problems.

Staging methods

A soft sound is put after the introduction of a hard one into speech - this is the traditional view of speech therapists. In some cases, this cannot be done. Therefore, you can start the delivery with "P".

Receptions are standard: from other sounds or mechanically. For the latter, a probe or probe substitute is needed. The tool looks like a stick with a ball on the end. As a substitute, use canape skewers with a ball at the end, a spatula with a silicone nipple.

The sound setting is carried out in the supine position. The child opens his mouth, raises the tip of his tongue, pronounces “D” quickly, the speech therapist shakes his tongue with a probe, resulting in trembling.

When setting sonors, it is allowed to start automation from syllables immediately.

The staging from the sound “T” has features: the sound is pronounced exaggerated, drawn out, the lips are extended in a smile. The child is asked to say "t-r-i." A new sound will be heard, which is indicated by a symbol.

Effectively set the sound from "Zh". For this, the preschooler is asked to sing a mosquito song, but with the tip of the tongue raised up to the alveoli. The distorted sound is corrected by the movements of the probe and a long “zi” is pronounced, which turns into “ri”.

Introduction to speech

When setting sonors, the automation of syllables immediately begins. In other sounds, a beautiful isolated sound is achieved. With "Pb" and "P" they do not wait for this stage, immediately proceeding to the development of syllables.

They start from a straight position - a consonant plus a vowel sound. Mechanical assistance is carried out at the initial stage, the probe is gradually moved away, the child imperceptibly begins to “growl” himself.

The next stage is reverse syllables, where the position of the sounds changes. Combinations of a vowel plus a consonant are taken. In order to make it interesting for children to study, they use special games:

• walkers, laying out chips;
• sorting out pebbles;
• winding threads into a ball.

You can't rush. The transition from one level to another is carried out only with complete assimilation of the material. In parallel, they are working on phonemic hearing, which is responsible for distinguishing sounds.

The child must distinguish himself, control speech, when he speaks correctly, when not - correct himself. Practice begins with non-speech sounds - environmental noise, music. Then they move on to vowel sounds.

The automation process takes a long time. At home with a preschooler, they learn poetry, tongue twisters, tongue twisters, read stories and fairy tales with him. It is the parents who are obliged to develop self-control skills in him.

Do not delay in contacting a speech therapist. The earlier a defect is detected, the greater the chance of correcting the defect. In adulthood, it is difficult to fix it, it will take time.

The participation of parents in the correctional process guarantees its effectiveness. Adults ensure the daily performance of classes, control their quality. Their task is to do homework with the child.

With the joint work of parents and a speech therapist, they achieve good results. Children should go to school with correct oral speech. Without this, there is a risk of problems with writing and reading, which will be difficult to fix.