When starting to learn a language, many people are faced with the fact that the same letters in English and Russian are read differently. To teach the correct pronunciation and reading of foreign phonemes, words and expressions, Russian grammarians created a phonetic transcription system, which is not only useful to know, but also mandatory for everyone who wants to learn foreign language. What is transcription and why is it needed - these questions concern Russian-speaking people when learning English, since such a concept is found only in linguistics. "Transcription" is a Latin word, which in translation means "rewrite, redraw".

Transcriptions of most words can be found in a dictionary or online. Signs and symbols are enclosed in square brackets next to each word, the following table (Table 1) will help the beginner to read English words correctly. However, it is worth remembering that the English language is famous for various phonetic and stylistic rules and exceptions, the phenomena of which are not always clear to language learners.

Transcription marks and their pronunciation

English sounds, like Russian ones, are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowels, in turn, are monophthongs and diphthongs. This is the first difference between the two languages.

Monophthong is a vowel phoneme consisting of one element. In other words, it is a "pure" sound, it does not change its hue, pitch and rise throughout the entire pronunciation. There are 12 monophthongs in English.

A diphthong is a combination of two phonemes, pronounced without a pause, in one breath. The first sound is considered the main element, it is pronounced with great stress, the second is weaker than the first, relaxed. Different grammarians give different numbers of diphthongs. British scientists distinguish eight diphthong phonemes, American - five.

Table 1.

Sounds that have no analogues

There are 6 phonemes in English, which have no analogues in Russian. The following table (table 2) shows 4 consonants and 2 vowels:

Table 2.

The phonemes [θ] and [ð] have no analogues in Russian, and often beginners are intimidated by their pronunciation. This is just a matter of practice, which consists in placing the tongue between the teeth and blowing air out. The difference between these two sounds lies in the participation of the vocal cords during pronunciation: the sound [θ] is deaf, and [ð] is voiced.

The sound [ŋ] is similar to the French nasal n. It is formed in the region of the larynx. Many mistakenly pronounce it as the sound combination "ng", which is incorrect and contrary to the rules of the English phonetic system of the language.

According to the phonetic rules, the phoneme [w] is pronounced as follows: the lips are stretched into a tube, as when pronouncing the Russian “y”, and air flows are blown out with force.

The phoneme [æ] is sometimes called a frog. It's a long "e" that's pronounced with your mouth wide open.

Sound [ə] is a neutral sound, usually it is given by unstressed vowels, as, for example, in the word daughter [‘do: tə].

Transcriptions, recorded pronunciation of English words, their translation, as well as reading rules can be found on specialized sites for learning a language online. Audio recordings from correct pronunciation will help users learn to read, as well as provide overwhelming assistance in the study of complex English-language phenomena.

For example, for those who are already a little familiar with English, it will be very helpful

Transcription is a recording of the sound of a letter or word as a sequence of special phonetic characters.

Transcription may not be interesting to everyone, but, no doubt, useful. Knowing the transcription, you will correctly read an unfamiliar word without outside help. In the classroom, you yourself can read the transcription of a word (for example, from the blackboard) without asking others around, thereby facilitating the process of mastering lexical material, etc.

At first there will be errors in the correct reading, tk. there are always some subtleties in pronunciation. But this is just a matter of practice. A little later, if necessary, you can transcribe the words yourself.

Transcription is directly related to reading rules. In English, not everything that is seen (letter combinations) is read (as in Russian and Spanish, for example).

When textbooks (mostly domestic) talk about reading rules, much attention is paid to the type of syllable. About five such types are usually described. But such a detailed theoretical presentation of the rules of reading does not make the lot of a beginner much easier, and can even mislead him. It must be remembered that a good knowledge of the rules of reading is a great merit of practice, not theory.

Your attention will be presented the basic rules for reading individual letters and letter combinations. "Behind the scenes" there will be some phonetic moments that are difficult to convey in writing.

A little patience! Both transcription and reading rules are easily acquired in a short time. Then you will be surprised: "How easy it became to read and write!"

However, do not forget that, despite its widest distribution, English does not cease to be a LANGUAGE full of exceptions, stylistic and other delights. And at any stage of language learning, and especially at the beginning, look into the dictionary more often.

Transcription icons and their pronunciation

Notes:

In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is designated as [o]. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

Diphthong is a complex sound, which consists of two sounds. In most cases, the diphthong can be "broken" into two sounds, but not in writing. Since in many cases one of the constituent sounds of a diphthong, if used separately, will have a different designation. For example, the diphthong [ au ]: separately such a transcription icon as [ a ] ​​- does NOT exist. Therefore, most diphthongs are indicated not by a combination of different transcription signs, but by their own sign.

In many school textbooks and in some domestic dictionaries, this sound is designated as [ou], which is more descriptive. But, in modern English dictionaries, this sound is usually denoted as shown in the table.

This sign often denotes unstressed vowel sounds in transcription, regardless of the letters (combinations) that give this sound.

Reading Rules

English words have several types of syllables. However, to understand the whole system, it is necessary to remember and distinguish between the following two types: open and closed.

open syllable ends in a vowel: game, like,stone- the vowel in the word is read in the same way as in the alphabet.

Closed syllable ends in a consonant: pen, cat, bus- a vowel in a syllable gives a different sound.

Stress in transcription and words is indicated by a vertical bar before stressed syllable.

single vowel sounds

Vowel diphthongs

Consonants

Vowel sounds: Consonant sounds:

monophthongs

see[p] pen

[ɪ] sit[b] bad

[e] ten[t] tea

[æ] hat[d] did

[ɑ:] arm[k] cat

[ɔ] got[g] get

[ɔ:] saw [ʧ] chin

too [ʤ] June

[u] put[f] fall

[ʌ] cup[v] voice

[ə:] fur [θ] thin

[ə] a go [ð] then

diphthongs [z] zoo

page [ʃ] she

[əu] home [ʒ] vis ion

five[h] how

now[m] man

[ɔɪ] join[n] no

[ɪə] near [ŋ] sing

hair[l] leg

pure[r] red

[j] yes

triphthongs [w] wet

fire

our

layer

[əuə] mower

[ɔɪə] loyal

UNIT 6

Positional length of vowels

The length of English monophthongs (both short and long) and diphthongs depends on their position in the word. For the practical study of the language, the following cases are most important:

1) the same vowel is longer in a stressed syllable than in an unstressed one;

the same vowel is longer in final position and before a voiced consonant than before a voiceless one.

I. Long vowels, [α:], [ɔ:], , [ә:] and unstressed diphthongs become semi-long. In transcription, semi-longitude is indicated by a single dot, for example: [ә "pα: t] apart and partition. Diphthong in noun ["aυtleı] outlay longer than in the verb.

The duration of a vowel is noticeably shortened if it is followed by one or more unstressed syllables, for example: lead, but ["lı dә] leader; [α:sk] ask, but ["α skıŋ]; a more significant reduction: [α: t] art– ["α tfυl] artistic– ["αtfυlı] artistically.

However, if long vowels and diphthongs are followed by a stressed syllable, they have a longer longitude, for example: ["bı:f"steık] beefsteak.

II. Depending on the positional conditions, three quantitative allophones of long phonemes are traditionally distinguished:

lingering - at the end of a word;

semi-long - before voiced consonants and sonants;

abbreviated before voiceless consonants.

see[ı:] – seed [ı∙] – seat [ı]

Short phonemes lengthen before voiced consonants and shorten before voiceless ones:

pill [ı∙] – pick [ı]

Note that fluctuations in vowel length can cause the boundaries between traditionally long and short vowels to blur, or even long ones to be shorter than short ones. For example, the vowel in beat can be shorter than the short [ı] in bid.

In general, the features of the positional longitude of English vowels can be represented by the following table:

Remember that in all cases of change in duration, vowels not change their quality.

sı: - sı:d - sı∙t - sıt kα: - kα:d - kα∙t - kʌt sә: - sә:v - sә∙f hı∙z - hı∙mmm - hıs

fı: - fı:d – fı∙t – fit ko: - kɔ:d – kɔ∙t – kɔt se∙d – se∙lll – set mʌ∙d – mʌ∙mm - mʌst

bı: - bı:d – bı∙t – bit lu: - lu:z – lu∙s - lυk lɔ∙b – lɔ∙lll - lɔs wυ∙d – wυ∙lll – lυk

wә:k – "wә∙kә teık - "teıkıŋ sı: - "sı∙ıŋ α:t – "α∙tfυl - "αtfυlı

lә:n - "lә∙nıŋ fαınd - "fαındıŋ mαunt - "mαuntıŋ α:m - "α∙mә - "αmәmәnt

UNIT 7

[ı:] - a long tense non-labialized vowel (diphthongoid) of the front row of a high rise (closed) of a narrow variety; long tense unrounded front close (high) diphthongoid of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in front of the mouth, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the lips are somewhat stretched. This sound is pronounced as a tapering diphthongoid: the middle part of the tongue starts sliding from the position for [ı], then rises to [i] and ends with [j].

[ t] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar stop plosive voiceless (strong) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, the middle and back parts of the tongue are lowered. English [t] is stronger than Russian [t] and is pronounced with aspiration.

[ d] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar occlusive plosive voiced (weak) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, the middle and back parts of the tongue are lowered. English voiced [d] is much weaker than voiceless [t]. Unlike Russian [d], English [d] is partially stunned at the end of words.

[ p] - labial-labial occlusive deaf (strong) oral consonant; bilabial occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing the lips, closing, form a complete barrier. English [p] is pronounced with aspiration. It is characterized by strong articulation, especially at the end of a word.

[ b] - labial-labial occlusive plosive voiced (weak) oral consonant; bilabial occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing the lips, closing, form a complete barrier. At the end of words, English [b] is partially stunned.

[ s] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar fricative fricative voiceless (strong) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar constrictive fricative noise voiceless (fortis) oral consonant.

[ z] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar fricative fricative voiced (weak) oral consonant; forelingual apical alveolar constrictive fricative noise voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing [s] and [z] between the tip of the tongue and the alveoli is formed narrow gap resulting in a loud hissing noise. Unlike the English consonants [s] and [z], Russian [s] and [z] are characterized by dorsal-dental articulation.

[ f] deaf (strong) oral consonant; labiodental constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the inner surface of the lower lip is loosely pressed against the upper teeth, forming a gap for the passage of a stream of air. English [f] is stronger than the corresponding Russian consonant, especially at the end of words.

[ v] – labiodental fricative fricative voiced (weak) oral consonant; labiodental constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) oral consonant. It is much shorter and weaker [f]. At the end of words, voiced [v] is partially stunned.

[ m] - labial-labial occlusive nasal sonant; bilabial occlusive nasal sonorant. When pronouncing, the lips, closing, form a complete barrier, but the soft palate is lowered, and a stream of air passes through the nasal cavity.

[n]- anterior lingual apical-alveolar occlusive nasal sonant; forelingual apical-alveolar occlusive nasal sonorant. When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, but the soft palate is lowered, and a stream of air passes through the nasal cavity. The Russian sound [n] is a nasal dorsal-dental sonant.

[h]- fricative fricative pharyngeal (laryngeal) deaf consonant; constrictive fricative glottal voiceless consonant. The sound [h] occurs only before vowels and is only an exhalation, in which air passes through the larynx without causing vibration of the vocal cords. The gap is wide and the friction noise is low. When pronouncing Russian [x], the back of the tongue rises high to the soft palate, thereby creating a barrier to the air stream and a narrower gap.

sI: fI: bI: hI: pI: nI:

sI:d fI:d bI:d hI:d pI:z nI:z

sI:t fI:t bI:t hI:t pI:s nI:s

Note.

The lack of palatalization of consonants before front vowels (in this case .

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t] at the beginning of a word before a vowel.

Strong articulation of voiceless consonants and weak, partially stunned articulation of voiced consonants at the end of a word.

Meet. feel. Feed. Veal. mean. Heal. Steal.

Ap "peal. Es" teem. In "deed." Seaman. "Frequency.

Re "treave. Re" veal. Ma "chine. Ex" tremes.

"Creature." Freeman. Leaflet.

The eagles. The easel. The evening.

The East. The epoch. The ease.

The emu. The East End. The eaves.

The easterness. The eels. The ease.

"Each" man "took his" kit to the "end of the" quay.

I "wish" Eve could "get them "all to a" gree.

It's "easier to" speak than to "read.

"How many" people have you in "vited to the" meeting?

We "don't ex" pect to "leave till this" evening.

I would "like to" see some "tweed, please.

I "feel it my" duty to "speak to his" teacher.

After "reading for only "three" minutes he "fell into a" deep "sleep.

UNIT 8

[ı] - a short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the front row pushed back a high rise (half-closed) of a wide variety; short lax unrounded front-retracted close (high) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in front of the oral cavity, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, but much lower than with the corresponding Russian [i], the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, the lips are slightly stretched. To avoid a mistake like Russian [and], the tongue must be pulled back slightly and the sound shortened.

[ k] - back-lingual velar occlusive plosive voiceless (strong) oral consonant; backlingual velar occlusive plosive voiceless (fortis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, forming a complete barrier. English [k] is stronger than Russian [k] and is pronounced with aspiration.

[ g] - backlingual velar occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant; backlingual velar occlusive plosive voiced (lenis) oral consonant. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, forming a complete barrier. English voiced [g] is much weaker than voiceless [k]. At the end, it is not completely stunned.

[ l] - anterior lingual apical-alveolar lateral (lateral) slit sonant; forelingual apical alveolar lateral constrictive sonorant. It is formed by the passage of a jet of air on both sides of the tongue, with the tip of the tongue pressed against the alveoli. Sonant [l] has two main shades depending on the position in the syllable: light(palatalized) shade sounds before vowels. It is formed by raising the middle back of the tongue to the hard palate. Dark(hard) shade [ł] sounds at the end of words and before consonants. It is formed by raising the back of the tongue to the soft palate, i.e. velarization occurs.

[ r] - anterior lingual zaalveolar cacuminal median fricative sonant; forelingual post-alveolar cacuminal median constrictive sonorant. Cacuminal (tip) consonants are articulated with the tip of the tongue, which is raised and slightly bent. When pronouncing [r], the tip of the tongue is raised to the posterior slope of the alveoli, while a spoon-shaped depression is formed in the front of the tongue.

[ ŋ ] - posterior lingual stop nasal sonant; backlingual velar occlusive nasal sonorant. Represents the nasal pair [g]. When pronouncing, the back of the tongue touches the soft palate, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower teeth, the mouth is wide open. The sound [ŋ] in English is always pronounced before the letters “k” and “g” in the combinations “ng”, “nk” (for example, so ng, mo nk ey ["mʌŋkı]). However, sometimes in combination "ng" between [ŋ] and a vowel, a plosive [g] is pronounced (for example, jungle [ʤʌŋgl]). The use of the sound combination [ŋg] is subject to the following rules:

1) [ŋg] never occurs at the end of a word, only [ŋ] is used in this position: string;

2) [ŋg] occurs only in words of non-verbal origin: finger ["fıŋgə], angry ["æŋgrı], English ["ıŋglıʃ];

3) [ŋg] is used in the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives ending in “ng”: stronger ["strɔŋgə], longest ["lɔŋgəst].

Assimilation (assimilation) - this is a qualitative assimilation of adjacent consonant sounds. Sounds, connecting within a word or in a flow of speech at the junctions of words, can influence each other, making neighboring sounds more or less similar in their articulation. As a result, various positional variants of consonant phonemes arise. The direction of the assimilation process may be different; varies depending on progressive (progressive), regressive (regressive) and mutual (reciprocal) assimilation.

At progressive Assimilation of the previous sound affects the next, likening it to itself. So, in a combination of a deaf consonant with a sonant, the latter is muted. For example, in combinations, under the influence of deaf sounds, the sonants [r] are stunned: ["prızn], , , [ʃrıl].

At mutual (double) assimilation, both adjacent sounds affect each other. For example, in combination, the sound [t] deafens the beginning of [r], and the sound [r] affects [t], making it transalveolar, like cuminal. When opened, the tip of the tongue retains its cuminal position. First, a narrower passage is formed for the air flow, which turns the beginning of the sonant into a noisy slit, a bit reminiscent of the sound [ʃ]:, and in the case of c, the sound [ʒ]:.

Lateral Burst (lateralplosion) is formed if the plosive sound is followed by a lateral sonant [l]: , . The tip of the tongue remains on the alveoli, and at the moment when the edges of the tongue are lowered, the air slips out along the edges of the tongue with a slight noise, like an explosion. The sonant in such cases becomes syllable-forming.

ıt ıs ız ın pınnn pıłłł tınnn dınnn bıd tıp rıp sıt – sı:t sık – sı:k fit – fı:t

ıłłł lıp fıłłł tıłłł bıłłł mılk lıst sınnn zıŋk kıŋŋ lıp – lı:p kıl – kı:l lıd – lı:d

" lıkıŋ " klıpıŋ " drıpıŋ "vızıtıŋ " prıntıŋ " fıksıŋ kın – kı:n bıt – bı:t pıl – pı:l

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional longitude of vowels [ı], [ı:].

Lack of palatalization of consonants before vowels [ı], [ı:].

Apical-alveolar structure of speech organs when pronouncing consonants [t], [d], [n].

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k] at the beginning of a word before a vowel.

Lengthening of sonants after short vowels.

Light and dark shades [l] in the respective positions.

Mutual assimilation combined and progressive assimilation combined.

Ex. 2

sıŋ stıŋ rıŋ sprıŋ kıŋ klıŋ brıŋ sın – sıŋ klıŋ – klıŋk " klıŋıŋ - " klıŋkıŋ

sıŋs stıŋs rıŋs sprıŋs kıŋs klıŋs brıŋs kın – kıŋ stıŋ – stıŋk " stıŋıŋ - " stıŋkıŋ

" sıŋıŋ " stıŋıŋ " rıŋıŋ " sprıŋıŋ " klıŋıŋ " brıŋıŋ pın – pıŋ sıŋ - sıŋk " sıŋıŋ - " sıŋkıŋ

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Do not allow the replacement of back lingual [ŋ] with front lingual [n].

Avoid intrusion [g] between [ŋ] and vowel.

Remember that consonants lose their aspiration after the consonant [s]: sprıŋ, stıŋ.

Ex. 3

rıp - trıp drı:m - trı: drıp - trıp

rıŋ – sprıŋ "brıtı ​​ʃ - "prıtı drıll - trıll

rı:d - krı:d grım - krı:m drıb - trık

rı:zn - prızn vrIl - frı: drı:m - trı:t

ıtl lıtl mıdl medl "dedlı setl ketl

ət lı:st ıtl bı: ıt lı:dz strı:t ‘laɪtnıŋ

Note. When working on the exercise, it must be remembered that in combinations, sounds are pronounced together, the tip of the tongue should not be torn off from the alveoli, there should not be a vowel sound between sounds.

In "finitive." Immigrant. Impossi "bility. In "scription.

In " difference. In "finity. In "dignity." Institute.

The Indies. The industry. The insects.

The issue. The impulse. The imports.

true insight. Primary interest. Deadly disease.

new issue. Steady income. Lovely image.

Mighty ocean. Filthy abuse. Clumsy effort.

primary object. Costly operation. Deadly accuracy.

If you "want" this one it'll "cost you" triple.

He will "get to the" cinema with "six" minutes to "spare.

It is im "possible for him to" get there in "six" minutes.

"Jim" seems "ignorant of" even the "simplest" facts of "English" history.

The "building is situ" ated near a "big" cliff.

" Tim " didn't " get there in " winter, " did he?

"When you've" finished it, "give me a" ring.

It's "difficult to contra" dict him.

UNIT 9

[e]- a short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the front row of the middle rise (half-open) of a narrow variety; short lax unrounded front mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in front of the mouth, the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, the lips are slightly stretched. To avoid a mistake like Russian [e], you should open your mouth less, stretch your lips slightly and move your tongue forward.

end eb eg elm end els "eni" epik beg - bıg bed - bıd - bı:d

men sed bed get net ges felt pebl "pepə den - dın pet - pıt - pɪ: t

"betə" bedıŋ "merı "menı "redı" refərəns ded – dıd ten – tın - tɪ:n

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional longitude of a vowel.

Lack of palatalization of consonants before vowels [e], [ı] and [ı:].

Ef "fect. E" injection. E "lecture. Epi" demic.

E "xecutive. In" tention. Re "ception. De "tection

The editor. The elders. The elements.

The elephant. The emblem. The emperor.

Silly error. busy editor. grumpy elder.

extra effort. many men. happy end.

Any reference. primary element. Dirty entrance.

military escort. Mighty empire. ugly episode.

" Edgar " said he'd " wait for her at the " entrance.

"When did you "last" tell your "friend to" send it?

"Is that the" gent who "sent you the" letter?

I "think you'd better" tell the "rest of them.

There's " plenty of " time to " get it " settled.

You "mustn't" think "Jeff" read me "everything.

He's "telling me he" isn't "ready yet."

" Ed " couldn't " mend it " very " well.

[æ] - a semi-long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the front row of a low rise (open) of a wide variety; half-long tense unrounded front open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the mouth is rather wide open, the tongue is in front of the oral cavity, lies flat in the mouth, the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, the corners of the lips are slightly drawn to the sides. To avoid mistakes like Russians [e] and [a], you should open your mouth wider and leave the tip of your tongue pressed against your lower teeth.

Ex. 5

dæd læd sæd lænd stænd æt læs bæd – bed "lætə - " letə bın - ben - bæn

sæd – sæt pæd – pæt "sændı tæn - ten" kætl - "ketl dıd – ded - dæd

æd - æt tæg - tæk "dædı mæn - men" bætə - "betə pın - pen - pæn

æz - æs læb - læp " lædə bæk - bek blænd - blend hıd - hed - hæd

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

The sound [æ] is pronounced long (longer than short vowels) before voiced consonants and briefly before deaf ones.

Lack of palatalization of consonants before vowels [æ], and [ı].

No aspiration [t] after [s]: stænd.

A "cademy. At" tachment. At "tack. A" nalogy.

Un "natural. A" nalysis. Inter "national." Fantasy.

E "lastic. Re" action. "Gallery. An" tagonism.

The atmosphere. The altitude. The abstract.

The attitude. The antonym. The adjective.

easy access. Beastly appetite. Silly ass.

Deadly accuracy. literary amateur. Easy atmosphere.

live action. Icy anger. Dusty attic.

Dead arrow. Filthy alley. Far-away ancestor.

"Barrat" said he'd "wait for "Ann on the" platform.

You can "easily" catch the "last" bus for "Barrow.

Is "that the" man who at "tacked you?

"Baxter's the "last" man to "want to" sack you.

I'm a "fraid" Jack "didn't under "stand your" plan.

The "man" put his' bag on the "rack.

" Hasn't " Allen " given you his " racket?

"Jack can" do it "that" way.

UNIT 10

[ ʌ ] - a short, unstressed, non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back advanced series of low rise (open) of the narrow variety; short lax unrounded back-advanced open (low) monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the mouth is half open, the lips are neutral, the tongue is somewhat pulled back. The back of the tongue is slightly raised. In case of an error like Russian [a], the language should be moved back a little.

Ex. 1

pʌn bʌn dʌl tʌn kʌp kʌt dʌst "mʌnı kʌb - kæb

"ʌ∫ ə "ʌglı "ʌlsə "ʌŋkl ʌp" set "hʌnı sʌk - sæk

bʌd - bʌt dʌg - dʌk hʌg - hʌk "dʌstı tʌn - tæn

kʌd - kʌt mʌg - mʌk hʌn - hʌ∫ "fʌnı fʌn–fæn

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional length of vowels.

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].

"Grudge. "Lumber. "Puddle. Lunch.

"Function. "Submarine. "Hurry. "Mutton.

A "bundance. "Bungalow. "Summit. "Number.

The uncle. The umbrella. The usher.

The upland. The undercoat. The underground.

Wealthy uncle. Hilly upland. Slow upgrowth.

Low undertone. Very unjust. Horribly ugly.

Cruelly unjust. Sadly unhappy. Shyly uneasy.

1. "Ask "Buck if he'd" like a "nother" lump of "sugar.

2. "Rutt "won't ar" rive before "lunch on" Sunday.

3. "Mother "told her" not to "come.

4. "Don't" touch this "money till" next "month.

5. She was as "snug as a" bug in a "rug.

6. "Something must be" done to "save the" funds.

7. With "utmost" care my "uncle un" wrapped the "bundle.

8. There "wasn't much" sunshine in "London on" Monday.

- long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of low rise (open) of a wide variety; long tense unrounded back open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is at the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the tip of the tongue is pulled away from the lower teeth, the lips are neutral. In case of an error like Russian [a], the language should be moved back somewhat and the vowel lengthened.

[ t∫] - anterior lingual palatal-alveolar stop voiceless (strong) affricate;

forelingual palato-alveolar occlusive voiceless (fortis) affricate.

[ ʤ ] - anterior lingual palatal-alveolar stop voiced (weak) affricate;

forelingual palato-alveolar occlusive voiced (lenis) affricate. Affricates are compound consonants whose first component is the plosive [t] or [d] and the second component is the fricative [ʃ] or [ʒ]. When they are pronounced, the tip of the tongue touches the alveoli, while the middle part of the tongue rises to the hard palate. Gradually, the tip of the tongue moves away from the alveoli, thus, the complete obstruction becomes incomplete. English is harder than Russian [h]. English [ʤ] has no analogue in Russian. It is impossible to allow separate pronunciation of the components of the affricate [ʤ], as in the Russian words “jazz” and “jam”.

nose blast(nasalplosion) is formed if the explosive sound is followed by a nasal sonant [n]: , . The tip of the tongue remains on the alveoli, and the soft palate descends, and the air breaks with a slight explosion into the nasal cavity, which resonates.

a: ba: ka: sta: a:m ba:d ka:d sta:v pa:k - pʌk

fa: - fa:m – fa:st t∫a: - t∫a:lz - t∫a:t ma:t∫ - mʌt∫

ta: - "ta:dı – ta:t ka: - " ka:bən – ka:p da:k - dʌk

ska: - "ska:lıt – ska:f ka: - "ka:gəu –" ka:stə la:st - lʌst

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional longitude of a vowel.

The difference in the duration of vowels and [ʌ] in the same positional conditions.

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k] and its absence after [s].

t∫ɪ:z t∫ɪk t∫es t∫æp t∫a:t "t∫ʌbɪ t∫ɪ:p - ʤɪ:p et∫ - eʤ

ɪt∫ dɪt∫ fet∫ kæt∫ mʌt∫ "lekt∫ə "mɪkst∫ə "kʌlt∫ə t∫ɪn - ʤɪn rɪt∫ - rɪʤ

ʤɪ:p ʤɪm ʤest ʤæm ʤa: ʤʌst t∫ʌg - ʤʌg bæt∫ - bæʤ

brɪʤ eʤ bæʤ la:ʤ "mærɪʤɪz t∫a:ʤd mɪs"ʤʌʤd t∫a: - ʤa: ma:t∫ - ma:ʤ

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Greater hardness of English compared to Russian [h].

Continuous pronunciation of the components of the affricate [ʤ].

Ex.7

ɪ:tn mɪtn kɪtn bʌtn pætn ɪ:tıŋ - ɪ:tn

"t∫ʌtnɪ ət naɪt raɪt nau pa:t naɪn "bɪdıŋ - bɪdn

hɪdn rɪdn sʌdn pa:dn "glædnəs" pætıŋ - pætn

"kɪdnɪ dɪdnt red neɪlz gud naɪt "rɪ:dıŋ - rɪdn

Note. When working on the exercise, it must be remembered that in combinations, sounds are pronounced together, the tip of the tongue should not be torn off from the alveoli, there should not be a vowel sound between sounds.

Ex.8

A "partment. Mous" tache. E "xample." Sharpness.

Com " mander. " Argument. Dis "armament.

" Bar-room. ' Cardinal. " Darling.

The armor. The architect. The artery.

The Argentina. The article. The artist.

pretty garden. true artist. Tiny artery. Large net.

Gloomy Arctic. Heavy armchair. low archway.

Enemy army. crafty architect. Showy article.

"Archie" asked to "wait for him in the" park.

"Hasn't "Father" asked "Martin to "mow the" grass?

I "think I'd" rather "ask my" aunt.

We've "asked the" Archers to "come to the" party.

"Father" asked him "not to" park his "car" there.

"Garth's the "last" person to "want to" bargain.

The "barman was" smart, but "not so" smart as "Charlie's" aunt.

He "asked" Parker to "drive the" car as "fast as he" could.

UNIT 11

[ ɔ ] - a short, unstressed, labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of a low rise (open) of a wide variety; short lax rounded back open (low) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is at the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the mouth is wide open, the lips are rounded. Russian [o] is less open and more rounded. In case of a mistake like Russian [o], you should open your mouth wider, lower and move your tongue lower, round your lips without stretching them forward and reduce the sound a little.

Ex. 1

ɔn ɔd ɔf dɔg hɔg bɔg kɔk stɔp da:k – dɔk kɔp - kʌp

tɔm dɔl dɔn ∫ɔn gɔn sɔŋ lɔŋ pa:t – pɔt rɔb - rʌb

nɔd - nɔt mɔb - mɔp lɔg - lɔk frɔg - frɔk ha:p - hɔp mɔk - mʌk

"kɔfi "sɔrı "dɔktə "lɔbstə "strɔŋgə ga:d - gɔd hɔt - hʌt

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional length of vowels.

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].

Strong articulation of final voiceless consonants and weak voiced ones.

Stunning of the sonant [r] after the deaf ones in the words frɔg, strɔŋgə.

"Follower. "Politics. "Honesty. "Blossom.

"Goggles. "Godmother. "Locker. "Stocking.

A "pollo. E" xotic. A "pology. Au" tonomy. "Knockdown.

The octopus. The office. The oranges.

The object. The obstacle. The opposite.

Very obstinate. new office. friendly offer.

funny opera. solitary object. Likely odds.

Gloomy onlookers. army officer. Lucky offspring.

This is the "very" spot where "Tom" lost his "watch.

"Ron's" got a "cough, so" Don will "do the" shopping.

He "flew from" Ottawa to "Moscow in" three "hops.

I've "got to" solve a "very" knotty "problem.

He had a "lot of" both "getting to his" office be "cause of the "thick" fog.

I "want a" bottle of "ink, some" blotting-paper, and "three" box-files.

This "cloth" wants "washing.

"Tell" Oliver to "knock me" up at "six o'" clock.

[ ɔ: ] - long tense labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back row of the middle rise (half-open) of the narrow variety; long tense rounded back mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is at the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly higher towards the soft palate than for [ɔ], the lips are rounded.

Binder [r] (linking [ r]) . If a word ending in a consonant [r] is followed by a word beginning with a vowel sound, then at the junction of words [r] it is pronounced: and father͜͜͜͜͜ ͜ and a mother [ə "fa:ðər ͜ ənd ə "mʌðə]; more and more.

ɔ: kɔ: tɔ: pɔ: ∫ɔ: lɔ: flɔ: nɔ:t - nɔt kɔ: - ka:

fɔ:- fɔ:m - fɔ:k - "fɔ:tı ∫ɔ:t - ∫ɔp pɔ:t - pa:t

∫ɔ: - ∫ɔ:d - ∫ɔ:l - ∫ɔ:t spɔ:t - spɔt fɔ:m – fa:m

ɔ: l "ɔ: də "ɔ: ful "ɔ: gəst "ɔ: təm bɔ: d - "bɔdı bɔ: d - ba: d

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional length of vowels.

Aspiration of consonants [p], [t], [k].

Boarder. Norway. "Flooring. "Portal.

Footsore. Normandy. "Torso. "Porcupine.

Re "sort. Dis" cord. De "formity. Ab" normal.

The order. The orchestra. The organist.

The oarsmen. The orbit. The organizer.

planetary orbit. Bodily organ. healthy organisms.

Lonely orphan. Showy ornament. Highly organised.

Costly ore. new orchestra. new order.

Your "daughters are" all "tall.

This per "formance" always "draws a" large "audience.

"Have you "read the extra" ordinary "story they are" all "talking a" bout?

That "tall" girl's my "daughter.

I a "dore her" more and "more.

"Could you" show me the "shortest" way to the "port?

I "caught a" cold when I "walked a" long the "shore.

They "can't af" ford to "buy any" more.

UNIT 12

[ υ ] - a short, unstressed, labialized vowel (monophthong) of the back advanced series of high rise (closed) of a wide variety; short lax rounded back-advanced close (high) monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is at the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is slightly raised, the lips are slightly rounded. In case of a Russian mistake [y], you should move your tongue forward and not stretch your lips.

[ ʃ ] - anterior lingual apical palatal-alveolar fricative noisy voiceless (strong) consonant; forelingual apical palato-alveolar constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) consonant.

[ ʒ ] - anterior lingual apical palatal-alveolar fricative noisy voiced (weak) consonant; forelingual apical palato-alveolar constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) consonant. When they are pronounced, the tip of the tongue is at the alveoli, and the middle part of the tongue rises to the hard palate, which explains the shade of softness that distinguishes the English [ʃ] and [ʒ] from the Russian hard consonants [sh] and [zh]. To avoid a mistake, you should raise the middle part of the tongue.

[ w] - posterior lingual labial-labial median fricative sonant; backlingual bilabial median constrictive sonorant. When pronouncing, the lips are strongly rounded and pushed forward, forming a round gap. The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. The tongue and lips then move instantly into position to pronounce the next vowel. There is no such sound in Russian. In the event of a Russian error [v], care must be taken to ensure that the lower lip does not touch the lower teeth.

Mutual assimilation [tw], [ kw]. In combinations, the consonants [t] and [k] are rounded off under the influence of the labial [w], at the same time, the deaf sounds [t] [k] deafen the beginning of [w]: twenty ["twentɪ], quite. Thus, the process assimilation acts in two directions at the same time, and as a result two positional variants are pronounced: rounded [t] and initially muffled [w].

Ex. 1

gυd kυd rυm fυl bυk pυt lυk pυl – pɔ:l lυk – lɔk

wυd wυlf "∫υgə "bυlıt bυ∫ "gυdnəs fυl – fɔ:l bυl – bɔks

pυl - pυt fυl - fυt bυl - bυk kυk - kɔ:k pυt - pɔt

hυd - hυk "∫υgə -" kυkə "pυdıŋ - pυtıŋ tυk - tɔ:k wυl - wɔt

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional length of vowels.

Aspiration of consonants [p], [k].

The position of the lips when pronouncing the sounds [ɔ:, ɔ], the qualitative difference [ɔ: - ɔ] in all positions.

Ex. 2

ʃɪ:p ʃɪp ∫elf ∫æl ∫υt ∫ɔ:t ʃɔp "meʒә "leʒә "pleʒә "treʒә

fɪʃ dɪ∫ dæ∫ smæ∫ bυ∫ hʌ∫ wɔ∫ "vɪʒn dɪ"sɪʒn kәn"fju:ʒn ɪn"veɪʒn

"fɪ∫ɪz "dɪ∫ɪz "læ∫ɪz "spe∫әl "fi∫әmәn ə"keɪʒn ɪks"pləuʒn "ʒæbəu reɪ"ʒɪ:m

æm "bi∫әs "næ∫әnәl pe" mi∫n "pen∫n "rʌ∫ә "mɪrɑ:ʒ "gærɑ:ʒ ru:ʒ "ʒɑ:nrә pres"tɪ:ʒ

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Greater softness of English [∫] compared to Russian [sh].

Duration [∫] at the end of a word.

Slight muting [ʒ] in the initial and final position and complete voicing between two vowels and between a vowel and a voiced consonant.

Ex. 3

wɪ: wɪ:dɪ wɪ:k wɪn wɪsl welp wen wæks wɪ: - vɪ: wɔ:lt - vɔ:lt

wɔ: wɔ:m wɔ:tə wɔz wɔsp "wɔrən wud wul" wɪntə - "vɪntə waɪn - vaɪn

"wʌndə" wʌrɪ "ɔ: lwɪz wɔt" evə "wɔndərə west - vest wau - vau

a piece of wood five windows save water wise advice

a glass of water twelve willows drive well fireworks

a bottle of wine half wasted behave well fair war

Have we any paper? Have we any milk? Have we any sweets?

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Lack of palatalization [w], [v] before front vowels.

Vigorous work of the lips, their tension and a noticeable rounding during articulation [w].

Not allowing the replacement of labiolabial [w] with labiodental [v].

Ex. 4

twɪst twelve "twædl "nɪtwɪt bɪ" twɪ: n swɪ: t "wɔ: tə wɪn - twɪn wɪt - kwɪt wɪŋ - swɪŋ

kwɪ:n kwɪk kwesʧn "ɔ:kwəd rɪ"kwest "ɪ:kwəl wɪʧ - twɪʧ west – kwest wɔʃ - swɔʃ

swɪm swet swæm swɔt pə "sweɪd "hauswaɪf wɪ: d -twɪ: d "wɔ: tə - "kwɔ: tə wɔ: m - swɔ: m

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Partial stunning of the sonant [w] after the voiceless [s].

Complete stun [w] after aspirated fortis [t] and [k], significant rounding of [t] and [k] in position before [w].

"Pull-up. "Sugar-bush. Footsteps. Woodwork.

Woolsack. Bushman. Bookie. Goodwill.

"Pussy-cat. "Pushing. "Cook-room. "Cushion.

"Underwood. "Bank-book. "Barefoot. "Bedroom.

"Blue-book. "Corkwood. "Cheerful. "Input. "Childhood.

"Push-button. "Rucksack. "Gas-cooker. "Airwoman.

Would you "like a" another "lump of" sugar?

Would you "wait till I've "had" time to "look for it?

"Put this "book" back in the "bookcase.

You "wouldn't" like a "wooden" whistle that "wouldn't "whistle, "would you?

You'd "better" put "on your "woolen" pull-over.

"Who "took my" cookie-book?

"Would you" like some "sugar" cookies with your "pudding?

"Fuller's the "last" person to "want to" bully you.

- a long tense labialized vowel (diphthongoid) of the back row of a high rise (closed) of a narrow variety; long tense rounded back close (high) diphthongoid of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is in the back of the mouth, the back of the tongue is significantly raised, the lips are significantly rounded. This sound is pronounced as a tapering diphthongoid: the back of the tongue starts sliding from the position for [u], then moves up and back to the position. At the same time, the lips are more and more rounded to the position [w]: .

u:z u:f du: ku: hu: ∫u: zu: θru: "glu:mı fu:d – fυt pυl – pu:l lυk – lu:p

mu:n ru:l bu:θ spu:n tru:θ fru:t "tru:lı nu:n – nυt fυl – fu:l bυl – bu:n

tu: - tu:l - tu:θ ∫u: - ∫u:z - ∫u:t "dru:pıŋ tu: - tυk kυk - ku:l pυt - bu:t

ku: - ku: l - ku: t du: - du: m - du: ∫ ə "klu: sıv pu: dl - pυt wυl - wu: nd

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Positional length of vowels.

Diphthongization in vowel articulation.

The difference in the duration of vowels and [u] in the same positional conditions.

Qualitative difference in all positions.

"Neutral. "Beauty. "Cube. "Duty.

"Humour." Looting. "Flutist. "Dune.

"Loop-hole. "Cucumber. "Nuisance. "Foolish.

La "goon. Ca" noe. Kanga Roo. Europe. Feudalism.

"Doodle. Dis"use. Ex "cuse. "Trooper. "Bugle.

too early. new edition. Flew east.

Sue Andrews. too obvious. new attitude.

true answer. Few islands. Few options.

The ooze. The oolong. The oof-bird.

"Would you have"time to" do it on "Tuesday?

I was "hoping" you'd be "able to" help "June.

"Hugh's the" last "person to" want to in "trude.

"Cooper "didn't" tell me what to "do a" bout it.

We're "moving" very "soon, be" for the "end of" June.

I "knew you'd" choose "Juliet.

You "ought to be" able to "do" that.

"Sue "knew who" started the "rumour.

UNIT 13

[θ] – anterior lingual apical interdental fricative noisy fricative deaf (strong) consonant; forelingual apical interdental constrictive noise fricative voiceless (fortis) consonant.

[ð] - anterior lingual apical interdental fricative noisy fricative voiced (weak) consonant; forelingual apical interdental constrictive noise fricative voiced (lenis) consonant. When pronouncing them, the tongue is flattened and tense, its tip is between the teeth. A jet of air passes between the tongue and the upper teeth, the teeth are exposed. The voiced [ð] is much weaker than the voiceless [θ] and is partially stunned at the end of words. There are no similar sounds in Russian. In case of a mistake by Russians [s, z], it is necessary to ensure that the tip of the tongue is between the teeth, and not behind them.

Regressive assimilation [t, d, n, l,+ θ , ð]. With regressive assimilation, the subsequent sound affects the previous one, changing its pronunciation. So, English alveolar sounds become interdental before interdental [θ, ð]: . Thus, in this position, the interdental variant is used instead of the alveolar variant.

θθθ - θɪn θɪk θɪsl θɪmbl θɪ:m θeft θɔ:t θʌm ððR - ðɪs ðɪ:z ðen ðem ðæt ðeɪ ðεә

mɪθ bɪ"nɪ:θ smɪθ tɪ:θ depθ stelθ keɪθ wɪð brɪ:ð smu:ð beɪð "aɪðә "naɪðә

"eθɪk "ɪ:θә "meθәd "ægәθә pә"θetɪk "æθlɪ:t "leðә "leɪðәm "feðә "fæðәm "gæðә tә"geðә

sss - θθθ sɪn - θɪn sɪŋ - θɪŋ sɪk - θɪk θʌm - sʌm θɪmbl - sɪmbl

zzz – ðð tɪ:ð - tɪ:z kləuz - kləuð maus – mauð

fff - θθθ fɪn - θɪn - sɪn mɪf - mɪθ - mɪs def – deθ - desk

"ænθәm ðә sɪksθ ðә naɪnθ stelθ "tel ðәm

"sɪnθɪsɪs ðә sevnθ ðә tenθ "stelθɪ "sel ðәm

"sɪnθɪsaɪz ðɪ eɪtθ ðɪ ɪ" levenθ "fɪlθɪ "fɪl ðәm

"ɪ:t ðәm "nɪ:d ðәm ɪn "ðɪs bәt "ðɪs

"nɪt ðәm" fɪ:d ðәm ɪn "ðæt bәt "ðæt

"mɪ:t ðәm "lɪ:d ðәm ɪn "ðɪ:z bәt "ðɪ:z

әt "ðɪs әnd" ðɪs ɪts "ðɪs ɪts ðә "sekәnd

әt "ðæt әnd" ðæt ɪts "ðæt ɪts ðә "sevnθ

әt "ðɪ:z әnd" ðɪ:z ɪts "θɪn ɪts ðә "naɪnθ

"send `ðɪ:z "bend `ðɪ:z "lend `ðɪ:z

ɪn "ðɪs" kɪt∫ɪn ɪn "ðæt" pælɪs ðә "θɪ:m ðә "meθәd ðә "smɪθs

ɪn "ðɪs" flæt ɪn "ðæt" θɪәtә ðә "θɪ:f ðә "depθ ðә "fɪfθ

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

A qualitative difference based on the place of articulation, the impossibility of their assimilation.

Energetic pronunciation of a strong [θ], including at the end of a word.

Partial stunning of a weak [ð] at the end of a word.

The transition from alveolar articulation to interdental consonants before [θ, ð].

Kate's things She likes this author. Has the bell gone?

Pete's thoughts He wants this thermometer. Was the rule easy?

Granny's thimble She needs those scissors. Is there any chalk?

London's theatres. He supports this victory. Is this time suitable?

As the workman, so is the work. Is it as easy as that?

Necessity is the mother of invention. Was the theme difficult?

1. What's the matter with your brother? – I think he's been overworking.

2. Would you like something in the front stalls? – I suppose there’s nothing further back, is there?

3. Could you tell me how much this parcel to France is? – I think I’d better look that up. Was there anything else?

4. Apparently it's going to turn cooler. – Still, another month should see us through the worst of it.

5. Monday is their day off. – It's Thursday as far as I remember.

6. She's thirty-five this Thursday. - I didn't know that.

7. Let's ask Smith to do it. – Smith's the busiest of them.

8. Are you always so busy as that? – June's the worst month of the year

part of the time in front of the blackboard

half of the group at the top of the class

one of the family at the end of the street

Both of them are coming. They are of the same opinion.

Leave them alone. Tell me the number of the flat.

1. Have we any warm water? – There must be some in one of those white jugs.

2. Do you think I ought to ask Mrs Wilson? – Certainly. She's always willing to help and give a piece of wise advice.

3. They won't have to wait long for the bus, will they? – No, I believe there's a bus every quarter of an hour.

4. Did they all stay in town after they got married? – No, one of the women went to live in her native village.

5. Why don't you want to go for a drive with us? – That would be very nice.

6. Can we choose? Yes, we may have what we like.

7. We haven't seen much of you lately. – No, I've had about five weeks in Vienna.

8. How's your father keeping? – He's been off work for a day or two.

[j]- midlingual fricative median palatal sonant; mediolingual constrictive median palatal sonorant. When pronouncing, the middle part of the tongue is raised to the hard palate, but not as high as in the case of Russian [й]. The edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper teeth, forming an air passage along the middle of the tongue. English [j] is much weaker than Russian [й].

Progressive assimilation [s, f, θ , p, t, k, h + j]. Sonant [j], following strong voiceless consonants, is stunned. In combination with consonants, partial stunning occurs, and with consonants - complete stunning: , , , ["tju: zdeɪ].

With continuous pronunciation, mutual assimilation, as a result of which affricates arise, and the combination can be pronounced as [ʧ], but as [ʤ]: ["grætiʧu: d, "eʤukeit," wuʤu:, "dɪʤu:]. In addition, the continuous pronunciation of the combination can be interpreted as [ʃ], and as [ʒ]: [" ɪʃu:], [" vɪʒuəl].

Ex.5

jɪ:ld jel jes jet jɑ:d jʌŋ jɔ:n ə"sju:mən"θju:zɪæzm pi"kju:ljə

et - jet el - jel es - jes "hju: mən ri" fju: z ə "mju: z

ju: nju: "dju: tɪ "bju: tɪ kən" tɪnju: "si: njə "wiljəm ɪ" tæljən.

ju: fju: kju: sju:t "sju:pə tju:n tju:b "pjænəu fə"mɪljə bɪ"jɔnd

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Weak articulation of English [j].

Stun [j] after strong .

affrication.

A "buse. "Bureau. "Cucumber. "Durable. Euro"pean.

"Fusion. Ex" case. "Hercules. In" fusion. "Lure.

Mutiny. Numeral. Obs"curity. "Purity. "Queue.

Re"pute. "Suitable. "Tuneless. U"tility. "viewpoint.

Converted yacht. back yard. Light yawn.

previous yield. happy youth. Thoughtless youngster.

His "duty was to be" very "accurate in re" porting the "news.

She "certainly" knew that her "nephew was" fond of "music.

Juliet's "failure was no" news to me.

His "duty was to" supervise the "issue of" documents.

My "travelling com" panion was a "brilliant" youth.

"Hugh was a" cheerful "young" man and a "good" companion.

Your o "pinion is "highly" valued.

She "certainly" knew that her "pupils" knew "nothing.

UNIT 14

[ ə: ] - long tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the mixed series of the middle rise of the narrow variety; long tense unrounded mixed mid-open monophthong of narrow variation. When pronouncing, the tongue is raised, the back of the tongue lies flat, the tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, the lips are tense and stretched, slightly opening the teeth, the gap between the jaws is narrow. To avoid a mistake like Russian [o], the tongue must be slightly moved forward, achieving its flat way, leaving the lips in a neutral position.

Ex. 1

ə: ə:n ə:l ə:θ kə: hə:t lə:n t∫ə:t∫ ten - tə:n pə: - pɔ:

sə: - sə:v - sə:f bə: - bə:d - bə:θ bed - bə:d fə: - fɔ:

kə: - "kə:lı - kə:n - kə:t ben - bə:n wə:d - wɔ:d

hə: - "hə:mıt - hə:b - hə:t "feðə - fə:ðə bə:n – bɔ:n

slə: - "lə:nıŋ - lə:n - lə:t∫ "pen∫n - "pə:sn"wə:kə - "wɔ:kıŋ

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

No palatalization before [ə:].

Positional longitude [ə:].

"Workshop. "Surgeon. "Journey. "Surface.

"Thursday. Re" hearsal. De "tergent. In" terpreter.

Ex "cursion. E" mergency. "Turbine. Re" search.

The earth. The earthquake. The earnings.

The urbanist. The earl-king. The earnestness.

very early. Thirsty earth. Truly earnest.

salary earner. Wealthy Earl. Costly earthwork.

True earnings. new urn. Quietly urbane.

"Bert's the" last "person to" want to "hurt you.

Is "Earny" going to "leave by the" eight "thirty?

Which "work d'you" want her to "finish" first?

I'll re "turn the" journals when I "come on "Thursday.

They'll be "serving" lunch "earlier on "Thursday.

The "curtain" fell and the re "hearsal was ad" journed.

"Earnest was dis "turbingly dis" cursive through "out the" journey.

The "first and the "third" verses were "most" difficult to "learn.

[ ə ] – very short (neutral) non-tense non-labialized vowel (monophthong) of the mixed series of the middle rise of the wide variety; very short (neutral) lax unrounded mixed mid-open monophthong of broad variation. When pronouncing this vowel at the beginning and middle of a word, the whole tongue is somewhat elevated. The sound [ə] is reminiscent of the vocal chords: it is very short and does not have a clear articulation.

There are three main variants of the phoneme [ə], which differ in the degree of brevity: 1 ) final(at the end of a word before a pause), the most open, reminiscent of a vowel [ʌ], pronounced without tension, for example: Cuba ["kju: bə ʌ], America [ə" merıkə ʌ]; 2) most closed(next to velar consonants, reminiscent of the Russian sound [s], for example: conduct, to go; 3) most common vowel shade [ə] (at the beginning and middle of a word, if not nearby, resembling a vowel [ə:] without tension and longitude, for example: about [ə "baυt], concert [" kɔnsət], a man [ə "mæn].

"bıtə ʌ 2) kə s" nekt 3) ə "bυk

"betə kən" tınjυ: ə "hen

"letə kə" lʌmbəs ə "weı

"sıstə gə" rılə "æbsənt

"mʌðə tə kʌm ðə "dɔg

"fa:ðə loŋ ə"gəυ pə"teıtəυ

"∫υgə" bæg əv "bəυnz sə" praız

"aıðə "pæk əv" wυlvz "gəυ tə" taυn

ə "fekt - ı" fekt "sıtə - "sıtı

ək "sept - ik" sept "reızəz - "reızız

"a: mə - "a: mı "betə - "betı

"weıtə - "weıtı" ɔfısəz - "ɔfısız

A "bandon. A" lert. A "board. A" byss.

Ad "dress. Ad" vance. Ap "peal. A" mount.

Of "fence. Of" ficial. O "pinion. Un" til.

"Octopus. "Bagman. "Factory. "General.

"Lantern. "Mackerel. "Mammoth. "Netherlands.

"Patron. "Second. "Weapon." Herald. "pattern.

The "class was" left for "half an" hour or so.

There must be "no de" lay.

"Try "not to" make a "fool of your" self.

I have "known her from a" child.

"Tell them that" someone was "asking for them here.

"Who would have" thought of it?

I can "always" do with a "cup of" tea.

This does "not" take her "more than an" hour.

Lossexplosion(loss of plosion). When two occlusive plosive consonants are combined, the first occlusion loses its plosive. When connecting consonants that have the same position of the organs of speech (p / b; t / d / ʧ / ʤ; k / g), there is a complete loss of the explosion: boo kc ase, chea p b ok, dar k g arden, wen t d own, tha t j oke (a similar phenomenon is also observed in Russian: according to dd hedgehog, and kk ordeon). When connecting consonants that have a different position of the organs of speech (k / t, g / d, etc.), the loss of the explosion is incomplete: a ct, be gged, don' tg oh, goo db ok. In Russian, in a similar case, both sounds are pronounced the same with an explosion: a kt, fa kt.

a tt reaction lam p-p ost do g-c ollar pos t-d ate

ba d d ays gran d j ury bi g g ap los t ch ance

coc kt ail chee k b one ba gp ipe ou tc ome

car dg ames traffic cp roblems la gb ehind

diamond cut diamond.

Best defense is attack.

A watched pot never boils.

Dad can't drink black coffee today.

Last Tuesday I helped Ted to pump two flat tires.

That tap dripped twice as fast two days ago.

They met Jane at midday to take her out to lunch in a big café.

Kate picked eight pounds of fruit to make jam.

UNIT 15

[ eɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [e] is a short non-labialized front vowel of the middle rise of the narrow variety. From the position [e], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved. It is impossible to allow the replacement of the core of the diphthong with Russian [e], and the second element with Russian [th].

Ex. 1

eɪ eɪl eɪt "eɪljən" eɪʤənt beɪ beɪð beɪt

deɪ seɪ neɪm reɪn beɪd heɪ heɪl heɪt

teɪp keɪt weɪst breɪk keɪp weɪ weɪl weɪt

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Weakened articulation of the second element of the diphthong.

Ex. 2

They escaped. gray iron.

gray eyes. Stay at home.

sly agent. Old saying.

remarkably able. Timely aid.

Rosy age. lofty aim.

Tasty ale. Only eight.

1. I'll "take the" papers when I "come a" little "later.

2. Gray's pronunci "ation is "quite" different from "Bacon's.

3. Will you "wait till I've" had "time to ar" range it?

4. Is "Jane" going to "leave by the" eight "twenty-"eight?

5. Grace "wants you to" take the "class to" day.

6. Payne "said he'd" wait for us at the "station.

7. They'll "play the" game "later in the" day.

8. The "train was de" railed by a "violent" gale.

[ aɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [a] is a short non-labialized vowel of the front set back series of low rise of the wide variety. This is an open front sound; it does not occur as a monophthong. When pronouncing [a], the jaw is lowered, the lips are slightly stretched, the tongue is advanced forward, the tip of the tongue swings the lower teeth. From the position [a], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved.

Ex. 4

aɪ aɪl aɪs "aɪdl "aɪðə paɪ paɪn paɪk meɪl maɪl kɑ:t kʌt kaɪt

traɪ skaɪ dɪ "naɪ 'verɪfaɪ kəm'plaɪ taɪ taɪm taɪt weɪn waɪn pɑ:k pʌk paɪk

maɪn faɪl raɪt gaɪd vaɪs ʃaɪn laɪ laɪm laɪk beɪt baɪt kɑ:v kʌf laɪf

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Weakened articulation of the second element of the diphthong.

The positional longitude of the diphthong.

my office. Dry onions.

high altitude. Spy agency.

Dry air. Nearby alley.

Heavy ice drift. continuously idle.

Bitterly ironical. Masterly irony.

rocky island. Lonely isolation.

1. The 'island is 'nine 'miles' long.

2. The 'climate's 'pretty 'mild in 'Ireland.

3. I 'don't 'think you'll 'mind my 'trying it 'several 'times?

4. Out of 'sight, out of 'mind.

5. You must 'light a 'fire to 'warm the 'dining-room.

6. I should 'like you to 'write your re'ply on 'Friday.

7. Will you 'have 'time to 'type a 'few' lines for me?

UNIT 16

[au] is a diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [a] is a short non-labialized vowel of the front set back series of low rise of the wide variety. This is an open front sound; it does not occur as a monophthong. When pronouncing [a], the jaw is lowered, the lips are slightly stretched, the tongue is advanced forward (but not as much as [a] in diphthong), the tip of the tongue touches the front lower teeth. From the position [a], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [u], the full sound of which is not achieved. In case of an error like Russian [ау], the language should be moved forward, making the core of the diphthong more forward, and the second element should also be significantly weakened.

aul auns aut auʧ 'autlɔ: hau haul haus stɑ: stʌn staut

nau kau 'enɪhau vau 'aɪbrau rau raund raut pɑ: pʌn paund

taun paund haus mauθ staut dau daun daut fɑ: fʌn faund

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

Weakness of the second element of the diphthong.

The positional longitude of the diphthong.

The front position of the tongue when pronouncing the kernel [a] in contrast to the back position and [ʌ]

Jolly outburst. lucky outcome.

misty outline. daily output.

Two ounces. new outlook.

Three outlaws. slow flow.

Dirty outskirts. Friendly outlander.

1. Mr 'Brown was 'not al'lowed to 'go 'out of the 'house.

2. 'Howell 'ploughed the 'ground a'round his 'house.

3. How long a'go did she 'buy 'that 'blouse?

4. He 'fell 'down and 'got a 'bad 'cut over his 'eyebrow.

5. It 'took her about an 'hour to 'get to 'town.

6. I 'really 'must 'go 'now.

7. How long will you be out?

[ ə u] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [ə] is a short non-labialized mixed vowel of the middle rise of the narrow variety. Articulation [ə] is close to articulation [ə:]. After pronouncing the kernel, the tongue makes a slight upward movement and moves back in the direction of articulation [u], the full sound of which is not achieved. By the end of the pronunciation, the lips are rounded. In case of a mistake like Russian [ou], you should move your tongue forward, do not stick out your lips.

Ex. 4

ə: əun əuk əuθ əuts 'əunlɪ 'əupn təu təud təust kʌt kɔt kɔ:t kəut

sə: səu nəu sləu rəu 'wɪndəu 'nærəu grəu grəun grəuθ pʌk pɔk pɔ:k pəuk

gə:l gəul bəut kəup gəut həu'tel 'fəutəu ləu ləud ləuf stʌk stɔk stɔ:k stəuk

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

The movement of the lips when pronouncing the diphthong [əu].

The positional longitude of the diphthong.

The movement of the tongue from the back to the middle position when pronouncing the chain [ʌ-ɔ-ɔ:- əu].

Lack of palatalization before [əu].

slow answer. photo album.

Narrow entrance. Yellow badge.

Wealth owner. Angry oath.

new overture. Lofty dress.

currently open. Dirty overalls.

1. 'No, I 'don't 'think so - or 'rather I 'don't 'know.

2. I 'hope you're 'both 'going 'home.

3. There's 'no 'place like 'home.

4. When he 'comes 'home, he 'throws 'open 'all the 'windows.

5. 'No one 'knows where the 'old 'fogey ob'tained the 'loan.

6. I 'don't 'know how to 'make the 'dough for 'scones.

7. I 'don't 'smoke so 'much as 'Joe does.

UNIT 17

[ ɔɪ ] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [ɔ] is a short, slightly labialized back vowel of the middle rise of the wide variety. When pronouncing the kernel, one should focus on an open short vowel, the middle one between the monophthongs [ɔ:] and [ɔ]. From the position [ɔ], the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ɪ], the full sound of which is not achieved. In case of an error like [oh], make the core of the diphthong more open and less labialized, and significantly weaken the second element.

Ex. 1

ɔɪl 'ɔɪlɪ 'ɔɪlkʌp 'ɔɪlərɪ 'ɔɪstə ʤɔɪ ʤɔɪn ʤɔɪst bɔ: bɔg bɔɪ

bɔɪ tɔɪ kɔɪ ɪn'ʤɔɪ ə'nɔɪ hɔɪ hɔɪdn hɔɪst kɔ: kɔd kɔɪn

nɔɪz tɔɪl pɔɪnt ʧɔɪs ʤɔɪnt kɔɪ kɔɪl kɔɪf kɔ:z bɔs ʧɔɪs

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

The movement of the lips when pronouncing the diphthong [ɔɪ].

The positional longitude of the diphthong.

The movement of the tongue from the back to the more forward position when pronouncing the chain [ɔ:-ɔ- ɔɪ].

Costly oil. Dirty oil can.

New oil field. Yellow oilskin.

Wealthy oilman. Empty oil ship.

New oyster farm. Tasty oyster sauce.

The oyster bank. The oilcoat.

1. 'Small 'boys 'like 'noise-making 'toys.

2. 'Most 'coins are 'made of 'alloys.

3. Any 'noise an'noys an 'oyster, but 'noisy 'noise an'noys an 'oyster 'most.

4. 'Joy 'cooked them in 'boiling 'oil.

5. You en'joyed 'eating the 'oysters, 'didn't you?

6. 'Roy was an'noyed with the 'boy because he'd 'spoiled his 'toy.

7. 'Do you 'know the 'boiling and 'freezing 'points of 'water?

[ ɪə ] - diphthong. The diphthong nucleus [ɪ] is a short non-labialized front vowel of a high rise of a wide variety. From the [ɪ] position, the speech organs move to the position for articulation [ə]. To avoid an error like [ɪʌ], the second element of the diphthong should be weakened.

Ex. 4

ɪə 'ɪərɪŋ hɪə tɪə mɪə rɪə rɪəl mɪ: mɪə

rɪə snɪə aɪ'dɪə fɪəs sfɪə fɪə 'fɪəful pɪ:s pɪəs

'pɪərɪəd bɪəd ɪks'pɪərɪəns ə'pɪərəns ɪə 'ɪəfəun bɪ:d bɪəd

Note. When working on the exercise, consider the following:

The positional longitude of the diphthong.

No palatalization of consonants before [ɪə].

Spear. Tier. Year. Deer.

beer. Sphere. Fear. Sneer.

Pier. Emir. career. Dear.

rear. Sneer. Sear. clear.

Volunteer. profiteer. Overseer.

1. He 'made it 'clear that his 'criticism would be se'vere.

2. I 'fear he's 'far from 'being sin'cere.

3. It's 'real cash'mere, my 'dear.

4. The 'day was 'clear and the 'boys 'went to the 'pier.

5. 'Don't 'sneer at his inex'perience, 'dear.

6. Towards 'night the se'vere 'weather 'turned into a 'real' storm.

7. 'Steer 'clear of 'Mr 'Geare.

UNIT 18

Phonetics is the branch that studies sounds. Its main goal is to teach you how to pronounce English sounds and words correctly, as well as to develop your ability to perceive the speech of native speakers. Therefore, in order to learn how to speak and read English competently, you need to know the English alphabet and learn the pronunciation of individual phonemes and the words in which they are used. English phonetics The English language is based on the Latin alphabet, it has only 26 letters (instead of the usual 33), but almost twice as many sounds are superimposed on these familiar letters, namely 46 different phonemes. English sounds are very important for learners of this language, so you need to understand how they are used in speech and for what.

As mentioned above, a distinctive feature of the English language is a huge number of sounds that do not correspond to the number of letters available. That is, one letter can convey several phonemes, depending on the letters that are nearby. Based on this, it is necessary to speak very carefully and accurately. Incorrect use of this or that sound leads to misunderstanding.

For example, the word "bed" (bed) and the word "bad" (bad) They are pronounced and spelled almost the same, so it's easy to get confused. At this stage of learning English, many begin to transcribe the pronunciation in Russian in order to facilitate the memorization process.

However, this "relief" is very misleading, as it often leads to even more confusion between words with similar pronunciations. After all, both words "bed" and "bad" in Russian can be transcribed exclusively as "bad", without displaying the duality of sound. Therefore, it is better to learn sounds separately.

How to learn English sounds correctly?

Learning the phonetics of the English language will undoubtedly bring some clarity to the pronunciation and development of all the phrases and words that will come your way during training.

First of all, you should have a dictionary in which you will designate all sounds in traditional transcription, and after that, next to them, their sound in your native language.
It is also worth pointing out special cases of pronunciation, indicating that this word needs to be pronounced somehow in a special way or written down, that it is impossible to give an analogy to the Russian sound. London - London For convenience, phonemes are best divided into groups. For example, consonants, vowels, diphthongs and triphthongs. You also need to constantly practice and perform exercises of this type:

The main city of Great Britain is London. London- 6 letters, 6 sounds. Let's find it on the map of England. Where is it? Then, let's check with our friend: How do you write it? How do you spell it? Now spell this name - Spell this name for us:

- London - [Landen]

Thus, you will not only practice the pronunciation of sounds, but also learn useful words and phrases in a foreign language.

Now let's move on to their spelling and pronunciation.

Sounds of English

Let's get acquainted with a brief description of all sounds using this table.

• Double vowels are read as one sound: moon - - [mun] or bitter - ["bitǝ] - [bit]
• Voiced consonants in English, unlike Russian, do not become voiceless: in a word good [gud] sound [d] is pronounced clearly, just like [g] in dog [dog] etc.

The meaning of correct pronunciation

As I said, it is very important and absolutely necessary to improve your English pronunciation, because a large number of words in this language differ by only one or two sounds. But sometimes, even such a small difference is critical for correct and accurate contact with primary native speakers.

English transcription is a sequence of phonetic symbols that helps us understand how to read a particular sound, word. The concept of transcription is quite difficult for the perception of native speakers of the Russian language, because. in our language, although there is such a category, it is used extremely rarely.

Why is transcription necessary?

The phonetics of the English language has a noticeable feature: it has historically developed that words are often read differently from how they are written, that is, it is not always possible to guess how it is pronounced from the spelling of a word. Of course, there are common ones, but still there are plenty of exceptions. For example, there are a large number of words that have either unreadable or readable letters, depending on the environment. And the rules themselves are difficult for students to remember. Therefore, in almost any dictionary, after writing an English word in square brackets, its reading in transcription symbols is given.

Often, schoolchildren and students are faced with transcription at the beginning of language learning, when it is still quite difficult to read even quite well. simple words. Then, as the transcription marks are studied, it becomes easier and easier to perceive the contents of the square brackets.

How are transcription marks read?

There are 48 sounds in the English pronunciation system, therefore, there are 48 transcription marks. Let's analyze their pronunciation depending on the letters of the English alphabet denoting them.

Use to consolidate knowledge of transcription.

You can practice pronunciation with the help of this video:

Is it possible to write English words in Russian letters?

Sometimes on websites or even in books you can see "English transcription in Russian" or "pronunciation of English words in Russian letters" - that is, writing English words in Russian letters. The point is that schoolchildren are encouraged not to learn tricky icons, because. it is possible to convey sounds in Russian letters. I find this approach extremely stupid. The phonetics of the Russian language differs from English phonetics so much that the sound can only be conveyed very, very approximately. some sounds English speech we just don't, and vice versa.