The accession of Russia after the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 to the continental system led to a break in relations between St. Petersburg and London. And after England attacked Denmark (the Danes also decided to join the continental blockade), France and Russia went to war with Britain. There were no significant hostilities between Russia and Britain, but in 1808 Sweden entered the war on the side of England. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-1809. The Swedes were defeated. Finland was included in Russia.
The epic of the Senyavin squadron
The British fleet operated in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean and the Baltic Seas. So, the squadron of Dmitry Nikolayevich Senyavin, consisting of 9 battleships and 1 frigate, after the conclusion of the Slobodzeya truce with the Turks on August 12 (24), 1807, went from the Mediterranean to the Baltic Sea, and the war caught Russian ships in Lisbon (they took refuge in the port in early November from - for storms). The situation is extremely difficult: french army Junot invaded Portugal - the Portuguese squadron left Lisbon, taking the Portuguese prince regent to Brazil (then a colony of Portugal), royal family and government; The British blockaded the city from the sea. The British admiral had 13 battleships, 11 frigates and 5 small craft. By the end of November 1807, the Portuguese territory was all occupied by French troops. General Junot received the title of Duke d "Abrantes and entered Lisbon. The Russian squadron was between two fires. Both forces had the opportunity to destroy the Russian squadron. The order of Alexander I obliged Senyavin to comply with the interests of Napoleon, at the same time, the Russian emperor did not want to enter into open war with England, while it would have been beneficial for France if the Russians had entered into a direct battle with the British.
Senyavin asked the tsar for instructions, but did not wait for them. Napoleon wanted the Russian admiral to receive orders from now on not from Russia, but from France, from the Russian ambassador in Paris, Count Tolstoy, who would simply send Senyavin instructions from the French emperor. At the beginning of 1808, Dubachevsky, who was the Russian representative in Lisbon, received instructions that were obligatory for all Russian military personnel. They said that the actions of the military should correspond to the friendly disposition in which Russia and France now reside. On March 1, 1808, an even clearer imperial decree followed to three commanders of the Russian Naval Forces, who were in foreign lands, including D. Senyavin. It spoke about the provision of naval forces located outside of Russia at the disposal of the French emperor to harm the enemy. The French were informed of this order.
Start people's war the Spaniards against the rule of France sharply worsened the position of General Junot and his army in Portugal. In addition, the British saw in Lisbon and in Portugal in general a long-awaited springboard for landing significant landings on Iberian Peninsula. It is clear that the Russian squadron could not bring a turning point in the struggle between France and England for the peninsula. But the symbol of the joint struggle of the two powers against Britain was important. guerrilla war in Spain flared up more and more, from Vienna there were reports of the military preparations of the Austrians. There was a possibility that, seeing the fact of a real military alliance between Russia and France, Vienna would refrain from going to war with Napoleon. Therefore, the pressure on Senyavin from the Duke d "Abrantes intensified day by day. But Senyavin still did not want to destroy his squadron in order to make a political demonstration pleasing to the French emperor. I must say that Admiral Senyavin was extremely hostile to the Tilsit Treaty and sudden "friendship" of Russia with France. He continued to ignore the proposals of Napoleon and Junot. He was convinced that the alliance of Napoleon with Alexander was a short-lived construction, and refused to help the French emperor and Junot. It is clear that he tried to do this in a diplomatic form, finding pretexts for the inaction of the squadron.
In July 1808, Junot several times ordered Senyavin to land forces on the shore to fight British landings, and send the fleet to attack the weakened British fleet (some of the ships covered the landing). Senyavin rejected all these proposals. He refused to land Russian sailors to defend Lisbon. On August 4, Junot withdrew almost all his forces from the capital of Portugal and went to Torres Vedras. On August 9, 1808, a battle took place near the town of Vemiairo, and the French troops were completely defeated. Junot after the battle, in which he lost more than 4 thousand people, returned to Lisbon. On August 12, Divisional General Kellerman came to the Russian admiral from Junot, he notified Senyavin of the planned truce between Junot and the commander-in-chief British forces. But the negotiations ended unsuccessfully. On August 13, Senyavin received a letter from Junot, which proposed to attach the entire crew of the squadron to the French forces (a similar proposal had been made before) and prevent the British from occupying Lisbon and the forts. Senyavin again refused, emphasizing that he did not have the authority to fight the Portuguese and Spaniards who had joined the British. On August 16, Senyavin received the last letter from the French general, in which he left the Russian admiral to negotiate directly with the British about the fate of the Russian squadron. The British occupied Lisbon.
The British were aware of Senyavin's skirmishes with the French and already in July entered into relations with the admiral. They wanted to induce Senyavin to go over to their side and deal a heavy blow to the Russian-French alliance. Even if Alexander subsequently disavowed the actions of Senyavin, the opinion would still be established on the Iberian Peninsula that the Russians were enemies, not allies of the French emperor. On July 16, Admiral Senyavin received a letter from the British admiral "through a certain Portuguese" with a proposal to send his representatives for negotiations. On July 18, representatives traveling from the Russian squadron to the British - collegiate adviser Zass and flag officer Makarov - returned to their squadron. They reported that the British were informing Senyavin about hostile actions against Russia that had begun on the part of the French and about the detention in French ports of all Russian ships that had entered there. As well as the beginning of peace negotiations between Russia and Sweden and England. But Senyavin refused to enter into direct negotiations.
After the departure of the French forces, one had to think about the problem, no matter how the British military declared the squadron to be their military booty, and the Russian admiral with all the crews of the ships - prisoners of war. After all, England at that moment was formally at war with the Russian Empire. Senyavin informed the British that during the ten months they had been in Lisbon, the Russians had consistently refused to take part in hostile actions against the British. The squadron took a neutral position. In addition, the Russian Admiral Senyavin told Cotton that after the departure of the French invaders, the capital of Portugal was returned to the legal possession of the Portuguese government, and Petersburg was not at war with Lisbon, so he considered himself and his squadron to be in a neutral port. It was a skillful diplomatic move. After all, British troops landed in Portugal, solemnly declaring before all of Europe that their goal was to liberate the country from the Napoleonic capture and return it to the legitimate government, which fled from the invaders to Brazil. Legally, the position of the Russian admiral was thus very strong and binding on the British.
After some thought, the commander of the British squadron, Cotton, reported that he had ordered British flags to be hung on the forts and that he did not consider the city a neutral port. The moment was critical: the British troops were strengthening their presence in the city, their fleet approached the Russian squadron. The force was on the side of the British. At the same time, Cotton realized that Senyavin would not agree to unconditional surrender and that a bloody battle was ahead. Cotton entered into negotiations and, after rather persistent arguments, recognized the need to sign a special convention with Senyavin. On September 4, it was signed. The British command accepted Senyavin's condition: the Russian squadron was not considered captured, it was sent to England and was supposed to be there until peace was concluded between London and St. Petersburg. After the conclusion of peace, the ships could return to Russia with the same crew and with all their property. Senyavin even insisted on a clause according to which he himself and all his officers, sailors and soldiers (naval infantry) could immediately return to Russia without any conditions, that is, they had the right, having returned to their homeland, even now to take part in hostilities against Great Britain.
It is clear that Cotton agreed to such conditions not only because of the unwillingness to lose, but also for political reasons. In relations between Russia and England could soon happen new turn(it happened), and it was stupid to annoy Petersburg by sinking the Russian squadron.
On August 31 (September 12), 1808, Senyavin, with his squadron, consisting of seven ships of the line and one frigate, left Lisbon for Portsmouth. Two ships - "Raphael" and "Yaroslav" were so damaged that they had to be left in the Portuguese capital for repairs. The British promised to return them. September 27 squadron arrived in Portsmouth. The British Admiralty felt that Cotton had made a mistake and tried to revise the convention. Two battleships in Lisbon were captured, despite the protests of Senyavin. Not wanting to release immediately (as it should have been according to the Cotton-Senyavin agreement) Russian officers, sailors and soldiers to Russia, the British at first dragged out the matter for months, until the winter of 1808-1809 came and Russian ports became inaccessible until the opening of spring navigation. Then the British Admiralty began to express concern whether the Swedes, who were at war with Russia, would remove the Russian military from the British transports. In addition, the Admiralty insisted that the Russian landing take place in Arkhangelsk. The Russian admiral insisted that it take place in one of the ports of the Baltic Sea. British officials fed Russian crews disgustingly. Only on June 12, 1809 was the inventory of ships and property completed. On July 31, 1809, the Russian crews were finally transferred to 21 British transport ships and sailed from Portsmouth on August 5. On September 9, 1809, ships arrived in Riga, and people were able to go to the Russian coast.
Officers and sailors highly appreciated the skills of the commander. But Alexander I thought otherwise. The talented naval commander Senyavin, who participated in the campaign of the squadron of F.F. Ushakov in the Mediterranean Sea, successfully fought the French in 1805, on May 10-11, 1807, he defeated Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, and on June 19, 1807 in Athos battles, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy, fell into disgrace. The British returned the ships in 1813.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin.
Other events
On May 17, 1809, an English squadron consisting of 3 battleships, 4 frigates and 1 brig attacked the Russian detachment of Captain 1st Rank Bychevsky, consisting of 5 battleships, 1 frigate and 2 corvettes in Trieste, but, having received a rebuff, retreated.
On the Baltic Sea, the British fleet operated jointly with the Swedish Navy in the areas of Revel, Porkkala-Udd, the Baltic Harbor, Vyborg, and others. British ships raided coastal areas, sabotaged and shelled coastal facilities. Their privateers attacked merchant ships in the Baltic and North Seas. The British tried to damage the Russian economy.
The Russian command took serious measures to strengthen the defense of St. Petersburg from the sea. 15 batteries with 120 guns were built in the capital. The fairway to the north of the island of Kotlin was blocked with a stone and wood barrier - a ryazhevy barrier. Kronstadt was prepared for the defense. The squadron of Admiral Pyotr Ivanovich Khanykov based in the Baltic Harbor (9 battleships, 7 frigates, 13 small ships) could not resist the British-Swedish Navy. The ships were in poor condition and could not conduct active operations. In general, the British fleet was unable to provide significant assistance to Sweden. The outcome of the war was decided by the actions of the Russians ground forces. After the defeat of Sweden, the British withdrew ships from the Baltic. In 1810 - 1811. fighting between Britain and Russia were not carried out at all.
Confrontation in the East
The British launched a vigorous activity directed against Russia in Turkey and Persia. The British had long feared Russian infiltration into the South and East. The Russians could seize the approaches to India. London was particularly alarmed by the fact of the voluntary annexation of part of Georgia and a number of Azerbaijani khanates to Russia in 1801-1806. In 1809, the British government concluded an agreement with the Iranian Shah, the British undertook to promote the accession of Transcaucasia to Persia. But the actions of the Shah's troops were not successful, and Iran began to seek peace. Under pressure from British agent Jones, negotiations broke down. Soon Malcolm's mission arrived in Persia, which handed over 12 guns and 7 thousand guns to the Persians. In 1810, the Iranian army tried to go on the offensive, but was defeated in Armenia.
The British took Persia more seriously: the reorganization of the Persian army began, an English squadron was sent to the Persian Gulf, and in 1811 another 32 guns and 12 thousand guns were handed over to the Iranians. Small cannon and gun factories were built in Tabriz. But this did not help Persia. At the end of 1811, Russian troops inflicted a new defeat on the Shah's troops and captured Akhalkalaki.
At the beginning of 1812, London sent its ambassador to Iran, who concluded a new Anglo-Iranian treaty. The British allocated money to strengthen the Iranian army. British instructor officers also arrived in the country to prepare the Shah's army for the invasion of Transcaucasia. True, in June 1812 London pretended to be ready to contribute to the conclusion of peace between Persia and Russia. But on the terms of the withdrawal of Russian forces from the territories that previously belonged to Iran. The Iranians tried to assert their rights by force and began hostilities. The best parts of the Iranian army were completely defeated at Aslanduz by General Kotlyarevsky. The shah's artillery was also captured. Then the Russian troops captured the Lankaran fortress. As a result, the British attempt to oust Russia from the Transcaucasus failed. In 1813, the Shah of Persia agreed to the Gulistan peace treaty.
At the same time, the British played against Russia and in Ottoman Empire. Here the tasks of the British were similar to those of the French. They wanted to drive Russia out of the Balkans and prevent the Russians from taking Istanbul and the straits. The British prevented the conclusion of peace between Turkey and Russia. Repeatedly, the British and French ambassadors made demarches in Istanbul aimed at continuing the war. However, here, too, the successes of the Russian brought victory to Russia. The Turks signed a peace treaty in Bucharest.
Union of Russia and Britain
Having not achieved success in the confrontation with the Russian Empire, British diplomacy went to peace negotiations when it became clear that the war between Russia and France was inevitable. Napoleon's threat was a top priority for London. True, there was the possibility of peace between Paris and London. In April 1812, the French emperor approached the British government with a formal peace proposal. Napoleon agreed to recognize the dominance of the British in the colonies, but in return asked to recognize the dominance of France in Europe. British troops had to leave Spain and Portugal. But the British did not go for it.
On July 6 (18), 1812, in the Swedish city of Örebro, a peace treaty was signed between Russia and England and simultaneously between Great Britain and Sweden. The agreements ended the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish wars and concluded alliances directed against the French Empire. The Peace of Örebro became the basis for the creation of the 6th Anti-French Coalition in 1813. On August 4 (16) Russian ports were opened for English ships. It was the success of Russian diplomacy. But the agreement had little effect on the outcome of the War of 1812. Petersburg's hopes for London's practical assistance, including financial assistance, did not come true. The British government sold 50,000 incomplete guns to Russia, which ended the participation of the British in the War of 1812. London hoped for a protracted war between France and Russia that would exhaust both empires. Such a war made England the mistress of the situation in Europe.
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The complex tripartite relations between Russia, England and France in the first half of the 19th century first led to a war between the Russians and the British, in which St. Petersburg supported Paris. A few years later, the situation changed dramatically - now France was at war with Russia, and the British were the allies of the Russians. True, St. Petersburg did not wait for real help from London.
Consequences of the continental blockade
After Russia, having signed the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, joined France and declared a continental blockade of England, relations between the British and Russians were severed. Obliged under this shameful treaty to assist the French in all wars, Russia could not stand aside when such a conflict arose between England and Denmark - the British attacked a country that also supported the anti-English continental blockade.
The war between Russia and Britain resulted in a series of local skirmishes, the parties did not wage frontal battles against each other. One of the landmark campaigns of this period was the Russo-Swedish War (the Swedes took the side of Britain) of 1808-1809. Sweden lost it, and Russia eventually grew into Finland.
Confrontation Senyavin
A landmark event of the Russian-English war was the "great standing" in the capital of Portugal, Lisbon, the squadron of Admiral Dmitry Senyavin. Ten warships under the command of Dmitry Nikolaevich since November 1807 were in the port of Lisbon, where the ships entered, thoroughly battered by the storm. The squadron was heading to the Baltic Sea.
By that time, Napoleon had occupied Portugal, access to the sea, in turn, was blocked by the British. Mindful of the conditions of the Tilsit peace, the French for several months unsuccessfully persuaded the Russian sailors to come out on their side. Russian emperor Alexander I also ordered Senyavin to take into account Napoleonic interests, although he did not want to escalate the conflict with the British.
Napoleon tried in various ways to influence Senyavin. But the subtle diplomacy of the Russian admiral prevailed every time. In August 1808, when the threat of the occupation of Lisbon by the British increased, the French last time turned to Senyavin for help. And he turned them down again.
After the occupation of the capital of Portugal by the British, they already began to persuade the Russian admiral to their side. Being at war with Russia, England could easily capture our sailors, and take the fleet for itself as war trophies. Just like that, without a fight, Admiral Senyavin was not going to give up. A series of lengthy diplomatic negotiations began again. In the end, Dmitry Nikolayevich achieved a neutral and, in his own way, unprecedented decision: all 10 ships of the squadron go to England, but this is not a prisoner; until London and Petersburg make peace, the flotilla is in Britain. The crews of Russian ships were able to return back to Russia only a year later. And England returned the ships themselves only in 1813. Senyavin, upon returning to his homeland, despite his former military merits, fell into disgrace.
Fighting in the Baltic and in the East
The English fleet, together with the Swedish allies, tried to inflict damage on the Russian Empire in the Baltic Sea, shelling coastal facilities and attacking military and merchant ships. Petersburg seriously strengthened its defenses from the sea. When Sweden was defeated in the Russo-Swedish War, the British fleet withdrew from the Baltic. From 1810 to 1811, Britain and Russia did not conduct active hostilities between themselves.
The British were interested in Türkiye and Persia, and in principle the possibility of Russian expansion in the South and East. Numerous attempts by the British to oust Russia from Transcaucasia were unsuccessful. As well as the intrigues of the British, aimed at encouraging the Russians to leave the Balkans. Turkey and Russia sought to conclude a peace treaty, while the British were interested in continuing the war between these states. In the end, the peace treaty was signed.
Why did this war end with Napoleon's attack on Russia
For England, this strange war with Russia was futile, and in July 1812 the countries concluded a peace treaty. By that time, Napoleon's army had been advancing on Russian territory. Earlier, Bonaparte failed to negotiate with the British on the conclusion of peace, the recognition of the colonial rule of Britain in exchange for the withdrawal of British troops from Spain and Portugal. The British did not agree to recognize the dominant role of France among other European states. Napoleon, to whom the Peace of Tilsit untied his hands to conquer all of Europe, lacked only "crush Russia", as he himself admitted a year before the start of the semi-annual Patriotic War of 1812.
The Russian-British peace treaty was at the same time allied in the struggle against France. England, like the USA in the Great Patriotic war, took a wait-and-see attitude and substantial military and economic assistance from the British Russian empire did not wait. Britain hoped that a lingering military campaign will exhaust the forces of both sides, and then she, England, will become the first contender for dominance in Europe.
It is interesting that in 1918 England attacked Russia for “democratization” purposes not for the first time. You've all probably heard a little about the so-called " Crimean War», actually started in 1853. This war is presented to the Russian people as a local conflict between Russia and Turkey, in which England was on the sidelines. So, just so you know, this is a blatant lie. IN English literature there are full and numerous accounts of this full-scale aggression by the only superpower of the 19th century - the Great British Empire against Russia. The "Crimean War" was a deployed, with all the might of the huge British Empire, "over which the sun never set", a direct attack on Russia not only by the British Empire alone, but also by its allies - France and Turkey, like Bulgaria and Ukraine are now "helping "US to attack Iraq. It’s just that back then the United States was on the eve of its own “ civil war and could not help kindred England. This English attack on Russia was no less massive than the then recent Napoleonic campaign against Russia, or the attack German troops June 22, 1941, or "Dee Day", "Day of the Landing" of the Anglo-American allies against Germany in 1944.
Quote from The Destruction of Lord Raglan by Christopher Hibbert Christopher Hibbert "The Destruction of Lord Raglan" 1990http :// www. amazon. com/ Destruction-Lord-Raglan- Wordsworth-Military/dp/1840222093):
"In March 1854 british army out of 30,000 people landed in the Crimea. The Times described this army as "The finest army that ever sailed from English shores." Lord Raglan, a veteran of the battle of Waterloo 40 years earlier, commanded this select army of mercenaries, gathered from all over the world.
The English "blitzkrieg" and "Drang nah Osten" took place not only in the Crimea. England took Russia in pincers. The British Empire, which could strike only from the sea, but not like France or Germany from land, struck not only from the south, from the Black Sea, but to the Crimea; but also in the north, from the Baltic Sea - by the direct capture of the Russian capital of St. Petersburg. Quote from Peter Gibbs' book "The Crimean Mistake" ( PeterGibbs “With rimeanBlunder ". 1960): "At the beginning of 1854, even BEFORE England officially declared war on Russia, (that is, without declaring war - treacherously) the English fleet under the command of Sir Charles Napier (SirCharlesNapier) attacked Petersburg" . A full-scale landing operation was carried out similar to the opening of a second front in World War II.
In the wiki, the blitzkrieg of England against Petersburg is buried in this article about Admiral Napier. The English coalition included the French squadron sent by Napoleon III under the command of Admiral Parseaval-Deschen ( Parseval-Deschenes ) and Admiral Peno ( FrenchFleetunderAdmiralPenaud ), and body marines under the command of a general General Barraguayd' Hilliers who lost his arm near Borodino.(Oliver Warner “The See and the sword” (The Baltic 1630-1945) NY 1965. In addition, the coalition included the troops of the Scandinavian countries: the Danes, the Dutch, the Swedes, and in general all the rabble from all over Europe. This wiki article describes the Baltic War http ://en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Charles_ John_ Napier# Baltic_ Campaign.
She reports that "Admiral Napier successfully blocked all Russian ports in the Baltic, in such a way that not a single Russian ship could even leave the ports, and carried out constant shelling."
However, Russian troops defended Petersburg. Why? You need to know the strategic position of St. Petersburg. Petersburg is not located directly on the Baltic Sea, otherwise the British would have taken it. Petersburg stands up the Neva, which flows into the narrow Gulf of Finland. The English fleet, in order to enter the Neva and capture Petersburg, had to pass by the fortress of Sveaborg and the fortress of Kronstadt. In addition, there were other Russian fortresses located on the islands of the Gulf of Finland. The main islands covering the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia were the Åland Islands and their main fortress, Bomarsund. The British could not capture Petersburg only because they could not pass the fortresses covering Petersburg. The fortresses of Sveaborg and Kronstadt really turned out to be impregnable for the British. The English coalition, after a fierce siege and the landing of the marines, in August 1854 managed to storm only the fortress of Bomarsund ( Bomarsund)http ://en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Bomarsund,_% C3%85 land .
The following year, the British coalition, even then without the United States, which then stood on the verge of its own Civil War, under the command of the now commander-in-chief Sir Richard Dundas ( SirRichardDundashttp ://en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Richard_ Saunders_ Dundas)launched a fierce assault on the fortress of Sveaborg. However, the Russian defenders of the Sveaborg fortress withstood the fiercest siege of the entire power of the elite forces of the then superpower - the British Empire, over which the sun never set ( RuleBritania !), and at the disposal of which there were resources of almost the whole world. The Russian defenders of the fortress of Sveaborg did not surrender the fortress to the western enemy.
I almost said that the defenders of the fortress of Sveaborg covered themselves with unfading glory. However, someone wanted to forget this “Petersburg war” of England against Russia in such a way that if someone else heard something about the “Crimean War”, then about the siege of St. Petersburg and the St. Petersburg war of England against Russia, on the scale of the "World" aggression of the 19th century, in general, for some reason, modern "education" is silent, and apparently not casually. For some reason, even official, allegedly Russian historiography mentions this full-scale aggression of the British coalition against Russia, which was similar to the aggression of the American coalition against Iraq, as some insignificant episode. While this aggression was even more threatening in terms of consequences, and no less dangerous than the Napoleonic campaign against Russia before that. As you can see for yourself, in the 19th century, as well as in the 20th century, Russia repulsed two full-scale aggressions of the Western coalition, that is, it practically won the then two world wars of the West against its state. These Russian fortresses that defended St. Petersburg turned out to be too tough for the vaunted English fleet. "Dee Day" - "Landing Day" of the 19th century for the British failed. Otherwise, Russia, like India, would have become a British colony in the 19th century.
However, the transformation of Russia into a Western colony, already as a colony of the new superpower - the United States, will occur later - as a result of the so-called "Civil War and Intervention of 1918-1921" and again in 1991. AND leading role in the transformation of Russia into a raw materials appendage of the West, in the 20th century, internal forces within Russia itself will already play, relying on the richest and most powerful force in the world - American and English crypto-Jewishness.
Thus, in the brilliant victory of Russian weapons over the British armed forces near Petersburg, carefully hidden from the Russian people, the Russian army gave a strong rebuff to the British, and they had to, burying their offense, get out. This brilliant victory of Russian weapons is so hidden from the Russian people, in such a way that, apparently, it was not by chance that for some reason the medals "For the Defense of St. Petersburg" were not established. But think about the total control over Russian history by dark forces, when even at universities students are still taught that Russia was defeated in the Crimean War?! And this at a time when, in the Crimean War, Russia did not lose Petersburg and Crimea, but actually all of Russia, repelled the attack of strong army The 19th century can be compared to the USA of the century,” - British Empire. What can not be perverted in order to belittle the role in the history of Russia of its most powerful sovereign - Nicholas the First and again twist history.
In the Crimea, the Russians did not manage to repel the English aggressor so easily. It took the Russians two years to drive the most select army of the British out of the Crimea. Otherwise, at least Crimea, as well as the Spanish Gibraltar, or the Argentine Falkland Islands, or Hong Kong, would now be English.
Having suffered a military defeat, the British went the other way. On their instructions, as in the case of Emperor Paul the First, Emperor Nicholas the First, without a doubt the Greatest Russian Emperor, was poisoned by traitors. Why there is not a single monument to Nicholas the First who defended Russia from the large-scale aggression of the Great British Empire? What can be called a sovereign who repelled the full-scale aggression of the Great British Empire? Definitely - only the Great Sovereign. Compare that the USSR, unable to immediately repulse Germany, expelled the Germans from their land for five years, and the Germans badly battered St. Petersburg. How correspondingly stronger was Nikolayev's Russia that she quickly threw the strongest power of that time over the threshold! Please note that Tsar Nicholas I was liquidated in 1855. After that, England managed to retreat from Russia, saving its face, and telling the West the usual English fairy tales about his great "liberation mission". If Nicholas the First had not repelled this English aggression, moreover, effectively and quickly, then Russia would already have been reduced to the position of India, that is, a raw material appendage of the British Empire. But this moment the Anglo-Americans had to wait until 1918.
Anglo-Russian war of 1807-1812
Anglo-Russian war of 1807-1812, the war between England and Russia, which arose in connection with the aggravation of relations between them during Napoleonic Wars after the conclusion of Russia Peace of Tilsit 1807 with France and its accession to the continental blockade 1806-1814. In August - September, the English fleet attacked Denmark - an ally of Russia, which on October 26 (November 7), 1807 declared war on England. For Russia, the situation in the Baltic theater became more complicated in connection with the war against Sweden, supported by England (see Russo-Swedish War of 1808-1809).
In November 1807, the British captured the Russian frigate Speshny and the transport Wilhelmina with cargo and money for the squadron in the Mediterranean, blocked foreign ports where Russian ships were located, seized Russian merchant ships, and raided coastal areas. Vice Admiral's Squadron D. N. Senyavina , blockaded in November 1807 in the port of Lisbon, was forced in August 1808 to move to Portsmouth, where she remained until the end of the war. April 21 (May 3), 1808 in the South African port of Simonstown, the British detained the Russian sloop "Diana" under the command of V. M. Golovin, heading to Pacific Ocean For scientific works. From August 19 (31) to September 16 (28), 1808, in the Baltic port (Paldiski), the English squadron, together with the Swedish fleet, blocked the Russian fleet. In early June 1809, the English fleet (10 battleships and 17 other vessels) entered the Gulf of Finland and took up positions off the island of Nargen (Naissaar). After the conclusion of peace between Russia and Sweden on September 5 (17), the British ships left the Baltic Sea and hostilities here practically ceased. In the Barents and White Seas, the British continued to operate in subsequent years. During the war, significant damage was done to Russia's economic ties. Both sides shied away from decisive hostilities. On the approaches to Kronstadt, St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk, a sufficiently strong coastal defense was created, which forced the enemy to abandon the attack on Russian bases and ports in the Baltic and the North. After the invasion of Napoleon's army into Russia on July 16 (28), 1812, an Anglo-Russian peace treaty was concluded in Örebro (Sweden). Both sides proclaimed consent and friendship, in trade - the principle of mutual most favored nation.
Used materials of the book: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1986.
After the conclusion of the Peace of Tilsit (June 13/25, 1807) and the rapprochement between Emperor Alexander I and Napoleon, relations between English and Russian. governments became very tense, and after the unexpected attack of the British on Copenhagen and the forcible seizure of the Danish fleet, they turned into open hostility. Diplomatic relations were interrupted. Russia embarked on the continental system (see this next). Alexander I, based on the treatises concluded between Russia and Sweden in 1790 and 1800, demanded from the latter that her ports be closed to the British, and, having learned that she had made an alliance with England, declared war on her. As a result of this state of affairs, part of the Russian fleet located in the Mediterranean Sea (see Adriatic expedition) found itself in a very difficult situation. At the conclusion of the Treaty of Tilsit, its head, Vice-Admiral Senyavin, was ordered to return to Russia with the forces entrusted to him, and to avoid meeting with the British. Leaving part of his ships near Corfu, Senyavin headed for Gibraltar with the main forces. Since at that time (at the beginning of October 1807) there had not yet been a clear break, the English. the authorities received Senyavin amiably, however, evaded assistance in meeting various needs. Then, upon entry into Atlantic Ocean, Senyavin 28 Oct. endured a strong storm and was forced to enter the mouth of the river to correct the ships. Togo. At this time, Lisbon, near which the Russian ships stopped, was threatened by the French from a dry path. troops, and the arrival of the English was also expected here. squadron, under whose auspices the Portuguese royal family was to move to Brazil. Upon the arrival of the aforementioned squadron, Senyavin found himself locked up in the port of Lisbon, where the British, however, did not attack him. Finally, already in August 1808, when the affairs of the French on the Iberian Peninsula took a bad turn and any hope for a successful outcome from the painful situation was lost for Senyavin, he concluded a condition with the British, according to which: 1) the Russian squadron was given up for preservation English to the government, which undertook to return it six months after the conclusion of peace with Russia in the same condition in which it was received; 2) Senyavin himself and the crews of his ships were to return to Russia at the expense of England; 3) the flags on Russian ships were not allowed to be lowered until the admiral and the captains left the ships with proper honors. In September 1809, the crews of the Russian squadron returned to Russia; from the fleet handed over to the British in Lisbon, only 2 ships of the line arrived in 1813 in Kronstadt; for all the rest of the ships that have become unusable, paid for as for new ones. During the wintering of Senyavin in Lisbon, one Russian frigate was caught by the English. squadron at Palermo and was saved only by the fact that the Sicilian government allowed to raise its flag on it. Another frigate, sent back in 1807 to the Mediterranean and stopped at Portsmouth, was captured there by the British. There were more serious clashes in the Baltic Sea. There, in 1808, the British sent a fleet to assist Sweden, which at that time was at war with Russia. On June 11, one of the frigates of this fleet attacked the Russian boat of Lieutenant Nevelsky between Sveaborg and Revel, which, after desperate resistance, with almost all of its crew killed or wounded, was forced to surrender. In the first half of July, the Russian ship "Vsevolod" was attacked by the British, taken and burned. In July 1809, the British managed to capture 3 Russian gunboats after a fierce battle. The actions of the British on the White Sea were limited to an attack on the city of Kola and the ruin of fishing shelters on the Murmansk coast. Since 1811, hostile relations between Russia and England began to subside and completely ceased with the signing of a peace treaty in Orebro on July 16, 1812.
