Italian language, Italy, independent study of the Italian language. Italian conjugations Third conjugation verbs in Italian

The Italian language is very beautiful! But what’s most interesting is that with such seeming verbosity of Italians, their language is also very laconic. They even often omit pronouns (usually they omit, and not “don’t use” - and it’s clear what they’re talking about). And this is clear only from the verb. They (verbs) can also be very short: Va = coming.

To better remember the conjugations of Italian verbs, put them in a table not alphabetically, but by topic: “Verbs of motion”, “Verbs of speech”, “Modal verbs”, etc. Below is a table as an example. You can download and print the table, but you can also check each version of the verb using your textbooks (it’s better to remember). Or even simpler - make your own table and enter the values ​​there yourself.

After this, you definitely need to collect a bank of examples for each word. You don’t need to set this as an end in itself, but along the way of learning the Italian language, accumulate examples and mark with a marker in this table which words already have examples - on paper and in your head.))

Conjugator of Italian verbs: http://italingua.info/verbi/

See table...

essere avere sapere fare dare andare stare
be have know-be able do give go be, become
io sono ho so faccio (fo) do vado (vo) sto
tu sei hai sai fai dai vai stai
egli e` ha sa fa dà va sta
noi siamo abbiamo sappiamo facciamo diamo andiamo stiamo
voi siete avete sapete fate date andate state
Essi sono hanno sanno fanno danno vanno stanno
Modal verbs Verbs of speech - 1
volere potere trust parlare dire discutere esigere
want be able must speak say discuss demand
io voglio posso debbo parlo dico discuto esigo
tu vuoi puoi devi parli dici discuti esigi
egli vuole può deve parla dice discuss esige
noi vogliamo possiamo dobbiamo parliamo diciamo discutiamo esigiamo
voi volete potete dovete parlate dite discutete esigete
Essi vogliono possono debbono parlano dicono discutono esigono
Verbs of speech - 2
offrere avvertire chiedere cedere rispondere spiegare tacere
suggest warn ask give in reply explain keep silent
io offro avverto chiedo cedo rispondo spiego taccio
tu offri avverti chiedi cedi rispondi spieghi taci
egli offre avverte chiede cede risponde spiega tace
noi offriamo avvertiamo chiediamo cediamo rispondiamo spieghiamo tacciamo
voi offrite avvertite chiedete cedete rispondete spiegate tacete
Essi offrono avvertono chiedono cedono rispondono spiegano tacciono
Mental Verbs-1
credere capire godere parere sentire vedere conoscere
believe understand enjoy seem feel see To be familiar
io credo capisco godo paio sento vedo conosco
tu credi capisci godi pari senti vedi conosci
egli crede capisce god pare sente vede conosce
noi crediamo capiamo godiamo paiamo sentiamo vediamo conosciamo
voi credete capite godete parete sentite vedete conoscete
Essi credono capiscono godono paiono sentono vedono conoscono
Mental verbs - 2
pensare ridere guardare piacere nascere vivere morire
think laugh look like be born live die
io penso rido guardo piaccio nasco vivo muoio
tu pensi ridi guardi piaci nasci vivi muori
egli pensa ride guarda paice nasce live Muore
noi pensiamo ridiamo guardiamo piacciamo nasciamo viviamo moriamo
voi pensate ridete guardate piacete nascete vivete morite
Essi pensano ridono guardano piacсiono nascono vivono muoiono
Mental verbs -3
riuscire amare salutare imparare
succeed be in love hello learn
io riesco amo saluto imparo
tu riesci ami saluti impari
egli riesce ama saluta impara
noi riusciamo amiamo salutiamo impariamo
voi riuscite amate salutate imparate
Essi riescono amano salutano imparano
Verbs of position
dolere perdere piangere dormire leggere scriver sedere
get sick lose cry sleep read write sit
io long perdo piango dormo leggo scrivo siedo (seggo)
tu duoli perdi piangi dormi leggi scrivi siedi
egli duole perde piange dorme legge script siede
noi doliamo perdiamo piangiamo dormiamo leggiamo scriviamo sediamo
voi dolete perdete piangete dormite leggete scrivete sedete
Essi dolgono perdono piangono dormono leggono scrivono siedono
Verbs of Movement — 1
andare appare cadere correre fuggire mettere partire
go appear fall, fall run run away put, put leave
io vado (vo)
appaio cado corro fuggo metto parto
tu vai appari cadi corri fuggi metti parti
egli va appare cade corre fugge mette parte
noi andiamo appariamo cadiamo corriamo fuggiamo mettiamo partiamo
voi andate apparite cadet correte fuggite mettete partite
Essi vanno appaiono cadono corrono fuggono mettono partono
Verbs of Movement — 2
cercare porre salire seguire venire costruire crescere
search put get up follow come build grow
io cerco pongo salgo seguo vengo costruisco cresco
tu cerchi poni sali segui vieni costruisci cresci
egli cerca pone sale segue viene costruisce cresce
noi cerchiamo poniamo saliamo seguiamo Veniamo costruiamo cresciamo
voi cercate ponete salite seguite venite costruite crescete
Essi cercano pongono salgono seguono vengono costruiscono crescono
Verbs of Movement - 3
dirigere scegliere cucire serve entrare giocare uscire
lead choose sew serve enter play go out
io dirigo scelgo cucio servo entro gioco esco
tu dirigi scegli cuci servi entri giochi esci
egli dirige sceglie cuce serve entra gioca esce
noi dirigiamo scegliamo cuciamo serviamo entriamo giochiamo usciamo
voi ditigete scegliete cucite servite entrate giocate uscite
Essi dirigono scelgono cuciono servono entrano giocano escono
Verbs Stages
cominciare rimanere rompere aprire chiudere finish
start off stay break open close finish
io comincio rimango rompo apro chiudo finisco
tu cominci rimani rompi apri chiudi finisci
egli comincia rimane rompe apre chiude finisce
noi cominciamo rimanimo rompiamo apriamo chiudiamo finiamo
voi cominciate rimanete rompete aprite chiudete finite
Essi cominciano rimangono rompono aprono chiudono finiscono
Food Verbs
mangiare prendere bere bollire consumare valere vestire
There is take drink boil consume cost dress
io mangio prendo bevo bollo consumo valgo vesto
tu mangi prendi bevi Bolli consumi vali vesti
egli mangia prende beve bolle consuma vale veste
noi mangiamo prendiamo beviamo bolliamo consumiamo valiamo vestiamo
voi mangiate prendete bevete bollite consume valete vestite
Essi mangiano prendono bevono bollon consumano valgono vestono

Sometimes there are discrepancies in different sources. In the Italian language textbook, the noi form of parere (to seem) is indicated as pariamo, and the above conjugator

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Interesting about the Italian language.
History, facts, modernity.
Let's start with a few words about the modern status of the language; it is obvious that Italian is the official language in Italy, the Vatican (simultaneously with Latin), in San Marino, but also in Switzerland (in its Italian part, the canton of Ticino) and in Several districts in Croatia and Slovenia, where a large Italian-speaking population lives, Italian is also spoken by some of the residents on the island of Malta.

Italian dialects - will we understand each other?

In Italy itself, even today you can hear many dialects, sometimes it is enough to travel only a few tens of kilometers to encounter another of them.
Moreover, dialects are often so different from each other that they can seem like completely different languages. If people from, for example, the northern and central Italian “outback” meet, they may not even be able to understand each other.
What is especially interesting is that some dialects, in addition to the oral form, also have a written form, such as the Neopolitan, Venetian, Milanese and Sicilian dialects.
The latter exists, accordingly, on the island of Sicily and is so different from other dialects that some researchers distinguish it as a separate Sardinian language.
However, in everyday communication and, especially, in large cities, you are unlikely to experience any inconvenience, because... Today, dialects are spoken mainly by older people in rural areas, while young people use the correct literary language, which unites all Italians, the language of radio and, of course, television.
It may be mentioned here that until the end of the Second World War, modern Italian was only a written language, used by the ruling class, scientists and in administrative institutions, and it was television that played a big role in the spread of the common Italian language among all inhabitants.

How it all began, origins

The history of the formation of modern Italian, as we all know it, is closely connected with the history of Italy and, of course, no less fascinating.
Origins - in Ancient Rome, everything was in the Roman language, commonly known as Latin, which at that time was the official state language of the Roman Empire. Later, from Latin, in fact, the Italian language and many other European languages ​​arose.
Therefore, knowing Latin, you can understand what a Spaniard is saying, plus or minus a Portuguese, and you can even understand part of the speech of an Englishman or a Frenchman.
In 476, the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, abdicated the throne after the capture of Rome by the German leader Odocar, this date is considered the end of the Great Roman Empire.
Some also call it the end of the “Roman language”, however, even today disputes still rage as to why exactly the Latin language lost its relevance, because of the capture of the Roman Empire by barbarians or was it a natural process and in what language? spoken towards the end of the Roman Empire.
According to one version, in ancient Rome by this time, along with Latin, the spoken language was already widespread, and it is from this popular language of Rome that the Italian that we know as Italian of the 16th century comes from, according to the second version, in connection with the invasion of the barbarians Latin mixed with various barbarian languages ​​and dialects, and it is from this synthesis that the Italian language originates.

Birthday - first mention

The year 960 is considered the birthday of the Italian language. This date is associated with the first document where this “proto-vernacular language” is present - vulgare, these are court papers related to the land litigation of the Benedictine Abbey, witnesses used this particular version of the language so that the testimony would be understandable to as many people as possible, until this moment in all official papers we can only see Latin.
And then there was a gradual spread in the ubiquitous life of the language vulgare, which translates as the people's language, which became the prototype of the modern Italian language.
However, the story does not end there, but only becomes more interesting and the next stage is associated with the Renaissance and with such well-known names as Dante Alighiere, F. Petrarch, G. Boccaccio and others.
to be continued...

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Making a blog into a full-fledged Italian tutorial is, of course, not easy, but I try to give the most convenient and logical sequence of interesting online lessons so that you can learn Italian on your own.
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How to choose an Italian language tutorial, where to download it, or how to study it online, you will find information about this in my posts.
By the way, if anyone has ideas or suggestions on how best to organize such a tutorial on our Italian blog, be sure to write to me.

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November 22, 2016

In Italian there is a group of verbs of III conjugation, in the infinitive ending in -ire, which have special ending paradigms in some forms:

  • VERBO: ⊂ RADICE⊃ -IRE
    ◊ Indicativo presente: (I) io ⊂⊃ -isco // (you) tu ⊂⊃ -isci // (he, she, it) lui, lei, Lei ⊂⊃ -isce // (they) loro, Loro ⊂⊃ -iscono
    ◊ Congiuntivo presente: che io ⊂⊃ -isca // che tu ⊂⊃ -isca // che lui/lei ⊂⊃ -isca // che loro ⊂⊃ -iscano
    ◊ Imperativo: (tu) ⊂⊃ -isci // (lui, lei, Lei) ⊂⊃ -isca // (loro, Loro) ⊂⊃ -iscano

These verbs are called “verbi incoativi” - inchoative or initial. This name came to Italian from Latin, where there was a suffix -sco-, meaning the beginning of an action. The historical name remains, but most verbs do not meet this semantic requirement.

abolire - to cancel, abolish, destroy, refuse
aderire - adjoin, adjoin, be connected, grow, join, agree, yield
affluire - flow, flow, transfer. flock, arrive
aggredire - to attack, trans. to begin (something) decisively
agire - to act, behave, have an effect (about any substance)
ammonire - to warn, warn, make a remark
appesantire - to aggravate, make heavier, increase (load)
approfondire - to deepen, to study in depth, to explore
arricchire - enrich, make rich, transl. decorate, enrich, expand (with knowledge, horizons, soil)
arrossire - to blush, to be ashamed
attribuire - to appropriate, book. to assign (credit), impute (blame)
avvilire - to humiliate, suppress, oppress
capire - to understand, to fit in
colpire - hit, hit, transfer. to hit, to hurt
compatire - to pity, sympathize, sympathize, have mercy, excuse, justify
concepire - biol. conceive, trans. to conceive, to plan
condire - season (food), ad. to give (nobility), to decorate, to decorate
conferire - to assign (title), provide, appoint (to a position), reward, make a contribution, give (kind of)
contribuire - to participate, to contribute, to promote
costruire - to build, erect, construct, gram. mat. build a sentence, figure
custodire - to guard, guard, look after (a child), look after (a sick person), store, cherish, longing. contain, feed
definire - precisely define, characterize, define, resolve (question, problem)
demolire - break, destroy, demolish, trans. denigrate, criticize
digerire - to digest, assimilate (food), trans. understand, endure, overcome
dimagrire - to give harmony, to conceal fullness
diminuire - reduce, reduce, shorten, shrink
esaudire - to satisfy (a request, a person)
esibire - present, show (documents)
fallire - to make a mistake, to miss, to fail, to fail, to fail
favorire - to favor, patronize, promote, present (as a gift)
ferire - to wound, to hit, trans. to offend, to offend
finire - finish, finish, come to an end, come to an end, complete
fiorire - to bloom, blossom, trans. flourish, mold
fornire - to supply, deliver, supply
garantire - guarantee, guarantee, answer, assure
gestire - gesture, manage, dispose, calculate forces
guarire - to heal, cure, recover, get better, get rid of (from an illness)
impallidire - to turn pale, fade, fade
impartire - to distribute, distribute
impaurire - to frighten, frighten
impazzire - to go crazy
impedire - interfere, impede, prevent
indebolire - to weaken, to relax
influire - influence, influence, pour in, flow in (about a river)
ingelosire - to excite, to cause jealousy
ingrandire - increase, expand, transfer. exaggerate
inserire - include (draw into action), invest, insert, attach
intuire - to guess, to have a presentiment
istituire - to establish, found, establish, appoint (successor, heir)
istruire - to instruct, teach, inform
marcire - to fester, to break out, to deteriorate
partorire - to give birth, to give birth, to multiply, trans. generate, produce
preferire - to prefer, to give preference
proibire - prohibit, hinder, hinder
pulire - to clean, tidy up (indoors, in business), trans. polish, clean
punire - to punish, to punish
rabbrividire - to shudder, to shudder
rapire - to kidnap, take away, carry away (about a stream, wind), transl. save (from something)
reagire - react, counteract, resist, chemical. react
restituire - return, give away
riferire - convey, tell, report, convey, attribute, inform
rifinire - to finish, complete, finally finish, finish again
rifiorire - to bloom a second time, to get better (about a person), to come to mind
rimbambire - to fall into childhood
ringiovanire - to rejuvenate, to rejuvenate
ripulire - to clean, wash, thin again
ristabilire - to restore, to restore
riunire - to reconnect, join, unite
ruggire - roar, growl, growl (about the stomach)
riverire - to honor, honor, show respect
sbalordire - to stun, amaze, shock
sbiadire - fade, fade, trans. weaken, get lost
sbigottire - to frighten, stun, confuse, excite
scalfire - scratch, cut
scolpire - sculpt, carve, carve, transfer. capture
seppellire - to bury, bury, hide, bury (including transl.)
sgranchire - knead, straighten (limbs)
smarrire - to lose, to lose, to lose
sostituire - to replace, replace
sparire - to disappear, disappear, get lost, hide
spartire - to divide into parts, divide, distribute, distribute
spedire - to send, send, direct
stabilire - stabilize, establish, assert, decide
stupire - to amaze, stun, amaze
suggerire - to suggest (including transl.)
svanire - fizzle out, evaporate, evaporate, transl. disappear, get lost, dissipate (about memory
tradire - to change, betray, distort the meaning
trasferire - transfer, move, transfer, transfer (property, possession), assign rights
trasgredire - violate (law, order, rights, order...)
trasparire - to shine through, to look through, to shine through (including transl.)
ubbidire - obey, obey, submit, obey
unire - unite, unite, link, generalize
usufruire - to take advantage of, to benefit from
zittire - to shush

Conjugating Italian verbs is a serious, voluminous topic, but not particularly complicated. Here, as in the Russian language, this part of speech is multifunctional. And the main thing is to remember some of its features and learn the rules, then the process of mastering Italian will go much faster.

Specifics of verbs

This is the first thing I would like to talk about. Verbs in Italian form a whole class of specific words, and in sentences they usually act as a predicate. They have person, number, voice, tense and, of course, mood. Having understood how all of the above affects the formation of words, you can begin to study such a topic as conjugating Italian verbs.

Return forms are distinguished by the particle “si”. Verbs can also be intransitive or transitive - it all depends on their meaning. The second of those indicated has which gives an answer to indirect ones (these include all, with the exception of “what?” and “who?”). You also need to remember that in Italian the nominal forms are often used - gerund, participle and infinitive.

Present tense

It should be noted that the conjugation of Italian verbs is especially difficult because there are too many different variations of forms. But in this language, as in Russian, there is only one present tense, and it is called Presente. It serves to denote a state or action in the present tense. For example, “lei mangia” - “she eats.” Presente also defines something repetitive or habitual. Let’s say “Le lezioni iniziano alle 9:00” - “classes start at 9:00”. Another definition of form includes events that are about to happen: “Mia mamma tornerà domani” - “my mother will return tomorrow.” These phrases are typical for everyday conversations. If we are talking about the future, then verbs are used to express the action that is expected. For example, “Andiamo in un Negozio?” - “Shall we go to the store?” And the last thing you need to learn about conjugating Italian verbs in this case is the rule about Presente storico, about the historical present. Here is an example of using this rule: “Nel 1812 i francesi si avvicinano a Moscva.” Translated, this means a historical fact, i.e. - “In 1812, the French approached Moscow.”

Infinitives

The conjugation of verbs in Italian also depends on which category the given part of speech belongs to. They are divided into incorrect and correct - as in English, German, etc. You need to know them, because as you learn the language, more and more new verbs are introduced, and you won’t be able to do without them. By the way, pronouns are most often omitted. Based on this, the rule is determined - the ending of the verb must be pronounced clearly. Depending on how the infinitive ends (that is, the part of speech itself sounds like: “drink”, “eat”, “walk”, and not “I drink”, “we eat”, “you walk”), the correct verbs are also divided into three types. But there is only one rule for them - you must forget about the ending in an indefinite form, and put the necessary letter in its place. There may be several of them, it all depends on the face of the person speaking.

First conjugation

So, the conjugation table for Italian verbs can clearly explain how to correctly change a particular word. For example, “asperettare” - to wait. It's quite simple:

  • Aspetto - I'm waiting;
  • Aspetti - you are waiting;
  • Aspetta - he/she is waiting;
  • Aspettiamo - we are waiting;
  • Aspettate - you are waiting’
  • Aspettano - they are waiting.

Indeed, understanding the conjugation is quite simple. It is enough to highlight the base (in this case it is “aspett”), and add endings that are characteristic of a particular person.

Auxiliary verbs

There are only two of these - “to be” and “to have” (“essere” and “avere”, respectively). It should be noted that it is important to study this conjugation of Italian verbs. “Essere” can be taken as an example. In these two cases, the rule characteristic of the previous one does not apply (that is, with the selection of the stem and the addition of the ending). Here you just need to remember everything:

  • Sono discepolo (I am a student);
  • Sei cuoco (you are the cook);
  • Lui e medico (he is a doctor);
  • Lei e tedesca (she is German);
  • Noi siamo colleghi (we are colleagues);
  • Voi siete italiani (you are Italians);
  • Loro sono russie (they are Russians).

Second conjugation

This group includes those verbs whose infinitives end in “ere”. For example, “spendere” - “to spend”. Again, it’s easier to present everything in table form:

  • io spendo (I spend);
  • tu spendi (you spend);
  • egli spende (he spends);
  • noi spendiamo (we spend);
  • voi spendete (you spend);
  • essi/loro spendono (they spend).

The principle is the same as in the case of the first conjugation - stem + ending. The most important thing, when studying this topic, is to remember the golden rule, the essence of which is to clearly " The endings are the whole point, so you need to pay attention to them first.

Third conjugation

The last one existing in this language. The third conjugation of Italian verbs (verbi italiani) in the indefinite form has the ending “ire”. Take, for example, the verb “finire” (“to finish, complete”). In this case, you will need to use an additional syllable that sounds like “isc”. It must stand between the ending of the word and its root, and in the singular persons without exception (she, he, you and I), as well as in the third plural (that is, they). Using the example of the proposed verb, it would look like this:

  • Finisco - I'm finishing;
  • Finisci - you finish;
  • Finisce - he/she finishes;
  • Finiamo - we are finishing;
  • Finite - you are finishing;
  • Finiscono - they are finishing.

Irregular Verbs

They should be identified separately, as this is an important topic. Conjugating irregular Italian verbs involves changing the stem of the word - the endings remain the same. A few words should be given as examples. Andare - to come, fare - to do, bere - to drink, cuciere - to sew, sedere - to sit, and usciere - to go out. You can consider the first of these, again presenting it sequentially:

  • Io vado (I am coming);
  • Tu vai (you are coming);
  • Lei/lui/lei va (he/she is coming);
  • Noi andiamo (we are coming);
  • Voi andate (you arrive);
  • Loro vanno (they are coming).

That is, the formation of irregular verbs needs to be memorized, as in the case of I must say, quite a lot, and you will have to work hard to learn them all. The topic of irregular verbs is one of the least favorite for many people who study Italian (and any other language, there are always plenty of them, and you need to remember everything), but it is integral. After all, in order to speak a language so that the speaker can understand Italy, it is necessary to speak it sufficiently. And you can’t do without irregular verbs, which are constantly used in everyday life.

Pronunciation

And finally, a few words about pronunciation. A little earlier it was said that the meaning of the sentence, in principle, depends on how clearly the word and its ending were pronounced. In fact, this is true. In general, the Italian language is quite simple in terms of pronunciation. It does not contain letters and sounds that might be unusual for a Russian person (unlike German or Polish), but there are some features. For example, consonants must be pronounced loudly and energetically. The Italian language does not tolerate “chewed” sounds; it is extremely precise, clear, impulsive and expressive. Intonation should also be clearly expressed. By the way, the Italian language is also simple in that you don’t need to study the specifics of constructing questions. It can be set by changing the intonation. For example, “Hai fame?” - “Hai fame!” - "Are you hungry?" - "Are you hungry!" In conclusion, I would like to say that everyone has the power to learn Italian, the most important thing is desire and, of course, enough time to become familiar with all the topics.



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