Tourism is one of the most promising and profitable industries in the modern world.
The Russian tourist market is growing faster than the country's economy as a whole.
The Pskov region is also actively promoting its tourism products to the foreign market.
At the same time, there are a number of factors that negatively affect the activities of Pskov tourism organizations. One of the main ones is the poor professional training of a significant part of the employees, manifested in their lack of competence.
For them, as well as for teachers and students of educational institutions involved in training workers in the tourism and hotel industry, the I.I. Vasilyov Historical and Local Lore Library recommends new tutorials.
Books can be used in the library reading room or taken home with a subscription.
We are waiting for you at the address: Oktyabrsky Prospekt, 19 “a”.
Phone 66-43-24
Arbuzova N. Yu. Technology and organization of hotel services: textbook. manual for university students /N. Yu. Arbuzova. – M.: Academy, 2009. – 224 p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual examines hotel enterprises as part of the service sector, classification of hotels, their organizational and production structure, material and technical base, hotel management system, organization of the work of the main, functional and auxiliary services of the hotel.
Baumgarten L.V. Strategic management in tourism: textbook. for university students. – M.: Academy, 2007. – 345 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook examines the features of the tourism industry and its impact on the development of other sectors of the state's economy. The theoretical foundations of strategic management are covered, including modern methods of analyzing the macroenvironment and industry analysis, the competitiveness of organizations and the goods and services they produce.
Vlasova T.I. Professional and business communication in the field of tourism: textbook. manual for university students /T. I. Vlasova, A. P. Sharukhin, M. M. Danilova. – M.: Academy, 2007. -255, p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual covers issues related to revealing the psychological mechanisms of effective professional and business communication in the field of tourism, the characteristics of human behavior in various communication situations, and showing productive ways of influencing communication partners.
Dzzandzugazova E. A. Marketing of tourist territories: textbook. manual for university students /E. A. Dzhandzugazova. – 2nd ed. erased – M.: Academy, 2008. – 221, p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook examines the main ways and methods of forming and promoting a territorial tourism product, taking into account regional specifics. The presentation of theoretical issues is organically combined with examples from the practice of Russian and foreign enterprises in the tourism industry. It is noteworthy that this book provides a table of the twenty most aesthetically attractive (according to surveys) cities and small settlements in Russia, in which Pskov ranks 11th, while Veliky Novgorod is 5th.
Kolbovsky E. Yu. Ecological tourism and ecology of tourism: textbook. manual for students / Kolbovsky E. Yu. – 2nd ed., erased. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 253, p. – (Higher professional education).
The history of recreational and tourist activities is discussed for the first time in this textbook in connection with the formation of the cultural (recreational) landscape of Russia. The recent approaches to assessing the potential of resources and prospects for the development of domestic tourism in Russia are outlined.
Loiko O. T. Service activities: textbook. manual for universities /O. T. Loiko. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 304 p. – (Higher professional education).
The manual examines the theoretical, historical and practical aspects of the formation and development of service activities, its essence and significance for the service sector. Particular attention is paid to modern trends in service activities and prospects for its development.
Morozov M. A. Economics and entrepreneurship in social and cultural service and tourism: textbook. for university students / Morozov M. A. – 5th ed., erased. – M.: Academy, 2009. – 287 p. – (Higher professional education. Tourism).
The manual examines the main macro- and microeconomic aspects of the tourism industry, taking into account the specifics of the functioning of hotel enterprises in a market economy. The basic concepts and concepts of hospitality economics are outlined.
Morozov M. A. Information technologies in social and cultural service and tourism. Office equipment: textbook. for university students /M. A. Morozov, N. S. Morozova. – 6th ed., revised. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 238 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook examines and analyzes the main directions of the use of modern computer technologies in socio-cultural services and tourism. The possibilities and advantages of using global systems for booking and reserving tourist services Galileo, Amadeus, Worldspan in the context of the formation of the Russian tourism and hospitality market are outlined.
Novikov V.S. Innovations in tourism: textbook. manual for higher students Textbook institutions / V. S. Novikov. – 2nd ed., rev. and additional – M.: Academy, 2008. – 208 p.
Using the experience of domestic and foreign research, the manual reveals innovations in socio-cultural services and tourism, features of innovation processes, as well as evolutionary changes in these areas. The functions of innovation and management of innovation activities in tourism and the service sector are considered.
Osipova O. Ya. Transport services for tourists: textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions / O. Ya. Osipova. – 4th ed., rev. and additional – M.: Academy, 2008. – 384 p.
The manual examines the legal framework regulating the transportation of tourists in international and domestic traffic.
Sapozhnikova E. N. Country studies: Theory and methods of tourist study of countries: textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions / E. N. Sapozhnikova. – 5th ed., erased. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 240 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook outlines the theory and methodology of tourism regional studies, and examines the basic components of complex regional studies characteristics (geographical location, natural conditions for tourism development, demographic statistics). The appendix provides a complete tourist description of the Vologda region and a plan for studying and characterizing the artistic culture of the country.
Sokolova M.V. History of tourism: textbook. aid for students higher textbook establishments /M. V. Sokolova. – 5th ed., erased. – M.: Academy, 2008. – 352 p. – (Higher professional education).
The textbook examines the main stages of the origin and development of tourism. The origin and genesis of tourist and excursion activities in Russia, the emergence and development of international tourism, as well as the characteristic features of modern Russian and international tourism and their prospects are described.
Preface
In Russia in recent years there has been a transition from a one-level (specialty) to a two-level (bachelor's and master's) education system, and therefore in 2009-2011. Federal state educational standards of higher professional education of the third generation have appeared in a number of areas and specialties, implying the implementation of a competency-based approach, as well as providing educational institutions with significantly greater freedom in terms of developing curricula and the subsequent organization of the educational process.
Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction 100400 “Tourism” involves studying the discipline “Fundamentals of Tourism” (introduction to the direction: tourism, introduction to tourism, fundamentals of tourism activities, organization of tourism activities) as a general professional in a limited amount of hours. However, all existing textbooks and teaching aids for the course on the fundamentals of tourism were developed in the context of mass training of students in specialty 100103 “Socio-cultural service and tourism” and for this reason do not take into account the specifics of the educational process within the framework of a bachelor’s degree.
The discipline "Fundamentals of Tourism" is taught to first-year students and has an introductory, preparatory character, which requires the subject to be systematic and simple in content, and from teachers - the broadest knowledge in their field, as well as methodological skills, since in a very limited number of hours students - It is quite difficult for first-year students to understand the large number of publications on tourism and the main aspects of its modern theory. All this prompted the authors to prepare a new, systemic in nature, textbook, which should serve as a reliable guide for students to the interesting world of tourism.
Offered to the attention of readers (and we see among them not only students, but also teachers, specialists in the field of tourism and hospitality), the textbook “Fundamentals of Tourism” includes theoretical material, formatted in the form of chapters and paragraphs, which are unique didactic units and correspond to approximately one exam or test question. Each chapter ends with a list of checklists and assignments. The work also presents a detailed bibliography and a table-reference appendix.
The book is written in full accordance with the content and requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education and is intended for students studying in the field of 100400 “Tourism”. It can also be used by students studying in the areas 100100 “Service”, 101100 “Hospitality”, 021000 “Geography”, students of secondary specialized educational institutions, teachers of universities and colleges, and tourism business practitioners.
All reviews and comments on the contents of the textbook will be gratefully accepted by the authors by email [email protected] and taken into account in its subsequent reprints.
Chapter 1. Conceptual framework of tourism
1.1. Concept, goals and functions of tourism
Tourism is a complex socio-cultural and economic phenomenon of our time, various aspects of which are in the field of view of representatives of a number of sciences. Economists, sociologists, teachers, psychologists, historians, cultural experts, lawyers, and art historians consider the issues of the theory and practice of tourism to be “theirs.” This gives rise to a multiplicity of its definitions and manifestations in the surrounding reality.
Modern scientific literature describes many approaches to defining the concept of “tourism”. All of them are discussed in more detail in the works of I.V. Zorina and V.A. Kvartalnova. We can only say that there are geographical, economic, marketing, industrial and other approaches. In Russia, this concept is enshrined in law. Federal Law No. 12-FZ of February 5, 2007 “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”” defines tourism as “temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as persons) from their permanent place of residence for medical, recreational, educational, physical education, sports, professional, business, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities associated with receiving income from sources in the country (place) of temporary stay.”
1. Temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence.
2. Temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, recreational, educational or professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence (Recommendatory legislative act “On the basic principles of cooperation of the CIS member states in the field of tourism”, 1994) .
3. Activities of persons who travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year, for leisure, business or other purposes (UN Statistical Commission, 1993).
4. A special form of movement of people along a route in order to visit specific objects or satisfy a specialized interest.
5. The type of travel undertaken for leisure, educational, business, recreational or specialized purposes.
6. Movement (relocation), being away from a permanent place of residence and the aspect of temporary residence in an object of interest. The Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980) declared: “Tourism is understood as an activity that is important in the life of peoples because of its direct impact on the social, cultural, educational and economic areas of the life of states and their international relations.”
7. A form of mental and physical education, implemented through the social and humanitarian functions of tourism: educational, educational, health and sports.
8. A popular form of organizing recreation and leisure activities.
9. The sector of the economy serving people who are temporarily outside their place of permanent residence, as well as the market segment in which enterprises from traditional sectors of the economy converge to offer their products and services to tour operators.
10. The totality of all types of scientific and practical activities on the organization and implementation of tourism, excursion, resort and hotel business.
The term “tourism” was first used by V. Zhekmo in 1830. The word “tourism” comes from the French tour, which means “walk”. Until recently, each country defined the concepts of “tourism” and “tourist” differently. In our country, due to the fact that tourism and sanatorium-resort institutions were managed by different systems, the concept of “tourist” was limited to participants in tourist trips and hikes and was separated from the concept of “vacationer” in sanatoriums, boarding houses and rest homes. In other countries, different types of recreational activities were also often defined by different terms. With the development of tourism in the modern world, especially international tourism, and with the creation of international tourism organizations, it became necessary to give a generally accepted definition of the concept of “tourism”.
One of the first and most accurate definitions of tourism was given by University of Bern professors W. Hunziker and K. Krapf; it was later adopted by the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism. These scholars defined tourism as a series of phenomena and relationships resulting from the travel of people as long as it does not lead to a permanent stay and is not associated with any benefit.
According to one of the first official definitions, adopted by the UN in 1954, tourism is an active leisure activity that affects the promotion of health and physical development of a person, associated with movement outside the permanent place of residence. A broader description of the concept was presented by the Academy of Tourism in Monte Carlo: “Tourism is a general concept for all forms of temporary departure of people from their place of permanent residence for health purposes, to satisfy cognitive interests in their free time or for professional and business purposes without engaging in paid activities in a place of temporary stay."
At the World Tourism Conference (Madrid, 1981), tourism is defined as one of the types of active recreation, which is travel made with the aim of exploring certain areas, new countries and combined in a number of countries with elements of sports. It should be noted that tourist trips will be only if the time (more than a day) and spatial (moving to another place) criteria are met.
The Hague Declaration on Tourism (1989) defines tourism as the free movement of people from their places of residence and work, and the services created to meet the needs resulting from this movement. From a legal point of view, tourism is a set of relationships and services associated with a temporary and voluntary change of residence by a traveler for non-commercial or non-professional reasons.
From the standpoint of economic science, tourism is a large economic system with various connections between individual elements within the national economy of a particular country, connections between the national economy and the world economy as a whole, as well as a sphere of economic activity, including the production and sale of tourist services and goods by various organizations that have tourist resources. resources.
In the socio-cultural sphere, tourism is a special kind of interpersonal activity, which, under the conditions of internationalization of life, has become a form of using free time, a means of interpersonal connections in the process of political, economic and cultural contacts, and one of the factors determining the quality of life.
As a type of leisure activity, tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or locality within their country in their free time from their main work in order to satisfy the needs for recreation, entertainment, knowledge, health, as well as to solve professional or other problems. or other problems, but without paid work in the place visited.
In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission adopted a definition approved by the UN International Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and widely used in international practice: “Tourism is the activity of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year in a row, for the purpose of recreation, business and other purposes.” This definition contains three criteria: travel outside the usual environment; temporary nature of movement; purpose of the trip.
A.Yu. Alexandrova proposes to divide all existing definitions of tourism into two groups:
1) highly specialized (industry), designed to perform specific tasks, i.e. used in legal regulation, statistical accounting, social policy, etc.;
2) conceptual, serving as the basis for the first group and reflecting the internal content of tourism.
An example of a conceptual definition of tourism can be considered the following: “Tourism is a set of relationships and phenomena arising from the movement and stay of people outside their permanent place of residence for reasons not related to work, but in order to satisfy cultural, health, relaxation, entertainment needs and for the sake of for pleasure, as well as for other reasons, if they are not related to making a profit.”
Let us now give the classic definition: “Tourism is the temporary movement of people from their place of permanent residence to another country or another locality within their country in their free time for the purpose of pleasure and recreation, health and medical, guest, educational, religious or professional business, but without engaging in work at the place of temporary stay, paid from a local financial source.”
In the process of tourism development, various interpretations of this concept have appeared. However, the following criteria are of particular importance.
Change of location. In this case we are talking about a trip that takes place to a place outside the usual environment. However, persons who travel daily between home and their place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, since these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.
Stay somewhere else. The main condition is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it cannot be related to work activity (wages). This aspect should be taken into account because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity is different from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as a tourism activity. Another condition is that travelers should not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person staying or planning to stay in a certain place for a year or more is considered a migrant or permanent resident from a tourism perspective and therefore cannot be called a tourist.
Payment of labor from a source at the location visited. The essence of the criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be an activity paid for from a source in the place visited. Any person who enters a country for work remunerated from a source in that country is considered a migrant. This applies not only to international, but also to tourism within one country. Every person who travels to another place within the same country (or to another country) to carry out an activity remunerated from a source in that place (or country) is not considered a tourist of that place.
These three criteria, which form the basis for the definition of tourism, are basic. But there are special categories of people on the move for which the above criteria are insufficient. These include refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.
Let us give a definition proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism: “Tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activities.” This definition has significant similarities with the one given by University of Bern professors W. Hunziker and K. Krapf.
Many domestic and especially foreign experts consider tourism from the point of view of a systems approach (Fig. 1.1). According to the Swiss scientist K. Kaspar, the tourism system is based on two subsystems: subject of tourism(tourist as a consumer of tourism services) and tourism object, consisting of three elements - a tourist region, tourist enterprises and tourist organizations.
Rice. 1.1. Model of tourism as a system
Analyzing the concept of “tourism” using a systematic approach, we highlight N. Leiper's concept(Professor at Meissen University Auckland). He considers tourism to be a system consisting of the following main elements: a geographical component, tourists and the tourism industry. The geographical component includes three main components: the region that generates tourists; transit region and region of tourist destination. Let's make a small but important digression from the topic.
Destination is a territory that offers a certain set of services that meet the needs of the tourist, satisfying his demand for transportation, overnight accommodation, food, entertainment, etc., and is the purpose of his trip. Consequently, a destination, in order to be such, must have a certain set of services, attractions, and information systems.
The destination can be primary or secondary. Primary destination its attractiveness makes customers interested in visiting it, and the main goal is to satisfy their interest in a certain, fairly long period of time (for example, a week). Secondary destination(stopover) is a place where a stopover is inevitable on the way to the primary destination. The main task of a secondary destination is to satisfy the desires of tourists within one or two days.
Many experts propose to formulate the following postulates to define tourism:
– a tourist is one who seeks to satisfy his natural need to travel. The wants and needs of the tourist will determine the destination he chooses to visit and the activities he chooses to participate in;
– tourism business involves activities aimed at making a profit in the production and sale of products and services that satisfy the needs of tourists;
– for the hospitality industry, tourism mainly acts as a positive factor that allows opening new jobs and increasing the region’s income, but it can have a negative impact on the environment;
– tourism is considered by national administrations as a factor in economic development, often without taking into account possible negative consequences (direct and indirect damage).
Based on this tourism activities can be defined as a series of phenomena and relationships that are the result of the interaction of tourists, tourism enterprises, the hospitality industry, and administration in the process of attracting, accommodating and serving visitors. Then tourism is defined as a set of components: products, services, display objects and production units offered to individual consumers or groups of consumers who temporarily leave their place of permanent residence and go to certain tourist destinations.
So, there are five clearly identified important features that separate tourism from travel and other actions and processes.
1. Temporary movement, visiting a destination and inevitably returning back.
2. Destination – another locality (country), different from the place of permanent residence of a person.
3. Tourism goals, characterized by purely humanistic content and orientation.
4. Taking a tourist trip in your free time from work or study.
5. Prohibition for tourists to engage in activities in the destination that are paid for from a local financial source.
The purpose of tourism is one of its main and defining features. In the classical theory of tourism, only six general goals are recognized, according to which tourism is distinguished from travel in general:
– wellness (restoration of a person’s spiritual and physical strength, as well as treatment);
– cognitive (improving and deepening knowledge about the nature of natural phenomena, the past and present of humanity, the history and culture of other countries and peoples);
– sports (preparation and participation in competitions and games at professional and amateur levels, accompanying athletes, as well as participation as spectators);
– professional and business (business trips, participation in conferences, congresses, seminars, exchange of experience, professional training);
– religious (pilgrimage, cult, cultural and historical studies of religion and cults);
– guest and nostalgic (visiting relatives, places of historical residence).
At the same time, UNWTO specialists have developed a standard classification of travel purposes, the main of which are:
– leisure, recreation and rest;
– business and professional goals;
– visiting friends and relatives;
- treatment;
– religious and pilgrimage;
– other purposes (for example, transit).
At the same time, trips for the purpose of leisure, recreation and recreation account for 50%; business and professional trips – 30%; 10% of tourists visit friends and relatives.
Tourism also performs various functions:
– restorative – freeing a person from the feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change of environment and type of activity;
– developing – providing opportunities for personal development (expanding horizons, creative and organizational activities);
– entertaining – providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun; this also includes getting to know the area and its inhabitants, organizing concerts, sports and other events, and active recreation;
– economic – manifests itself through the demand and consumption of tourists, and the needs of tourists are divided into basic, specific and additional; this function ensures restoration of working capacity, employment, and profit;
– social – growth in the standard of living of the population, budget distribution and rational use of free time.
Some experts offer a slightly different list of tourism functions. At the same time, its general essence as a phenomenon is preserved. So, A.S. Zapesotsky believes that the most important functions of tourism are health, development, social status, socio-economic and integration.
Wellness. A variety of impressions and satisfaction of people’s recreational needs have a positive effect on their physiological, mental state, performance and social activity.
Developmental. Involving tourists in educational, cultural and educational programs creates conditions for raising their intellectual level and broadening their horizons.
Social status. Tourism is becoming an important indicator of a person’s social status, an indicator of the quality of his life.
Socio-economic. Tourism, being one of the largest and most dynamic industries, ranks second in terms of income after oil production and refining. It provides employment to 6% of the world's working population. This function is also manifested in the fact that people, while resting, thus restore their ability to work, which has not only social significance, but also a direct economic effect.
Integration. Tourism contributes to the development of international economic relations, the emergence of a number of international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and unions.
In conclusion, it should be said: for a fairly clear definition of the essence of tourism, it is enough to highlight three of its aspects.
Firstly, tourism should be considered as a type of leisure activity for vacationers, i.e. tourists.
Secondly, this is a specific type of business: a set of industries specializing in serving tourists.
Thirdly, tourism is the sphere of activity of enterprises and industries in the service sector and material production that serve the tourist market. All the most important manifestations of tourist activity will be sequentially considered by us in subsequent chapters and paragraphs of the textbook. Next, we should dwell on one more point - the conceptualization of the concept of “travel” and its correlation with the concept of “tourism”.
Travel and tourism. Travel and tourism are very similar concepts. There is always a characteristic action that defines and separates the journey itself from other areas of activity - the movement of a person to another area or country, continent, different from his usual location or residence.
Travel: individuals; groups of people united by a common interest and goal; entire expeditions, including military ones, which may include several hundred or even thousands of specialists; diplomats, migrants and displaced people. For some peoples, traveling is a way of life that has been established for centuries and is caused by the climatic characteristics of the area where they live. These include, for example, nomadic tribes. Nomads, along with their herds of animals, move annually as they develop pastures, and even state borders do not stop them.
Under certain characteristics, conditions of organization and implementation, travel can be an integral part of a tourist service. For statistical purposes, a person traveling is also referred to as a “visitor”. The national legislation of some countries provides a clear interpretation of the method for determining the quantitative characteristics of travel. Thus, the US Census Bureau, which is responsible for conducting national travel surveys, gave the following definition of travel: “Move more than 100 miles from your place of residence.” However, the National Travel Survey (1963 and 1967) uses the definition with the addition of "or out of town for one or more nights."
Like the Census Bureau, the US Tourism Data Center has excluded the following types of travel from the definition of travel: movement of crew members on ships, railroad trains, aircraft, etc.; travel of persons between regions, countries for the purpose of work; travel for the purpose of learning.
Tourism is a special case of travel. However, it has clear boundaries from the generality and strictly defined characteristics. There are many definitions of tourism in the conceptual sense, and, of course, a person who makes or participates in a tourist trip, tourist trip, or hike is generally called a tourist. Unlike travel, tourism is a category that is strongly influenced by economics and politics, and to top it all off, it has a dualism in the internal nature of the phenomenon.
V.A. Kvartalnov highlights five main differences tourism from travel.
Firstly, unlike travel, tourism is the movement of people in fairly short periods of time. Long journeys are made by a few individuals. Tourism is a mass phenomenon of the 20th and 21st centuries, which received its development due to the political and economic situation that developed in a developed society. People who work for hire have received the right to an annual short (2-3 weeks) vacation. After World War II, most of them began to live in abundance, allowing them to allocate funds for vacations and short-term travel for recreational purposes. Developed means of transport, which ushered in the era of transcontinental flights by air, provided an affordable opportunity to visit almost any corner of the world.
According to statistics, the largest share is occupied by weekend tourism (2-3 days), followed by small tourist trips (6-7 days), a much smaller share is occupied by tours for 8-12 days. All other, longer, tourist trips fall out of the statistics due to the insignificance of their share in the total mass.
Secondly, for tourism it is important to determine the category of place of permanent residence (residence). Tourism involves the departure of people from their place of permanent residence to another area or country for tourism purposes. Movements within the area of permanent residence, for example daily trips to work, cannot be classified as tourism, especially in a country where there is a legal institution of registration, i.e. place of residence registered by the relevant government services regulating population migration. Another conceptual category, habitual residence, is determined by the period during which a person resides there continuously. At the same time, in each point, region, country, among the population, persons who can be classified as permanent residents or visitors should be identified.
For example, according to domestic tourism statistics, it is important to distinguish between categories of the population that travel to work every day for certain time periods and distances. So, for a small city it will be 20-30 minutes at a distance of several kilometers, for a large city - a trip to work lasting up to 3 hours at a distance of over 50-100 km. It is necessary to take into account the minimum period of time when a person is absent from this place, as well as the differences and characteristics of localities and administrative territories.
For a resident of a small village, a trip of 70 km will be a long journey. At the same time, in Moscow or Volgograd this distance is within the city limits. A very difficult question: are summer residents who travel to their dachas over a distance of more than 120 km on weekends considered tourists? Few of the owners of summer cottages would agree to call these trips recreation or tourism. For many, this is hard work and one of the few sources of livelihood.
Third, the definition of a period of free time is based on a general understanding of tourism as a way of recreation. It is not entirely true for some types of tourism, for example for professional and business tourism, whose participants most often travel as specialists sent by a company.
Fourth, the most important category is the purpose of tourism, which makes it possible to clearly identify types of activities related to tourism and subject to preferential customs, tax and other regimes established by states exclusively for tourism. The main goals of tourism are: entertaining (attractive), recreational and educational. The second most important are health and medical, followed by professional and business, guest, etc.
Fifthly, tourism is an important component of the economy of many countries, providing employment to the local population, occupancy of hotels, restaurants, entertainment events, and the receipt of foreign currency. Tourism is based on the exploitation of local tourist resources, bringing income to the area or the state.
So, tourism:
- a special mass type of travel with clearly defined goals, carried out by tourists themselves, i.e. activities of the tourist himself;
– organization and implementation (support) of such trips – tourism activities.
It is carried out by various enterprises in the tourism industry and related industries. Journey is the movement of people in time and space, and a person making a journey, regardless of goals, directions and means of transportation, time intervals, is called traveler.
As a result, we can highlight four conceptual characteristics (criteria) of tourism embedded in the definition of this phenomenon, given in the Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the fundamentals of tourism activity in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 5, 2007 G.):
– temporary – movement limited to a certain time frame from 24 hours to six months or a year;
– spatial – movement of citizens in space from a place (or country) of permanent residence to some other place (or country), contrasting with the place of residence;
– targeted (motivational) – tourism involves travel of citizens with clearly defined goals;
Textbook for students of pedagogical institutes in specialty No. 2114 “Physical education”.
The manual examines the main issues of theory, methodology and organization of tourism, provided for by the program for physical education departments of pedagogical institutes.
Particular attention is paid to school tourism, organization and conduct of hiking, mountain and ski trips.
Preface
Tourism is a complex concept that is directly related to upbringing, education, public health and the economy. Despite its long history, tourism as a mass phenomenon has developed in our country over the past decades and tends to further develop. The Constitution of the USSR (Article 41) states that the development of mass sports, physical culture and tourism in our country ensures the right of citizens to rest.
Standards for tourism and local history have been introduced into the All-Union GTO Complex, and this serves as recognition of tourism as an active mass form of physical training and hardening of millions of workers.
The decisions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU provide for the further broad development of tourism and the strengthening of its material base.
The passion for tourism among young people, schoolchildren, and the increase in the number of technically complex trips obliges instructors and tourism teachers to increase the organizational level of tourism work and generalize best practices in order to ensure the safety of trips and travel.
On the other hand, due to the massive development of tourism, there is a danger of damage to natural resources - vegetation and wildlife. Therefore, tourism leaders and tourists themselves must face the task of instilling a caring attitude towards nature and nature conservation.
A tourism instructor is a profession that needs to be learned, like any other. Pedagogical institutes and physical education faculties prepare tourism teachers to work with students.
This manual is the first attempt to create educational literature on tourism for students of pedagogical institutes. It can be used by students of pedagogical schools, teachers of secondary schools, conducting work on tourism. The material is designed mainly for preparing and conducting hiking, mountain and ski trips of the first and second categories of difficulty.
The number of hours allocated by the curriculum and program for physical education departments for organizing and conducting hikes, local history and nature conservation is limited. Therefore, in-depth independent study of literature by students and teachers in the process of their practical work with schoolchildren is necessary.
Literature
Aleshin V., Kalitkin N. Orienteering competitions. M., 1974.
Bardin K.V. ABC of tourism. M., 1973.
Volkov N. Sports hikes in the mountains. M., 1974.
Gladkov N.N. et al. Nature conservation. Textbook for biological specialties of pedagogical institutes. M., 1975.
Elekhovsky S. Running to an invisible goal. M., 1973.
Ivanov E. With a compass and map. M., 1971.
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