Section "Society"
PART A
For tasks A1–A20, circle the number of the correct answer.
1. Which of the concepts given in the list unites and generalizes the meaning of the others?
2. Society in the broadest sense of the word means
3. As an example of the influence of natural factors on the development of human civilization, we can point out
4. An example of constructive interaction between human society and nature is
5. In which sentence is the concept of society used in the most in the narrow sense?
6. Society as dynamic The system is distinguished by the following feature:
7. Young scientists held a conference on the prospects for the development of domestic science, expressing the danger that low incomes and the lack of material incentives to work contribute to “brain drain” and the mass departure of young specialists abroad. This example can be used to illustrate the relationship between such areas of society as
8. What series of concepts and terms are associated with the economic life of society?
9. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. Society acts as an integral part of the material world, being in unity and interaction with nature.
B. At a certain stage of its development, society became isolated from nature and, in addition to objective laws, was subject to laws determined by the will and desires of people.
10. Are the following statements true?
A. The destruction of old social relations and the emergence of qualitatively new ones is a characteristic feature of a social revolution.
B. A variety of social revolutions are scientific and technical revolutions, leading to the emergence of fundamentally new ways of human interaction with nature.
11. What series of concepts and terms are associated with the post-industrial stage in the development of society?
12. A common feature of industrial and traditional society is
13. Using such a criterion of social progress as strengthening the moral foundations of society can be illustrated
14. Which of the above judgments can be used to justify the inconsistency of social progress?
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In the process of development of society, measures of legal liability are revised, and the most severe punishments are eliminated. |
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Humanity passes laws at the supranational level prohibiting certain methods of warfare. |
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A number of discoveries by scientists had dual consequences, and new types of weapons of mass destruction emerged. |
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New types of treatment facilities introduced in production make it possible to reduce harmful emissions into the atmosphere. |
15. Tribes of nomads invaded a rich, prosperous country from the north, ruining irrigated farming systems, cities, and cutting off traditional trade routes. Cities and villages were deserted for many decades. This example illustrates such a form of social change as
16. Integrative processes of modernity have found their manifestation in (in)
17. Global problems of the modern world cover different spheres of society. Demographic problems include
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the disappearance of many species of oceanic flora and fauna. |
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declining birth rates and aging of a number of European nations. |
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atmospheric pollution by greenhouse gas emissions |
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spread of the threat of terrorist organizations. |
18. Global environmental problems of our time are associated with
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increased technical and technological capabilities of people to influence natural processes. |
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human inability to interact constructively with nature. |
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lack of attention of people to a healthy lifestyle and harmony with nature. |
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preserving the ethnic and religious diversity of the world. |
19. Are the following judgments about social changes true?
A. Revolutions act as the most painful forms of social change for people.
B. Reform is a change in public life, usually initiated and carried out by the authorities.
20. Are the following statements about globalization true?
A. Globalization has both positive and negative consequences.
B. Third World countries experience only the negative impact of globalization processes.
Answers to Part A assignments
Section 1
Part B
When completing tasks B1–B6, indicate the answer as a sequence of letters, numbers or a word
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
Indicators (criteria) of social progress
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INDICATORS |
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improvement of equipment and technology |
mass introduction of microprocessor equipment |
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__________________________ |
exclusion of the death penalty from the arsenal of criminal sanctions |
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Answer: ________________________
Answer: humanization of society (humanization), improvement of moral foundations.
2. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “globalization”
World market, integration, interdependence, dialogue of cultures, stagnation, electronic networks, westernization.
Find and indicate the term that “falls out” from the general series.
Answer: ____________________
Answer: stagnation
3. Establish a correspondence between the fact and the sphere of public life: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
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SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE |
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1) study of the life of the inhabitants of the seabed |
A) economic |
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2) rejuvenation of the institution of marriage, an increase in the number of young families |
B) spiritual |
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3) reduction of budget expenditures on science |
B) social |
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4) development of the middle strata of society in the population structure |
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5) provision of medical services |
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6) putting forward new hypotheses about the origin of the Universe |
Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
Answer: BWAVAB
4. Select from the proposed features that characterize traditional society.
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the majority of the working-age population is employed in the service sector |
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Electronic technologies are widely used in management |
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collectivist values dominate in people's minds |
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Local rural communities play an important role in the life of society |
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society has a low level of social mobility |
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the dynamism of social change |
Answer:___________________________
Answer: 345
5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
Determine which provisions of the text are
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actual character |
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nature of value judgments |
Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
Answer: BBAA
6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
The following most general indicators can be distinguished: _______________(1). From epoch to epoch there is an increase in labor productivity based on the improvement of means and organization of labor; which in turn entails the improvement of the workforce, brings to life new production skills and knowledge and changes the existing __________ (2). Simultaneously with the progress of productive forces, there is an increase in the volume of scientific information. Science is becoming a direct ___________(3) of society. Under the influence of progress in social production, social needs rise, and methods of satisfying them, lifestyle, culture and way of life are improved. There is an increasing tendency for society to master the spontaneous forces of nature and liberate people from the yoke of spontaneous social factors. ____________(4) social life occurs on a planetary scale, leading to the formation and functioning of ___________(5) ideals, norms and values. Humanity is gradually turning into a single whole.
But the main indicator and criterion of social progress is the expansion of freedom. Freedom is a person’s ability to be active in accordance with his intentions, desires and interests, during which he achieves his goals. Consequently, in order to determine whether a given stage in the development of society is more progressive compared to the previous one, it is necessary to find out how fully the essential features of ____________ (6) are realized in the life of the people of a given society.
Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
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manufacturability |
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internationalization |
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division of labor |
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human freedom |
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productive force |
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historical progress |
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universal |
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1 tasks A1 – A20 circle circle number correct answer. A1 Which of the following... Explanatory note The applicant is given 3.5 hours (210 minutes) to complete the examination paper on history. The work consists of 3 parts, including 33 tasks. Maximum score 100 pointsExplanatory note2014 OPTION No. 1. Part 1 At execution tasks A1 – A20 circle circle number correct answer. A1. Which of the following events occurred... economic system. Part 2 At execution tasks B1 – B10 please specify answer in the area reserved for... Tests for the course “Social Studies”TestsWe have the opportunity to do correct conclusions. Section 4. Spiritual culture. PART A At execution tasks A1 – A20 circle circle number correct answer. 1. What concept summarizes... Instructions for performing the work (22)InstructionsGood luck! Part 1 At execution tasks with choice answer(This tasks A1 – A26) circle circle number correct answer in the examination paper. A1 Structure and... sweets 4) diseases of the inner ear A20 Which example characterizes the manifestation... Instructions for performing the work (6)InstructionsWe wish you success! Part 1 At execution tasks with choice answer this parts circle circle number correct answer in the examination paper. A1 Society, in... 4) donate Part treasure for relatives, and Part hand over to the state A20 Are they true... |
1. Which of the concepts given in the list unites and generalizes the meaning of the others?
2. Society in the broadest sense of the word means
3. As an example of the influence of natural factors on the development of human civilization, we can point out
4. An example of constructive interaction between human society and nature is
5. In which sentence is the concept of society used in the most in the narrow sense?
6. Society as dynamic The system is distinguished by the following feature:
7. Young scientists held a conference on the prospects for the development of domestic science, expressing the danger that low incomes and the lack of material incentives to work contribute to “brain drain” and the mass departure of young specialists abroad. This example can be used to illustrate the relationship between such areas of society as
8. What series of concepts and terms are associated with the economic life of society?
9. Are the following judgments about society true?
A. Society acts as an integral part of the material world, being in unity and interaction with nature.
B. At a certain stage of its development, society became isolated from nature and, in addition to objective laws, was subject to laws determined by the will and desires of people.
10. Are the following statements true?
A. The destruction of old social relations and the emergence of qualitatively new ones is a characteristic feature of a social revolution.
B. A variety of social revolutions are scientific and technical revolutions, leading to the emergence of fundamentally new ways of human interaction with nature.
11. What series of concepts and terms are associated with the post-industrial stage in the development of society?
12. A common feature of industrial and traditional society is
13. Using such a criterion of social progress as strengthening the moral foundations of society can be illustrated
14. Which of the above judgments can be used to justify the inconsistency of social progress?
15. Tribes of nomads invaded a rich, prosperous country from the north, ruining irrigated farming systems, cities, and cutting off traditional trade routes. Cities and villages were deserted for many decades. This example illustrates such a form of social change as
16. Integrative processes of modernity have found their manifestation in (in)
17. Global problems of the modern world cover different spheres of society. Demographic problems include
18. Global environmental problems of our time are associated with
19. Are the following judgments about social changes true?
A. Revolutions act as the most painful forms of social change for people.
B. Reform is a change in public life, usually initiated and carried out by the authorities.
20. Are the following statements about globalization true?
A. Globalization has both positive and negative consequences.
B. Third World countries experience only the negative impact of globalization processes.
Answers to Part A assignments
Section 1
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№ |
otv |
№ |
otv |
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otv |
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otv |
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1 |
3 |
6 |
1 |
11 |
2 |
16 |
2 |
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2 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
12 |
1 |
17 |
2 |
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3 |
3 |
8 |
4 |
13 |
3 |
18 |
1 |
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4 |
1 |
9 |
3 |
14 |
3 |
19 |
3 |
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5 |
1 |
10 |
3 |
15 |
3 |
20 |
1 |
Part B
When completing tasks B1–B6, indicate the answer as a sequence of letters, numbers or a word
1. Write down the word missing in the table.
Indicators (criteria) of social progress
Answer: ________________________
Answer: humanization of society (humanization), improvement of moral foundations.
2. Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of one, relate to the concept of “globalization”
World market, integration, interdependence, dialogue of cultures, stagnation, electronic networks, westernization.
Find and indicate the term that “falls out” from the general series.
Answer: ____________________
Answer: stagnation
3. Establish a correspondence between the fact and the sphere of public life: for each position given in the first column, select a position from the second column.
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FACT |
SPHERE OF SOCIETY LIFE |
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1) study of the life of the inhabitants of the seabed |
A) economic |
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2) rejuvenation of the institution of marriage, an increase in the number of young families |
B) spiritual |
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3) reduction of budget expenditures on science |
B) social |
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4) development of the middle strata of society in the population structure | |
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5) provision of medical services | |
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6) putting forward new hypotheses about the origin of the Universe |
Write down the resulting sequence of letters in the table.
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
Answer: BWAVAB
4. Select from the proposed features that characterize traditional society.
Answer:___________________________
Answer: 345
5. Read the text below, each position of which is numbered.
Determine which provisions of the text are
Answer: BBAA
6. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
The following most general indicators can be distinguished: _______________(1). From epoch to epoch there is an increase in labor productivity based on the improvement of means and organization of labor; which in turn entails the improvement of the workforce, brings to life new production skills and knowledge and changes the existing __________ (2). Simultaneously with the progress of productive forces, there is an increase in the volume of scientific information. Science is becoming a direct ___________(3) of society. Under the influence of progress in social production, social needs rise, and methods of satisfying them, lifestyle, culture and way of life are improved. There is an increasing tendency for society to master the spontaneous forces of nature and liberate people from the yoke of spontaneous social factors. ____________(4) social life occurs on a planetary scale, leading to the formation and functioning of ___________(5) ideals, norms and values. Humanity is gradually turning into a single whole.
But the main indicator and criterion of social progress is the expansion of freedom. Freedom is a person’s ability to be active in accordance with his intentions, desires and interests, during which he achieves his goals. Consequently, in order to determine whether a given stage in the development of society is more progressive compared to the previous one, it is necessary to find out how fully the essential features of ____________ (6) are realized in the life of the people of a given society.
Select one word after another, mentally filling in each gap with words. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
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1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
Answer: ZHVDBZG
PART C
When completing tasks C1–C9, write a detailed answer.
Read the text and complete tasks C1–C4.
Human and nature
It is well known that, having increased power over nature, man immediately imagined himself as the undivided master of the Earth and immediately began to exploit it, neglecting the fact that its size and biophysical resources are completely finite...
Of course, all this causes deep concern, but we do not know to what extent it upsets the balance and upsets the cycles necessary for the evolution of life in general; how many irreversible changes have we already caused and which of them can affect our own lives now or in the future; It is also unknown what reserves of basic non-renewable resources we can realistically count on, how many renewable resources we can safely use and under what conditions. Since the Earth's "carrying capacity" is clearly not limitless, there are obviously some biophysical limits, or "outer limits", to the expansion of not only human activity, but also the general presence of man on the planet...
It is quite obvious that a person’s physical and psychological capabilities also have their limits. People are aware that, increasing his dominance over the world, man, in the quest for security, comfort and power, has acquired a whole arsenal of all kinds of devices and inventions, while losing those qualities that allowed him to live in his pristine virgin natural habitat, and that this , may have weakened him physically, dulling his biological activity. It is safe to say that the more “civilized” a person becomes, the less able he is to withstand the difficulties of a harsh external environment and the more he needs to protect his body and health with the help of all kinds of medicines, potions and a great variety of other artificial means .
On the other hand, there is no doubt that, in parallel with these processes, the cultural level of man increased, and intellectual abilities developed, which were brought into line with the complex artificial world created by man. However, recently the balance between progress and human culture, between progress and its biophysical abilities has been disrupted, and quite seriously. So the current degree of mental and mental, and perhaps even physical adaptation of a person to the unnaturalness and rapid pace of modern life is very far from satisfactory.
(A. Peccei)
1. The author believes that human intervention in nature has its limits. What, according to the author, are the “external” and “internal” limits of human intervention in nature? Give two author's judgments that reveal his position.
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Points |
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elements: 1) as external limits, a judgment is given about the limited “carrying capacity” of the Earth, the existence of biophysical limits, or the expansion of not only human activity, but also the general presence of man on the planet; 2) the internal limits are the limited physical and psychological capabilities of a person, the limited ability of a person to act in a rapidly changing cultural environment. Other formulations of the above judgments may be given. | |
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Both judgments are given. |
2 |
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One judgment is given. |
1 |
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Wrong answer. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
2 |
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Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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elements: Named based on the text, following reasons, For example: 1) man predatorily exploits nature, upsetting the natural balance; 2) the increase in the comfort of human existence dulls the biological properties of a person, his resistance to external influences; 3) it is extremely difficult for a person to adapt to a rapidly changing world, which causes psychological and physical discomfort. Other reasons may be given. | |
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Three reasons are given. |
2 |
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Two reasons are given. |
1 |
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One reason given OR the answer is incorrect. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
2 |
3. Illustrate with three specific examples from the life of modern humanity A. Peccei’s words about the defenselessness of a civilized person in the face of “the difficulties of a harsh external environment.”
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Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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The correct answer should include elements: Given examples: 1) the catastrophic consequences of the earthquake in Haiti, which destroyed cities and villages and led to the death of about 200 thousand people; 2) the widespread prevalence among people of various diseases caused by physical inactivity, sedentary work, and lack of fresh air; 3) epidemics of seasonal diseases (spring, autumn) still remain a problem of modern humanity; 4) the inability of modern man to survive in severe extreme conditions, to endure hardships, hunger and cold. Other examples may be given. | |
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Three examples are given. |
3 |
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Two examples are given. |
2 |
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One example is given. |
1 |
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Wrong answer. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
3 |
4. The author believes that in recent decades “the balance between progress and human culture, between progress and its biophysical abilities has been disrupted, and quite seriously.” Express your assessment of the author's judgment. Support your answer with two arguments.
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Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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The correct answer may include the following: elements: 1)opinion graduate: agreement or disagreement with the given judgment; 2) given arguments: in case of consent – the emergence of fundamentally new types of activities and related ethical problems that are not yet solvable for humans (the problem of cloning, transplantology, euthanasia, etc.); – the relationship between the modern scientific and religious picture of the world; human difficulties in encountering the information, virtual environment; – in case of disagreement with the above opinion it can be indicated, for example: – to expand human biophysical capabilities in connection with the achievements of modern science; – to improve the quality of life of people in connection with the development of modern technology; – to free up a person’s energy and time to realize his spiritual needs. Other arguments may be given. | |
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An opinion and two adequate arguments are given. |
3 |
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An opinion is given and one adequate argument is given OR the opinion is given in an implicit form, but two adequate arguments are given. |
2 |
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An opinion OR one argument is given. |
1 |
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Wrong answer. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
3 |
5. What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “social progress”? Using knowledge from the social science course, write two sentences containing information about social progress.
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Points |
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: 1) the meaning of the concept, for example: “Social progress is the totality of all progressive changes in society, the development of society from simple to complex, from less perfect to more perfect”; Another definition that is similar in meaning may be given. 2) two sentences with information about social progress based on course knowledge, for example: “Social progress is nonlinear; it contains elements of cyclical and retrograde movement.” “The most difficult thing is to determine the progressive nature of changes in a person’s inner spiritual world.” Any other sentences containing correct information about social progress can be made. | |
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The meaning of the concept is revealed and two sentences are composed containing information about the corresponding social object. |
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The meaning of the concept is revealed and one sentence is compiled containing information about the corresponding social object, OR the meaning of the concept is not explicitly disclosed, but is presented in two composed sentences, indicating that the graduate knows the social science content of this concept. |
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The meaning of the concept is revealed, sentences are not drawn up, OR the proposals are composed without the involvement of social science knowledge, OR social science knowledge in the composed sentences is not involved in the context of the concept under consideration, OR the meaning of the concept is not explicitly disclosed, one sentence is composed containing information about the corresponding social object, OR the answer is incorrect. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
2 |
6. Illustrate with three specific examples the relationships and interactions between areas of society.
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Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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The response must contain the following elements: Examples are given, for example: 2) The formation of civil society institutions, social movements and initiatives mainly by representatives of the middle strata with economic independence and prosperity illustrates the relationship between the economic, social and political life of society; 3) The decline in the standard of living of society and the subsequent decrease in interest in culture and the cultural heritage of the past illustrates the connections between the social and spiritual spheres of society. Other examples may be given. | |
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Three examples are given. |
3 |
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Two examples are given. |
2 |
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One example is given. |
1 |
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Wrong answer. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
3 |
7. The English philosopher G. Buckle wrote: “In the old days, the richest countries were those whose nature was most abundant; Today the richest countries are those in which people are most active.” How does this statement, uttered nearly two centuries ago, reflect an understanding of the evolution of human society? Determine the main vector of development of society. What, in your opinion, are the core values of modern society? Specify any two values.
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Contents of the correct answer and instructions for assessment (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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The correct answer must contain the following elements: – curtailment of the development of new fields, etc. 2) the main one is determined social development vector, For example: – development of technology, methods of human influence on the environment, ways to satisfy growing human needs. 3) two values of modern society are indicated: A person’s initiative, free implementation of his requests; Dynamic development, the ability of society to quickly master innovations; Rationalism, scientificity, technology Other adequate values may be indicated. | |
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The understanding of the author’s words is correctly formulated, the vector of development is determined, and two values are indicated. |
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The understanding of the author's words is correctly formulated, the development vector is determined, one value OR is indicated, the understanding of the author's words is correctly formulated, the development vector is not defined, but two values are indicated OR |
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The understanding of the author’s words is correctly formulated OR the vector of development is determined OR one or two values are indicated |
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The answer is incorrect. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
3 |
8. You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “The problem of international terrorism as a global problem of our time.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic.
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Contents of the correct answer and assessment instructions (other wording of the answer is allowed that does not distort its meaning) |
Points |
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When analyzing the answer, the following are taken into account: – the correctness of the wording of the plan items in terms of their compliance with the given topic and the clarity of expression of thoughts; – reflection in terms of the main aspects of the topic in a certain (adequate to the given topic) sequence. | |
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One of the options for a plan for covering this topic: 1) Threats and challenges of modern humanity. 2) International terrorism as a threat to the world community. 3) Features of terrorism at the present stage: a) supranational character; b) use of modern electronic networks and means. 4) Manifestations of terrorist activity. 5) Ways and means of the world community’s fight against terrorists. A different number and (or) other correct wording of the plan items is possible. | |
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The wording of the plan items is correct. Taken together, the points of the plan cover the main issues of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. |
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The wording of the plan items is correct. Certain issues essential to this topic have been omitted. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. OR Some of the wording of the plan items is incorrect. Taken together, the points of the plan cover the main issues of the topic. The structure of the response corresponds to a complex type plan. |
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The plan does not reveal the proposed topic. OR The response structure does not conform to the complex type plan. |
0 |
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Maximum score |
2 |
9. Select one from the statements below and express your thoughts (your point of view, attitude) regarding the problem raised. Provide the necessary arguments to justify your position.
When completing the task, use the knowledge gained from studying the social studies course, relevant concepts, as well as facts of social life and your own life experience:
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Among the criteria by which the completion of task C9 is assessed, criterion K1 is decisive. If the graduate, in principle, did not disclose the problem raised by the author of the statement, and The expert gave 0 points for criterion K1, then the answer is not checked further. For the remaining criteria (K2, K3), 0 points are given in the protocol for checking tasks with a detailed answer. |
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Essay example
“Society is a set of stones that would collapse if one did not support the other” - Seneca.
The main problem raised by the author in this statement is the problem of interaction in society, the problem of social solidarity. Each society is characterized by its own certain characteristics (integrity, close interrelation, the presence of common tasks and goals) without which its existence is impossible.
I chose this topic for my essay because I think this problem is very relevant to the current situation in our country and in the world as a whole. Numerous troubles, catastrophes, cataclysms and crises have befallen humanity. And all this is connected primarily with the fact that people put their local interests in the prerogative, trying to benefit only for themselves, without thinking about the consequences of their actions. Proof of these words is the huge number of environmental problems, the financial crisis, the uncontrollability of nuclear weapons and many other global problems. It would seem that what can be done in such a situation? The answer to this question is very simple: people must forget about their local interests and consolidate to resolve these issues.
Seneca's position on this issue is that he sees society as many small particles that make up a whole. He draws attention to the close relationship of these particles and points out that society is a rather unstable structure that will collapse if there is no mutual understanding and unity in it.
I cannot but agree with the author’s position, since I consider it the only true and unshakable one after centuries. There are many examples from history showing that only when a society is united is it able to exist. Firstly, this is a period of unrest in our country, when Russia could have completely lost its sovereignty and was saved only by the united people who created the people’s militias. Secondly, this is a vivid example from foreign history of the 70s, when in Spain, after the death of dictator Franco, the first elections to the parliament (Cortes) were held; two warring parties of completely different orientations, the communists and the Francoists, received equal votes, but despite their differences, they decided not to disperse until they adopted the constitution. Oddly enough, this constitution still works practically unchanged to this day.
I would like to end my essay with a wonderful phrase from Jean-Jacques Rousseau: “If there were no points at which the interests of everyone converged, there could be no talk of any society.”
Section "Human"
PART A
For tasks A1–A20, circle the number of the correct answer.
1. An important difference between humans and other living beings is
2. Social, formed in the process of interaction with society, the quality of a person is
First-year master's student at Sretensky Seminary Valentin Frolov talks about the scientific and theological conference on church history and Church Slavonic language
On September 26, 2016, Europe celebrated the Day of Languages. The purpose of such a holiday is to maintain linguistic diversity and develop teachingAndstudying different languages in the world. Although this holiday is not accepted in our country,however, Hecoincided with thein Sretenskayaseminary nscientific and theological conference,the main topics of which were current issues of church history and the preservation of the Church Slavonic language inXXIcentury...
Prologue
Gold autumn. The holidays are over. It hasn't snowed yet, but the cold envelops every Muscovite getting from the metro to work, and from work to the metro, and then home. The bustle in the passages, escalators, the noise of underground trains rushing into the darkness is diluted with autumn thoughts: someone is already planning how to celebrate the New Year, someone is thinking about how to bring a new project to life, and someone, looking out the tram window, is thinking over the words
heard at a conference at Sretensky Seminary: “Church Slavonic and Russian languages are inseparable,” and also, it turns out: “Before Peter I, Church Slavonic was the language not only of worship, but also of legal writing, translations, the language of science, as it was then, the language of the original Old Russian fiction..." The tram slowly moves through the Moscow darkness, illuminated by the glow of signs and lanterns...Before Peter I, Church Slavonic was the language not only of worship, but also of legal writing
Meeting of young scientists
It’s been a month since the educational process started at Sretensky Seminary. And the crown of this month is the holding of the scientific and theological conference “Prospects for Humanitarian and Theological Research.” 
The assembly hall was filled with people, so that there were almost no empty seats left. Most of the seminarians had no idea that so many guests would come to the conference. Some speakers, who had not expected this state of affairs, were overcome with excitement.
“The word “perspective” is present in almost all the topics of the conference reports, which emphasizes the relevance of each stated topic in the context of our time,” noted the seminary teacher, Hieromonk Irenei (Pikovsky), welcoming all those present on behalf of the rector.
The conference was open, in addition to students of the seminary of the theological school, students, graduate students and young scientists from other universities took part in it: Moscow State University, Russian State University for the Humanities, Academy of Justice, All-Church Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies named after Saints Cyril and Methodius and PSTGU. The work took place within two sections: “Current problems of church history” and “Church Slavonic language in the 21st century.” In the last section, a guest from Naberezhnye Chelny, Konstantin Kalinin, gave an unusual report on rhythms in Old Slavonic biblical texts.The work took place in two sections: “Current problems of church history” and “Church Slavonic language in the 21st century”
The head of the Church Slavonic language section is Larisa Ivanovna Marsheva, Doctor of Philology, Professor. The head of the historical section is Pavel Vladimirovich Kuzenkov, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. “Now I know what I want to write aboutscientific work…»
It should be noted that such conferences are organized, first of all, so that undergraduates and graduate students from different universities share their experiences with each other, as well as to show the level of our seminary, so that its students share their discoveries. In addition, it is useful for junior students to learn what areas of science they can work in.
One of the seminar students, Sergei Drygailo, shared his impressions:
“I am convinced that we have thoughtful people who are in love with Orthodox Russia”
“The guys performed very well; there were representatives from many universities. I was struck by how important issues of church life are to those around me. Again and again I am joyfully convinced that in Russia there are young people who go to the Church with faith and love. These are thinking people who are in love with Orthodox Russia.
Such conferences help to direct one's scientific research. And when you see interest and even love for their topics in the faces of the speakers, you begin to think about the hidden corners of your soul, about its light, which involuntarily breaks out from the depths and makes you evaluate your personal capabilities and interests.”
A look through the centuries at modern times
The historical section touched on a variety of topics in church history and examined their significance for modern times. For example, the current ideas of the religious policy of Emperor Constantine the Great were assessed, issues of theocracy and monarchy were touched upon; The problems of sects, the relationship between the Old Believers and the Soviet government, and the relationship of the Russian Church with the Vatican were discussed. Someone first heard about the army seminary that existed in the Russian Empire. Many listeners were struck by the report on the topic “Internet split: Old Believer competition on the Internet,” etc.
Konstantin Tsyrelchuk, a 2nd year seminary student, spoke about his impressions:
Mikhail Alekumov spoke about the forgery of the document with which the popes operated, proving the right to primacy among bishops
“I chose the church history section, which I don’t regret. I would like to highlight the report of seminary master’s student Mikhail Alekumov “The Gift of Constantine: Myths and Reality.” Michael spoke about the forgery of the document with which many popes operated, proving their right to primacy among all bishops. I remember the name of Lorenzo Valla, the Italian historian who first questioned the gift of Emperor Constantine to Pope Sylvester... Overall, the conference was lively and exciting. During the conference, I began to think about what topic I could write about for future conferences.”
“Church Slavonic is part of Russian, and should not turn into a linguistic exhibit”
Yellowed and reddish maple leaves lie on the benches next to the Sretensky Seminary - this is the view from the window of the largest seminar auditorium, “Holy Land,” in which the section “Church Slavonic Language in the 21st Century” met.
What did the listeners and speakers remember? “It was felt that everyone who gathered here really loved the Church Slavonic language. And the way how vividly the problems of language were discussed at the conference indicates that the statements that can be heard every now and then from critics of the Church Slavonic language, that this language is dead, are unlawful,” says master’s student Feodosius Kudryashov.
The topics of the messages were as varied as those of historians. We talked about the sublanguage of Orthodoxy, considered the reviews of the bishops of the Russian Church at the beginning of the 20th century - about the incomprehensibility of the language and their proposals for solving this problem. One of the speakers spoke about his experience in editing the liturgical Apostle, and about the importance of using patristic works for such work. Someone shared their experience of compiling a service to the saint in Church Slavonic, and someone shared their experience of reverse translation, from Russian into Church Slavonic.
Today on the Internet, for example, even on the Orthodox website Predanie.ru, you can find a translation of the New Testament, which is mistakenly regarded as a good alternative to the Synodal translation. This is Kulakov's translation. However, Mikhail Alekumov in his message told the audience about the Adventist absolutely erroneous features of this translation.
In addition, one of the participants noted how important it is today to apply new approaches in teaching the Church Slavonic language, given the sympathy of modern society for the visual perception of information.
In this regard, at the end of the last message, a presentation of the logo for the master’s profile at the Sretensky Seminary “Church Slavic language: history and modernity” took place. The logo depicts the first and last letters of the Church Slavonic language (“az” and “Izhitsa”), with the letter “Izhitsa” resembling a bird. “Az” symbolizes the beginning of learning Church Slavonic, and “Izhitsa” symbolizes the completion. And the purpose of the Church Slavonic language, for which it was created, is communication with God. Therefore, the Izhitsa bird is a symbol of the language learner’s elevation to the sky. Accordingly, the color of the logo is the color of the sky.
"To be continued…"
A total of 25 reports were read at both sections.
After the conference, L. I. Marsheva shared her impressions: “I am very pleased with the results of the conference... And I am sorry that philology today is on the margins of popularization. This applies not only to language, it also applies to literature. And it’s gratifying for our seminary that it hosts such meetings of young scientists. This format must be supported. It is very useful".
In October, the III All-Russian Forum “My History” will be held, which is organized by the student scientific society of the Seminary
According to the curator of the student scientific society of Sretensky Seminary, Konstantin Bely, “with this small, almost home conference, we hope to open a whole series of scientific and educational events within the framework of our seminary, the Historical Park at VDNKh and other sites in universities collaborating with us. Already on October 11-16, on the basis of the Historical Park, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow State Pedagogical University and Sretensky Seminary, the III All-Russian Youth Historical Forum “My History” will be held, which is organized by the student scientific society of the Seminary in alliance with the student activists of four leading universities in Moscow.”
Epilogue
And here is the necessary stop. The tram doors open. We need to go out already. Evening. Having visited Sretensky Seminary, you go and think: why don’t they teach about the Church Slavonic language at school?.. You remember the speeches and understand that it is an integral part of the Russian language, and knowledge about it is as necessary as wheels on a car.
You think about the fact that the Church Slavonic language is as much a part of Russian culture as Russian fairy tales, epics, music, fine arts, Pushkin’s legacy, etc. You understand, if you forget about Church Slavonic forever, then future generations will forget Russian itself, and then even the expression “the mouth of a baby speaks the truth” will sound like foreign speech.
Valentin Frolov,
1st year master's student at Sretensky Seminary,
We bring to your attention a few more messages that were read out at the conference:
Sects: the practical need for religious knowledge
Kuznetsov Evgeniy Fedorovich
master's student
All-Russian State University of Justice
(RPA of the Ministry of Justice), Moscow.
The legal reforms of the 90s of the twentieth century carried out in our country after the adoption of the Constitution were certainly aimed at strengthening the rights and freedoms of citizens, which was an important step towards the formation of a rule of law state. One of these reforms was the abolition of scientific atheism as a state ideology. With the adoption of the law “On Freedom of Religion,” the human right to religious self-determination was recognized at the state level and became inviolable and protected. However, as often happens, society faces problems of abuse of rights, and the right to freedom of religion is no exception. The facts of the activities of religious organizations on the territory of Russia created and functioning in the selfish interests of their leaders have become widely known. “If you want to earn a million, invent a religion” (Dvorkin, 2002). Guided by this principle, religious leaders go to any lengths and promises in order to obtain material values from their followers. Voluntary donations are out of the question here, since the donor is under emotional pressure from the religious leader and other adherents, actually falling into psychological dependence.
Unfortunately, in the practice of law enforcement agencies there are more serious crimes than donating apartments and savings to sectarian leaders. And these crimes cannot be explained only by mercenary motives. In 2008, the “Case of the Yaroslavl Satanists” caused a great public outcry, on whose account were not only tortured animals, but also the desecration of corpses, cannibalism, human sacrifice and other acts that are not compatible with the law, not with human morality, not with common sense.
Modern criminology has developed methods for investigating murders of various types, including ritual ones, but legal knowledge alone is clearly not enough. Ritual murders, in other words human sacrifices, always have religious overtones, so when investigating these crimes it is impossible to do without the use of special theological and religious knowledge. But of course the main task of law enforcement agencies is not so much to investigate crimes that have already been committed, but to prevent them. And this problem cannot be resolved without consolidating legal and theological-religious knowledge, and analysis of materials from judicial practice, the media and other sources only confirms this conclusion.
So, of course, representatives of law enforcement agencies and traditional faiths must fight... But with what? Today there is no concept of “sect” or “dangerous religious teaching,” but there are crimes committed by their adherents. In this situation, it is quite obvious that it is necessary to legally consolidate the concept of a sect. In his book “Sect Studies” A.L. Dvorkin lists a large number of sects, various movements and trends. But if law enforcement agencies begin to fight each of them, then claims of violations of constitutional rights to freedom of religion will certainly arise. It is up to the court to decide to what extent these claims will be justified, but the fact that they will appear does not raise any doubts. Consequently, in the law enforcement practice of the activities of judicial and investigative bodies, there arises a practical need for the use of special religious and theological knowledge. If I can put it this way, then jurisprudence poses a number of theoretical tasks for theology.
The first task facing scientific theologians today is to define the concept of “sect.” But it is not easy to define a sect as a religious group professing a non-traditional religion, but precisely on the basis of studying their religious texts, rituals, hierarchy, and maybe even the way of life of its adherents, to identify precisely the signs of socially, socially dangerous religious teachings. Similar criteria have been developed to identify extremist books, materials and films.
Secondly, it is precisely specialists in the field of religious and theological knowledge who are faced with the task of spiritually countering the activities of these organizations. But here, too, in the matter of educational, missionary activities of clergy, the development of convincing counterarguments against the teachings and postulates of sectarians will require a detailed study of the destructive cults themselves.
Thirdly, a detailed study of destructive religious cults, their ceremonial and ritual part, texts, the way of life of adherents, and so on, will be useful not only in the counseling service of pastors, but will also allow the involvement of clergy as specialists in the investigation of criminal cases committed by sectarians. There is currently an acute shortage of such specialists. Considering that specialists can be involved not only in examining religious texts, but also in interrogations, as psychologists are now, the help of clergy, especially those with in-depth knowledge in the field of destructive teachings, can be simply invaluable. In 2001, a conference was held in Nizhny Novgorod with the very precise title “Totalitarian sects - a threat to the 21st century,” and it was customary to fight any threats in Rus' with the whole world, therefore, in the face of sects and their leaders, law enforcement agencies and representatives of traditional faiths should only consolidate your efforts.
Literature
1. Dvorkin A.L. Sectology. Totalitarian sects. Experience of systematic research 3rd edition, revised and expanded Publishing house of the Brotherhood in the name of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky, Nizhny Novgorod, 2002
On the way from bioethics to applied theology
Priest Konstantin Lazukin
postgraduate student of the Department of External Church Relations
Church-wide postgraduate and doctoral studies
named after Saints Cyril and Methodius (Moscow).
Today, humanity expects practical answers from all scientific disciplines, and theology is no exception. The challenge that biotechnological progress poses to society does not allow for distant and casual discussions. A late assessment in the theological understanding of bioethics can lead humanity to irreversible processes.
In modern science, different theoretical disciplines have their own separate field of applied or experimental research. For example, in mathematics there is a separate direction - appliedand ImathematicianA, and in physics a separate research area is experimental physics. Similar trends in identifying separate areas of research can be seen in the social and human sciences - applied philosophy, applied philology, applied ethics (bioethics, eco-ethics, professional ethics, Christian ethics (Sveshnikov V., 2010), etc.), applied psychology. The examples given do not exhaust the list of applied, experimental and empirical areas.
An experienced and practical approach to solving assigned problems is already present in the pre-scientific stage of human development. However, not at all times in the development of science, empirical methods were given due attention. Often scientists, carried away by excessive theorizing and fundamentalism, forgot or did not care about the practical application of their research.
In various areas of theological (theological) analysis traces its aspects of scientific and practical research, which pose new challenges for theologians. For greater accuracy, it is worth mentioning that theology itself is often perceived in the Church consciousness as a practical discipline, but in the light of the scientific approach, under the shadow of basic and dogmatic theology, this discipline is perceived as deeply theoretical. It is impossible to lose sight of the applied areas of theological analysis - moral theology (moral theology), pastoral theology... At the end of the twentieth century, theologians faced another direction in the study of the applied problem field - bioethicistAnd (Breck I., 2004). And one of the main tasks is the theological understanding of this area. At the same time, philosophers are also involved in understanding the issues of bioethics. Taking bioethics as one of the areas of applied ethics (moral philosophy), philosophical analysis is developed, principles and argumentation are prescribed (Sugarman & Sulmasy, 2010). In short, a separate epistemological approach and methods of analysis (methodology) are being formed. It is worth noting that in solving these issues, philosophy tends towards an existential understanding of human existence, which, in part, is consonant with theological claims. The Roman Catholic Church does not ignore challenges of a bioethical nature, however, striving for the universality of its scientific conclusions, it usually bases them on the natural moral law (Cahill, 2005). This approach does not always provide comprehensive information and often does not reveal a comprehensive argument, especially for a Christian believer.
It is quite obvious that without pre-prepared “tools”, theological analysis is unlikely to be able to achieve such a qualitative result that would help solve the practical challenges of biotechnological progress of the 21st century (Chursanov, 2014). I use a comparative analysis of various applied theological disciplines and taking into account the positions of secular philosophers and Christian theologians in workse An attempt is made to systematize the range of approaches (methods of analysis) in understanding the problems of bioethics. It is proposed to think about what kind of argumentation theology could appeal to, and on what principles it is necessary to create the axiological and methodological foundations of Christian bioethics. In search of answers and examples, the author resorts to the basics of Orthodox anthropology (Leonov V., 2013), uses the experience of developments in the field of Christian pedagogy (Divnogortseva, 2013).
Indeed, it is impossible to call the work done exhaustive, because There is still a lot of material and sources that await analysis. In some cases, the hypotheses presented and questions raised are not fully answered or are subject to subjective interpretation. However, if such a situation is perceived as a basis for discussion and constructive dialogue, then in this case it will be possible to quickly reach a quality result.
Literature
Brek I., prot. (2004). Sacred gift of life. Orthodox Christianity and bioethics. Moscow: Pilgrim.
Divnogortseva, S. Yu. (2013). Fundamentals of Orthodox pedagogical culture. Moscow: PSTGU.
Leonov V., prot. (2013). Fundamentals of Orthodox anthropology. Moscow: From the MP of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Mikhailov, P. (2015). Categories of Theological Thought (ed. 2nd edition). Moscow: Publishing house: PSTGU.
Platon (Igumnov), archimandrite. (05/20/2016). Orthodox Moral Theology. Holy Trinity Orthodox Mission.
Sveshnikov V., prot. (2010). Essays on Christian Ethics. Moscow: Lepta Book.
Chursanov, S. A. (2014). Theological foundations of social sciences. Moscow: PSTGU Publishing House.
Cahill, L. S. (2005). Theological Bioethics: Participation, Justice, and Change. Washington, USA: Georgetown University Press.
Sugarman, J., & Sulmasy, D. P. (Eds.). (2010). Methods in Medical Ethics (2nd Edition ed.). Georgetown University Press.
“The Gift of Konstantin”: myths and reality
Alekumov Mikhail Gennadievich
Student (master's student)
Sretensky Theological Seminary, Moscow.
In 756, the city of Rome and its surrounding territories separated from the Byzantine Empire. The initiator of the separation was the Pope, who entered into an alliance with the young Frankish dynasty of the Carolingians and justified disobedience to the Emperor of Constantinople with a letter from the supposedly first Equal-to-the-Apostles Emperor called the “Gift of Constantine.” The Union of the Carolingians with the popes, according to Professor F.I. Uspensky, produced the greatest revolution in the world, which gave rise to a new direction in European history. This union, being an analogue of the Byzantine Empire in the west, initiated the division of the hitherto united Christian world into two parts: Romano-Germanic and Greek.
In order to understand the scale of influence that this document had on the history of the Orthodox Church, it is necessary to take into account that for the appearance in its bosom of such a text, the content of which most profoundly contradicts the foundations of Christian ecclesiology, long preparation was necessary, which was carried out by the Roman bishops in one or another to another extent, starting from the 2nd century, so that already in the 5th century, Pope Leo I the Great asserted that “Jesus Christ did not transfer His authority directly to all the apostles, but only to Peter alone.” These trends among the Roman bishops began to manifest themselves especially actively from the 4th century and later, not by chance, but inextricably linked with the cardinal political changes taking place in the Roman Empire.
In the 4th century, with the actual transfer of the capital of the empire to the Byzantine province, as well as due to the constant attacks of the barbarians, Rome was losing its political significance every day. This allowed the popes to pursue their own independent policies.
In the middle of the 8th century, the Lombard king Aistulf began to actively seize imperial possessions, and Pope Stephen III was left alone with a powerful enemy army. The Pope sent letters asking for military support to Emperor Constantine V Copronymus, but in vain.
At this time, the throne of the Frankish kingdom was occupied by the weak-willed King Childeric III of Meroving. Majordomo Pepin the Short from the Carolingian family decided to seize power, for which he needed the sanction of the clergy in the person of the great patriarch of the Roman Church. For Pope Stephen III, this was a means to save Rome from the Lombards and gain a strong defender of the Church.
In the summer of 754, Pope Stephen III in Paris, in the Church of Saint Denis, anointed Pepin, and the new king, in turn, took an oath for himself and for his ancestors to take care of the Church. By entering into this alliance, the pope had to give Pepin the title of patrician, i.e., in order to resolve any misunderstandings that might arise on the part of Constantinople. actual viceroy of the emperor in Italy. Stephen III did not have this right - therefore, it was necessary to create it.
The forged document “Donation of Constantine” was drawn up (according to the official version, it was found in one of the Roman libraries) probably in 754. Its first part contains the following story of the baptism of the first Christian basileus.
Emperor Constantine was stricken with leprosy for his persecution of Christians. Relatives begged Constantine to agree to accept the remedy that the priests of the Capitol advised him - “bathe in the blood of newborn children.” But Constantine took pity on the babies, and as a reward, two husbands appeared to him in a dream “and in Christian baptism they showed the saving path of cleansing from leprosy.” Constantine turned to Pope Sylvester, who showed him images of the holy apostles Peter and Paul in the church. The emperor recognized them as men from a night vision and was baptized, after which he was healed. As a token of gratitude, Constantine ordered the remains of Peter and Paul to be dug up, with his own hands he placed them in an amber shrine and ordered the construction of a temple over it, and when laying the foundation, he personally brought twelve bags of earth according to the number of the apostles.
The subsequent content of “The Gift” boils down to the following:
Emperor Constantine explains the transfer of the center of the empire from Rome to the East with the following words: “Where the first of the priests and the head of the Christian religion is installed as a heavenly emperor, it is not appropriate for an earthly emperor to have power.”
The emperor placed a tiara on the head of the pope and, as a sign of “deep reverence for blessed Peter,” he himself held the bit of Pope Sylvester’s horse, “performing the service of an equerry for him.”
The Roman see must "have primacy both over the four main sees - Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem and Constantinople - and over all the Churches of God in the universe."
Only Pope Sylvester and his successors have the right to appoint a person as a priest.
Thus, the “Donation of Constantine” completely protected the activities of the Roman bishop from any claims of Constantinople. Now it turned out that the Frankish king was simply helping to return his rightful possessions to the pope.
For centuries, the Gift of Constantine enjoyed complete confidence in both the West and the East. This continued until the first half of the 15th century, when the Italian historian Lorenzo Valla wrote “A Treatise on the Forgery of the Donation of Constantine.”
To refute the authenticity of the “Gift,” Valla cites a number of arguments, of which one can be singled out as the most obvious: at the time of the supposed presentation of the “Gift” (323-324), in which the pope is placed above the four main thrones, including Constantinople, New Rome was just beginning to be built or had not yet been founded at all. Therefore, the assertion that there was a throne there, and the main one at that, is clear evidence of the later origin of the document.
In 1517, the German humanist knight Ulrich von Hutten, in a secret printing house, published the first printed edition of Valla's treatise, which he ironically dedicated to Pope Leo X. The Pope responded by ordering Raphael to paint two large frescoes in the Vatican Palace depicting the plot of the Donation of Constantine. . In addition, the pope ordered work to begin on compiling a list of prohibited books, which, of course, included Valla’s work.
Probably, in world history there was no forgery greater in its consequences than the Gift of Constantine. Since the successors of Pope Stephen III also accepted the truth of the “Donation of Constantine,” we can confidently say that, starting from the second half of the 8th century, the tradition of understanding the papacy as a worldwide ecclesiastical and secular primacy became firmly established in the tradition of the Roman Church.
The disastrous consequences of the entry of the Church in the person of its primate into the political arena were not long in coming. At the beginning of the 14th century, Dante protested against the possession of secular power by the popes, which was ruining them:
Oh, Konstantin, you gave baptism to the world,
But why did those who had the papal rank
You also gave a rich gift!
But these and similar appeals from the best representatives of Italian society did not find a response from the popes. Secularization led the Roman Church to a natural internal protest in the person of Martin Luther and the Reformation of the early 16th century, when a huge part of the Western Christian world was divided into two warring camps.
Thus, the entire history of the Roman Church, starting from the 8th century, clearly demonstrates that even a small lie, placed at the basis of such a great cause as saving the Church from destruction, will certainly lead to destructive consequences for the Church itself.
Sources and literature
CONSTITUTUM CONSTANTINI. // THE LATIN LIBRARY. URL: http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/donation.html
Alighieri D. The Divine Comedy. M., 2007.
Bolotov V.V. Lectures on the history of the ancient Church. T. III-IV. Minsk, 2011.
Velichko A. M. History of the Byzantine emperors. T. III. M., 2012.
Vladimir (Goette), archimandrite. Papacy as the cause of the division of churches, or Rome in its relations with the Eastern Church. M., 2007.
Voeikov N.N. Church, Rus' and Rome. Minsk, 2000.
Zadvorny V.L. Writings of the Roman pontiffs of the 1st-9th centuries. M., 2011.
Kozlov M., prot. Western Christianity: a view from the East. M., 2009.
Kosminsky E.A. Historiography of the Middle Ages. V – mid-19th centuries. M., 1963.
Odaisky A., priest. Papacy as a victory of national piety. // Portal Bogoslov.Ru. URL: http://www.bogoslov.ru/text/3219067.html (access date: 09/15/2016).
Spassky A.A. Conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity. St. Petersburg, 2007.
Uspensky F.I. History of the Byzantine Empire IV-XI centuries. M., 1996.
Reader on comparative theology. M., 2005.
10th grade basic level.
Option 1.
- Which concept characterizes both society and nature?
a) system;
b) the entire material world;
c) forms and methods of interaction between people;
d) stage of historical development of mankind.
- Highlighting the main elements of society, their interrelation and interaction, scientists characterize society as
a) system; c) material world;
b) part of nature; d) civilization.
- One of the subsystems of society as a whole is
a) biosphere; c) nature;
b) spiritual culture; d) labor collective.
- A stable system of socially significant connections characterizing a representative of a particular society refers to the characteristics
a) person; c) individuality;
b) individual; d) personalities.
- A distinctive feature of the concept “personality” is that a person has
a) emotional and sensory reactions to environmental influences;
b) responsibility for their actions and their consequences;
c) the conditioning of behavior by genetic characteristics;
d) instincts of self-preservation and care for offspring.
- Properties that reflect the biological nature of a person include
a) communication using articulate speech;
b) the need to be in society;
c) the ability to think abstractly;
d) adaptation to environmental conditions.
- Young scientists held a conference dedicated to the prospects for the development of domestic science, expressing the danger that low incomes and the lack of material incentives to work contribute to a “brain drain” and the massive emigration of young specialists abroad. This example can be used to illustrate the relationship between such areas of society as
a) economic, political;
b) social, economic, spiritual;
c) spiritual, political, economic;
d) economic, social.
- Are judgments about art correct?
A. Art is a specific form of human knowledge of the world, based on an artistic image.
B. Art reflects a person’s idea of the beautiful and the ugly, and forms an aesthetic picture of the world.
- In which of the following sentences is the concept of “culture” used in the sense of “the totality of the spiritual achievements of a people in a certain historical era”?
a) culture is a kind of “second nature”, an environment created by the mind and creative efforts of man;
b) Old Russian culture is characterized by an organic combination of pagan and Christian traditions;
c) this person, without a doubt, has a low level of culture and should not be allowed into decent society;
d) a distinctive feature of a democratic political culture is the broad participation of the people in government.
- On instructions from a biology teacher, a student conducted a study of air pollution levels in the city center. What additional information will allow us to conclude that the student used theoretical methods of cognition in his work?
a) compiling a diary of observations of lichens growing on trees;
b) measuring the level of air pollution using special instruments;
c) putting forward a hypothesis that the level of pollution affects the nature of the flora in the city center;
d) a description of the condition of the plants located in the central park of the city.
- Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of “activity structure”. Find two positions that “fall out” from the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) goal; 2) motive; 3) means; 4) subject; 5) communication; 6) socialization.
- Experiment;
- System analysis;
- Math modeling;
- Classification;
- Methods of cognition.
- Need
- True
- Cognitive instinct
- Process
- Activity
- Result
- Ideal images
- Objectivity
- Subject
Preview:
Control testing on the topic: “SOCIETY. HUMAN"
10th grade basic level.
Option 2.
- Unlike nature, society
a) is a system;
b) is in development;
c) acts as a creator of culture;
d) develops according to its own laws.
- The concepts of “element”, “structure”, “interconnection” characterize society as
a) part of the material world;
b) human social environment;
c) an integral system;
d) a set of communities.
- Society in a broad sense is called
a) all residents of the state;
b) a group of people united for joint activities;
the surrounding world as a whole;
d) all ways of interaction between people and forms of their association.
- The terms “self-esteem”, “self-realization”, “self-development” refer to the characteristics of a person as
a) an individual; c) an individual;
b) personality; d) biological individual.
- The main manifestation of a person’s personality is (are)
a) participation in the life of society;
b) the nature of the course of mental processes;
c) genetically inherited qualities;
d) features of thinking and memory.
- Both man and animal have
a) social needs;
b) behavioral activity;
c) desire for self-development;
d) a conscious attitude to reality.
- The influence of natural factors on the development of society can be illustrated:
a) Julius Caesar’s crossing of the Rubicon River and the start of the war against Gaul;
b) the struggle for power in the Roman Republic by supporters of Gaius Marius and Cornelius Sulla;
c) the active development of trade and navigation in Ancient Greece, the establishment of colonies by the Greeks in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions;
d) the victory of the Spartans over Athens in the Peloponnesian War, the transition of the commander Alcibiades to the side of the Spartans.
- Are judgments about cognition correct?
A. The only true source of knowledge is direct sensations, empirical experiences and experiments.
B. Not all true knowledge can be felt and observed, conclusions and conclusions can be confirmed in practice.
a) only A is true; c) both judgments are correct;
b) only B is true; d) both judgments are incorrect.
- Unlike nature, culture
a) is a system that obeys the spontaneous laws of development;
b) includes living organisms;
c) is distinguished by the integrity and complexity of connections and relationships, the interdependence of all elements;
d) is a product of the creative activity of society and man.
- Man has different ways and means of cognition. Which of the following is characteristic of religious knowledge?
a) putting forward and justifying hypotheses, selecting theoretical arguments and foundations;
b) conducting a series of experiments designed to prove the assumptions made;
c) reliance on life experience, observations of natural phenomena;
d) taking on faith certain judgments and assumptions about supernatural forces and beings.
- Below are a number of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the concept of “folk culture”. Find two positions that “fall out” from the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
- Anonymity of most works;
- Preservation and transmission from generation to generation;
- Epic tales;
- Popular TV series;
- Bestsellers;
- Student jokes and tales.
- Find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts in the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
- Introduction of a new wage system in education;
- Social transformative activities;
- Reorganization of the emergency medical service;
- Increasing the size of maternity capital;
- Introduction of new tax rates on business activities.
- Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
- Need
- Interest
- Motive
- Process
- Activity
- Result
- Reflection
- Target
- Subject
Write your answer in order of numbers.
