A dash before means a rule. A dash between members of a sentence. Attention! This thread has multiple solutions.

§ten

Between the subject and the nominal predicate in place of the missing link put a dash, if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: The wing near the house on Sadovaya, designed by Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel, is the only building from the Mamontovs' possessions that has almost retained its appearance to this day.(Kis); Pushkin region - the land of stones(Geych.); This portrait is the only pictorial representation of the daughter of Anna Petrovna Kern(Geych.); …My ability to keep the past to myself is an inherited trait(Nab.); And the woman leaning over the fence is your second cousin aunt(Shcherb.).

§eleven

A dash is put before the predicate, attached to the subject by words here it is: "Respect for the past -here's the line that distinguishes education from savagery,” Pushkin once said(rasp.); Pushkinogorie -it is not only a monument historical and literary,This and peculiar botanical and zoologicalgarden , a wonderful monument of nature(Geych.). As a link, a combination is also possible it is: hypotenuse -it is a side right triangle opposite the right angle(from the textbook).

§12

A dash is put when expressing both the subject and the predicate (or only the subject, or only the predicate) by the infinitive: In this cityknow three languages is an unnecessary luxury(Ch.); Nothing compares to the feelinghear them[rooks] for the first time since six months of winter death!(Boon.). The presence of negation does not remove the sign: Tea drink - not firewoodchop (last); A lifelive - not fieldgo (last). The same if the predicate contains words means, it means: Wait for permission -means lose time(gas.); Leave the institute now -it means lose everything(gas.); And to understand a person -means already sympathize with him(Shuksh.).

§thirteen

A dash is put between the subject and the predicate, if they are expressed by numerals (or a phrase with a numeral), and also if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by the numeral: So nine forty -three hundred sixty , So?(pis); Depth there from the boat -four primaries , that is, six meters(Shol.).

In the case of using a particle not before a predicate-numeral (cf. the same when expressing a predicate with a noun, § 15, p. 3), a dash is not put: A man can, for example, say that twice twonot four but five or three and a half; and the woman will say that twice two is a stearin candle(T.).

§fourteen

A dash is put with a predicate expressed by a phraseological phrase: Pie -real jam ; His talent isGod bless everyone ; Mother shed tears of joy, and father -whatever! (Cool.); Hut -so-so , barn(Shuksh.); Yefim himself -don't put your finger in your mouth (Shuksh.); And Victor -neither father nor mother (Cool.); Night -gouge out your eye! (A. Color.).

The presence of the particle not, as well as introductory words with stable combinations as a predicate, prevents the setting of a dash (but does not prohibit): This officernot like you , mister gendarme(Fed.); He is a scientist with us, and he plays the violin, and cuts out various things,in a word, jack of all trades (Ch.).

§fifteen

Dash between subject and nominal predicate not put:

1. If the subject is expressed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun: She is his daughter. He wants to understand her(Shcherb.); This is cabinet? This is bedroom?(Ch.)

2. If one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun or personal pronoun: Who your protector?What is study?Who she is?

3. If there is a negation with the predicate-noun: Landscape not a appendage to prose and not decoration (Paust.); Russianot Petersburg she is huge(Shv.); Old agenot joy (last). However, when contrasted, the predicate with negation requires a dash (not ... but): And at the same time he noticed that he was not a master in his house, but only an integral part of it.(M. G.) (cf. without opposition: He is not master in his house).

4. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle: And your roomso good for a child(Ch.); I have a lot of good people, almost allgood ones (Sim.); He had two wounds. Woundseasy but the man lost a lot of blood(Paust.); log cabinpink, peeling, country-style small, covered with a green iron roof (Kav.); harsh autumnsad late view(Ill.); At the dining feast hot andardent (Ill.).

However, with a predicate-adjective, a dash is placed with a structural parallelism of parts of a sentence, accompanied in oral speech by intonational emphasis (stress) of both members of the sentence: Everything in her appearance attracted attention: sight -spicy , hairstyle -boyish , clothes -modern, fashionable ; cf. with emphasis on only the predicate: Weatherunbearable , roadbad , coachmanstubborn , the horses are not driven, but the caretaker is to blame(P.). A dash is also possible in the presence of several (homogeneous) predicates: Her son isyellow, long and glasses (M. G.).

5. If the predicate is expressed by a turnover with comparative particles like, like, that, exactly, sort of like and etc.: A lifelike a legend ; Skylike an open tent ; Broochlooks like a bee (Ch.); Forestlike a fairy tale ; A weekthat one day . Passes quickly; Pondlike shiny steel (Fet). A dash is not put and when introducing a predicate that lexically matches the subject: Ice like ice, desertlike deserts (Kav.); Villagelike a village ; small houselike a house - old, dark(Shuksh.).

6. If between the subject and the predicate-noun there is an introductory word, circumstance or addition, as well as a conjunction or particle: Rook,certainly , the bird is smart and independent, but it has no voice(Paust.); My fatherfor me friend and mentor; Moscownow port of five seas; My brothertoo engineer; This stream only beginning of the river.

Dash in an incomplete sentence

§sixteen

In incomplete sentences in place of the missing members of the sentence or their parts put a dash.

1. In parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, as well as in a simple sentence with homogeneous repeating members of the sentence, where the missing member is restored from the first part of the sentence: It was getting dark, and the clouds either dispersed, or now came in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray-haired, rumbling with a continuous roar, and from the west, because of the Khvoshchinsky estate, because of the slopes above the river valley , - cloudy blue, in dusty stripes of rain(Boon.); For him, one story inevitably evokes another, and that one - a third, a third - a fourth, and therefore there is no end to his stories.(Paust.); Some consider the portrait to be the work of Van Dyck, others - Rembrandt(Paust.); This is how she lives alone. During the day he walks in the garden, at night he walks around the house(Shcherb.).

2. In a simple sentence with a missing predicate indicating the direction of movement: Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - after her(P.).

3. If the missing sentence member is restored from previous sentences:- Do you like green onion pies? I am passion!(M. G.); In another room, the workshop of an artisan jeweler is recreated. In the third - the shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth - an ordinary water mill. In the fifth - the setting of the hut where the shepherds make cheese(Sol.).

§17

A dash is put in sentences consisting of two components with the meaning of the subject, object, circumstance (in various combinations) and built according to the schemes: "who - to whom", "who - where", "what - to whom", "what - where", "what - how", "what - where", "what - for what" and etc.: Teachers - to schoolchildren; Journalists - in hot spots; Literary awards - to veterans; Textbooks - for children; All wells are in operation; Grades - for knowledge. The dash is preserved when the parts are rearranged: You - the key to the university.

Such sentences are common in newspaper headlines.

§eighteen

In self-used sentences with a missing predicate that cannot be restored from the context, dash. Such sentences are divided by a pause into two components - adverbial and subject: Behind bars - a fabulous bird(Ill.); In the lanes in the village - knee-deep mud(Shuksh.); Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway - a birch forest(Boon.); All over the sky are clouds(Pan.); Over the area - low hanging dust(Shol.); Behind the screen is a door leading to a staircase.(Nab.).

However, in the absence of a pause and a logical stress on the adverbial member of the sentence, the dash not put: There are traces of unknown animals on unknown paths(P.). The same when expressing the subjective circumstantial meaning: There is excitement in the public; Sadness in my heart.

Dash in join function

§nineteen

A dash is put between two (or more) words that, combined with each other, mean limits (meaning "from to") - spatial, temporal, quantitative: Trains with signs "Moscow - Kara-Bugaz , throughTashkent - Krasnovodsk » (Paust.); Mistakenly believing that the culture of horse chestnut in the northwestern parks is not a phenomenonXVIII-XIX centuries, and later, they removed all chestnuts from the Trigorsky and from the grave hill of the Svyatogorsky monastery(Geych.); Oil reserves at Cheleken are very small and should be exhausted in the firstten fifteen years of production(Paust.). The same with the designation of the number of numbers: Manuscript of 10-15 author's sheets(See also spellings of combinations indicating an approximate amount: Spelling, § 118, paragraph 5 and § 154, paragraph 4.)

§20

A dash is put between two (or more) proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, phenomenon, etc.: lawBoyle - Mariotte ; matchKasparov - Karpov .

A dash is also placed between common nouns, the combination of which performs a defining function with a noun: Systemman - machine ; Relationsteacher - student ; Problemmarket relations - social justice . The number of combined names can be more than two: Problemproduction - man - nature ; Article by V. A. Sukhomlinsky"Teacher - team - personality" .

Dash in selection function

§21

A dash is put before the members of the sentence to emphasize them, emphasize them (for stylistic purposes). Such members of the sentence are called connecting.

1. A dash is put to underline, emphasize the explanatory members of the sentence located at the end of the sentence. Most often this is: This is very bad, as I should have written -for a piece of bread (Boon.); ... And again the rickshaw wandered along the street -this time to the hotel (Boon.); The next day, the seminarians again clashed with the Cadets -open, by the Summer Garden (Kav.); Throughout the spring, Nikolai met with Ovrazhny only once -by chance on the street (Shol.). Such a dash may be replaced by a dot (see § 9).

2. A dash can be placed for stylistic purposes after coordinating conjunctions or their combinations with particles: Death razul worn down bast shoes, lay down on a stone and - fell asleep(M. G.); And here is the river(Cool.); I have papers ... but - they are no good(G.).

§22

A dash is put to emphasize the opposing members of the sentence: Terrible, sweet, inevitable, I must / I - throw myself into a foamy shaft, / You - a green-eyed naiad / Sing, splash around the Irish rocks(Bl.).

§ 5.1

Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a link, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the form of the nominative case: Loneliness in creativity - heavy thing(Ch.); Next station - Mytishchi; Moscow games - beautiful academy sports creativity(gas.).

Usually, dash put:

1) in sentences that have the character of a logical definition: Geometry - department mathematicians, studying the spatial forms and relations of bodies;

2) in sentences of book-writing styles (scientific, journalistic, official business) containing a description, assessment of an object or phenomenon: Matter - objective reality, existing outside and independently of human consciousness; Disarmament - decree time;

3) in sentences of identity (subject and predicate express the same concept): Moscow is the capital Russia;

4) after homogeneous subjects: Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan - the largest cities the Volga region;

5) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: Diligent in the brigade treasure, lazy - heavy burden;

6) to clarify the meaning of the proposal; compare: Senior his sister - teacher; Senior sister is his teacher.

Note. In some cases, the dash is usually not put:

1) in sentences of a colloquial style of speech that are simple in composition: My mother is an engineer; My brother is a schoolboy;

2) if comparative conjunctions act as a link as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if etc.: speeches as speeches(Furm.); The stars are like small diamonds; The clouds are like fabulous monsters; Today the sky is like a sea.

Deviations from this position among classical writers and modern authors are associated with the previous punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate: Your words are like a sharp knife(L.); Such a phrase is like a big helmet in jumble(T.); This girl is like a holiday!(Azh.); The duration of the war - what is the life of a century(TV);

3) if the predicate is preceded by negation not: This officer is not like you(Fed.); … The Ussuri tiger is not a fairy tale at all, almost reality(March.); Poverty is not a vice(line); The heart is not a stone(line); Analogy is not proof.

Setting a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate: But an explanation is not an excuse(M.G.); His views on family etiquette - is it not a prejudice ?;

4) if there is an introductory word between the subject and the predicate, sometimes an adverb, union, particle: Dubava seems to be a friend of Korchagin(AND ABOUT.); Risk, as you know, is a noble cause; Totally reckless act step dangerous; Sergeev now famous artist; Fir too wood resinous; March only Start spring. Wed the presence or absence of a dash, depending on the specified conditions: Ivanov - good chess player; Ivanov, seems to be good chess player(the presence of an introductory word); Ivanov now experienced chess player(the presence of an adverb); Ivanov also a famous chess player(the presence of a union); Ivanov just a beginner chess player(presence of a particle);

5) if the predicate is preceded by a minor member of the sentence related to it: Stepan us neighbor(Sh.); Kolya to me friend;

6) if the predicate precedes the subject: Beautiful man Ivan Ivanovich!(G.); glorious place this valley!(L.); Picturesque Indian people(Gonch.); not bad student this boy. The setting of the dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two compositions: glorious people are neighbors my!(N.); amazing case - dream(T.); Psychological curiosity - my mother(Ch.); Nimble little thing - umishko human(M.G.); coffin - road(TV);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological phrase: penny price theory that captures some patterns(Goal.); Two of a Kind(pom.).

§ 5.2

Dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive) or if one of the main members is expressed in the nominative form of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb: About what was decided speak - only confuse(M.G.); Our duty is to protect a fortress until our last breath(P.); Of course it's big art - wait(Inc.); Tea drink - not firewood chop(last); force turn me off the right path - pipes!; Write mediocre things it doesn't take any talent(infinitive in the function of the nominative theme, the predicate is expressed in a whole sentence); Seemingly, which is easier to write response letter(cf.: Writing a letter is easy).

But (with inversion and no pause): Which happiness son hug!(dolm.)

§ 5.3

Dash placed before words it, it is, it means, it means, here, adding the predicate to the subject: To catch ruff or perch - this is bliss!(Ch.); Sports and culture - here are two keys to joy, beauty(gas.); To understand is to forgive; Latest autumn - This when the rowan shrivels from frost and becomes, as they say, "sweet"(Prishv.) - the whole sentence acts as a predicate.

§ 5.4

Dash is put if both main members of the sentence are expressed by cardinal numbers or if one of them is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun, and the other by the numeral or turnover with the numeral: twenty years - good thing(Sim.); Partings and meetings - two main parts, from which someday there will be happiness(Dolm.); Three times five is fifteen; The speed is sixty kilometers per hour.

§ 5.5

Dash is placed between the subject, expressed in an indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb (state category) on -o, if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence: Giving in is shameful(Tendr.); This is very unbearable - move(Gonch.); This is awful - scare at the last moment; It's fucking fun - ride on the boat[cf. without pause: Ride on the boat funny; Judge a man in disfavor easily(L.T.)].

§ 5.6

Dash is placed before the predicate, expressed phraseological phrase: Both woman and man nickel couple(Ch.); And the porch God bless another prince(A.T.); He now earns be healthy; Seryozha - seventh water on jelly for you and me.

§ 5.7

With the subject expressed by the word This, dash is put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

This is the beginning all beginnings. - It's not bad Start; This is loneliness(Ch.). - This is home Zverkova(G.).

§ 5.8

A dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by the nominative form of the noun: He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer local places(Cr.); I'm honest Human and never compliment(Ch.).

Dash in this case put:

1) with logical underscore: I am page to your pen. I will accept everything. I am white page. I - the keeper your good...(Color);

2) in opposition: I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner(M.G.); She is complete clew nerves, and is he - embodiment Olympic tranquility;

3) in case of structural parallelism of sentences or parts of a sentence: Without you I - star without light. Without you I - creator without peace(Br.); We - people restless because we - in reply for the planet, Two people, he and she, walked side by side: he is young Human in a dark suit, she is young, very pretty young woman in a flowery dress;

4) with the inversion of the main members of the proposal: Hero this performance - I ; Example to that he.

§ 5.9

A dash is not put if one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the form of a nominative case or a personal pronoun: Tell me, who your friend, and I'll tell you who are you; This whose book? Who are you?

§ 5.10

A dash is usually not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, a pronominal adjective, a prepositional-nominal combination: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn ...(P.); The earth is great and beautiful(Ch.); Cherry my garden!(Ch.); Sky without unified cloud; People here extraordinary kindness.

Dash before the predicate-adjective is placed:

1) with logical or intonational division of a sentence: Pupils - feline, long(Sh.); Height near the scattered houses of the farm - command(Kaz.);

2) in the presence of homogeneous predicates: Rhythm Suvorov School - clear, fast, military (gas); He has changed a lot: gait, movements, facial features, even look - softer, calmer, simpler;

3) with structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: The night is warm, the sky is blue, the moon is silver, the stars are brilliant.

§ 5.11

In footnotes, a dash separates the explained word from the explanation, regardless of the form of the predicate: Poseidon - in ancient Greek mythology, the god of the seas; Pegasus - considered a symbol poetic inspiration.

§ 6. Dash in an incomplete sentence

§ 6.1

Dash is put in the presence of a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): To the left, in the corner, at the door, on a stool - a bucket of water for those who are thirsty(Rem.); Behind the gate - the third parade ground, drill, of extraordinary size(Cupr.); Men - for axes ...(A.T.); And you are with your daughter?(Fed.); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats ...(M.); Behind the night window - fog(Bl.); Olympic flame - on our land!(gas.); In the role of offended - small children; And then - a moment's silence; Watermelons and melons - mountains; Cows - two; In response - complete silence; Ahead - A. Karpov.

In the absence of a pause in elliptical sentences, a dash is not put: And in the house there is a knock, walking ...(Gr.); Suddenly there is a deep rut in front of me(L.); The creak of steps along the white streets, the lights in the distance(Fet); Khokhol is on fire! (M.G.); Revolver on the table!(Tr.); On the right is the door to the next room, on the left is the exit to the terrace(this is how remarks are made in plays); This is the whole point.

§ 6.2

Dash is put in incomplete sentences with parallelism of constructions (sentences or parts of a sentence): Her[literature] beauty is in truth, its main meaning is in truth(Kor.); In all the windows - curious, on the roofs - the boys(A.T.); Instead of bread - a stone, instead of teaching - a mallet(S.-SH.); Here - ravines, further - steppes, even further - desert, at the other end - forests, swamps, moss(Fed.); Turkin - further. Author - after(TV); And above this plow - all the dreams, and under this plow - the whole earth, and the soul - as in the first moment of goodbye, and the soul - like the sail of a ship(Bl.); Oh, I want to live insanely, to perpetuate everything that exists, to humanize the impersonal, to embody the unfulfilled!(Bl.); Fence - no. Gate - no. There are no borders. In front of the house - a flower garden, a fence, behind - a square courtyard strewn with fresh sand(Cat.); Milk soup - for the first, pancakes with cottage cheese - for the second.

§ 6.3

Dash is put in incomplete sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the forms of the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonational division into two parts: Skiers - a good base; Massam - culture; Youth - education. Usually such sentences are used as slogans and newspaper headlines.

§ 6.4

Dash is put in dissected (two-term) headings, which are incomplete verbless sentences, in which there are words with the meaning of the subject of the action, object, circumstances, answering the questions “who - what?”, “Who - where?”, “What - where?” , “what - how?”, “what - where?” etc.: Masters of Arts - Youth; Tourism is for everyone; Detachments - on the road; Heroes - nearby; Cares and joys - in half; New books are hot.

§ 6.5

Dash is put in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: Yermolai fired, as always, victoriously; i am pretty bad(T.); A hummocky plain floated outside the car window, bushes ran, the distant ones slowly, the near ones racing(A.T.); The voices of the officers were getting louder every minute, the words were sharper, the arguments were more irreconcilable.(Goal.); The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge(last); Pick up a few more examples, which ones - it doesn't matter; In his eyes - how to get rid of me as soon as possible; Now I understand why he attracts everyone - inflexibility; We set to work cheerfully, they - even with enthusiasm; It was difficult to determine which of them was right and which was wrong.(cf. without auxiliary verb: It was difficult to establish who was right and who was wrong); Some voted in favor of the proposed resolution, while others voted against it.(cf.: Some voted for, others against.); It was dangerous to go further through the quagmire, to stay too; Only steel alloys can withstand such a temperature, and from light metals - only titanium alloys; Great construction work was ahead, and most importantly, the construction of a water supply system; You have been here for a long time, and I - only a few days; Some work, understanding their business as common to all, others - trying to benefit only for themselves; Passengers ... stuffed suitcases, bags, bundles, carried pillows, some - to lie with their heads away from the window, some - to head to the window(Ros.); The pockets were double: inner - made of linen, outer - made of gray calico(South.); One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms.

In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put in the place where a sentence member is skipped: Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Ch.); From our battery, only Solyony will go on a barge, while we with a combat unit(Ch.); Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dost.); The thief has one sin, and the owner and I have ten(Sharp); …You make things long and I make things short(Leon.).

§ 6.6

Dash is put in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted and even without a omission: They looked at each other: Paradise - with cold curiosity, she - with audacious triumph(Gonch.); In everyone's life there was such a girl. One met his in the laboratory, the other - in the radio room, the third - in the geological party, the fourth - at sea, the fifth - in the sky, at the intersection of air roads(Hump.); Witnesses spoke in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently(M.G.).

§ 7. Intonation dash

§ 7.1

Dash is put to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to emphasize or clarify the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence, when the desired meaning cannot be expressed by other punctuation marks or word order. Wed:

I couldn't walk for a long time(i.e., was deprived of the opportunity to move for a long period, for example, after a serious illness). - Walk for a long time - could not(i.e., could not engage in long walking);

In case of need, please(i.e., if necessary, please contact me). - In case of need, please(i.e. I make a request when I am in need).

Such a dash is called an intonational dash, it can separate any part of a sentence: ... Unstoppable, irretrievably gushing life. Bring bowls and plates! Every plate will be small, the bowl will be flat(Color); Let's go to the club - read, play checkers, dance - a dash before homogeneous circumstances of the goal emphasizes their connection with the predicate (cf. also: I take binoculars - observe); Everyone loved him - for his inherent perseverance, willpower, for the full-bloodedness of his whole being; Pedestrians were approaching the station - with bundles, bags, suitcases - homogeneous members of the sentence refer to the predicate and have the meaning of an addition, and in the absence of a dash, they could be perceived as inconsistent definitions for the subject: I - what, you are a major specialist(cf.: Does he not agree to leave?).

§ 7.2

There is also intonation dash, which is placed between the members of the sentence to express surprise or to indicate a logical stress: And they threw the pike - into the river(Cr.); A few minutes later the chains rattled, the doors opened, and Shvabrin entered.(P.).

§ 8. Connecting dash

§ 8.1

Dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits ("from ... to"):

1) spatial: non-stop flight Moscow - Khabarovsk; Through this village it was possible to go to the big road Uralsk - Lbischensk - Sakharnaya - Guryev(Furm.);

2) temporary: Crusades XI-XIII centuries; The theater's repertoire January March;

3) quantitative: Manuscript volume ten - twelve copyright sheets(same in numbers: 10 - 12 ); Cargo weighing 300 - 350 tons; 5 - 7-fold superiority.

§ 8.2

Dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any doctrine, scientific institution, etc.: physical law Boyle - Mariotte; Match Karpov - Kasparov; Match Torpedo Moscow - Metalist Kharkiv.

§ 8.3

Dash placed between individual words to show the internal connection between them: The congress of the International Union of Architects, held under the motto "Architecture - Human - Environment"(gas.); Yesterday Today Tomorrow.

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate in the absence of a link, if both main members of the sentence are expressed by nouns in the nominative case, for example: Man is the blacksmith of his own happiness; Pick up point - train station.

As a rule, a dash is placed:

1) in sentences that have the character of a logical definition, for example: Geology - the science of the structure, composition, history of the earth's crust;

2) in sentences of a scientific or journalistic style containing a description, assessment of an object or phenomenon, for example: Life is a special form of motion of matter that occurs at a certain stage of its development.;

3) after homogeneous subjects, for example: Flattery and cowardice are the worst vices(Turgenev); Space and time are the basic forms of any existence;

4) to clarify the meaning of the sentence: cf.: a) Big brother is my teacher; b) My older brother is a teacher.

Note. A dash is usually not put, although the subject and predicate are expressed in the nominative case of the noun:

1) in sentences of a colloquial style of speech that are simple in composition, for example: My sister is a student;

2) if comparative conjunctions act as a link as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if etc., for example: A pond like shining steel(Fet); You are between sisters like a white dove between gray, simple doves.(Nekrasov); Your brooch looks like a bee(Chekhov); The houses of the city are like heaps of dirty snow(Bitter).

Deviations from this rule are associated with the old punctuation norms or with the desire to emphasize the shade of comparison contained in the predicate, for example: Silence is like ice, you can break it even with a whisper(Leonov); Your words are like a sharp knife...(Lermontov); … Such a phrase is like a big helmet in a jumble(Turgenev); The trees on its sides are like unlit torches...(Bitter);

3) if the predicate is preceded by negation not , For example: This officer is not like you ...(Fedin); Analogy is not proof. Wed Proverbs and sayings: The word is not a sparrow: fly out - you will not catch; Poverty is not a vice; The heart is not a stone.

Setting a dash in this case aims to logically and intonationally emphasize the predicate, for example: But an explanation is not an excuse(Bitter); " Human blood is not water"(Stelmakh);

4) if between the subject and the predicate there is an introductory word, adverb, union, particle, for example: ... Goose, it is known, is an important and reasonable bird(Turgenev); After school printing is undoubtedly the first language teacher(Fedin).

Wed the presence or absence of a dash, depending on the specified conditions:

Cotton is the most important industrial crop. – Cotton, as you know, is the most important industrial crop(introductory combination inserted).

Cinema is the most popular art form. – Cinema is still the most popular art form(adverb inserted).

Kok-saghyz - rubber plant. – Kok-saghyz is also a rubber plant(joint inserted).

December - the beginning of winter. – December is just the beginning of winter(particle inserted);

5) if the predicate is preceded by an inconsistent secondary member of the sentence related to it, for example: Stepan is our neighbor...(Sholokhov);

6) if the predicate precedes the subject, for example: Wonderful man Ivan Ivanovich!(Gogol).

The setting of the dash in this case emphasizes the intonational division of the sentence into two compositions, for example: Good people are my neighbors!(Nekrasov); The good side is Siberia!(Bitter); Clever little thing - the human mind(Bitter); Psychological curiosity - my mother(Chekhov);

7) if the subject in combination with the predicate forms an indecomposable phraseological phrase, for example: Worthless is a theory that captures some patterns(S. Golubov).

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if both of them are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb, or if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed in the nominative case of the noun, and the other in the indefinite form of the verb. For example: About the decided to talk - only confuse(Bitter); Our duty is to defend the fortress until our last breath...(Pushkin); Of course, it is a great art to wait(L. Sobolev).

But (with no pause): What a joy to hug your son!(Dolmatovsky).

A dash is placed before words this, this is, here, this means, this means, connecting the predicate to the subject. For example: Everything past, present and future is us, not the blind force of the elements(Bitter).

Wed: The latest autumn is when the mountain ash wrinkles from frost and becomes, as they say, “sweet”(Prishvin) (the whole sentence acts as a predicate).

A dash is placed if both main members of the sentence are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal numeral or if one of them is expressed in the nominative case of a noun, and the other in a numeral or a turnover with a numeral. For example: So nine forty is three hundred and sixty, right?(Pismsky); Ursa Major - seven bright stars. Density of gold - 19.32 g / cm 3.

Note. In the specialized literature, when characterizing an object, a dash is often not put in this case, for example: The melting point of gold is 1063°C; Crane lifting capacity 2.5 t, boom reach 5 m.

A dash is placed between the subject, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, and the predicate, expressed by the predicative adverb in -about if there is a pause between the main members of the sentence, for example: Preparing for exams is not easy(Fedin); Giving up is shameful(Tendryakov); It's very unbearable to move(Goncharov).

But (with no pause): It's very easy to judge a person in disfavor(L. Tolstoy).

A dash is placed before a predicate expressed by an idiomatic turnover, for example: And a woman and a man - a nickel pair(Chekhov).

With the subject expressed by the pronoun This, a dash is put or not put depending on the logical selection of the subject and the presence or absence of a pause after it. Wed:

a) This is the beginning of all beginnings; This is the first performance of the actress; This is loneliness(Chekhov);

b) This is Zverkov's house(Gogol); This is a quail net.(Chekhov); This is a very difficult problem..

A dash is usually not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, and the predicate is expressed by the nominative case of a noun, for example: …I am an honest person and never compliment(Chekhov); I'm terribly glad you're my brother(L. Tolstoy); He is a corruption, he is a plague, he is an ulcer of these places.(Krylov).

A dash in this case is placed in opposition or in logical underlining of the predicate, for example: You are an old child, a theorist, and I am a young old man and a practitioner ...(Chekhov); I am a manufacturer, you are a ship owner ...(Bitter); Not me, not me, but you - a harmful element(Fedin).

A dash is not put if one of the main members of the sentence is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun in the nominative case or a personal pronoun, for example: Tell me who your friend is and I will tell you who you are.

A dash, as a rule, is not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective, a pronominal adjective, a prepositional-nominal combination. For example: She has a very kind heart, but a troubled head(Turgenev); My cherry garden!(Chekhov); The back of the shark is dark blue, and the belly is dazzling white.(Goncharov).

Setting a dash in these cases aims to divide the sentence intonation and facilitate the perception of its content, for example: Pupils - cat, long ...(Sholokhov); The height near the scattered houses of the farm is commanding ...(Kazakevich).

In footnotes, a dash separates the explained word from the explanation, regardless of the form of the predicate. For example: Lakshmi - in Indian mythology, the goddess of beauty and wealth; Apis - the ancient Egyptians considered a sacred animal.

§ 80. Dash in an incomplete sentence

A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate), for example: Around the month - pale circles(A. N. Tolstoy); Above the square - low-hanging dust, on the square - empty bottles of breech, pieces of cheap sweets(Sholokhov); And all over the sky - clouds like pink feathers ...(V. Panova); Peakless - infantry helmets(Dolmatovsky).
There are traces of unknown animals on unknown paths...(Pushkin); Again at the hour of the night clouds over the earth(Zharov); In the steppe near Kherson tall grasses, in the steppe near Kherson mound(M. Golodny).

A dash is placed in elliptical sentences of a special structure, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear intonation division into two parts, for example: Motherland - the enthusiasm and creativity of the young; For every young worker a secondary education.
A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap, for example: They stood opposite each other: he - confused and embarrassed, she - with an expression of challenge on her face; The pockets were double: the inner one was made of linen, the outer one was made of gray calico; One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms, and one aluminum atom replaces three hydrogen atoms..
In the absence of a pause, a dash is not put, for example: Alyosha looked at them, and they at him(Dostoevsky); Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and he looked at Yegorushka.(Chekhov); You make things long and I make things short(Leonov).
A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member is omitted or even without a omission, for example: Witnesses were talking in the hall - hastily, in discolored voices, judges - reluctantly and indifferently.(Bitter); Money disappears, work remains(Bitter); The game is over and the time has come for some to rejoice in the win, for others to count the loss.

§ 81. Intonation dash

A dash is placed to indicate the place where a simple sentence breaks up into verbal groups, in order to clarify or emphasize the semantic relationships between the members of the sentence. Compare: a) I couldn't walk for a long time; b) I couldn't walk for a long time. Such a dash is called an intonational dash, it can separate any part of a sentence, for example: I'm asking you: Do workers need to be paid?(Chekhov).
The intonational character also has a dash, which is placed between the members of the sentence to express surprise, for example: And they threw the pike into the river(Krylov).

§ 82. Connecting dash

A dash is placed between two or more words to indicate limits:
a) spatial, for example: train Moscow - Irkutsk - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok;

b) in time, for example: crusades of the XI-XIII centuries; mass holidays in July - August;

c) quantity, for example: manuscript of eight to ten author's sheets(same in numbers: 8–10 ); 5-6x superiority.

In these cases, the dash replaces the meaning of the word "from ... to". If, between two adjacent numerals, it is possible to insert a union according to the meaning or, then they are connected by a hyphen, for example: left for two or three days(but with a digital designation, a dash is put: …2–3 days).
A dash is placed between two or more proper names, the totality of which is called any teaching, scientific institution, competition, etc., for example: Cosmogonic theory of Kant - Laplace; Match Alekhin - Capablanca.

There is no dash between the subject and the nominal predicate:

1. If the subject is expressed by a personal or demonstrative pronoun: She his daughter. He wants to understand her(Shcherb.); Is this an office? Is this a bedroom? (Ch.)

Note. A dash is possible: a) if the whole sentence contains a question accompanied by surprise: Is she his daughter?!(both members of the sentence are stressed); b) when emphasizing an indication of a given subject: This is an office (And this is an office.); c) in opposition: I am a teacher and you are an engineer.

2. If one of the main members is expressed by an interrogative pronoun, and the other by a noun or personal pronoun: Who is your protector? What is study? Who is she?

3. If there is a negation with the predicate-noun: Landscape not a appendage to prose and not decoration(Paust.); Russia is not Petersburg, it is huge (Prishv.); Old age is not joy (last). However, when contrasting the predicate with negation, it requires a dash (not ... a): And at the same time he noticed that he was not a master in his house, but only an integral part of it(M. G.) (cf. without opposition: He is not master in his house).

4. If the predicate is expressed by an adjective or participle: And your room is so good for a child (Ch.); I have many good people, almost all are good(Sim.); He had two wounds. Wounds easy but the man lost a lot of blood(Paust.); log cabin pink, peeling, country-style small, covered with a green iron roof(Kav.); Severe autumn sad late look (Zabol.); In the dining room, the feast is hot and ardent (Sickness).

However, with a predicate-adjective, a dash is placed with a structural parallelism of parts of a sentence, accompanied in oral speech by intonational emphasis (stress) of both members of the sentence: Everything in her appearance attracted attention: her look - sharp, hairstyle - boyish, clothes - modern, fashionable; cf. with emphasis on only the predicate: The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the coachman is stubborn , the horses are not driven, but the caretaker is to blame(P.). A dash is also possible in the presence of several (homogeneous) predicates: Her son is yellow, long and glasses(M. G.).

5. If the predicate is expressed by a turnover with comparative particles like, like, that, exactly, sort of like and etc.: Life is like a legend; Sky like an open tent; Brooch looks like a bee(Ch.); The forest is like a fairy tale; A week is one day . Passes quickly; Pondlike shiny steel(Fet). A dash is not put and when introducing a predicate that lexically matches the subject: Ice like ice, desert like desert (Kav.); The village is like a village; house as a house - old, dark(Shuksh.).

Note. When emphasizing the predicate (usually for stylistic purposes), a dash is possible: This lonely and maybe completely random shot -like a signal(Furm.); His mouth is bitter from tobacco-samosadu, his head -like a kettlebell(Shol.); Blackening glades -like black islands in a white snowy sea(Boon.); Milky Way -like a big society(B. Past.); moon in the skylike a Central Asian melon(Current.).

6. If between the subject and the predicate-noun there is an introductory word, circumstance or addition, as well as a union or a particle: Rook, of course , the bird is smart and independent, but it has no voice(Paust.); my father for me friend and mentor; Moscow now port of five seas; My brother too engineer; This stream just the beginning of the river.

Punctuation marks are kind of markers. Who invented them and what is the role of these punctuation units in addition to another reason for lowering the marks of students for their incorrect placement in the dictation? But thanks to such elements of writing, the perception of the text and the emotional message are achieved. Being a literate person today is simply necessary. Therefore, knowledge of the elementary norms of punctuation and spelling is necessary for everyone. Dash between subject and predicate - examples, exceptions, rules will be discussed in this article.

Sense centers of the sentence (SCP)

Having initially read the title of this publication, a person who has long graduated from school, most likely, begins to convulsively recall the members of the proposal. And it is unlikely that examples of a sentence with a dash between the subject and the predicate immediately come to mind.

A semantically related combination of words that has intonational completeness is called a sentence, the totality of which forms the text. Each such statement tells about some object or subject. By asking questions inherent in the nominative case - “what?”, “Who?” - you can determine the first component of the grammatical basis of the statement - the subject. That is, it is part of the semantic center of the sentence. "Employees of the repair shop have completed the preparation of equipment for the winter." In this variant, "employees" are the subject of the message. We are talking about the workers of the repair shop.

Having decided who the sentence is talking about, it is necessary to highlight the action performed by the subject of the statement. It is expressed as a predicate. A logical question arises in this example - "What did the employees do?" - completed the preparation of equipment. The predicate is “completed” and is considered the second semantic center of the sentence.

dash function

The sign that defines silence, semantic separation, was introduced into Russian writing by the historian N. M. Karamzin. Although there is an opinion that the punctuation unit first appeared in the Russian press in the 60s, and Nikolai Mikhailovich only contributed to its popularization.

In modern Russian writing, a dash between the subject and the predicate is a punctuation rule that every fifth grader knows. The main purpose of the sign:

separating function. Semantic separation of parts of the statement and filling in the excluded members of the sentence with a sign. I went along the poppy field to the left, and Andrei went to the right. Here the predicate "went" is missing in the second part of the statement. The dash between the subject and the predicate acts as a separating function. Examples: Kyiv - the capital of Ukraine, the meeting place is the assembly hall. In the first case, Kyiv is the subject, and the capital is the predicate. Both members of the sentence are expressed by a noun. This is one of the requirements when a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate.
excretory function. Writing lines in dialogue.
Connective purpose: for the quantitative or semantic association of two words. Bus "Moscow - Dolgoprudny".

Punctuation: dash between subject and verb. Explanation with examples

When the semantic centers of the statement act as nouns, moreover, in the nominative form, there are several cases in which the “silence” sign is used:

To convey a fixed (logical) meaning: A square is a regular quadrilateral. Algebra is a discipline that generalizes and expands knowledge of arithmetic.
Publicistic statements or scientific judgments, which describe the characteristics of the subject or evaluate the phenomenon: A thunderstorm is a natural phenomenon resulting from electrical discharges.
Judgments where the subject and predicate are identical in meaning: Sevastopol is a city in the Crimea.
After subjects that answer one question and refer to one predicate: Kirovograd, Dnepropetrovsk, Vinnitsa - cities of the central part of Ukraine.
To bring precision to a statement: Mom is my friend. Or when there is a link in the judgments like “this”, “here”: The path in the dunes is a devastated miles of silence, drought and thirst.

Requirements for setting a dash when the centers of a sentence consist of different parts of speech

The "-" sign can be used in statements where the main members are not only nouns.

So, we continue to consider the dash between the subject and the predicate. Examples of sentences when semantic centers are expressed by different parts of speech:

Five six - thirty. The phrase "five six" is the subject, "thirty" is the predicate, both are expressed by the numeral. The height of the top of the Carpathians is two thousand six hundred and fifty five meters. In this case, “height” is a noun, reflects the subject, after the sign, the entire phrase refers to the numeral and is expressed by the predicate. It follows from this: a dash is placed when the main members of the statement act as a numeral and / or noun. But! In the nominative case. The exception is texts describing the characteristics of the subject in specialized literature, for example: boom reach 12 meters; the melting point of the metal is 1000 degrees.
To live with wolves - howl like a wolf. STsP belong to the indefinite form of the verb (NFG). Conclusion: sentences with a dash between the subject and the predicate can be found when its main members are expressed by the infinitive.
Our goal is to finish the assignment by Monday. The combination of an infinitive and a noun expressing the SCT also requires the use of a "-" sign.

Cases where the sign is not used

The absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate is possible when the SCTs make up simple sentences, as a rule, of a conversational style: m oh dad director of a scientific enterprise; my sister is an analyst.
If the predicate is attached to the second part of the grammatical basis of the statement (subject) with the unions “like”, “as if”, “like”, “exactly”, “as if”: m oh the school yard is like a garden; the stars are like little diamonds; the sky is like an ocean.
The predicate expresses negation using the “not” particle - this is the case of the absence of a dash between the subject and the predicate. The rule has exceptions, but about them a little later. Examples: The heart is not a stone. The word is not a sparrow.
The grammatical basis of the sentence is divided by the introductory word: a August, as you know, is the season of fruits and vegetables; Ivanov is now a famous hairdresser. If in the last version the adverb “now” is omitted, then a statement is obtained when a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate: Ivanov is a famous hairdresser.
The semantic centers of the sentence form a phraseological turn: d va boots pair.
The predicate appears in the sentence before the subject: wonderful girl Tatyana Pavlovna.
The subject is a personal pronoun, and the predicate is a noun. He is an ulcer, he is a plague, he is a corruption of these places.

Exceptions

Departure from the requirements put forward to the setting of a dash or its absence can be observed among modern authors and classics. For example, judgment: that man is like a hero! It seems that according to the punctuation rule, if there is a link “how”, then the “-” sign is not put. However, its presence can be justified by the author's desire to emphasize the shade of comparison.

For a vivid contrast, the author can use intonational and logical stress. In this case, a dash is placed between the subject and the predicate. Examples: His views on the upbringing of children - is it not a prejudice? Preparing for the Olympics is not easy.

Dash between subject and predicate: table

There is a dash (subject + predicate):
noun + noun	The dog is man's friend.
numeral + numeral	Three times two is six.
Infinitive + infinitive	Eat right - love yourself.
Infinitive + noun	Drinking coffee in the morning is a pleasure.
Noun + infinitive	My goal is to defend my diploma.
Subject (that's it, that's it) predicate	Teaching is the best hobby.
No dash:
"Not" predicate	The word is not a sparrow.
Predicate (exactly, sort of like, as if, like) subject	Lips like rose petals.
Predicate + subject	A wonderful person Andrey Vladimirovich!
Subject = pronoun	She is a librarian.
	Preparing for the Olympics is not easy.

Conclusion

The main rule before placing a dash is to determine the semantic center of the sentence (subject, predicate), establish which part of speech they belong to, and know the cases when there is no such sign.