Today, the Faculty of Soil Science of Moscow State University saw off on his last journey one of those who are considered to be classics. Vladychensky Alexander Sergeevich. He died suddenly a few thousand kilometers from his homeland, while on vacation in Spain. Cheerfully drove all over Europe and died unexpectedly in a hotel at the extreme point of the journey. Absurdly, suddenly, incomprehensibly ...

Who it was in general. For the faculty - deputy dean for scientific work, head of the department of general soil science, doctor of biological sciences, professor. For soil science in general - the chairman of the Dissertation Council at the Faculty of Soil Science, Vice-President of the Dokuchaev Society of Soil Science, a member of the editorial board of the journals "Soil Science" and "Bulletin of Moscow University", a member of the Academic Council of Moscow State University and the Academic Council of the Faculty of Soil Science. The main topics are the genesis and ecology of soils, the stability and anthropogenic evolution of mountain soils, the study of soils in the Western Caucasus, Tien Shan, Pamir-Alay, Altai. All these milestones, merits and regalia are known at our faculty (and not only at it), articles have been written about them, respectively, they are listed in the obituary. They are known to all people close to him, and to the scientific community. A lot has been said about them today. In this part, I am more repetitive.

And for me there was another Alexander Sergeevich. I don't remember since when I knew him. Yes, and I can’t remember, because as I was born, so I know. As a friend and colleague of my father, he was in our life, sorry for the tautology, all conscious life. When I was little, for others and for him "Dimasty". And he is my uncle Sasha. Kind, always smiling, gathering friends at the dacha in Lesnoy Gorodok. Driver and motorcyclist. Then a teacher of zonal practice at the Faculty of Soil Science, where my father took me four times, where we lived in tents for two months and traveled by trucks and buses through natural areas from Moscow to the Caucasus. And this is not only practical exercises, but also a fire and a guitar. Romance with a capital R. The tandem of Alexander Sergeyevich and my father - Sergey Alexandrovich, the students good-naturedly called ACCA. Then I entered the University, and an old family friend first gave a course of lectures on general soil science, and then became my supervisor. Largely thanks to him, I began to deal with the subject of mountain soils and went on several expeditions in a row around the Caucasus, beloved since childhood, defending a diploma on the topic "The influence of subtropical crops on the humus state of burozems."

You know, often mourning speeches are not devoid of excess flattery, they say, "how kind and sympathetic this man was." And you understand that this, to put it mildly, is not always true. But not in this case. And here all his students will not let him lie, who today, as one, came to see off their teacher and were ready to subscribe to every word of the speakers. He could be approached at any time, not as a teacher, but as a friend. And always with an amazingly soft voice and tone, and even joking, constantly smiling, he gave the best recommendations to the student and good advice to the younger comrade. Yes, look at the photo below. Isn't that enough?

Sectional view (photo from his Odnoklassniki page)

How well I remember him playing the seven-string by the fire. And what can we say about the numerous jokes from practice, when Cyril and I shtopor75 , schoolchildren, friends, the sons of a biologist and a soil scientist, frightenedly hid smoldering cigarettes behind their backs, and he, noticing, laughed to the point of exhaustion. And we were sure: Vladychensky is a man! He will not pawn us to parents. But most of all, I was touched by one phone call that sounded 20 years ago. I was in my first year, and Alexander Sergeevich, being a professor and five minutes to head. department, lectured to us. All this certainly set in a serious mood and an attitude and treatment adequate to his position. And he called home, his father on some business. How sweetly his heart skipped a beat when he said in his usual cheerful voice: "Oh, Dim, hello! This is Uncle Sasha." Do you understand? Yes, I'm no longer a little Dimasty. I am a student and he is a professor. Yes, there are levels of subordination and rules of conduct between us. But all the same, he perceives me as Uncle Sasha - a family friend. For some reason I can't forget this.

The further you go through life, the more strings that connect with childhood break one after another. This is normal, but it is always sad, because you understand that the flow is leaving forever, and much cannot be returned. And in these days, another bright strong thread broke. And this thread was Alexander Sergeevich. Uncle Sasha.

Earth in peace and the Kingdom of Heaven!

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin(1799 -1837) - the great Russian poet and writer, playwright, prose writer, critic, publicist, founder of new Russian literature. Pushkin's role in Russian literature is quite unique. He marked the highest achievements of the traditions of the 18th century and the beginning of the literary process of the 19th century, created the canon of the Russian literary language, combining its oral and written versions.

Brief biography of Pushkin A.S.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was born on May 26 (June 6, NS) in Nemetskaya Sloboda, in a family of an untitled noble family. Father, Sergei Lvovich, belonged to the ancient family of the Pushkin nobles. The grandfather of the mother, Nadezhda Iosifovna, was an African Abram Petrovich Hannibal, who was a pupil and servant of Tsar Peter I.

In the Pushkin family, the upbringing and education of children was entrusted to French tutors. From home schooling, the future poet took out only an excellent knowledge of French and a love of reading. A love for his native language was instilled in him by his grandmother, Maria Alekseevna Gannibal, who wrote and spoke excellent Russian, and the nanny Arina Rodionovna.

In 1811, Pushkin entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, after which in June 1817 he was appointed to serve as a collegiate secretary in the College of Foreign Affairs.

In 1814, Pushkin's poems first appeared in print, in the journal Vestnik Evropy, where his poem "To a Friend-Poet Writer" was published. In the same period, the poet was accepted into the Arzamas literary society.

Pushkin graduated from the Lyceum in 1817, and graduated with the rank of collegiate secretary, after which he was appointed to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. At the Lyceum, Pushkin first felt like a Poet: his talent was recognized by the mentors of the lyceum, his comrades at the lyceum, among whom were Pushchin, Delvig, Kuchelbecker, as well as the luminaries of Russian literature, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Derzhavin, Karamzin.

In the Collegium of Foreign Affairs, Pushkin did not work even a day, completely devoting himself to creativity. This period includes the poems "On Arakcheev" (1817 - 1820), "Liberty" (1817), "Village", "To Chaadaev" (1819), which, although not published, were widely known among the Russian intelligentsia. In the same period, he was actively working on the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", which he completed in March 1820.

In 1819, Pushkin was accepted as a member of the literary and theatrical community "Green Lamp".

In May 1820, for "flooding Russia with outrageous verses," he was exiled to the south of Russia. Pushkin travels to Yekaterinoslav, from where, together with the Raevsky family, he travels to the Caucasus and Crimea. In September 1820, he arrived in Chisinau, where he lived in the house of the governor of the Bessarabian region, General Inzov. In Chisinau, Pushkin works a lot, meets and communicates with future Decembrists. At this time, the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1821), "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (1823), as well as "The Prisoner", "The Song of the Prophetic Oleg" (1822) and many other poems were written; A novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was begun.

In July 1823 Pushkin was transferred to Odessa under the command of Count Vorontsov. Difficult relations with Vorontsov became one of the reasons why, at the request of Vorontsov, he was removed from Odessa, dismissed from public service and sent to his mother's estate Mikhailovskoye "under the supervision of the local authorities." In Mikhailovskaya exile, Pushkin formed as a realist artist: he continued to write the novel "Eugene Onegin", began "Boris Godunov", wrote poems "On Vorontsov", "Davydov", "On Alexander I" and others. Here the poet led a solitary life, the monotony of which was brightened up only by communication with neighbors - the Osipov-Wulf family - and the nanny Arina Rodionovna, who told him fairy tales in the evenings.

On December 17, 1825, Pushkin learned about the Decembrist uprising and the arrest of many of his friends. With deep emotion, he waited for news from St. Petersburg, in letters he asked his friends "not to answer and not to vouch" for him, reserving freedom of opinion and action. In September 1826, Pushkin received an order from Nicholas I to immediately come to him in Moscow (the emperor was crowned in the Kremlin).

Frightened by the general disapproval of the execution and exile of the Decembrists, Nicholas I decided to return the poet from exile in order to regain public support. The emperor, in addition, hoped to attract Pushkin to his side, to make him a court poet. He announced to Pushkin as a great favor that he himself would be his censor. The poet was forbidden not only to publish, but also to read anywhere his works that had not been viewed by the king. Thus, for several years his "Boris Godunov" was banned. The poet's heavy thoughts are reflected in the poems of this period: "The gift is in vain, the gift is accidental", "Remembrance", "Premonition" (1828).

Unsuccessfully, Pushkin asked in May 1828 for permission to travel to the Caucasus or abroad. At the same time, the poet wooed the first beauty of Moscow, Natalya Goncharova, and, having not received a definite answer, left for the Caucasus without permission. The impressions of this trip are conveyed in his essays "Journey to Arzrum", in the poems "Collapse", "Caucasus", "On the hills of Georgia ...".

For an unauthorized trip, the poet received a letter from the chief of gendarmes, Benckendorff, with a sharp reprimand from the emperor.

In April 1830, Pushkin again made an offer to Natalya Goncharova, and this time it was accepted. In September 1830, the poet left for his Boldino estate to arrange business and prepare for the wedding. Here he was forced to stay for several months by the cholera epidemic. This period of the poet's work is known as "Boldino Autumn". In Boldin, such works as "Little Tragedies", "The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin", "The House in Kolomna", "The Tale of the Priest and his Worker Balda", the poems "Demons", "Elegy", "Forgiveness" and many others, "Eugene Onegin" was finished here.

Pushkin in Moscow February 18, 1831 married N. N. Goncharova. He again entered the summer of 1831 in the civil service in the Foreign Collegium. The poet had the right of access to the state archive. In 1832, he decided to create a historical novel about the times of the Pugachev region, for which he studied all the available materials in the archive (many of them were classified at that time) and began writing The History of Pugachev (1833), as well as the historical study The History of Peter I .

Pushkin was forced, in order not to lose access to the archive, to put up with the fact that he was appointed chamber junker of the court. The appointment was insulting to the poet, because. this court rank was usually given to young people. The material affairs of the family worsened more and more (the Pushkins had four children - Maria, Natalya, Alexander and Grigory), debts grew. However, it was in recent years that Egyptian Nights, The Queen of Spades (1833), The Captain's Daughter (1836), the poem The Bronze Horseman, and fairy tales were written.

Pushkin at the end of 1835 received permission to publish his journal, which he called Sovremennik. With the help of this journal, he sought to further develop Russian literature, and did everything to achieve this goal - the artistic level of the journal was unusually high: Russian periodicals did not know such a collection of brilliant talents (Baratynsky, Vyazemsky, Zhukovsky, D. Davydov, Gogol, Tyutchev , Koltsov). However, the magazine is not popular with the public.

In the winter of 1836, Pushkin's enemies and envious people from the highest St. Petersburg aristocracy launched a vile slander against his wife, linking her name with the name of Nicholas I, and then with the name of Baron Dantes, who enjoyed the favor of the tsar, who impudently courted Natalya Nikolaevna. To defend his honor, Pushkin challenged Dantes to a duel, which took place on January 27 (February 8, n.s.) 1837 on the Black River. The poet was mortally wounded in the stomach and died two days later. “The sun of Russian poetry has set,” wrote V. Zhukovsky.

Pushkin was buried in the cemetery of the Svyatogorsky Monastery, five miles from the village of Mikhailovskoye. Emperor Nicholas I, knowing about the difficult financial condition of the poet, promised to provide for his family and pay all debts. Subsequently, the monarch fulfilled his promise.

Biography of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (full)

Childhood (1799-1811)

Pushkin was born in Moscow on May 26, 1799 in Skvortsov's house on Nemetskaya Street in the family of an official of the Moscow Commissariat, a retired major Sergei Lvovich Pushkin and his wife Nadezhda Osipovna (nee Gannibal). In the family, besides him, there was an older sister Olga and a younger brother Leo.

The very origin of the poet was extraordinary. This Russian writer and Russian man had a great-grandfather born in Africa, an Abyssinian named Ibrahim, a man with black curly hair. He was taken out of the seraglio, where Ibrahim was held hostage, by the Russian envoy in Constantinople and sent to Peter the Great. Ibrahim was named Abram Hannibal. Abram Petrovich Gannibal - "Arap of Peter the Great" - was a pupil and servant of Peter I. Subsequently, he became a military engineer and general. Abram was married first to a Greek woman, and then to a Swede or German Christine Sheberg, from whom he had children. The son of Christina and Abram Joseph, who later became Osip, was Pushkin's grandfather. By the end of the XVIII century. The Hannibals were already closely intertwined by blood ties with Russian noble families - they intermarried with the Buturlins, Cherkasskys, Rzhevskys, Pushkins.

Father, Sergei Lvovich, belonged to the ancient noble family of the Pushkins. The poet's father and mother were relatives (second cousins).

The Pushkins were very poor. Lack of income and mismanagement, they were all their lives on the verge of ruin, invariably cut off material assistance to their son in the future, and in the last years of Pushkin's life they burdened the poet with their debts. The lordly carelessness of Sergei Lvovich Pushkin was combined with painful stinginess.

At the same time, the family belonged to the educated part of Moscow society. Vasily Lvovich Pushkin - the poet's uncle - was a famous poet, Moscow writers visited the house.

Parents did not attach much importance to the upbringing of children. Pushkin took out only an excellent knowledge of French from home schooling, and in his father's library he became addicted to reading (also in French).

From 1805 to 1810, in the summer, Pushkin spent a lot of time with his grandmother, Maria Alekseevna Gannibal, in the village of Zakharov near Moscow. It was his grandmother, who spoke and wrote excellent Russian, and the nanny Arina Rodionovna who instilled in him a love for his native language.

Perhaps the most surprising fact is that Pushkin little and rarely recalled the years of childhood in the future. Many poets and writers of the 19th century carried the poetry of childhood and their native home through their whole lives.

Pushkin, on the other hand, easily left the walls of his native home and never mentioned his father or mother in his poems. At the same time, he was not deprived of kindred feelings, dearly loved his brother and sister, selflessly helped them, and he showed more attention to his parents than they did to him. It is all the more surprising that when in the future Pushkin wanted to look back at the beginning of his life, he invariably remembered only the Lyceum - he deleted childhood from his life. He was a man without childhood.

Lyceum years of Pushkin (1811-1817)

In 1810, a project arose for the construction of a lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo - a privileged educational institution at the palace of Alexander I, designed to train senior government officials from the children of the nobility under a special program. Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, who had influential contacts, decided to send his son Alexander there. The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was a closed educational institution, only 30 students were admitted to it. The opening of the lyceum took place on October 19, 1811, and from that day Pushkin's lyceum life began. Three people from the first issue later became Decembrists.

The first director of the Lyceum, V.F. Malinovsky, arranged a regime of strict isolation in the Lyceum: the Lyceum was isolated from the surrounding life, visits to relatives were limited, extremely reluctantly, and only in special cases, pupils were released outside the territory of the Lyceum. Accordingly, to the pupils, including Pushkin, the Lyceum seemed like a monastery, and the desire to escape from imprisonment is also connected with this.

But there were also good sides. Here Pushkin made friends, and this friendship only grew stronger over the years. Pushkin's closest friendships were with Pushchin, Delvig, Malinovsky and Kuchelbecker. It was a lifelong friendship that left a deep imprint on Pushkin's soul. The lyceum brotherhood of souls remained one of the most vivid memories in his biography.

At the Lyceum, Pushkin felt like a Poet for the first time: his talent was recognized by his lyceum comrades, among whom were Pushchin, Delvig, Kuchelbeker, the mentors of the lyceum, as well as by such luminaries of Russian literature as Karamzin, Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Batyushkov.

Lyceum replaced Pushkin's childhood. The lyceum was finished - childhood passed. Life has begun. Pushkin graduated from the Lyceum in 1817. Read more Lyceum years of Pushkin

Petersburg (1817-1820)

The poet's parents moved to St. Petersburg, and Pushkin returns home from the Lyceum; however, as before, in the poetry of the St. Petersburg period, any "home" themes are not mentioned.

Pushkin wanted to enter the military service, but his father, fearing expenses (service in the guard required a lot of expenses), insisted on a civilian one. He was enrolled in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and sworn in on June 13, 1817 (on the same day as Kuchelbecker and Griboyedov).

After entering the service a month later, Pushkin received leave until September and spent about two months at the Mikhailovsky, Pskov estate of his mother. Then Pushkin remained in St. Petersburg almost without a break for three years (not counting a trip to Mikhailovskoye in the summer of 1819).

The official service is of little interest to the poet, and he plunges into the stormy life of St. Petersburg. His social circle is quite extensive: poets, hussars, literary societies "Arzamas" and "Green Lamp", theaters, fashionable restaurants.

Annenkov describes the post-lyceum period of Pushkin's life as follows: "The carefree waste of mind, time and life on acquaintances, adventures and connections of all kinds - that was the main character of Pushkin's life, like that of many of his contemporaries."

A characteristic feature of behavior and Pushkin of these years is the desire for commonwealth, community, fraternal unity. However, Pushkin does not dissolve in other people's characters and norms. He is looking for himself.

The stay in St. Petersburg exceptionally enriched the young poet: participation in discussions, communication with a wide circle of advanced contemporaries introduced him to the very center of the intellectual and ideological life of the era, the intense life of the heart developed the world of his emotions. Meetings with women and familiarization with a very high culture of heart experiences and feelings at that time developed spiritual subtlety, the ability to feel, notice, feel and express the nuances of feelings, and not just their primitive range. Finally, joining diverse and diverse groups enriched him with a sense of style of behavior. The result of all this was an exceptionally developed ability to change in different situations, to flexibly rebuild one's personality, to be different.

In verses 1817-1820. the turbulent Petersburg life of the young poet is reflected, participation in the literary circle "Green Lamp" - one of the centers of political, religious and erotic free-thinking.

The ideas of political radicalism and civil freedom that permeated Russian society after the victory over Napoleon were reflected both in the behavior and in the poems of the young Pushkin.

He composes poems and sharp epigrams imbued with the ideals of freedom. During this period, the poems "Liberty" (1817), "To Chaadaev", "Village" (1819), "On Arakcheev" (1817 - 1820) were written, which were not published, but were widely known.

The largest poetic work of Pushkin was the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila", published in 1820 and provoked furious controversy. The poem marked the beginning of a turning point in Russian poetry. The main principle of its construction - the contrasting juxtaposition of incompatible genre and stylistic passages - became the cause of heated debate and hostility among the literary "Old Believers".

Southern exile (1820-1824)

Attacks against those in power did not go unnoticed, clouds are gathering over Pushkin's head. He is threatened with exile to Siberia or Solovki, but the efforts of Karamzin, Chaadaev, F. Glinka somewhat eased Pushkin's fate: on May 6, 1820, he left St. Petersburg to the south to Yekaterinoslav with an appointment to the office of Lieutenant General I. N. Inzov. Formally, Pushkin was not exiled: the departure was given the character of an official transfer.

Behind was Petersburg life - ahead of the road. A period of wanderings began, life without a life, without a permanent place.

The main result of the St. Petersburg period was as follows: on June 11, 1817, a promising boy arrived in St. Petersburg, on May 6, 1820, a poet left, who had already earned recognition and fame.

Caucasus

In fact, there was no service. Inzov greeted Pushkin affectionately and already on May 21 sent a favorable review of him to St. Petersburg. After a short time, the poet, swimming in the Dnieper, caught a serious cold. He was picked up by the sick Petersburg acquaintances passing through Ekaterinoslav on the way to the Caucasus, members of the family of the famous general, hero of 1812 Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky. Pushkin writes about it this way:

“Arriving in Yekaterinoslavl, I got bored, went for a ride along the Dnieper, bathed and caught a fever, as usual. General Raevsky, who was traveling to the Caucasus with his son and two daughters, found me delirious, without a doctor, over a mug of ice-cold lemonade. His son ... offered me a journey through the Caucasian Waters ... I lay down in a carriage sick; healed within a week."

Pushkin lived in the Caucasus almost the entire summer of 1820, here he began the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Crimea

“In Yurzuf I lived alone, swam in the sea and gorged myself on grapes.”

Pushkin continued to work on the poem "Prisoner of the Caucasus" in Gurzuf, wrote several lyric poems. Here he came up with the idea of ​​the novel "Eugene Onegin" and the poem "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray". At the end of his life, the poet recalled the Crimea: "There is the cradle of my Onegin."

In September 1820, on his way to Simferopol and Chisinau, he visited Bakhchisarai. I visited the Bakhchisarai Palace, and here are his impressions:

“... Entering the palace, I saw a damaged fountain, water was falling drop by drop from a rusty iron pipe. I walked around the palace with great annoyance at the neglect in which it decays, and at the semi-European alterations of some rooms.

Pushkin laid two roses at the foot of the Fountain of Tears, to which he later dedicated poems and the poem The Fountain of Bakhchisarai.

From Bakhchisaray, the poet went to Simferopol and further to Chisinau, because Inzov's office moved there.

Kishinev

In Chisinau, Pushkin settled in Inzov's house, standing on the outskirts, in a room on the ground floor, and remained in it even after the house was dilapidated as a result of the earthquake and Inzov left it. Pushkin liked to live in ruins, surrounded by wasteland and vineyards.

Not annoyed by almost any official assignments, he lived under the command of Inzov, taking advantage of his unfailing disposition and warm care. The poet traveled from there to Odessa, Kyiv, the village of Kamenka, Akkerman, Bendery, Izmail and other places. The impressions of these years were reflected in Pushkin's southern poems: "Brothers - Robbers", "Prisoner of the Caucasus", "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies". In Chisinau, the poem "Gavriliada" was written, and a novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was also begun.

Odessa

In July 1823, Pushkin was enrolled in the service of the governor of the Novorossiysk Territory, Count M.S. Vorontsov.

The noisy life of Odessa with its Italian opera, Parisian restaurants and colorful society attracted Pushkin.

On February 20, 1821, he completed The Prisoner of the Caucasus (published in 1822), in 1821-1822. worked on The Brothers Robbers, in the summer of 1823 he completed The Fountain of Bakhchisarai. United by the spirit of romanticism, these poems aroused sharp critical disputes and brought Pushkin unconditional reader recognition.

The poet became famous as a "singer of the Caucasus" and an idol of romantic youth. However, Pushkin himself overtook his fame: breaking with romanticism, he began on May 9, 1823 "Eugene Onegin", and at the end of the same year - "Gypsy".

However, relations with M. S. Vorontsov did not work out for many reasons. Among these reasons - courting the boss's wife, and, possibly, an affair with her and inability to public service. A year later, Count Vorontsov found both a reason and a reason for Pushkin's removal to his mother's estate, the village of Mikhailovskoye, Pskov province.

His situation in Odessa was aggravated by the fact that the Moscow police opened a letter from Pushkin, in which he confessed his passion for "atheistic teachings." On July 8, 1824, Pushkin was dismissed from service by the highest order.

Mikhailovskoe (1824-1826)

He arrived in Mikhailovskoye on August 9, 1824. Pushkin is tired of wandering and poverty. However, the House turned into an exile: the poet's own father assumed the responsibility of supervising the exiled son.

The poet made plans to escape and in desperation even asked to change the place of exile to any of the sovereign's fortresses. There were a number of exceptionally violent clashes between father and son. In the end, the poet's father, mother, brother and sister left Mikhailovsky. Pushkin was left alone, in the company of his nanny Arina Rodionovna.

The life of the poet in Mikhailovsky was emphatically simple and did not include any elements of "landlord" concerns and activities at all. Even hunting, the usual occupation of a nobleman in the countryside, was excluded from his existence.

Pushkin's main business in Mikhailovsky is literature. Here “Gypsies” were finished, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Boris Godunov”, “Count Nulin”, “Brothers Robbers”, “Gavriiliada”, a large number of poems were written (among them “Dagger”, “Black Shawl”, “V. L. Davydov, a message to Chaadaev, To Ovid, Napoleon, The Song of the Prophetic Oleg), a number of articles, The Fountain of Bakhchisarai was started and the third and fourth and sixth chapters of Eugene Onegin were written.

In Mikhailovsky, Pushkin read a lot and wrote a lot, he listened a lot and sensitively to folk speech and folk poetry. He never ceased to emphasize in his letters that he was lazy, rides a lot, wrote sparingly about work, but continuously asked for more and more new books. From the Lyceum Pushkin took out a superficial and non-systematic education - in the 1830s. he impressed his contemporaries with deep and exceptionally extensive knowledge of world literature, political life, history, journalism. And this is largely the result of hard work, reading and self-education in Mikhailovsky.

During the years of exile in Mikhailovsky, Pushkin becomes recognized as the first Russian poet. Once, at the mention of his name, they said: Pushkin-lyceum, Pushkin-nephew, Pushkin Jr. (in order to distinguish from his uncle, the poet Vasily Lvovich Pushkin), now he is simply Pushkin, and already under the name of V. L. Pushkin explanatory "uncle" is added.

The publication in March 1824 of The Fountain of Bakhchisarai with a foreword by Vyazemsky, in February 1825 the first chapter of Eugene Onegin, and at the end of the same year the Poems of Alexander Pushkin, the magazine controversy surrounding these publications put him in his place, significantly towering over other Russian poets.

During this period, Pushkin mainly communicates with the large family of the neighboring Trigorsk landowner Praskovya Alexandrovna Osipova. Here, in Trigorskoye, Pushkin's acquaintance from St. Petersburg, the niece of P. A. Osipova, twenty-four-year-old Anna Petrovna Kern, came. In Trigorsky-Mikhailovsky, she had a stormy, albeit short-lived romance with Pushkin. It is generally accepted that he dedicated the poem "I remember a wonderful moment ..." to Kern.

Meanwhile, Russia was restless ...

In December 1825, Arseniy, the cook of the Osipovs, came to Trigorskoye with news of a riot on Senate Square. The days of uncertainty and anxiety dragged on. Letters have almost stopped coming. Newspapers reported the arrests sparingly. Pushkin anxiously read the names of his friends on the lists of those arrested. At the end of January, Kuchelbecker was arrested in Warsaw. Pushkin's own position was also highly doubtful: he did not know what and how much the government knew, and lived in anxious expectation. To his friends in St. Petersburg (through Zhukovsky), he punished: "... I strongly tell you not to answer and not to vouch for me."

After exile (1826-1830)

On the night of September 3-4, 1826, a courier galloped to Mikhailovskoye with an order to immediately go to Moscow, where at that time Nicholas I was in connection with the coronation. The officer was expressive enough. Pushkin went to Moscow on a date with Nicholas I. Mikhailov's exile ended.

Pushkin's conversation with the tsar was lengthy.

Frightened by the broad picture of general discontent after the investigation of the Decembrists, the tsar felt the need for a spectacular gesture that could reconcile the public with him. Pushkin's forgiveness opened up such an opportunity, and Nikolai decided to use it. Pushkin was returned from exile and received the right to choose his own place of residence. He was promised freedom from ordinary censorship, which was replaced by the personal censorship of the king. In fact, the person on whom the fate of Pushkin's creativity and his personal fate depended from now on was the head of the III department of the office of His Imperial Majesty Benkendorf. This circumstance sometimes made it difficult to print some of Pushkin's works, which he was constantly preoccupied with, having no other sources of income.

Between Benckendorff and Pushkin (direct access to the tsar was possible only in the most exceptional cases), an insulting and difficult relationship was established between a strict warden and a supervised boy.

Circumstances were not at all what he had imagined when he left the tsar's office in the Kremlin. He was drawn from the very beginning into petty and continuous troubles, which either faded or grew, but did not stop until his death.

Dangers came from nowhere, informers and accusers almost always remained unnamed. A face that could have been placed at the barrier and called to account blurred and disappeared into a bureaucratic haze.

Pushkin lives until 1831 alternately either in Moscow or in St. Petersburg. After his exile, he twice visited Mikhailovsky. He visited Tver friends - relatives of the mistress of the village of Trigorsky P.A. Osipova - in the village of Pavlovsky, Bernovo, Malinniki and in Staritsa, Tver province.

In May 1828, Pushkin asked unsuccessfully for permission to travel to the Caucasus or abroad.

At the same time, the poet wooed N. Goncharova, the first beauty of Moscow, and, having not received a definite answer, arbitrarily left for the Caucasus.

The impressions of this trip are conveyed in his essays "Journey to Arzrum", in the poems "Collapse", "Caucasus", "On the hills of Georgia ...". Returning to St. Petersburg, the poet received a letter from the chief of gendarmes, Benckendorff, with a sharp reprimand from the emperor for traveling without permission.

In April 1830, Pushkin made a new proposal to Natalya Goncharova, and this time it was accepted. The Goncharov family demanded from Pushkin an official certificate from Benckendorff that he was not under police surveillance.

Although this was probably extremely unpleasant for him, the poet wrote to Benckendorff, in which he announced his intention to marry and asked him to certify his trustworthiness in the eyes of the government. At the end of April, he received a letter from Benckendorff, in which Pushkin was informed that the sovereign received the message of Pushkin's upcoming marriage with "favorable satisfaction." As for the attitude of the government towards Pushkin, Benckendorff wrote:

“... no police have ever been ordered to have supervision over you. The advice that I, as a friend, occasionally gave you, could only benefit you, and I hope that with the passage of time you will be more and more convinced of this. What shadow falls on you in this respect? I authorize you, my dear sir, to show this letter to anyone you see fit."

This was the resolution, and on May 6 the engagement took place. Pushkin became officially the groom of Natalia Nikolaevna Goncharova.

Financial difficulties were also an obstacle to marriage. The wedding and family life required expenses, and Pushkin's parents were in debt, the financial affairs of the bride's parents were also upset. With great difficulty, my father allocated to Pushkin the small village of Kistenevka with 200 souls of peasants, located in the Nizhny Novgorod province, near the village of Boldino, which belonged to Sergei Lvovich.

In August, Pushkin returned to Moscow, where he visited the dying uncle Vasily Lvovich. The situation with the conclusion of the marriage was complicated by the fact that Pushkin quarreled with his future mother-in-law and, in annoyance, wrote a letter to the bride in which he returned her word. The question of marriage is now open. It was necessary to go to the village, in a vague mood, he left on August 31 from Moscow to Boldino. Autumn was approaching - Pushkin's "time of poetry."

Boldin autumn (1830)

On September 3, the poet arrived in Boldino. His task was to take possession of the village allocated by his father, lay it down and return to Moscow to celebrate the wedding. These chores annoyed him a little, because autumn is the best working time for him. He himself wrote about it this way:

“Autumn is coming. This is my favorite time - my health is usually getting stronger - the time for my literary works is coming - and I have to worry about a dowry.

The fact is that the bride did not have a dowry. Pushkin wanted to get married without a dowry, but the conceited mother of Natalya Nikolaevna could not allow this, and Pushkin himself had to get money for the dowry, which he allegedly received for the bride.

In spring and summer heat, he was tormented by lethargy or excessive excitement. By physical disposition and habits, he was a man of the north - he loved the autumn cold, winter frosts. He felt a surge of cheerfulness in autumn. It was necessary to work, I really wanted to work, but the circumstances were unfavorable.

However, it soon became clear that it would not be possible to quickly leave Boldin. The roads were closed due to the cholera epidemic.

The combination of silence and leisure splashed out with an unheard-of creative upsurge even for Pushkin.

In September, "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman", "The Undertaker", "The Tale of the Priest and His Worker Balda" and a number of poems were written, and "Eugene Onegin" was completed.

In October - "Shot", "Snowstorm", "The Stationmaster", "House in Kolomna", two "little tragedies" - "Mozart and Salieri" and "The Miserly Knight", the tenth chapter of "Eugene Onegin" was written and burned, many poems were created, among them such as "Spell", "My genealogy", "My ruddy critic ...", a number of literary and critical sketches.

In November - "A Feast during the Plague" and "The Stone Guest", "The History of the Village of Goryukhin", critical articles.

Pushkin's talent in Boldin's autumn reached full bloom.

In Boldin, Pushkin's most significant work, on which he worked for more than seven years, was completed - "Eugene Onegin". Here Pushkin reached a maturity of artistic realism that was still unheard of in Russian literature.

If "Eugene Onegin" drew a line under a certain stage of Pushkin's poetic evolution, then "Belkin's Tales" and "little tragedies" marked the beginning of a new stage.

The Tales of Belkin were the first completed works of Pushkin the prose writer. Introducing the conventional image of the narrator Ivan Petrovich Belkin and a whole system of cross-narrators, Pushkin paved the way for Gogol and the subsequent development of Russian prose.

Here, in Boldin, he exhausted all the literary ideas of the past and, leaving here, was ready to start a new life, both personally and literary.

On December 5, after repeated unsuccessful attempts, Pushkin finally managed to return to Moscow to his bride.

Petersburg 1831-1833

On February 18, 1831, in Moscow, in the Church of the Great Ascension on Malaya Nikitskaya, Pushkin married Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. During the exchange of rings, Pushkin's ring fell to the floor. Then his candle went out. He turned pale and said, "Everything is a bad omen!" Natalya Nikolaevna was in her nineteenth year.

A week later, he wrote to Pletnev:

“I am married - and happy; my only desire is that nothing in my life has changed - I can’t wait for the best. This state is so new to me that it seems I have been reborn.”

Natalya Nikolaevna, Natalie, as she was called in the world, Tasha, as Pushkin began to call her at home, was thirteen years younger than her husband. She was distinguished by her gentle, watercolor beauty (Pushkin called her his Madonna), majestic growth (higher than Pushkin) and a beautiful figure. A slight slanting eye gave her a special charm. She was distinguished by an aristocratic simplicity of manner and tact, she behaved affectionately and at the same time with a coldish dignity.

Natalya Nikolaevna gave her hand to Pushkin without passion. The decisive role was played, apparently, by the desire to get rid of the heavy despotism of the mother. However, having become Pushkin's wife, Natalya Nikolaevna adequately performed this difficult role. He liked the way she kept house, prudently arguing with booksellers over money, giving birth to children one after another, shining at balls. He did not wonder if she, a Moscow young lady, who suddenly became the wife of the first poet of Russia, the first beauty of St. Petersburg, the mistress of a large house, was able to do it - always without money, with sick children, impudent servants, always either after childbirth, or in anticipation of a child. The feeling of her "adulthood" stunned her, success turned her head. But she was smart and virtuous.

Immediately after the wedding, the Pushkin family briefly settled in Moscow on the Arbat, house 53 (now there is a museum). The couple lived there until mid-May 1831, when they left for the capital without waiting for the end of the lease, as Pushkin quarreled with his mother-in-law, who interfered in his family life.

In the period between Moscow and St. Petersburg itself, the couple lived in Tsarskoe Selo, where for some time there was a courtyard. Nicholas I wished to see Pushkin's wife as a decoration for his court balls.

He again entered the summer of 1831 in the civil service in the Foreign Collegium. Pushkin had the right of access to the state archive and began writing The History of Pugachev (1833), a historical study of The History of Peter I.

In the summer of 1831, the novel "Eugene Onegin" received a final finish, "Boris Godunov" was not a success. During this period, Pushkin conceived "Dubrovsky" and "History of Pugachev". Collecting material for The History of Pugachev, he traveled to the battlefields and returned to Boldino in October and lived there until mid-November. It was the second Boldino autumn. There he completed The History of Pugachev, wrote The Bronze Horseman, The Tale of the Dead Princess, The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish, and many poems. By the same time, work on the "Queen of Spades" belongs.

In May 1832, the Pushkins had a daughter, Maria, and in July 1833, a son, Alexander, later, in 1835, a son, Grigory, and in 1836, a daughter, Natalia, were born. The Pushkins themselves and their wife's two sisters lived in St. Petersburg. In order to support such a large family and give it the opportunity to lead a wide social life, Pushkin resorts to a loan and pledges of jewelry.

On January 7, 1833, Pushkin was elected a member of the Russian Academy at the same time as M. N. Zagoskin, P. A. Katenin, D. I. Yazykov and A. I. Malov.

Petersburg (1833-1835)

In November 1833, the poet from Boldin returned to St. Petersburg. At the end of December 1833, Pushkin was granted by Nicholas I to the chamber junkers at court, which he took as an insult. The chamber junker rank was insignificant. This title was usually given to unproven young people. The appearance of a thirty-five-year-old poet, the father of a family, among the chamber junkers gave rise to ridicule. However, this title gave access to the court, and Nicholas I was pleased that Pushkin's wife danced in Anichkovo.

Pushkin found himself chained to St. Petersburg and the court. From now on, he was obliged to appear at all official ceremonies in court uniform.

Natalya Nikolaevna reacted differently to her husband's chamber junkership. She was barely twenty-two years old. She wanted to have fun, she liked the balls at which she was the first beauty. As the wife of a chamber junker, she became an obligatory participant not only in solemn balls and receptions in the Winter Palace, but also in intimate court balls and receptions in the Anichkov Palace, which enjoyed much greater prestige in the St. Petersburg world. She was flattered that her beauty made an impression on the king himself, who courted her platonically. Pushkin had no reason to fear for the morality of his wife, he believed her infinitely, but these courtship were painful for him, as they gave rise to secular gossip.

Reflections that the children will be left without funds in the event of his sudden death are increasingly flickering in letters to his wife. Pushkin hoped to improve his financial affairs by publishing The History of Pugachev and borrowed 10,000 from the government. The publication did not justify his financial calculations, but the debt remained. In the future, he had to again ask Nicholas I for a loan on account of his future salary. According to his own calculation in 1836, the debt to the government amounted to a huge sum of 45,000 rubles. Duty irrevocably tied Pushkin to the court, service and St. Petersburg. And still there was no money.

In 1836 he received permission for a year to publish an almanac. Pushkin also counted on the income from the publication, which would help him pay off his most pressing debts. The magazine, founded in 1836, was called Sovremennik. It published the works of Pushkin himself, as well as N. V. Gogol, A. V. A. Zhukovsky, I. Turgenev, P. A. Vyazemsky.

The magazine did not have reader success, it turned out to be only 600 subscribers, which made it ruinous for the publisher, since neither printing costs nor staff fees were covered. Pushkin already fills the last two volumes of Sovremennik with more than half of his works, mostly anonymous. Despite the financial failure, Pushkin was busy with publishing until the last day, "counting, contrary to fate, to find and educate his reader."

1836-1837 years

In the spring of 1836, after a serious illness, mother Nadezhda Osipovna died. Pushkin, who became close to his mother in the last days of her life, was hard to bear this loss. The circumstances were such that he was the only one from the whole family who accompanied the body of Nadezhda Osipovna to the burial place in the Holy Mountains. This was his last visit to Mikhailovskoye.

Publishing worries, debts, endless negotiations with the son-in-law about the division of the estate after the death of his mother, and, most importantly, the deliberate courtship of the cavalry guard Dantes for his wife, which entailed gossip in secular society, were the cause of Pushkin's oppressed state in the fall of 1836.

On November 3, an anonymous libel was sent to his friends with offensive allusions to Natalya Nikolaevna. Having learned about the letters the next day, Pushkin was sure that they were the work of Dantes and his adoptive father Gekkern. On the evening of November 4, he sent Dantes a challenge to a duel. Gekkern (after two meetings with Pushkin) succeeded in postponing the duel for two weeks. Through the efforts of the poet's friends, and, above all, Zhukovsky and aunt Natalya Nikolaevna E. Zagryazhskaya, the duel was prevented. On November 17, Dantes proposed to his sister Natalia Nikolaevna Ekaterina Goncharova. On the same day, Pushkin sent his second V. A. Sollogub a letter refusing to duel. Marriage did not resolve the conflict. Dantes, meeting with Natalya Nikolaevna in the world, pursued her. Rumors spread that Dantes married Pushkina's sister in order to save the reputation of Natalya Nikolaevna. According to K.K. Danzas, his wife suggested that Pushkin leave Petersburg for a while, but he, “having lost all patience, decided to end differently.” On January 26, 1837, Pushkin sent Louis Gekkern "an extremely insulting letter." The only answer to it could only be a challenge to a duel, and Pushkin knew this. A formal challenge to a duel from Gekkern, approved by Dantes, was received by Pushkin on the same day through the attaché of the French embassy, ​​Viscount d'Archiac. Since Gekkern was the ambassador of a foreign state, he could not fight a duel - this would mean the immediate collapse of his career.

The duel with Dantes took place on the Black River on January 27, 1837. Pushkin was wounded: the bullet broke the neck of the thigh and penetrated into the stomach. For that time, the wound was fatal. Pushkin learned about this from the physician Arendt, who, yielding to his insistence, did not hide the true state of affairs.

Before his death, Pushkin, putting his affairs in order, exchanged notes with Emperor Nicholas I. The notes were transmitted by two people:

• N. F. Arendt - life physician of Emperor Nicholas I, doctor of Pushkin

• V. A. Zhukovsky - a poet, at that time the educator of the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Alexander II.

The poet asked for forgiveness for violating the royal ban on duels:

“... I am waiting for the royal word in order to die peacefully ...”

Sovereign:

“If God does not order us to see each other in this world, I send you my forgiveness and my last advice to die a Christian. Don't worry about your wife and children, I'll take them in my arms."

It is believed that Zhukovsky gave this note.

January 29 (February 10) at 14:45 Pushkin died of peritonitis. Nicholas I fulfilled the promises made to the poet.

Order of the Sovereign:

• Pay off Pushkin's debts.

• Clear the father's mortgaged estate from debt.

• Widow pension and daughters by marriage.

• Sons as pages and 1,500 rubles for the upbringing of each upon entry into the service.

• At public expense, publish essays in favor of the widow and children.

• A lump sum of 10,000 rubles.

At the request of his wife, Pushkin was placed in the coffin not in the chamber junker uniform, which he did not like so much, but in a tailcoat. The funeral service appointed in St. Isaac's Cathedral was moved to the Stables Church. The ceremony took place with a large gathering of people, they were allowed into the church only with invitation cards.

The body was taken out of the apartment at night, secretly, and placed in the Stable Church. However, the people were deceived, saying that Pushkin would be buried in St. Isaac's Cathedral - this was also indicated on the tickets. A strict order was received at the university that professors should not be absent from their departments and students would be present at lectures.

After that, the coffin was lowered into the basement, where it remained until February 3, before leaving for Pskov. Alexander Pushkin is buried on the territory of the Svyatogorsky monastery in the Pskov province. In August 1841, by order of N. N. Pushkina, a tombstone was erected on the grave by the sculptor Alexander Permagorov.

Already 170 years have passed since that day, and you are still trying to turn history back, not wanting to believe that she does not know the subjunctive mood. And you fantasize like a child: if he saw Natalya Nikolaevna returning home, would he stop, talk, maybe he wouldn’t go? .. Or would Zhukovsky, who always wisely guarded him, drive up in time and swindle him for thinking about a duel? .. Or that same hare would have slipped in front of the carriage, as in the 25th year! Or would the scoundrel Dantes have missed? .. Continuous hopeless "or" ...

Of course, I'm not the only one who is such a sad dreamer. From youth, the verses of Andrei Dementiev have settled in my heart:

And I had a dream

That Pushkin was saved

Sergei Sobolevsky...

his beloved friend

With dignity and brilliance

The duel upset suddenly.

The duel did not take place.

There was pain and rage.

Yes, great noise

What made him so mad...

Unfortunately, Sobolevsky

That year he lived in Europe.

Our contemporary poet also enumerates his impotent "or". The poem ends with Danzas stepping at gunpoint and shielding the poet.

And lowers his hand

Unfulfilled Dantes.

But a dream remains a dream. Dantes took place, "came true." And then he lived a long prosperous life, and even became a senator. (Where are you, Lord?!) From the time of youth, I remember another poem by a proletarian poet who "avenged Pushkin at Perekop and carried Pushkin through the Urals." And at first we wanted to take revenge on someone mythical, evil. Thank God, over the years this feeling has gone.

The other day I read that a dueling pistol was brought to us from France for an exhibition, from which Alexander Sergeevich was mortally wounded on January 27 (February 8), 1837. Does anyone really have the strength to look at this terrible work of human hands?! The answer to this banal question is simple: of course, they will go and stare, and even click their tongues. If they sniff the poet's bed voluptuously and rub their hands, giggling! Don't believe? Read the numerous exercises of parapushkinism and see for yourself.

Yes, however, what do we - the inhabitants of the XXI century - this curly-haired descendant of Hannibal have sunk into oblivion ?! Maybe it's time to write it off in the archive? Look how many new poems have been written, including about our turbulent life, and not about some "village where Eugene was bored"! Such thoughts overcome after a conversation with a wonderful person - the head of the Moscow theater of the children's book "Magic Lamp" Marina Gribanova. These devotees - she and her company - created a stunning puppet show based on the works of Alexander Sergeevich. Next, I give the floor to Marina Borisovna herself.

"Our performances are designed for children of different ages. Small children go to us, but 10-11-year-olds do not really. the dead princess and the seven bogatyrs". Recently, we thought that the audience did not associate the words in the name of the performance with anything. And we decided to rename it, naming it as Alexander Sergeevich called his fairy tale. We hope that the audience will come to the performance and get into the creative laboratory of Pushkin. Because the poet himself and his beloved, the future wife Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova, participate in our performance. He writes tender letters to her from Boldin, writes to friends about his affairs. And this second line of the performance is not for the little ones. children. And 10-11 years old is the time to read and understand this fairy tale. Although sometimes you have to face amazing facts: at one performance, a young mother left the performance in a frenzy of delight, told us good words about its beauty, about wonderful artists, about amazing music. And in the end she said: “But it’s not clear who Alexander Sergeevich is, who sits all the time and writes something ?!” I felt unwell ... We staged a performance for older adults - "The Captain's Daughter". But so far I don’t understand what kind of audience can come to it.”

And I do not understand. Well, there was a time for everything. Most likely, in the coming computer era, Pushkin's poetry will eventually remain the lot of the "outgoing nature", and the "young, unfamiliar tribe" will savor his Don Juan list and study sexual addictions. And soon he will be forgotten not only by "a Finn and now a wild Tungus, and a Kalmyk friend of the steppes", but also by the proud grandson of the Slavs. And these "proud grandchildren" will never know what kind of letters the poet wrote to his wonderful "wife". Here is a snippet of just one of them. Smile and cry along with the sentimental author of this note:

“Don’t be angry, wife; let me say a word ... I dragged myself to Moscow, alarmed by the arrival of the court. Now listen, with whom I traveled, with whom I spent 5 days and five nights. That will be my race! With five German actresses, in yellow katsaveykas and black veils. How is it? By God, my soul, I wasn’t flirting with them, they were cupid with me in the hope of an extra ticket. But I excused myself by not knowing the German language, and how little Joseph came out clean from temptation ... You can’t imagine what anguish it is without you... Ah, wife, soul! What will happen to you? Farewell, write."

His troubling question at the end of the letter seems rhetorical at the time. The terrible days of February 37th are still far away: they will have almost five years of a happy life with sorrows, joys, jealousies, separations. And his insights. Neither The Bronze Horseman, nor The Queen of Spades, nor The Captain's Daughter have yet been written, and Eugene Onegin has not been published in full.

And yet not abandoned to us by the will of fate "like hundreds of fugitives, to catch happiness and rank" Georges Charles Dantes, may this name be cursed for centuries.

"BUT. S. Pushkin on the Black Sea.
1897.
Odessa Art Museum, Odessa.

"A. S. Pushkin's farewell to the sea."
1877.

"Pushkin in Odessa".
1985.

"Pushkin in the Bakhchisaray Palace".
1837.

Pushkin in Kamenka among the Decembrists.

"Pushkin among the Decembrists".

"BUT. S. Pushkin.

Alexander more than once rescued Levushka, paid his debts, and fussed for him. As the fame grew and the income of the poet grew, the family more and more unceremoniously demanded help and support from him. After Mikhailovsky, he had no family illusions. But out of his infinite kindness and for the sake of a sense of ancestral duty, which was very strong in him, he did what he could for them, even more. Levushka was largely to blame for his elder brother, but in the family he understood the poet best of all, loved him in his own way, bowed before his poetry. In Levushka himself, some poetic inclinations roamed, which did not have to be revealed. It was difficult for another Pushkin to turn around next to Alexander. In Levushka there was not a shadow of envy for the famous brother, which seeps so unpleasantly in the letters of their sister, the loser. Olga Pushkina, by some misunderstanding, is considered to be a close friend of the poet. In fact, neither in Pushkin's poems nor in his correspondence is there even a shadow of this friendship. And in Olga's letters, there is a clear hostility, almost hostility towards her brother.
Vyazemsky, who always tried to note in people, especially in the dead, their best sides, after the death of Lev Pushkin wrote: “A lion, or as he was known before his death Levushka, had some enthusiastic worship for Alexander. Maybe there was a bit of pride in his love. He was proud to be his brother - and such pride is not only forgivable, but also natural and plausible. He felt that the rays of his brother's glory were reflected somewhat on him, that they illuminated and made his way easier.

Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams. "Life of Pushkin". Volume one.

1937.

Pushkin was neither cold nor callous. He did not like sensitive outpourings, he was an incorrigible scoff, he could tease his own and others. But the gift of friendship was given to him rare. The generosity of his infinitely rich nature affected here too. And in friendship, he gave more than he received. Only Delvig, later Nashchokin, paid him the same full-weight gold coin.

Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams. "Life of Pushkin".

"BUT. S. Pushkin.
1999.

The whole circle of gifted writers and friends who were grouped around Pushkin bore the character of the carelessness of a Russian gentleman who loves to deceive, perhaps even more so than his contemporary society. This young circle was dominated by courtesy and free-spirited, playful gaiety; an inexhaustible wit shone, the highest example of which was Pushkin. But the soul of this whole happy family of poets was Delvig, in whose house they most often gathered ... Delvig always joked witty, without offending anyone. In this respect, Pushkin differed sharply from him: Pushkin often showed a restless mood. The great poet was no stranger to strange antics, often reminiscent of Figaro's phrase: "Oh, how stupid these smart people are!" - This little comparison may explain why Pushkin was not the owner of a circle that was fond of his genius ... Pushkin was so reckless and arrogant that, despite all his genius, he was not always prudent, and sometimes not even smart. Delvig, I can affirmatively say, was always smart!

A. P. KERN. Memories. Ed. Academy. Leningrad, 1929, pp. 227,280.

"Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin".
1899.

With all his good-heartedness, Pushkin was rather vindictive, and not so much by innate quality and passion, but by calculation; he, so to speak, made it his duty, made it a rule for himself to remember evil and not let go of his debtors. Who was in his debt, or whom he revered, that in debt, he, sooner or later, paid him off, willingly or unwillingly. To help his memory, he kept in this respect an accounting order: he kept a written account of his debtors, real or supposed; he waited only for an opportunity when it would be more convenient to collect the arrears. He was in no hurry to collect, but the mark should not be erased from the name. It literally was. On shreds of paper he had some names written that were waiting for their turn; sometimes notes were already prepared in advance about them, how and when to collect the debt that was listed for this or that. Probably, my name was also written on a similar fatal patch, and the penalty was made from me with a well-known epigram. That's at least my guess based on the above circumstances.<1>. But if Pushkin was vindictive, then would he write an epigram in passing and in a cursory handwriting of the pen, introduce someone into his "Eugene Onegin" or into a message, and the matter is over ... In his actions, in his deeds there was not even a shadow of vindictiveness, he didn't want to hurt anyone.

Book. P. A. VYAZEMSKY. Full coll. cit., vol. 1, pp. 321 - 324.

Vikenty Veresaev. "Pushkin in life".

"Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin". Fragment.
1899.

I often saw Alexander Pushkin: he is incomparable when he does not play a fool on himself.
A. A. MUKHANOV TO N. A. MUKHANOV, March 16, 1827, from Moscow. Shchukinsky
Collection, IV, 127.

Vikenty Veresaev. "Pushkin in life".

"Alexander Pushkin".
1987.

"BUT. Pushkin.

Bryulov said about Pushkin: “What a lucky Pushkin!

ARC. OS. ROSSET. Rus. Arch., 1882, I, 246.

Vikenty Veresaev. "Pushkin in life".

"Pushkin and Ryleev".

"Mikhailovskoe. House of A. S. Pushkin.
1957.

"Autumn. Mikhailovskoye. House of A. S. Pushkin.
1963.

"Mikhailovskoe. Northern porch of the house of A. S. Pushkin.
1962.

"Pushkinsky Reserve".
1961.

"In the Pushkin estate. Bridge".
2005.

"In Mikhailovsky. Humpback Bridge.

"Pushkin".
Belgorod Art Museum.

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".
1969.

"BUT. S. Pushkin on a garden bench.
1899.

"Pushkin in the meadow".
Etude.
1948.

"Pushkin on the grass".
1949.

Pushkin over the lake in the evening.
1978.

"Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin".
1862.

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".
2010.

"Pushkin's office in Mikhailovsky".
1972.

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".
1975.

"Mikhailovskoe. Pushkin's office.

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".
1974.

"... and Pushkin remembered you!"

"Pushkin in Mikhailovsky".
Sketch.
1938.

"BUT. S. Pushkin.

Pushkin had a good general education. In addition to a thorough acquaintance with foreign literature, he knew our history well and generally used exile for his serious education. So, by the way, he learned English. He had several books with him, including Shakespeare. One day, in our tent, he translated some scenes from his brother and me. I once studied English, but, not having finished my studies properly, I forgot it afterwards. However, I still knew his sounds. In reading Pushkin, the English pronunciation was so ugly that I suspected his knowledge of the language and decided to subject him to an examination. For this, the next day, I called his relative Zakhar Chernyshev, who knew English as his native language, and, having warned him what was the matter, called Pushkin and Shakespeare to me. He willingly began to translate it for us. Chernyshev, at the very first words read by Pushkin in English, burst out laughing: "Tell me first, what language do you read?" Pushkin, in turn, burst out laughing, explaining that he learned English by self-taught, and therefore reads English letters as Latin. But the fact is that Chernyshev found his translation correct and his understanding of the language impeccable.

M. V. Yuzefovich. Memories of Pushkin. Rus. Arch., 1880, III, 435 - 445.

Vikenty Veresaev. "Pushkin in life".

In recent years, Pushkin learned English - who would believe that? - in four months! He wanted to read Byron and Shakespeare in the original, and four months later he was reading them in English as in his own language.

(N. A. POLEVOI?). Moscow Telegraph, 1829, part 28, no. 11, p. 390.

Vikenty Veresaev. "Pushkin in life".

"Pushkin at the Svyatogorsk Fair".
1936.

"Fair".
2002.

"Morning fog".
2008.

"At Lake Malenets".
1974.

"Winter skiing on Lake Malenets".
2002.

"According to Soroti".
2000.

"Harvest".
2002.

"Hunting".
2002.

"Visit to A.P. Kern in 1825 to Mikhailovsky".
2002.

As I was before, so am I now:
Careless, loving. You know friends
Can I look at beauty without tenderness,
Without timid tenderness and secret excitement.
Have you ever played love in my life?
Little did I fight like a young hawk,
In the deceptive nets spread by Cyprida:
And not corrected by a hundredfold resentment,
I bring my prayers to new idols...

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, the greatest Russian poet, prose writer and playwright, was born in Moscow on May 26, 1799. The baby was baptized two days later at the Elokhov Cathedral of the Epiphany in the presence of his parents and godfather, Count Vorontsov.

Biography of Pushkin

By origin, Alexander Sergeevich is the heir to a noble family. The poet's paternal grandfather was Lev Aleksandrovich, an artillery colonel. Father - Sergey Lvovich Pushkin, a poetic romantic, a star of social events. Mother, Nadezhda Osipovna Pushkina, was the granddaughter of Abram Petrovich Gannibal, a pupil of Peter I.

The childhood of the future poet passed in the village of Zakharovo near Moscow, not far from Zvenigorod. The first childhood impressions of 14-year-old Alexander were reflected in the poems "The Monk" (1813) and "Bova" (1814).

Tsarskoye Selo

Pushkin's biography opened a new page in 1811, when young Alexander entered the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. There he happened to live through the events of the war of 1812, and, perhaps, the shock caused by the invasion of Napoleon was the first impetus for the rapid manifestation of the poetic gift. Pushkin in Tsarskoe Selo took the first steps towards the heights of poetic mastery. In addition, he tried himself as an artist. The literary archives contain sketches of Alexander Sergeevich's poems, which he personally illustrated. Pencil drawings of the young poet were distinguished by confident lines and some special plot grace.

Influence of French poetry

Pushkin wrote many poems at the Lyceum. His "mentors" were French poets, Alexander got acquainted with their work in childhood, when he read books avidly in his father's library. The young Pushkin's favorite author was Voltaire. In later poetic works, Alexander Sergeevich tried to combine the traditions of Russian and French poetry. Pushkin studied poetry with Batyushkov, a recognized master of light poetry. The poet adopted a lot from Zhukovsky, the main Russian romantic. Pushkin in the Lyceum began to understand the basics of poetic professionalism, which later helped him become a great poet and one of the creators of the literary Russian language.

Pushkin's lyrics of 1813-1816 are based on the principles of a superficial attitude to life, a thirst for pleasure and ease of existence. Pushkin's life did not always correspond to the lightness that he extolled in his poems, and he soon got bored with such a manner of poetry. Beginning in 1816, the poet turned to the genre of elegy, writing about unrequited love, the transience of youth, the fading of spiritual impulses. Initially, Pushkin's lyrical works are full of literary cliches and conventions, but soon the poet chooses his own path. Continuing the traditions of chamber poetry, he nonetheless already focuses his work on socially significant topics that require more complex poetic forms.

Written in 1814, a work called "Memoirs in Tsarskoe Selo", dedicated to the Patriotic War of 1812, Pushkin read in the presence of Derzhavin himself, who approved the creative aspirations of the young poet. Then the poem was published in the magazine "Russian Museum" signed by the author.

Pushkin's biography, meanwhile, was replenished with new pages. The poet became a full member of the literary society "Arzamas", designed to fight against archaism in poetry. Alexander Sergeevich entered into a fierce controversy with the "Lovers of the Russian Word" association, which brought together supporters of canonical classicism in the poetry of past centuries.

Service in the office

Pushkin's biography continued with work at the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Alexander Sergeevich during this period becomes an inveterate theatergoer, does not miss a single premiere performance, joins the Green Lamp theater society. At that time, secret organizations of the Decembrists had already appeared, but Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin did not participate in their activities, although he had friendly relations with some of the activists.

However, he writes political poems and epigrams, including "The Village", "Love, Hope, Quiet Glory", "N. Ya. Plyuskova", "Liberty". Pushkin's life during the period of the Decembrist movement was complicated due to his loyalty to the rebels, and he was included in the list of unreliable citizens.

Link Threat

In May 1820 clouds hung over the poet. He was summoned to the Governor General M. A. Miloradovich, who demanded an explanation about the satirical epigrams addressed to Count Arakcheev, a favorite of Emperor Alexander the First.

Since then, Alexander Sergeevich first had to send his works to the censor, and only then offer poems for publication.

Link

Pushkin in St. Petersburg did not feel like a free artist, but now he had to be afraid of persecution. Meanwhile, information about the political unreliability of Alexander Sergeevich reached Tsar Alexander I, and he expressed his attitude to what was happening: "Pushkin should be exiled to Siberia. All Russian youth reads his outrageous poems ...". The poet was really exiled, but he had to go not to Siberia, but to the south, to the city of Yekaterinoslavl. Officially, the move from St. Petersburg was formalized as a transfer to the office of I. N. Inzov, the viceroy general of Bessarabia.

In Yekaterinoslav, Pushkin fell ill after swimming in the cold Dnieper. He, lying in a feverish delirium, was discovered by General Raevsky, who was heading to the Caucasus with his family. They took Alexander Sergeevich with them, and he quickly recovered thanks to the mountain air. Pushkin spent the summer months of 1820 in the Caucasus. Then, together with the Raevskys, Alexander Sergeevich moved to the Crimea, where he lived for several weeks in Gurzuf among the vineyards. The smell of almond trees fascinated, setting in an optimistic mood. The Crimean history of Pushkin became a period of creative upsurge. Life on the Black Sea coast was "the cradle of his Onegin," as the poet himself figuratively put it, while working on the novel.

Kishinev

By that time, Inzov's office had already been transferred to Chisinau, and Pushkin was to begin his official duties. However, General Inzov did not load the poet with work, and Alexander Sergeevich got the opportunity to travel to nearby cities, as well as to engage in poetry. In Chisinau, where Pushkin lived from 1820 to 1823, he wrote "southern" poems: "The Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Gypsies", "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai", "The Robber Brothers". In the same place, Alexander Sergeevich created his famous "Gavriliad" and proceeded to the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin".

In Chisinau, Alexander Sergeevich was accepted into the Masonic lodge under the name "Ovid".

Odessa

In the middle of the summer of 1823, Pushkin moved to Odessa, having been enrolled in the service of Count M. S. Vorontsov, the governor of Novorossia. But unlike Inzov, the new boss of Alexander Sergeevich demanded that the poet fulfill his duties in full, which he could not do for a number of reasons. It ended up that Pushkin was sent to his mother's estate, which was located in the Pskov region.

Mikhailovskoe

"Pskov will be worse than Siberia," the poet's friends lamented. Alexander Sergeevich was in the village of Mikhailovskoye under the supervision of officials of all stripes, and this annoyed him in order. However, the poet soon reconciled himself and continued to work on the novel "Eugene Onegin", which later rightfully began to be considered an "encyclopedia of Russian life."

In Mikhailovsky, Pushkin wrote quite a lot of poems and poems, among which were "Boris Godunov", "Eugene Onegin", "Count Nulin", "Bacchic Song", "Prophet", "Village", "Imitation of the Koran", "I remember a wonderful moment...", "Arap of Peter the Great".

In fact, the village of Mikhailovskoye became the poetic homeland of Alexander Sergeevich. However, in 1825 his fate changed dramatically. The new Tsar Nicholas the First, who ascended the throne after the death of Alexander I, summoned Pushkin to Moscow, granted complete freedom in choosing a place of residence and declared himself the only censor of the poet. The latter circumstance created certain inconveniences for Pushkin, since now his income directly depended on the goodwill of the emperor.

Matchmaking

In May 1829, Alexander Sergeevich proposed to the young beauty Natalya Goncharova. The girl didn't say yes or no. Disappointed, Pushkin left for the Caucasus without even asking permission from the authorities. Travels along the Georgian Military Highway, numerous meetings with friends, personal participation in the battles of the Russian army during the capture of Arzrum - all this was included in the autobiographical work "Journey to Arzrum".

Upon his return from the Caucasus, the poet was summoned to the head of the gendarmerie, Benkendorf, who demanded a written explanation of the reasons for the violation of the instructions of the police authorities. An unspoken supervision was established over Pushkin, which continued until the death of the poet in 1837.

Boldino

On May 6, 1830, Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova accepted Pushkin's proposal, and the engagement took place. The events that followed this: the cholera epidemic in Moscow, quarantines and restrictions - separated the lovers for a long time. In the estate of Boldino, where Pushkin lived from September to December 1830, he created a cycle of works "Boldino Autumn", which occupies a special place in the poet's work. During that period, the works "The Miserly Knight", "The House in Kolomna", "Tales of Belkin", "The Stone Guest", "Mozart and Salieri", "Feast during the Plague", "The History of the Village of Goryukhin" were written.

In early December 1830, Pushkin returned to Moscow. Two months later, in the Church of the Ascension, located at the Nikitsky Gate, the wedding of the poet and Natalya Goncharova took place. The newlyweds lived in Moscow for several months, then left for Tsarskoye Selo, where Pushkin began another period of inspired creativity. He creates the works "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "The History of Peter the Great".

Pushkin's children

The couple moved from Tsarskoye Selo to St. Petersburg in October 1831, where they had already settled for permanent residence. In 1832, their daughter Maria was born, a year later their son Alexander, in 1835 their second son Grigory, in 1836 their daughter Natalia was born. Pushkin's children were brought up by visiting governesses.

Death of poet

On January 29, 1837, the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin died in the house of Princess Volkonskaya on the Moika embankment in Moscow. The cause of death was a wound received during a fatal duel with the boyfriend of Natalia Goncharova - Dantes. The sun of Russian poetry has set, thus opening the way to the immortal glory of the poet.

Pushkin was buried at the altar wall of the Svyatogorsky Assumption Monastery in the Pskov province.