About lexical Germanisms in the Ukrainian-Hungarian dictionary Istvan Udvari
Andrea Aboni
The Western Ukrainian territories were backward parts of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, which was the reason that the language of teaching and printing came under strong German influence, and then - after the collapse of the monarchy - under Polish influence. German lexical elements are so organically rooted in the Ukrainian vocabulary, both phonetically and morphologically, that in many cases their “alien” character has been lost. Such as, for example: buduvati, gamuvati, koshtuvati, musiti, morduvati, keruvati, muruvati, vaga, warta, rude, kelikh, komin, ganchirka, kram, shafa, relish, ryatunok, frame, room, potato, kreyda, budinok. Words of German origin are mostly associated with construction (verstat, trowel, damkrat, paste, valve, edge, coupling, jointer, tongue and groove, hose, plasterer), art (harp, choreographer, tuning fork, bandmaster, leitmotif, dance), typography (paragraph , flyleaf, font), trade (accountant, bill of exchange, cashier, broker, fine), various household items (tie, apron, case, screen), tactical expressions are also largely represented (breastplate, howitzer, guardhouse, corporal, officer, soldier,
field marshal, flank, headquarters, assault). From the dictionary
1. space< нем. spazieren «гулять» - Udvari VI. 145. Укр. шпацірувати (Грінченко 4: 509);
2. melduvati< нем. melden «извещать, докладывать» - Udvari III. 74. Украинское мельдувати заимствовано из немецкого языка, можно предполагать, что посредством польского (ЕСУМ 3:
434);
3. label< бав.-австр. leibel, нем. leibl, laibl, laibli «мужская или женская верхняя одежда (без рукавов)» - Udvari III. 20. Слово лейбик - диалектное слово немецкого происхождения. В украинский язык проникало посредством польского;
4. arrest< нем. Arrest «арест» - Udvari I. 49. Украинские слова арешт, арештант, арештувати, арештъ (XVII. в.), арестъ (XVIII. в.) - заимствования из немецкого языка (ЕСУМ 1: 83, Грінченко 1: 9).
5. warta< др.-в.-нем. warta, ср.-в.-нем. warte, нем. Warte «(сторожевая) вышка; стража, караул» - Udvari I. 156. Украинское варта (XVI. в.) - заимствование из немецкого языка, предполагается через польский (ЕСУМ 1: 333).
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And one more note (http://www.proza.ru/2008/08/09/288) from Gariy Glikin
The fact is that my wife and I have permanent residence in Nuremberg and are getting acquainted with the German language with great interest. Benrath pointed out many examples of borrowings from German into Russian. And I want to draw attention to numerous Ukrainian words that have the same root as German, but not with Russian.
Here are a few Ukrainian words that I noticed, which, it seems to me, may have origin either from German, or from a common source with German (for example, Latin), but NOT THROUGH the Russian language, because Russian has completely different roots:

kidney (body part) - nirka (pronounced dive) - die Niere;
expenses, maintenance funds - koshti (pron. koshty) - die Kosten (pron. koshten);
estimate - costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan);
hook - hook - der Haken;
harden - gartuvati (pron. gartuvaty) - haerten (pron. herten, but hard - hart - hart);
to remain in debt (for example, money) - zaborguvati (pron. zaborguvaty) - der Borg (loan); borgen - to borrow;
bow - tsibulya (pron. tsibulya) - die Zwiebel (pron. tsibulya);
roof - dah - das Dach;
specialty - Fach - das Fach;
cellar - loch - das Loch (pronounced lech - hole);
violence - hubbub - die Gewalt;
to be obliged (to do something) -musiti (pron. musyty) - muessen;
ham - shinka (read shynka) - der Schinken.

The influence of Yiddish is also possible, because German colonists appeared in Ukraine only under Catherine II, and Jews lived during the times of the Zaporozhye Sich and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Yiddish comes from one of the dialects of German).

I came across the German word die Baumwolle (baumwolle), kind of like wood wool, damn it, I want to look it up in the dictionary, but my wife laughs: “Don’t you recognize baumwolle?
Bavovna is Ukrainian cotton.

Perhaps these words came to Ukrainian through Polish and, from the point of view of great science, are not considered a borrowing from German. But I don’t mind, I see German roots in them.

Here are the words I noticed that seem to come from the English language:
strike - strike - der Streik; English strike;
charter - statute - das Statut; English statute;
lantern - ligtar (pron. likhtar) - das Licht (pron. likht - light; lighting); English light - light;
vegetable oil - oliya (pron. oliya) -das;l (pron. ;yol); English oil - liquid oil (oil too?);
Porcelain - porzellan - das Porzellan (pronounced porzellan) does not necessarily come from German; la porcelaine - French; porcelain - English

However, the English or French origin of these words is doubtful, because The Ukrainian population and the Zaporozhye Sich did not have direct contact with England and France.

Noteworthy are some cases of coincidence of syntax (combinations of words in sentences). In German, wait for a friend "warten auf Freundes", i.e. the German verb warten (to wait) requires the preposition auf (on); in Ukrainian it will be “check for a friend,” i.e., also with the preposition “on.”
The German expression du machst Recht (lit. you have the right, in Russian - you are right) in Ukrainian will be “you maєsh raciyu”.

Ukrainian words similar to German

The picture shows the Germans, 3rd century AD. In the picture - Ukrainians
In the Ukrainian language you can find many words of Germanic origin, words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, as well as words similar to German. Knowing these words helps when learning German. There are more such words in the Ukrainian language than in Russian.

There are several reasons and eras for the emergence of common Ukrainian-German words. Germanic and Slavic languages ​​belong to the Indo-European language group and arose from the common proto-language of SANSKRIT. Therefore, in Germanic and Slavic languages ​​there are many similar single-root words; for example German Mutter - Ukrainian matir, mother; German glatt (smooth, slippery, quirky) - Ukrainian. smooth. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, over several centuries (in the 1st millennium AD), German tribes (Teutons, Goths, etc.) passed through the lands of what is now Ukraine, including the Lower Dnieper region and Volyn. The Eastern Goths were in Volyn in the 2nd - 5th centuries. AD Part of the German-speaking population did not go to the West along with the majority of their fellow tribesmen, but continued to live in the lands of what is now Ukraine. The Eastern Slavs appeared in Volyn and the Dnieper region around the same time, in the first half of the first millennium of the new era. Rare settlements of some German-speaking tribes interspersed with settlements of the Slavs. The inhabitants of these villages gradually merged with the Eastern Slavs and transferred part of their vocabulary to the latter. The German-speaking population influenced the language and culture of the Eastern Slavs, and subsequently became related and merged with the Slavs. The ancient origin of words related to Germanic ones in the Ukrainian language is confirmed by the fact that among these words there are many that denote basic life concepts (buduvati, dakh). In the Kyiv region there is still a settlement called GERMANOVKA, known by this name for more than 1,100 years. In the 9th century AD, and perhaps even earlier, close communication between Rus' and the Varangians began, who brought with them from Scandinavia the language of the North Germanic (Scandinavian) group. From the Varangians who came at the end of the 9th century. led by Prince Oleg to Kyiv, these words entered the language of the Polyans and Drevlyans who lived in these places. The Polyanes and the Drevlyans spoke their own languages, close to each other. And since the time of Christianization, the role of the written language throughout Kievan Rus was played by the Church Slavonic language, in which the Slavic Bible of Cyril and Methodius was written. The Polyansky language was the spoken language of the Kyiv principality and became one of the progenitors of the Ukrainian language. During the eventful thousand-year history of Ukraine, German words penetrated into the Ukrainian language in other ways. The penetration of German words into the Ukrainian language continued first through the Polish language during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which for a long time included Ukraine, and later through Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary for a long time. Since ancient times, German specialists (builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, directors, management personnel, etc.) came to Ukraine. They all brought with them the terms of their professions.
Not all words of the Ukrainian language that have the same root as German came into the Ukrainian language directly from the German language. Words common to these languages ​​may have other origins. Some German words entered Ukraine through Yiddish, the language of Eastern European Ashkinazi Jews. for example, the word hubbub (scream, noise), Gewalt, which in German means power, violence.
The presence in the Ukrainian language of many words common to the Ukrainian and German languages ​​is also explained by the borrowing of international words by these languages ​​from Latin, Greek, French, English and other languages. In the Ukrainian and German languages ​​there are many similar international words of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English and French origin. For example, the words Kreide (chalk), Edukation (education), fein (beautiful). Some Ukrainian words in this glossary are not related to German words, but are only coincidentally similar and consonant with them.
It makes sense to indicate in one glossary all the words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, regardless of their origin. Knowing such words helps when learning German.
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

The glossary first lists a Ukrainian word, then a German word after a dash, then a definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in parentheses the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.
In this publication, special German letters ("acute" es, vowels with "umlaut") cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Accentuvati - akzentuiren - to emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

Bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitniy - blau - blue, sky color
plaque - Blech, das - tin
bleshany (blechernes Dach) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
I'm wasting pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I'm missing the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brewing - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) - build
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
bursak - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

Wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
hesitate - vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) - weigh;
warta - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guard) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German: wait, care for a child or the sick, perform official duties) - stand on guard; guard, guard
vazhiti - waegen - weigh, weigh;
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, risk) - to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
wogky - feucht - wet

Guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
hon! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, leap) - hop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - bars (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
gruendlich - thoroughly,
gruendlich - solid
to ground, to ground - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to justify) - to justify
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) - to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

Dach - Dach, das - roof
kings - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
druckerei - Druckerei, die - printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuvati - danken - to thank

Education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

Zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo - monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - mercenary warrior

Zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow

Istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)

Kaplitsa - Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) - chapel
Karafka - Karaffe, die - a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches, but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, notched
karbuvati - kerben - to notch, mint (money)
kwach - Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel)



pick - Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) - pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it means to turn) - to manage, to lead
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or with filling
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
klejnot - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans
color - Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German boil) - to love
kost (for your kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - bill (at your own expense)
costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
bed - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnica - Kram, (German product) - store, shop
kreide - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
kriza - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) - hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form

Lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
lizhko - liegen (German lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German - this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) - to leave, to leave
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lyusterko - from him. L;st, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

Malyuvati - malen - to draw
baby - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manierny - manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically polite, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe

Nisenitnytsia - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)

Olia - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) - liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar

Peahen - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruka - Peruecke, die - wig
peruecke - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
scarf - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati - pluendern - to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
pohaptsem - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (to offer) - proposal
proponuvati - poponieren - to offer

Rada - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maєsh ration) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in the expression: you're right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rakhunok - Rechnung, die - counting, counting
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
rizik - Risiko, das - risk
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
rinva - Rinne, die - gutter, groove
ryatuvati - retten - save

Celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savor - schmecken - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
stroh - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish - stang) “pole, pole” - flag, banner

Teslar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - tremble

Ugorshchina - Ungarn, das - Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
fakh - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugeb;nk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
fuhrmann - Fuhrmann, der - carter

Hapati - happen (nach D) (in German - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die - house

Tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
tsvyakh - Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) - a nail
tsegla - Ziegel, der - brick
treadmill - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
tseber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil - Ziel, das - goal
cibul - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civil - zivil - civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (rough) - Zitze, die - female breast
zukor - Zucker, der - sugar

Line - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock

Checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhray - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) - swindler
shibenik - schieben schieben (German: move, push) - hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German: move, push) - gallows
shibka - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
shank - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlade - Schublade, die - drawer

Shcherbaty - Scherbe, die, (in German, a shard, a fragment) - with one fallen, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)

Fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)

Glossary of Ukrainian words similar to German

Russian words in German
Oleg Kiselev
RUSSIAN WORDS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Kiselev O.M. 2007

Every language has words of foreign origin. In German, words of Russian origin mainly relate to the specifics of Russian or Soviet life.

Abkuerzungsverzeichnis - list of abbreviations
Adj. - Adjektiv - adjective
Ez. - Einzahl - singular
frz. - franzoesisch - French
it. - italienisch - Italian
lat. - lateinisch - Latin
Mz. - Mehrzahl - plural
nlat. - neulateinisch - New Latin
russ. - russisch - Russian
slaw - slavisch - Slavic
tschech. - tschechisch - Czech
umg. - umgangssprachlich - from colloquial language
see - sieh! - Look!

This glossary contains words of Russian origin, most of which the average German understands without translation or explanation. Some of these words are only understood by advanced Germans. In German texts such words are used without translation.
After the noun being explained, the gender of the noun and the ending of the genitive case (genitive) singular, as well as the nominative case (nominative) plural, are indicated in brackets. An explanation of the meaning of these words is given in German and Russian.

Aktiv, (das, -s, nur Ez.), - Personenegruppe, die eine Aufgabe in der Gesellschaft erfuellt (in Kommunist. Lagern) (lat.-russ.) - asset, (in communist countries)
Aktivist, (der, -n, -n), - 1. jemand, der aktiv und zielstrebig ist, 2. ausgezeichneter Werktaetiger (in der DDR) (lat.-russ.) - activist, active worker (in the GDR)
Apparatschik, (der, -n, -n), sturer Funktion;r (lat.-russ.) - apparatchik, stubborn (stupid, limited) functionary
Babuschka, Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - in German it is often used instead of the word matryoshka
Balalajka, (die, -, -ken), russischem Zupfinstrument - balalaika, Russian plucked musical instrument
Barsoi, (der, -s, -s), russischer Windhund - greyhound, Russian hound dog
Borschtsch, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Eintopf aus Roten Rueben, Weisskraut, sauer Sahne u.a. (als polnische, ukrainische oder russische Spezialitaet) - borscht, Polish, Ukrainian or Russian first course of beets and/or cabbage with sour cream
Beluga, (der, -s, -s), 1. kleine Walart, Weiswal, 2. (nur Ez.) Hausenkaviar, 3. Hausen (Huso huso L.) - 1. white whale, beluga whale, marine mammal of the dolphin family, 2. beluga caviar, 3. beluga, a genus of fish of the sturgeon family, anadromous fish of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Adriatic seas
Bistro, (das, -s, -s), kleine Gaststaedte mit einer Weinbar (russ.-frz.) - bistro, small cafe with wine bar, snack bar, small restaurant (derived from the Russian word "quickly"; after the victory over Napoleon in 1814 Russian Cossacks in Paris used this word)
Blini, (das, -s, -s), kleiner Buchweizenpfannkuchen - pancakes (in Germany they believe that pancakes are made from buckwheat flour)
Bojar, (der, -n, -n), altruss. Adliger, altrumaenischer Adliger - boyar (in ancient Rus' or in former Romania)
Bolschewik, (der, -n, -n oder -i), Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei der ehemaliges Sovjetunion (bis 1952) - Bolshevik, member of the Communist Party of the former USSR (until 1952)
bolschewisieren, (Verb), bolschewistisch machen - to Bolshevize
Bolschewismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), Herrschaft der Bolschewiken, (nlat.-russ.) - Bolshevism, Bolshevik rule
Bolschewist, (der, -en, -en), Anhoenger des Bolschewismus - Bolshevik
bolschewistisch, (Adj.), zum Bolschewismus gehoerig - Bolshevik
Burlak, (der, -en, -en), Wolgakahntreidler, Schiffsziher - barge hauler, a person from a group of people pulling a barge
cyrillische Schrift - see kyrillische Schrift
Datscha, (die, -, -n), Landhaus (in ehemalige DDR) - dacha, country house (formerly in the former GDR)
Dawaj-dawaj! - come on, come on! (in Germany they know this Russian expression, but do not understand its literal meaning; the expression was brought by prisoners of war returning from Russia)
Desjatine, (die, -, -n), altes russisches Flaechenma; (etwas mehr als als ein Hektar) - tithe, an old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one hectare
Getman, (der, -s, -e), (dt.-poln.-ukr.), oberster ukrainische Kosakenfuehrer, (from German Hauptmann - captain, centurion, chief) - hetman (Ukrainian), hetman (Russian) ) (the word hetman came into the Ukrainian language through the Polish language
Glasnost fuer Offenheit, Gorbatschows politischer Reformkurs - glasnost, political course of Gorbachev's reforms
Gley (der, -, nur Ez.), nasser Mineralboden - soil profile of green, blue or bluish-rusty color due to the presence of ferrous iron (in Russian from English)
Gospodin, (der, -s, Gospoda), Herr - master
Gulag, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Hauptverwaltung der Lagern (in der ehemaliges Sovjetunion) - Gulag, the main administration of camps in the former USSR
Iglu, (der oder das, -s, -s), aus Sneebloken bestehende runde Hutte des Eskimos - an igloo consisting of snow blocks, a round structure of the Eskimos
Iwan, (der, -s, -s), Russe, sowietischer Soldat; Gesamtheit der sowjetischen Soldaten (als Spitzname im II Weltkrieg) - Ivan, Russian, Soviet soldier, Soviet army (as a nickname in World War II)
Jakute, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Sibirien - nationality, a person belonging to one of the Turkic peoples of Siberia
Jurte, (die, -, -n), rundes Filzzelt mittelasiatischer Nomaden - yurt, round tent of Central Asian nomads
Kadet, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger einer 1905 gegruendeten, liberal-monarchistischen russischen Partei, - cadet, member of the party of constitutional democrats created in 1905, supporters of the constitutional monarchy in Tsarist Russia
Kalaschnikow (der, -s, -s), Maschinenpistole (im Namen des russische Erfinder), - Kalashnikov; Kalashnikov assault rifle (on behalf of the Russian inventor)
Kalmuecke (Kalmyke), (der. -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Westmongolischenvolkes - Kalmyk
Kasache, (der, -en, -en), Einwohner von Kasachstan, Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Centralasien - Kazakh
Kasack, (der, -s, -s), ueber Rock oder Hose getragene, mit Guertel gehaltene Bluse (durch it.-frz.) - a blouse worn over a dress or trousers and supported by a belt
Kasatschok, (der. -s, -s), akrobatischer Kosakentanz, bei dem die Beine aus der Hoke nach vorn geschleuden werden - acrobatic dance of the Cossacks, in which the legs slide forward
Kascha, (die, -, nur Ez.), russische Buchweizengruetze, Brei - porridge, in Germany the word “Kascha” is used mainly to refer to buckwheat porridge
KGB - KGB, State Security Committee
Kibitka, (die, -, -s), 1. Jurte, 2. einfacher, ueberdachter russischer Bretterwagen oder Schlitten - 1. yurt, 2. kibitka, a simple covered Russian cart or sleigh
Knute, (die, -, -n), Riemenpeitsche; Gewaltherrschaft - whip, belt whip, control by force
Kolchos (der, das, -, Kolchose), Kolchose (die, -, -n), landwirtschaftliczhe Productionsgenossenschaft in Sozialismus - collective farm, collective farm, agricultural production cooperative under socialism
Komsomol (der, -, nur Ez.), kommunistiscze jugedorganization (in der ehemaliges UdSSR) (Kurzwort) - Komsomol
Komsomolze (der, -n, -n), Mitglied des Komsomol - Komsomol member
Kopeke, (die, -, -n), abbr. Kop. - kopeck
Kosak, (der, -en, -en), - freier Krieger, leichter Reiter; in Russland und in die Ukraine angesiedelten Bevoelkerungsgruppe - Cossack
Kreml, (der, -s, -s), Stadtburg in russischen Staedten; Stadtburg in Moskau und Sitz der russische Regierung; die russische Regierung - the Kremlin, the central fortress in ancient Russian cities, the Kremlin, the central fortress in Moscow, the Soviet or Russian government
Kulak, (der, -en, -en), Grossbauer, (von russisches Wort Kulak, bedeutet auch Faust) - wealthy peasant, fist
Kyrillika, Kyrilliza, kyrillische Schrift - slawische Schrift (slaw.) - Cyrillic, Church Slavonic script, the name of a group of Slavic scripts (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Slavic), descended from the Church Slavonic script created by Cyril and Methodius
Leninismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), der von W.I.Lenin weiterentwickelte Marksismus (rus.-nlat.) - Leninism
Leninist, (der, -en, -en), Anh;nger des Leninismus (rus.-nlat.) - supporter of Leninism, Leninist
leninistisch, (Adj.), zum Leninismus gehoerig, darauf beruhend (rus.-nlat.) - related to Leninism, based on Leninism
Machorka (der, -s, nur Ez.), russischer Tabak, - makhorka, Russian strong tobacco
Malossol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), schwach gesalzener russische Kaviar - lightly salted caviar
Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - matryoshka
Molotowskokteul - Molotov cocktail; Molotov cocktail (the original name Molotov cocktail originated in Finland during the Soviet-Finnish war of 1940)
Panje, (der, -s, -s), russischer Bauer, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - Russian peasant (ironically)
Panjewagen, (der, -s, -), kleine einfache russische Pferdwagen, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - primitive Russian cart (ironically)
Papirossa, (die, -, -rosay), russische Zigarette mit langem, hohlem Mundstueck - cigarette, Russian cigarette with a long, hollow mouthpiece
Perm, (das, -s, nur Ez.), juengste Formation des Paleozoikums (Geologie und Paleontologie) - Perm, early Paleozoic period (in geology and paleontology), from the name of the Russian city of Perm
Perestrojka, (ohne Artikel), (der, -s, nur Ez.), Gorbatschtwsreformen, Umgeschtaltung in SU - perestroika, Gorbachev’s reforms in the USSR
Petschaft, (das, -s, -e), zum Siegeln verwendeter Stempel oder Ring mit eingrawiertem Namenszug, Wappen oder ;nlichen, (tschech.-rus.) - used to make an impression in a soft material (in wax) seal, stamp or ring engraved with name, coat of arms, etc.
Pirogge, (die, -, -n), mit Fleisch oder Fisch, Reis oder Kraut gefuelte russische Hefepastete - Russian pies with meat, fish, rice or herb filling
Pogrom, (das, -es, -e), gewaltige Ausschreitungen gegen rassische, religiose, nationale Gruppen, z. B. gegen Juden - pogrom, violent outrages that are directed against racial, religious or national groups of the population, for example against Jews.
Podsol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), mineralsalzarmer, wenig fruchtbarer Boden, Bleicherde - podzolic soil, poor in mineral salts and infertile soil
Politbuero, (das, -s, -s), kurz fuer Politisches Buero, zentraler leitender Ausschuss einer kommunistischen Partei - politburo, political bureau, central leadership of the communist party
Pope, (der, -en, -en), Geistlicher der russischen und griechisch-orthodoxen Kirche - priest, priest of the Russian or Greek Orthodox Church, priest
Rubel (der, -s, -), russische und ehemalige sowjetische Waehrungseinheit - Russian and former Soviet currency
Samisdat, (der, -s, nur Ez.), selbstgeschribene oder selbstgedrueckte illegale Buecher - samizdat, publications produced illegally at home
Samojede, (der, -en, -en), 1.Angehoeriger eines nordsibirischen Nomadenvolks; 2. eine Schlittenhundrasse - 1. Samoyed, a person belonging to one of the Siberian nomadic tribes; 2. sled dog breed
Samowar, (der, -s, -e), russische Teemaschine - Russian samovar
Sarafan, (der, -s, -e), ausgeschnitenes russische Frauenkleid, das ueber eine Bluse getragen wyrde (pers.-russ.) - Russian women's clothing (the word came into the Russian language from the Persian language)
Stalinismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), 1. totalitaere Dictatur J.Stalins (1879-1953), die 1936-1939 mit der Ermordung von Millionen Menschen gipfelte; 2. Versuch den Socialismus mit Gewaltakten umzusetzen (rus.-nlat.) - Stalinism, 1. the total dictatorship of J.V. Stalin, repression and extermination of millions of people, the peak of repression and executions occurred in 1936-1939; 2. attempt to introduce socialism through violence
Stalinorgel, (die, -, -n), sovietischer rohrlose Raketenwerfer („Katjuscha“) - “Katyusha”, the name of the Soviet barrelless rocket artillery, which appeared during the war of 1941-1845.
Steppe, (der, -s, -s), weite Grassebene - steppe, wide grassy plain
Sputnik, (der, -s, -s), kuenstlicher Satelit im Weltraum, - satellite, artificial cosmic body revolving around a natural cosmic body
Taiga, (die, -, nur Ez.), Nadelwald-Sumpfguertel (in Sibirien), (tuerk.-russ.) - taiga, natural zone of coniferous forests, coniferous forest (in Siberia), often swampy
TASS (die, nur Ez.), ehem. staatliche Sovetische Pressagentur (russ., Kurzwort) - TASS, Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
Tatar, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines t;rkischen Volks in der Sovjetunion (t;rk.-russ.) - Tatar
Troika, (die, -, -s), russische Gespannform, Dreigespann; Dreierbuendnis - a troika, a team of three horses, a team of three persons, a panel of judges who convicted according to the simplified procedure of the so-called. enemies of the people (in the former USSR)
Trotzkismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), ultralinke Kommunistische Stroemung - Trotskyism, ultra-left communist political trend
Trozkist, (der, -en, -en), anh;nger des Trotzkismus - Trotskyist, supporter of Trotskyism
Tscheka, (die, -, nur Ez.), politische Politei der Sowjetunion (bis 1922) - Cheka, Cheka, political police at the beginning of Soviet power (before 1922)
Tscherwonez, (der, -, plural Tscherwonzen), altrussische Goldm;nze, 10-Rubelstuck (frueher) - chervonets, gold ten-ruble pre-revolutionary Russian coin
Tundra, (die, -, Tundren), Kaeltesteppe (finn.-russ.) - tundra
Ukas, der, Ukasses, plural Ukasse, Zarenerlass, Anordnung (scherzhaft) - decree, command of the king or higher authority
Werst, (die, -, -), altes russisches Laengenmass(etwas mehr als Kilometer) - old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one kilometer
Wodka, (der, -s, -s), russischer oder polnischer Getreideschnaps oder Kartoffelschnaps (manchmal mit Zusaetzen, z.B. Bueffelgrasswodka) - vodka, Russian (Wodka) or Polish (Vodka) strong alcoholic drink made from grain or potatoes, sometimes infused with herbs (for example bison)
Zar, (der, -en, -en), Herschertitel (frueher, in Russland, Bulgarien, Serbien, Momtenegro) (lat.-got.-russ.) - king
Zarewitsch, (der, -es, -e), russischer Zarenson, Prinz - prince, son of the Russian Tsar
Zarewna, (die, -, -s), Zarentochter - princess, daughter of the king
zaristisch, (Adj.), zur Zarenherschaft geh;rig, zarentreu, monarchistisch - tsarist, related to tsarism, loyal to the tsar
Zariza, (die, -, -s oder Zarizen), Zarengemahlin oder regirende Herscherin - queen, king's wife or reigning monarch
Kiselev O.M. 2007

When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

Here, first the Ukrainian word is given, then, after a dash - the German word, then the definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in brackets the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after the dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.

In this publication, special German letters (“sharp” es, vowels with “umlaut”) cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Of course, none of all the existing human languages ​​on our planet is something ossified (canned), created once and for all, invented by a people (tribe). People of one nation communicate with people of another, as a result of which the languages ​​of each of them are enriched with new concepts and words. There are also international words - telephone, car, cinema, computer, internet, etc. However, having looked at the list of Ukrainian words of German origin offered to your attention, you have the opportunity to make sure that many of them are purely everyday (here I use transliteration - writing Ukrainian sounds in Russian letters): [blakytny (blue); brakuvata (not enough); brutal (rude); vagatysya (doubt); vvazhaty (to have an opinion); vizerunok (pattern), etc., etc.], which certainly had to be created by this and only this people. But that didn't happen. Why? Yes, for the simple reason that the Ukrainian language is the same artificial formation as the Ukrainian people themselves, which is a population (biomass) consisting of the descendants of mestizos, at one time or another produced by men of Arabic (so-called Jewish ) and women of Russian origin.

In this regard, the Ukrainian people and the Czech people, consisting of the descendants of Arab (Jewish) males and, now, German (Bohemian) females, are like two oars similar to each other. Just like these two newspeaks - Ukrainian and Czech.

bavovna – Baumwolle, die – cotton

bagnet – Bajonett, das – bayonet

bastard – Bastard, der, (in German from French) – bastard, illegitimate child

blakitny – blau – blue, sky color

plaque – Blech, das – tin

bleshany (blechernes dach) – blechern (blechernes Dach) – tin (tin roof)

borg – Borg, der – debt, loan

brakuvati (chogos), – brauchen – need (something), lack (something); I need – I am married (what), I lack, I need es braucht mir (etwas), es braucht mir Geld – I am married (what), I lack, I need (something); es braucht mir Geld - I’m losing pennies, I don’t have enough money, I need money; es braucht mir Zeit – I’m losing time, I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time

brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery (the name of the regional center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word brewery)

brutal – brutal – rough

brucht – Bruch, der – scrap, scrap metal

buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;

buduvati – Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) – build

burnus – Burnus, der, -nusse, – Arabian cloak with a hood

bursa – Burse, die – bursa, medieval school with a dormitory

student - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

to hesitate - waegen (German to weigh) - to hesitate, not to decide

wagi – Waage, die – scales;

vazhiti – waegen – to weigh, weigh;

vazhati – waegen (German to venture, dare, risk) – to have an opinion

vizerunok – (from German Visier das – visor) – pattern

vovna – Wolle, die, – wool

guy – Hain, der – grove, forest, coppice, oak grove

haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman

hook – Haken, der – hook, hook, hook

gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)

hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry

gvaltuvati – Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun die (German rape) – to rape

hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) – Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) – hetman

gesheft – Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) – trading business

hon! (exclamation) – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, jump) - hop!

hopak – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance

grati (multiple, plural) – Gitter, das – bars (prison or window)

soil – Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land plot) – soil, foundation, justification

primer, primer – gr;nden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) – justify

groundly – ​​gr;ndlich – thoroughly,

primer – gr;ndlich – solid

gukati – gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) – to call someone from a distance, loudly

dah – Dach, das – roof

kings – Damespiel, der – checkers

drit – Draht, der, Dr;hte – wire

druk – Druck, der – pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)

drukarnya – Druckerei, die – printing house

drukar - Drucker, der - printer

drukuvati – druecken – print

dyakuvati – danken – to thank

education (obsolete) – Edukation, die – education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

zaborguvati – borgen – to make debts, to borrow;

chapel – Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) – chapel

Karafka – Karaffe, die – a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter

karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches

karbuvati – kerben – to notch, mint (money)

kermo – Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) – steering wheel

kermach – Kehrer, der – helmsman, helmsman

keruvati – kehren (in German it means to turn) – to manage, to lead

pick – Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) – pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle

kelich, less commonly kelech – Kelch, der – cup, bowl, vessel with a foot

coma – Komma, das – comma

kohati – kochen (German boil) – to love

kosht (for your own kosht) – Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) – bill (at your own expense)

costoris – der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) – estimate

kostuvati (how much does it cost?) – kosten (was kostet?) – cost (how much does it cost?)

crib – Krawatte, die – tie

kram – Kram, der – product

kramar – Kraemer, der – shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman

kramnitsa – Kram, (German product) – shop, shop

kreide – Kreide, die – chalk

criminal – kriminell – criminal

kriza – Krise, die – crisis

krumka (bread) – Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) – a cut piece of bread

kushtuvati – kosten – to taste

lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).

lizhko – liegen (German lie) – bed

likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight

lyoh - from him. Loch, das hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole; - cellar

lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) – mirror

tiny – malen – to draw

painter – Maler, der – painter, artist

manier – manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) – emphatically polite, cutesy

matir – Mutter, die – mother

snowflake – Schmetterling, der – butterfly (insect), moth

mur – Mauer, die – stone (brick) wall

musiti – muessen – to be obliged, to owe

nirka – Niere, die – kidney (human or animal organ)

olia – Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) – liquid vegetable oil

peahen – Pfau, der – peacock

palace – Palast, der – palace

papir – Papier, das – paper

pasuvati – passsen – to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be in time

penzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing or painting)

perlina (pearl) – Perle, die – pearl, pearl

peruka – Peruecke, die – wig

perukarnya – Peruecke, die (German wig) – hairdressing salon

pilaf, pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice

scarf – Platte, die – plate, plate

parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)

plundruvati – pluendern – to plunder, plunder, devastate

dance – Flasche, die – bottle

porcelain – Porzellan, das – porcelain

pohaptsem – happen (nach D), haeppchenweise – hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)

ration (in Vistula: ti maesh ration) – Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) – rightness (in the expression: you’re right)

rakhunok – Rechnung, die – counting, counting

reshta – Rest, der – remainder

celery – Sellerie, der oder die – celery

skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy

relish – Geschmack, der – taste

savory – schmackhaft – tasty, tasty

list – Spiess, der – spear

rates – Stau, Stausee, der – pond

statute - Statut, das - charter

strike – Streik, der – strike, strike (from English)

strum – Strom, der – electric current

strumok – Strom, der (German river, stream) – stream

stribati – streben (German to strive) – to jump

banner - goes back to ancient Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish – stang) “pole, pole” – flag, banner

teslyar – Tischler, der – carpenter

torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) – Tortur, die – torture

tremble – Trema, das (German trembling, fear) – trembling

fainy (West Ukrainian dialect), garniy – fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) – beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language )

fakh – Fach, das – specialty

fahivets – Fachmann, der – specialist

wagon – Fuhre, die – cart

furman – Fuhrmann, der – carter

hapati – happen (nach D) – grab (including something with teeth, mouth), eat hastily, swallow food in chunks

tsvirinkati – zwitschen – twitter, tweet

tsegla – Ziegel, der – brick

treadmill – Ziegelei, die – brick factory

tseber – Zuber, der – tub, tub with ears

cil – Ziel, das – goal

cibul – Zwiebel, die – onion (plant)

civil – zivil – civilian, civilian

zina (obsolete) – Zinn, das – tin

tsitska (rough) – Zitze, die – female breast

zukor – Zucker, der – sugar

checks – Schachspiel, das – chess

shibenik – schieben schieben (German: move, push) – hanged man, hooligan

shibenitsa – schieben (German: move, push) – gallows

shibka – Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die – window glass

shank – Schincken, der oder die – ham, piece of ham

shinkar – Schenk, der – innkeeper

tavern – Schenke, der – tavern, tavern

way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path

shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), – Schuppen, der – a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)

shukhlade – Schublade, die – drawer

fair – Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) – fair (this word is also in Russian, but it came to Russian from Ukrainian)

Entire science fiction novels have been written today about the origin of the Ukrainian language and the etymology of Ukrainian words.

Why are there many words from Sanskrit in the Ukrainian language?

Comparing different languages, scientists came to the conclusion that some of them are very close to each other, others are more distant relatives. And there are those who have nothing in common with each other. For example, it has been established that Ukrainian, Latin, Norwegian, Tajik, Hindi, English, etc. are related languages. But Japanese, Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, Etruscan, Arabic, Basque, etc. are in no way connected with Ukrainian or, say, Spanish.

It has been proven that several thousand years BC there was a certain community of people (tribes) who spoke similar dialects. We don't know where it was or at what exact time. Possibly 3–5 thousand years BC. It is assumed that these tribes lived somewhere in the Northern Mediterranean, perhaps even in the Dnieper region. The Indo-European proto-language has not survived to this day. The oldest written monuments that have survived to this day were written a thousand years BC in the language of the ancient inhabitants of India, which is called “Sanskrit”. Being the oldest, this language is considered the closest to Indo-European.

Scientists reconstruct the proto-language based on the laws of changes in sounds and grammatical forms, moving, so to speak, in the opposite direction: from modern languages ​​to a common language. Reconstructed words are given in etymological dictionaries, ancient grammatical forms - in the literati from the history of grammars.

Modern Indo-European languages ​​have inherited most of their roots from the time of their former unity. In different languages, related words sometimes sound very differently, but these differences are subject to certain sound patterns.

Compare Ukrainian and English words that have a common origin: day - day, nіch - night, sun - sun, matіr - mother, syn - son, eye - eye, tree - tree, water - water, two - two, could - might, cook – swear, velіti – will. Thus, Ukrainian, like all other Indo-European languages, has many words in common with Sanskrit and other related languages ​​- Greek, Icelandic, Old Persian, Armenian, etc., not to mention close Slavic ones - Russian, Slovak, Polish...

As a result of migrations of peoples, wars, conquests of some peoples by others, language dialects moved away from each other, new languages ​​were formed, and old ones disappeared. The Indo-Europeans settled throughout Europe and penetrated into Asia (which is why they got their name).

The Proto-Indo-European language family left behind, in particular, the following groups of languages: Romance (dead Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian, etc.); Germanic (dead Gothic, English, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish, Dutch, Afrikaans, etc.); Celtic (Welsh, Scottish, Irish, etc.), Indo-Iranian (dead Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Farsi, Tajik, Ossetian, Gypsy, possibly also dead Scythian, etc.); Baltic (dead Prussian, Lithuanian, Latvian, etc.), Slavic (dead Old Church Slavonic, or “Old Bulgarian”, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Polish, Great Russian, Belarusian, etc.). Separate Indo-European branches developed Greek, Armenian, Albanian languages, which have no close relatives. Quite a few Indo-European languages ​​did not survive into historical times.

Why are Indo-European languages ​​so different from each other?

As a rule, the formation of a language is associated with the geographical isolation of its speakers, migration, and the conquest of some peoples by others. Differences in Indo-European languages ​​are explained by interactions with other – often non-Indo-European – languages. One language, displacing another, received certain characteristics of the defeated language and, accordingly, differed in these characteristics from its relative (the displaced language that left its traces is called the substrate), and also experienced grammatical and lexical changes. Perhaps there are certain internal patterns of language development that, over time, “distance” it from related dialects. Although, apparently, the reason for the appearance of any internal patterns is the influence of other (substrate) languages.

Thus, in ancient times, numerous languages ​​were widespread in Europe, the influence of which led to the current motley linguistic picture. The development of the Greek language was influenced, in particular, by Illyrian (Albanian) and Etruscan. Into English - Norman and various Celtic dialects, into French - Gaulish, into Great Russian - Finno-Ugric languages, as well as “Old Bulgarian”. The Finno-Ugric influence in the Great Russian language weakened unstressed vowels (in particular akanye: milk - malako), strengthened g on site G, deafening of consonants at the end of a syllable.

It is believed that at a certain stage of linguistic evolution, before the formation of separate Slavic and Baltic languages, there was a Balto-Slavic unity, since these languages ​​have a huge number of common words, morphemes and even grammatical forms. It is assumed that the common ancestors of the Balts and Slavs inhabited the territories from the Northern Dnieper region to the Baltic Sea. However, as a result of migration processes, this unity disintegrated.

At the linguistic level, this was reflected in a surprising way: the Proto-Slavic language emerged as a separate language (and not a Balto-Slavic dialect) with the onset of the so-called law of the open syllable. The Proto-Slavs received this linguistic law by interacting with some non-Indo-European people, whose language did not tolerate the combination of several consonant sounds. Its essence boiled down to the fact that all syllables ended with a vowel sound.

How do we know about this law? First of all, from the most ancient monuments of Slavic writing (X - XII centuries). Short vowel sounds were represented in writing by the letters “ъ” (something between the short “о” and “ы”) and “ь” (short “i”). The tradition of writing “ь” at the end of words after consonants, which passed into the Great Russian language according to the Kyiv tradition of transmitting Church Slavonic, survived until the beginning of the twentieth century, although, of course, these vowels were never read in Great Russian.

What language did the Proto-Slavs speak?

This language has existed since the 1st millennium BC. until the middle of the 2nd millennium AD. Of course, there was no coherent language in the modern understanding of this word, much less its literary version. We are talking about close dialects that were characterized by common features.

Some scientists believe that the substrate language for the Proto-Slavs, which “launched” the law of the open syllable, was the non-Indo-European language of the Trypillians, who inhabited the current Ukrainian lands (the substrate language is an absorbed language that left phonetic and other traces in the victorious language).

It was he who did not tolerate clusters of consonants; the syllables in it ended only with vowels. And it was allegedly from the Trypillians that such words of unknown origin came to us, characterized by open syllables and a strict order of sounds (consonant - vowel), such as mo-gi-la, ko-by-la and some others. They say that from the Trypillian language, Ukrainian - through the mediation of other languages ​​and Proto-Slavic dialects - inherited its melody and some phonetic features (for example, the alternation u-v, i-y, which helps to avoid dissonant clusters of sounds).

vUnfortunately, it is impossible to either refute or confirm this hypothesis, since no reliable data about the language of the Trypillians (as, by the way, of the Scythians) has been preserved. At the same time, it is known that the substrate in a certain territory (phonetic and other traces of a defeated language) is indeed very tenacious and can be transmitted through several linguistic “epochs,” even through the mediation of languages ​​that have not survived to this day.

The relative unity of the Proto-Slavic dialects lasted until the 5th–6th centuries of the new era. It is not known exactly where the Proto-Slavs lived. It is believed that somewhere north of the Black Sea - in the Dnieper, Danube, Carpathian Mountains or between the Vistula and Oder. In the middle of the first millennium, as a result of rapid migration processes, the pre-Slavic unity disintegrated. The Slavs settled all of central Europe - from the Mediterranean to the North Sea.

Since then, the proto-languages ​​of modern Slavic languages ​​began to form. The starting point for the emergence of new languages ​​was the fall of the law of the open syllable. As mysterious as its origin. We do not know what caused this fall - another substrate or some internal law of linguistic evolution, which began to operate during the times of Proto-Slavic unity. However, the law of the open syllable has not survived in any Slavic language, although it left deep traces in each of them. By and large, the phonetic and morphological differences between these languages ​​come down to how different the reflexes caused by the fall of the open syllable are in each of the languages.

How did modern Slavic languages ​​appear?

This law declined unevenly. In one dialect, the melodic pronunciation (“tra-ta-ta”) was preserved longer, while in others the phonetic “revolution” took place faster. As a result, the Proto-Slavic language gave rise to three subgroups of dialects: South Slavic (modern Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian, etc.); Western Slavic (Polish, Czech, Slovak, etc.); East Slavic (modern Ukrainian, Great Russian, Belarusian). In ancient times, each of the subgroups represented numerous dialects, characterized by certain common features that distinguished them from other subgroups. These dialects do not always coincide with the modern division of Slavic languages ​​and the settlement of the Slavs. The processes of state formation, the mutual influence of Slavic dialects, as well as foreign language elements played a major role in linguistic evolution in different periods.

Actually, the collapse of the Proto-Slavic linguistic unity could occur in the following way. First, the southern (Balkan) Slavs “broke away” territorially from the other tribes. This explains the fact that in their dialects the law of the open syllable lasted the longest - until the 9th–12th centuries.

Among the tribes that were the ancestors of the Eastern and Western Slavs, unlike the Balkan ones, the language experienced dramatic changes in the middle of the first millennium. The fall of the open syllable law gave rise to the development of new European languages, many of which have not survived to our time.

The speakers of the Proto-Ukrainian language were disparate tribes, each of which spoke its own dialect. The Polyany spoke in Polyansky, the Derevlyans spoke in Derevlyansky, the Siveryans spoke in Siveryansky, the Ulichi and Tivertsy spoke in their own way, etc. But all these adverbs were characterized by common features, that is, the same consequences of the fall of the open syllable, which even now distinguish the Ukrainian language from other Slavic languages.

How do we know about how people spoke in Ukraine in ancient times?

There are two real sources of our current knowledge about ancient Ukrainian dialects. The first is written monuments, the oldest of which were written in the 10th–12th centuries. However, unfortunately, no records were kept at all in the language our ancestors spoke. The literary language of Kyiv was the “Old Bulgarian” (Church Slavonic) language, which came to us from the Balkans. This is the language into which Cyril and Methodius translated the Bible in the 9th century. It was not understandable to the Eastern Slavs, since it retained the ancient law of the open syllable. In particular, it contained short vowels after consonant sounds, denoted by the letters “ъ” and “ь”. However, in Kyiv this language was gradually Ukrainized: short sounds were not read, and some vowels were replaced with their own - Ukrainian. In particular, nasal vowels, which are still preserved, say, in Polish, were pronounced as usual, “Old Bulgarian” diphthongs (double vowels) were read in the Ukrainian manner. Cyril and Methodius would have been very surprised to hear “their” language in the Kyiv church.

Interestingly, some scientists tried to reconstruct the so-called “Old Russian” language, which was supposedly common to all Eastern Slavs, based on ancient Kievan texts. And it turned out that in Kyiv they spoke almost the “Old Bulgarian” language, which, of course, in no way corresponded to the historical truth.

Ancient texts can be used to study the language of our ancestors, but in a very unique way. This is what Professor Ivan Ogienko did in the first half of the twentieth century. He investigated the slips and mistakes of Kyiv authors and copyists who, against their will, were influenced by the living folk language. At times, ancient scribes “remade” words and “Old Bulgarian” grammatical forms deliberately - to make it “more understandable.”

The second source of our knowledge is modern Ukrainian dialects, especially those that remained isolated for a long time and were almost not subject to external influence. For example, the descendants of the Derevlyans still inhabit the north of the Zhitomir region, and the descendants of the Siveryans still inhabit the north of the Chernigov region. In many dialects, ancient Ukrainian phonetic, grammatical, and morphological forms have been preserved, coinciding with the clerical notes of Kyiv clerks and writers.

In the scientific literature you can find other dates for the fall of short vowels among the Eastern Slavs - the 12th - 13th centuries. However, such a “life extension” of the open syllable law is hardly justified.

When did the Ukrainian language appear?

The countdown, apparently, can begin from the middle of the first millennium - when short vowels disappeared. This is what caused the emergence of Ukrainian linguistic characteristics proper - as, ultimately, the characteristics of most Slavic languages. The list of features that distinguished our proto-language from other languages ​​may turn out to be somewhat boring for non-specialists. Here are just a few of them.

Ancient Ukrainian dialects were characterized by so-called full-vocality: instead of the South Slavic sound combinations ra-, la-, re-, le - in the language of our ancestors the sounds were -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -ele-. For example: licorice (in “Old Bulgarian” – sweet), full (captivity), sereda (Wednesday), morok (darkness), etc. The “coincidences” in the Bulgarian and Russian languages ​​are explained by the enormous influence of “Old Bulgarian” on the formation of the Russian language.

The Bulgarian (South Slavic) sound combination at the beginning of the root ra-, la - answered the East Slavic ro-, lo-: robota (work), rosti (grow), ulovluyu (catch). In place of the typical Bulgarian sound combination -zhd - the Ukrainians had -zh-: vorozhnecha (enmity), kozhen (everyone). The Bulgarian suffixes -ash-, -yushch - were answered by the Ukrainian -ach-, -yuch-: viyuchy (howling), smoldering (sizzling).

When short vowel sounds fell after voiced consonants, in Proto-Ukrainian dialects these consonants continued to be pronounced voiced, as they are now (oak, snow, love, blood). Stunning has developed in Polish, and in Great Russian too (dup, snek, lyubof, krof).

Academician Potebnya discovered that the disappearance of short sounds (ъ and ь) in some places “forced” the pronunciation of the previous vowels “o” and “e” to be prolonged in a new closed syllable in order to compensate for the “shortening” of the word. So, stol-l (“sto-lo”) turned into “stіel” (the final ъ disappeared, but the “internal” vowel became longer, turning into a double sound - a diphthong). But in forms where the final consonant is followed by a vowel, the old sound has not changed: sto-lu, sto-li. Most (“mo-sto”) turned into mіest, muest, mіist, etc. (depending on the dialect). The diphthong eventually transformed into a regular vowel. Therefore, in modern literary language, “i” in a closed syllable alternates with “o” and “e” - in an open one (kit - ko-ta, popil - po-pe-lu, rig - ro-gu, mig - mo-zhe and etc.). Although some Ukrainian dialects store ancient diphthongs in a closed syllable (keet, popiel, rieg).

Ancient Proto-Slavic diphthongs, in particular in case endings, denoted in writing by the letter “yat”, found their continuation in the ancient Ukrainian language. In some dialects they have been preserved to this day, in others they have been transformed into “i” (as in the literary language): lie, na zemlie, mieh, beliy, etc. By the way, Ukrainians, knowing their language, never confused the spelling of “yat” and “e” in pre-revolutionary Russian spelling. In some Ukrainian dialects, the ancient diphthong was actively replaced by the vowel “i” (lis, on the ground, mikh, biliy), becoming entrenched in the literary language.

Some of the phonetic and grammatical features of the Proto-Slavic language were continued in Ukrainian dialects. Thus, Proto-Ukrainian inherited the ancient alternation k–ch, g–z, x–s (ruka – ruci, rig – rozi, fly – musi), which has been preserved in the modern literary language. The vocative case has been used in our language for a long time. In dialects, the ancient form of the “pre-future” tense (I will brav), as well as the ancient indicators of person and number in past tense verbs (I - go, we - walked, you - walked, you - walked), are active in dialects.

The description of all these signs takes up entire volumes in academic literature...

What language was spoken in Kyiv in prehistoric times?

Of course, not in modern literary language. Any literary language is to a certain extent artificial - it is developed by writers, educators, and cultural figures as a result of rethinking a living language. Often the literary language is foreign, borrowed, and sometimes incomprehensible to the uneducated part of the population. Thus, in Ukraine from the 10th to the 18th centuries, the literary language was considered an artificial - Ukrainianized “Old Bulgarian” language, in which the majority of literary monuments were written, in particular “Svyatoslav’s Selections”, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”, “The History of Time Literatures”, the works of Ivan Vishensky , Grigory Skovoroda, etc. The literary language was not frozen: it constantly developed, changed over the centuries, was enriched with new vocabulary, its grammar was simplified. The degree of Ukrainization of texts depended on the education and “free-thinking” of the authors (the church did not approve of the penetration of the vernacular language into writing). This Kievan literary language, created on the basis of “Old Bulgarian,” played a huge role in the formation of the Great Russian (“Russian”) language.

The modern literary language was formed on the basis of the Dnieper dialects - the heirs of the dialect of the chronicle glades (as well as, apparently, the Anta union of tribes, known from foreign historical sources) - in the first half of the 19th century thanks to the writers Kotlyarevsky, Grebinka, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, as well as Taras Shevchenko .

Consequently, before the formation of a national language, Ukrainians spoke different Ukrainian dialects, using the Ukrainized “Old Bulgarian” in writing.

During the princely era in Kyiv they spoke a language “commonly understood” by the residents of the capital city (koine), which was formed on the basis of various ancient Ukrainian tribal dialects, mainly Polans. No one ever heard it, and it was not recorded. But, again, the notes of ancient chroniclers and copyists, as well as modern Ukrainian dialects, give an idea of ​​this language. To imagine it, it is apparently necessary to “cross” the grammar of Transcarpathian dialects, where the ancient forms are best preserved, Chernigov diphthongs in place of “yat” and the modern “i” in a closed syllable, the peculiarities of the “deep” pronunciation of vowel sounds among the current inhabitants of the south of the Kiev region , as well as Cherkasy and Poltava regions.

Were modern Ukrainians able to understand the language spoken by the people of Kiev, say, in the first half of the 13th century (before the horde)? - Undoubtedly, yes. To a “modern” ear it would sound like a peculiar Ukrainian dialect. Something like what we hear on trains, at bazaars and construction sites in the capital.

Is it possible to call an ancient language “Ukrainian” if the word “Ukraine” itself did not exist? — You can call the language whatever you want - the essence does not change. The ancient Indo-European tribes also did not call their language “Indo-European”.

The laws of linguistic evolution in no way depend on the name of the language that is given to it at different periods of history by its speakers or outsiders.

We do not know what the Proto-Slavs called their language. Perhaps there was no generic name at all. We also do not know what the Eastern Slavs called their dialect in prehistoric times. Most likely, each tribe had its own self-name and called its dialect in its own way. There is an assumption that the Slavs simply called their language “their”.

The word “Russian” appeared relatively late in relation to the language of our ancestors. This word first denoted a simple folk language - as opposed to written “Slavic”. Later, “Ruska Mova” was contrasted with “Polish”, “Moscow”, as well as non-Slavic languages ​​spoken by neighboring peoples (in different periods - Chud, Muroma, Meshchera, Polovtsy, Tatars, Khazars, Pechenegs, etc.). The Ukrainian language was called “Russian” until the 18th century.

In the Ukrainian language, the names are clearly distinguished - “Rusky” and “Russian”, in contrast to Great Russian, where these names are groundlessly confused.

The word “Ukraine” also appeared relatively late. It has been found in chronicles since the 12th century, therefore, it arose several centuries earlier.

How did other languages ​​influence the formation of Ukrainian?

The Ukrainian language belongs to the “archaic” languages ​​in its vocabulary and grammatical structure (like, say, Lithuanian and Icelandic). Most Ukrainian words are inherited from the Indo-European proto-language, as well as from Proto-Slavic dialects.

Quite a lot of words came to us from the tribes that neighbored our ancestors, traded with them, fought with them, etc. - Goths, Greeks, Turks, Ugrians, Romans, etc. (ship, bowl, poppy, Cossack, hut etc.). Ukrainian also has borrowings from “Old Bulgarian” (for example, region, benefit, ancestor), Polish (crib, funny, saber) and other Slavic. However, none of these languages ​​influenced either the grammar or phonetics (sound structure) of the language. Myths about Polish influence are spread, as a rule, by non-specialists who have a very distant understanding of both the Polish and Ukrainian languages, and the common origin of all Slavic languages.

Ukrainian is constantly updated with English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish words, which is typical for any European language.

accentuate - akzentuiren - emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitniy - blau - blue, sky color
plaque - Blech, das - tin
bleshany (blechernes Dach) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
I'm wasting pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I'm missing the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brewing - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) - build
booth - Bude, die (German shop, stall, guardhouse) - building, house
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
bursak - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
hesitate - vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) - weigh, weigh;
warta - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guard) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German: wait, care for a child or the sick, perform official duties) - stand on guard; guard, guard
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, risk) - to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
wogky - feucht - wet

guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
hon! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, leap) - hop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - bars (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
gruendlich - thoroughly,
gruendlich - solid
to ground, to ground - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to justify) - to justify
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) - to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

dakh - Dach, das - roof
kings - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
druckerei - Druckerei, die - printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuvati - danken - to thank

education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo - monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - mercenary warrior

zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow

istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)

kapelukh - Kappe, die - hat
chapel - Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) - chapel
Karafka - Karaffe, die - a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches
karbuvati - kerben - to notch, mint (money)
kvach - in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bam!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, and in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel)



pick - Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) - pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it means to turn) - to manage, to lead
klejnodi - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans (mace, horsetail, banner, seal and kettledrums)
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or with filling
color - Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German boil) - to love
kost (for your kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - bill (at your own expense)
costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
bed - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnica - Kram, (German product) - store, shop
kreide - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
kriza - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) - hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
kitsya - Kitz, das, Kitze, die - kitty

lan - Land, das (German country, land, soil) - cornfield, field
lantukh - Leintuch (German linen scarf, linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word came into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
lement (duzhe golosna rozmova; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - very loud conversation; screaming, lamentation.
Lementwati (speak in vocational; Galasuvati; scream vid to the pain, the sufferers are more likely about the dupom; Zchynyati Gamir, Galasuychi at once (about people); scream (about creatures, Phthav that il.); actively discussing it, bringing to new respect the wide enormity; - lamentieren (complain, lament, loudly express one’s dissatisfaction) - speak very loudly, scream, lament; scream in pain or calling for help; make noise (about people); scream (about animals , birds, etc.); dismissively: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, attracting the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko - liegen (German lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire - lantern
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German - this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) - to leave, to leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - alkali, lye
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

tiny - malen - to draw
baby - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manierny - manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically polite, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe

nіsenіtnitsia - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)

olia - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) - liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar

peahen - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruka - Peruecke, die - wig
peruecke - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
scarf - Platte, die - plate, record
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati - pluendern - to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
pump - Pumpe, die - pump, pump (in Russian the word “pump” is used less often)
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
pohaptsem - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (to offer) - proposal
proponuvati - poponieren - to offer

rada - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maєsh ration) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in the expression: you're right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rakhunok - Rechnung, die - counting, counting
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
rizik - Risiko, das - risk
trench - Rohr, das - gutter, groove
rura (obsolete word) - Rohr, das - (water) pipe
ryatuvati - retten - save

celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savor - schmecken - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
stroh - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish - stang) “pole, pole” - flag, banner

carpenter - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - tremble

Ugorshchina - Ungarn, das - Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
fakh - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
fort - Fort, das, -s, -s - fort, fortress
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
fuhrmann - Fuhrmann, der - carter

hapati - happen (nach D) (in German - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - house
hut - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - hut
farm - Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) - farm

tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
tsvyakh - Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) - a nail
tsegla - Ziegel, der - brick
treadmill - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
tseber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil - Ziel, das - goal
cibul - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civil - zivil - civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (rough) - Zitze, die - female breast
zukor - Zucker, der - sugar

succession - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati - ziepen jemandem - jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen - it is painful to pull someone by the hair or skin - to touch, to hurt someone

checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhray - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) - swindler
shibenik - schieben schieben (German: move, push) - hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German: move, push) - gallows
shibka - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
shank - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlade - Schublade, die - drawer

Scherbatiy - Scherbe, die, (in German shard, fragment) - with one fallen, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)
fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)