What causes conflict between man and society? - the question is by no means an idle one. Today, when such conflicts are quite common, perhaps we should think about their causes. The main one is that the individual takes a position that is different from that held by other members of society. The desire to live differently, a different attitude to life values ​​- all this causes a protest in strong personalities, which results in a conflict. Russian writers have repeatedly analyzed the causes of such conflicts in their works.

So, A.S. Griboyedov in the comedy “Woe from Wit” showed the conflict between an advanced person and a society of serf-owners. Such conflicts arose after the Patriotic War of 1812, when the best nobles realized the injustice of a society based on serfdom.

Chatsky is an enlightened person. He stands for the development of sciences and education. But the capital's nobles are frightened by his way of thinking. They are accustomed to a certain routine, which consists of "lunches, dinners and dances." When Famusov flips through his calendar, we see that his whole week is filled with visits, there is no time left for the service. Therefore, career advancement depends on acquaintances, family ties, and the ability to serve. All this revolts Chatsky. In his angry monologues, he exposes the hypocrisy and servility of the feudal lords, their attitude towards people as a commodity that can be bought and sold. It is no coincidence that in such a society Chatsky was declared insane, and the reason was found: “learning is the plague, learning is the reason that now more than ever, crazy divorced people, deeds, and opinions.” It was these people who went out to Senate Square in 1825 and refused to swear allegiance to the new emperor. It was a real rebellion against the unjust structure of society, and the image of Chatsky is a prototype of one of these people.

Another reason for the conflict is shown in the work of A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm". Katerina Kabanova differs in her views from other heroes. For example, her husband Tikhon listens to his mother in everything, even if she is wrong. His sister Varvara also took a position of silence: internally she does not agree with what Kabanova says, but she is used to such a life, even adapted to it, deceiving her mother, walking at night with Kudryash. Katerina doesn't want to live like this. She has self-esteem, so she answers Kabanova’s attacks with dignity: “Who is pleased to endure slander?” Katerina does not want to live in a lie, so when, having fallen in love with Boris, she cheats on her husband, she talks about her sin. Honesty, the desire to live with sincere feelings, the desire for freedom elevates her above other heroes. Her conflict with the "dark kingdom" of the Russian merchant class ended tragically: she committed suicide by throwing herself off a cliff into a river. However, the example of Katerina was of great importance for subsequent generations. Years later, women began to claim their right to love and be loved.

Thus, in the works we examined, the conflict between the individual and society had different causes. For Griboedov this conflict is social in nature, for Ostrovsky it is family, but there are similarities. Only a strong personality can oppose the established order.

“The emergence of man and the emergence of society are a single process. There is no person - there is no society. There is no society - there is no person", - is succinctly stated in the article of the textbook on social science, but the indicated obvious connection is not always, unfortunately, harmonious. The interaction between man and society has always interested Russian writers and has been the subject of their reflections.

M. Gorky in the story "Old Isergil" very clearly showed the internal dependence of a person on society, moreover, a person who is in conflict with it. The name Larr, the son of an eagle and a woman, meant: outcast, thrown out - that was his fate. The tribe punished Larr with exile for killing one of the girls, whose fault before him was only that she pushed him away. “We talked with him for a long time and finally saw that he considers himself the first on earth and, apart from himself, sees nothing.” And society drove Larr away, for some time he enjoyed his freedom, but then he began to seek death, and “There was so much longing in his eyes that one could poison all the people of the world with it. So from that time on he was left alone, free, waiting for death.. Society has rejected a person who is incapable of mercy, compassion, sympathy and empathy, but does it always repel only those who are unworthy of the high title of a person?

Comedy hero A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" Alexander Andreevich Chatsky was declared insane by the Famus society. The rumor about his madness arose because of Sophia's accidentally thrown phrase: "He is not quite all there", the seriousness of which a little later she deliberately confirmed, taking revenge on Chatsky for unflattering comments about Molchalin. But it is amazing how quickly this gossip spread around all those present at the ball in Famusov's house, and how easily they believed it, because the rumor of insanity, firstly, was a tool in the struggle of the Famusov society against Chatsky, and, secondly, madness could explain the unusualness of the views of Chatsky for the Moscow conservative nobility. It is in this hero that A.S. Griboyedov portrayed a progressive man of his time, whose intellectual and moral demands are incommensurably higher than the society around him. He opposed serfdom, denounced obsolete, obsolete aristocratic views, did not accept the slavish admiration of Russian people for everything foreign, the habit of Famus society to treat destitute people with contempt and curry favor with influential people.

His struggle was expressed in accusatory monologues:

Where? show us, fathers of the fatherland,

Which should we take as samples?

Are not these rich in robbery?

They found protection from court in friends, in kinship,

Magnificent building chambers,...

In the Famus society, only high ranks, money and connections were valued, and personal qualities in the world had no weight. And the views of Chatsky, who preaches a high understanding of honor, duty, the social role of the individual, were dangerous for Moscow society, because they threatened the personal well-being of aristocrats, their usual comfort, they did not want to part with the old way of life, and gossip about madness turned out to be very useful.

Disappointed, amazed by the rumor of his madness, Chatsky leaves society, unable to understand his advanced progressive views and beliefs, unable to appreciate his high aspirations and noble mind.

The social conflict depicted in the comedy reveals a deep problem: a person who outstrips the surrounding society with his views is ostracized. Such heroes were called “superfluous people” in Russian literature, they were in conflict with the society to which they belonged, and did not find their place in it, but inwardly they were still dependent on it, like Eugene Onegin, depicted A.S. Pushkin in the novel "Eugene Onegin".

A distinctive feature of the youth of the first quarter of the 19th century was "premature aging of the soul", that is, indifference to life, to its pleasures, which occurs as a result of satiety with a secular way of life, in which there was no place for real work, education of the soul and spirit, good aspirations. The philosophy of world consumption could not satiate a thinking person: a walk on the boulevard, lunch at a restaurant, a visit to the ballet, a ball for the whole night - this is how the day of young Eugene Onegin is described, and "tomorrow is the same as yesterday." That's why “early feelings in him cooled down; / He was tired of the noise of light”.

The hero of the novel enters into an undeclared conflict with secular society, living alone in a village inherited from his uncle. But outwardly demonstrating his independence from society, being in voluntary seclusion, Eugene Onegin turned out to be inwardly very dependent on him. This was manifested in his decision to participate in a duel with Lensky. Although Eugene understood that "he was wrong",

What is above love, timid, tender

So the evening joked casually.<...>

Eugene,

Loving the young man with all my heart,

Was supposed to render myself

Not a ball of prejudice,

Not an ardent boy, a fighter,

But a husband with honor and intelligence.

That is, he could refuse the duel. But Lensky took Zaretsky as a second: "an old duelist; / He is angry, he is a gossip, he is a talker ...".

And Onegin could not bear the thought of exposing himself to ridicule, accusations of cowardice in case of refusal to duel.

And here is the public opinion!

Spring of honor, our idol!

And this is where the world revolves!

Eugene Onegin turns out to be internally dependent on public opinion, much more than he could imagine. The price paid for honor and dignity was the life of a friend - Lensky!

The above example clearly showed the indissoluble internal connection between a person and society, its dependence on it, even with external and internal disagreement with its customs, traditions, and rules.

The conflict declared by a person to society leads to internal torment and consciousness of his own loneliness of the person who protested, but it is inevitable, just as the need for the development of society, conservative and inert in its essence, is inevitable.

Essay No. 2

Unfortunately, people do not always manage to peacefully resolve all disputes and misunderstandings. Very often, completely out of nowhere, interpersonal conflict arises. What is the reason and why is this happening? What are the ways to resolve interpersonal conflicts? Is it possible to avoid them and live your whole life without conflict with anyone?

What is conflict?

Conflict is one of the ways to resolve problems and contradictions that arise as a result of interaction between individuals or groups of people. At the same time, it is accompanied by negative emotions and behavior that goes beyond the norms accepted in society.

During the conflict, each of the parties takes and defends the opposite position in relation to each other. None of the opponents wants to understand and accept the opinion of the opponent. The conflicting parties can be not only individuals, but also social groups and states.

Interpersonal conflict and its features

If the interests and goals of two or more people in a particular case diverge, and each side tries to resolve the dispute in its favor, an interpersonal conflict arises. An example of such a situation is a quarrel between a husband and wife, a child and a parent, a subordinate and a boss. This one is the most common and most frequently occurring.

Interpersonal conflict can occur both between well-known and constantly communicating people, and between those who see each other for the first time. At the same time, the relations are clarified by opponents face to face, through a personal dispute or discussion.

Stages of interpersonal conflict

The conflict is not just a dispute between two participants, arising spontaneously and unexpectedly. It is a process consisting of several stages, gradually developing and gaining momentum. The causes of interpersonal conflicts can sometimes accumulate for quite a long time before they result in open confrontation.

At the first stage, the conflict is hidden. At this time, conflicting interests and views are only brewing and forming. At the same time, both parties to the conflict believe that their problem can be solved through negotiations and discussions.

At the second stage of the conflict, the parties realize that it will not be possible to overcome their contradictions by peaceful means. There is a so-called tension, which increases and gains power.

The third stage is characterized by the beginning of active actions: disputes, threats, insults, the spread of negative information about the enemy, the search for allies and like-minded people. At the same time, mutual hostility, hatred, and anger accumulate between the participants.

The fourth stage is the process of resolving interpersonal conflicts. It can end with the reconciliation of the parties or a break in relations.

Types of interpersonal conflicts

There are many classifications of interpersonal conflicts. They are divided according to the severity, duration of the course, scale, form of manifestation, and expected consequences. Most often, the types of interpersonal conflicts differ in the reasons for their occurrence.

The most common is the conflict of interest. It occurs when people have opposite plans, goals, intentions. An example is the following situation: two friends cannot agree on how to spend their time. The first wants to go to the cinema, the second just wants to take a walk. If neither of them wants to make concessions to the other, and an agreement fails, a conflict of interest may arise.

The second type is value conflicts. They can arise in cases where the participants have different moral, worldview, religious ideas. A striking example of this type of confrontation is the conflict of generations.

Role conflicts are the third type of interpersonal confrontations. In this case, the cause is violations of the usual norms of behavior and rules. Such conflicts can occur, for example, in an organization when a new employee refuses to accept the rules established by the team.

Causes of interpersonal conflicts

Among the reasons that provoke conflicts, in the first place is This can be, for example, one TV or computer for the whole family, a certain amount of money for bonuses that needs to be divided among all employees of the department. In this case, one person can only achieve his goal by infringing on the other.

The second reason for the development of conflicts is interdependence. It can be a connection of tasks, powers, responsibilities and other resources. So, in an organization, project participants may begin to blame each other if, for some reason, it was not possible to implement it.

Conflicts can be provoked by differences in goals, in views, in ideas about certain things, in the manner of behavior and communication. In addition, the cause of confrontations can be the personal characteristics of a person.

Interpersonal conflicts in the organization

Almost all people spend most of their time at work. In the course of performing duties, disputes and contradictions often arise between employees. Conflicts in interpersonal relationships that occur in organizations very often hinder the company's activities and worsen the overall result.

Conflicts in organizations can occur both between employees holding the same position, and between subordinates and superiors. The reasons for the occurrence of conflicts can be different. This is the shifting of responsibilities to each other, and the feeling of an unfair attitude of management, and the dependence of the result of employees on each other.

Not only disagreements over working moments, but also problems in communication between colleagues can provoke a conflict in an organization. Most often, the confrontation can be eliminated by employees on their own through negotiations. Sometimes the management of interpersonal conflicts is taken over by the head of the organization, he finds out the causes and tries to resolve the problems that have arisen. It happens that the case may end with the dismissal of one of the conflicting parties.

Interpersonal conflicts of spouses

Family life involves the constant solution of all kinds of everyday problems. Very often, spouses cannot find agreement on certain issues, resulting in interpersonal conflict. An example of this: the husband returned from work too late, the wife did not have time to cook dinner, the husband scattered dirty socks around the apartment.

Material problems significantly aggravate conflicts. Many domestic quarrels could be avoided if each family had enough funds. The husband does not want to help his wife wash the dishes - we will buy a dishwasher, there is a dispute over which channel we will watch - it does not matter, we will take another TV. Unfortunately, not everyone can afford this.

Each family chooses its own strategy for resolving interpersonal conflicts. Someone quickly concedes and goes to reconciliation, some can live for a long time in a state of quarrel and not talk to each other. It is very important that discontent does not accumulate, the spouses find a compromise, and all problems are resolved as quickly as possible.

Interpersonal conflicts of people of different generations

The conflict of "fathers and sons" can be considered in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, it occurs within a single family, while in the second it is projected onto the whole society as a whole. This problem has existed at all times, it is not new for our century either.

The conflict of generations occurs because of the difference in views, worldview, norms and values ​​of young people and people of more mature age. However, this difference need not provoke conflict. The reason for the struggle of generations is the unwillingness to understand and respect the interests of each other.

The main features of interpersonal conflicts of generations are that they are much longer in nature and do not develop in certain stages. They can periodically subside and flare up again with renewed vigor in the event of a sharp infringement of the interests of the parties.

In order for your family not to be affected by generational conflict, you must constantly show respect and patience with each other. Old people should often remember that they were once young and did not want to listen to advice, and young people should not forget that in many years they will also become old.

Is it possible to live your whole life without conflict with anyone?

Few people like the constant swearing and quarrels. Many people would dream of living without ever having conflict with anyone. However, this is not possible in our society at the moment.

From early childhood, a person is in conflict with others. For example, the kids did not share toys, the child does not obey his parents. In adolescence, generational conflict often comes first.

Throughout our lives, we have to periodically defend our interests, prove our case. At the same time, conflicts cannot be avoided. We can only reduce the number of conflicts to a minimum, try not to succumb to provocations and avoid quarrels without good reasons.

Rules of conduct in a conflict situation

When a conflict arises, both participants want to resolve it as soon as possible, while achieving their goals and getting what they want. How should one behave in this situation in order to get out of it with dignity?

First you need to learn to separate the attitude towards the person with whom there was a disagreement, from the very problem that needs to be solved. Do not start insulting your opponent, get personal, try to behave with restraint and calmness. Argument all your arguments, try to put yourself in the place of the enemy and invite him to take your place.

If you notice that you are starting to lose your temper, invite your interlocutor to take a break to calm down and cool down a bit, and then continue to sort things out. To solve the problem as soon as possible, you need to see a specific goal and focus on ways to achieve it. It is important to remember that in any conflict situation, it is necessary first of all to maintain relations with the opponent.

Ways to get out of a conflict situation

The most successful way out is to find a compromise by the warring parties. In this case, the parties make a decision that suits all parties to the dispute. There are no reticences and misunderstandings between the conflicting parties.

However, not in all cases it is possible to reach a compromise. Very often the outcome of the conflict is coercion. This version of the outcome of the conflict is most typical if one of the participants occupies a dominant position. For example, a leader forces a subordinate to do as he pleases, or a parent tells his child to do as he sees fit.

In order to prevent the conflict from gaining strength, you can try to smooth it out. In this case, the person who is accused of something agrees with the reproaches and claims, tries to explain the reason for his actions and deeds. The use of this method of getting out of the dispute does not mean that the essence of the conflict is understood, and mistakes are recognized. Just at the moment the accused does not want to enter into a conflict.

Admitting your mistakes and repenting for what you have done is another way to resolve interpersonal conflict. An example of such a situation: the child regrets that he did not prepare the lessons and received a deuce, and promises his parents to continue to do homework.

How to prevent interpersonal conflicts

Each person should always remember that absolutely any dispute is better to prevent than to deal with its consequences later and repair damaged relationships. What is the prevention of interpersonal conflicts?

First you need to limit your communication with the potential to the maximum. These can be arrogant, aggressive, secretive personalities. If it is not possible to completely stop communicating with such people, try to ignore their provocations and always remain calm.

To prevent conflict situations, you need to learn how to negotiate with the interlocutor, try to find an approach to any person, respect your opponent and clearly formulate your positions.

In what situations should you not fight?

Before entering into a conflict, you need to think carefully about whether you really need it. Very often people begin to sort things out in cases where it does not make sense at all.

If your interests are not directly affected, and during the dispute you will not achieve your goals, most likely it makes no sense to enter into an interpersonal conflict. An example of a similar situation: on the bus, the conductor starts arguing with the passenger. Even if you support the position of one of the disputants, you should not get involved in their conflict without a good reason.

If you see that the level of your opponent is radically different from yours, there is no point in entering into an argument and discussion with such people. You will never prove to a stupid person that you are right.

Before getting involved in a conflict, you need to evaluate all the pros and cons, think about what consequences it can lead to, how your relationship with your opponent will change, and whether you want it, how likely it is that during the dispute you will be able to achieve your goals. Also, great attention should be paid to your emotions at the time of the threat of a quarrel. Perhaps you should use the tactics of avoiding the conflict, cool down a little and think carefully about the current situation.

The conflict between the individual and society is relevant at all times, because it is embedded even at the level of concepts, they are opposed: one - several, a person - a crowd, etc. So, initially it so happened that the team pushes out of itself those who do not look like it, and then brings down on them persecution. It may be that one himself wanted to separate from others, arrogantly distinguishing himself from their background. Be that as it may, there would be no reason for them to separate if their relationship had not turned into a confrontation. Whatever it was caused initially, now this conflict is still topical. Consider typical examples from the literature.

In the work of A. Kuprin "Olesya", the inhabitants of the village were hostile to the healer and her granddaughter, who lived far from the settlement. The ignorant peasants thought that women conjure and control the forces of nature. However, this, of course, was not true. In fact, they only prepared decoctions and potions, studying the powers of herbs. The narrator personally made sure that the heroines were kind and good people who were not accepted in the village because they differ from everyone else in their independent behavior and lifestyle. The culmination of this rejection was the scene in the church, where Olesya was beaten by parishioners in order to prevent her from entering the sacred place. In a fit of anger, the "witch" promised to send bad weather and destroy the crop. And so it happened. The unfortunate women hastily left Polissya in order to avoid reprisals. This conflict was described by A. Kuprin more than 100 years ago, but what about today? Maybe we have already solved this problem?

In 1987, almost a hundred years later, V. Astafiev wrote the story "Lyudochka", in which he contrasts the indifference of the city with the grief of a little man - a village girl who came to work. Lyuda got a job at a hairdresser's to wash floors, got a job in Gavrilovna's apartment, with whom she worked. However, returning from work in the evening, she was beaten and raped by a former criminal and his bandit gang. No one sympathized with the unfortunate heroine, even her own mother did not find sensitivity in her heart to take an interest in her daughter's life. Gavrilovna said at all: “Well, the seal was torn off, what a disaster.” Having met with the indifference of the closest people, the girl could not stand it and hanged herself. And her death was not even included in the incident report, so as not to spoil the statistics. Even here, in such a modern work, the theme of the conflict between the individual and society has not become obsolete.

Thus, the confrontation between one and several is an eternal conflict that is not resolved over time. It only acquires new facets that life itself renews.

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