How did water appear on earth?

But at the moment you know about yourself, - As the Higher Forces said upon contact, - somewhere 0, 001% and you have knowledge, if you compare with Us, like "trainers" from kindergarten and you just need to develop and - develop !!! And a person, possessing "mind-blowing" abilities, is able to move with his body in space and time without using any technical means! But until you begin to develop spiritually, you will not be able to use this and other "mind-blowing" possibilities of a person that were originally laid in him!!!And because of your poor knowledge, you have an absolutely wrong idea about life!!!

In ancient times, when our future solar system was on the Fourth Universal "Snail of Time" (look below at the real model of our Universe and you will see for the first time what it really is!). Then in our future solar system there were two suns . And our future planet Earth Higher Forces dragged from the constellation Triangulum "and placed at an equal distance from them. And from that time on, the existence of our planet began, which can be conditionally called the "First period of Her silence"! The fact is that our solar system at that time was a "free zone." Of course, planets that Now we know very well that there was no such thing in our solar system then. After a while, one of the Suns exploded. And since then, the "2nd period of Her silence" has come. And only after that did a period appear that can be conditionally called "Vegetative Since it was during this period that organisms resembling our today's plants, both terrestrial and underwater, first appeared.Dying away, these plants began to form a new layer of the Earth - Its soil!!!And also, partially, coal.

And our oxygen atmosphere - it is a product of this plant life! At the beginning of this vegetative period, the oxygen in the atmosphere was approximately 0, 25%, and by the end of this period it had risen to 95%. And all this was prepared by the Higher Forces for preparation and emergence on Earth already " animal life".

And at the same time, the construction of the planets of today's solar system took place. Today's construction was realized by the Higher Forces, which are engaged in precisely such matters in the Universe. And remember nothing in the universe is done just like that, but everything is done strictly according to plan !!!

And for these purposes in the Universe there is a special "Space Division", which is engaged in precisely creation of heavenly bodies !!!

After that, the Cosmic Forces turned the Cosmic energy river into our Galaxy, with the final goal to our Earth. And in order for the Earth to become Intelligent, the Creators sent the "Energy of Life" into the core of the Earth (namely, it is thanks to this energy that life exists! Below you will read what the Higher Forces said about this energy) and placed a special protoplasm in the core of the Earth and filled it with a special development program.

And when creating our planet into the structure of the Earth, how “Reasonable being”, such structures were invested that manage many processes on Earth . These are her processes. magnetic fields , processes of finding and the existence in the center of the Earth of certain "life energies" on which life on our planet depends!!! By the time the 4th race appeared on Earth, there were only 7 planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. And also very weakly affecting the Earth at that time, due to its slightly different rotation - Jupiter. Phaeton was then located between Mars and Saturn and the trajectory of its movement crossed the then orbit of Jupiter. And by the end of the 4th race Phaeton was blown up. Since the construction of the solar system by the Higher Forces was ending. And it was in the period between the 3rd and 4th races that we had the Moon!!! The moon is an artificial celestial body. And in the universe, nothing happens just like that.

So I asked Them a question about our Universe (which you will read about below) and this is how They answered, -

You think right!!! But We not only supervise your Universe, We we create and build your Universe. And We are watching you all the time, because you are Our children!!!

In fact, in our Universe, nothing happens "just like that" from random compression, as our "scientists" believe, different systems and planets do not appear, but everything is controlled and done strictly according to plan. And this is exactly how the "construction" of our today's solar system took place. . AND today's construction of It was realized by the Higher Forces of the Universe , who do just such things in the universe !

The fact is that in the Universe nothing is done "just like that" and "accidentally", but everything is done thoughtfully and strictly according to plan (as the Higher Forces said during contact). Therefore, after the Higher Forces created our planet, They created a "water tunnel" for her. through which water was brought to our planet. This "tunnel-passage" goes to our South Pole. And it continues to function even now. And it is through it that "purified water" from the Cosmos comes to the Earth through the South Pole, and "contaminated water" from our Ocean goes to the Cosmos through the North Pole. And these are not my conjectures and fantasies, but the words of the Higher Forces spoken during contact. And these "tunnels-passages" do not manifest themselves materially, since they are created from "first radiations", or "protomatter", which does not manifest itself materially, that is, we do not see it. But the people of the Earth see the water itself in the form of giant "Aurora Borealis". But we see it only at the very edges of the "tunnel-passage", since at the edges the water speed is about three times less than in its center.

The thing is, people don't know what the water used by us humans on Earth goes into the ocean Andafter it is removed by Cosmic currents Through the North Pole into Space according to special "tunnels-passages" and already cleaned, through special "tunnels-passages" returns to Earth through the South Pole. (But people don't care about these "water tunnels" they don’t know!!!) I am writing you the information that the Higher Forces of the Universe told me upon contact.

And They said, If this chain is interrupted, then an irreversible process will occur ... you don't value it , what do you have !!! And these giant streams of ocean water are affected by "Solar Energy" (I will write about it below), and not by Sunlight !!! And as a result of which appear " Northern" and " Southern aurora ". But at the moment people do not know anything about these "water flows" and "water tunnels". And people do not know that if it were not for these flows of water flying into Space through the North Pole for purification, and to the South Pole - already purified water returns to our Earth Ocean. And if such circulation ceased, then it would be very bad for us, but we do not know and do not think about it. Here is what the Higher Powers said about this -

By polluting the water, you thereby affect your Ocean, since all your water enters it. The Higher Forces of the Universe, upon contact, said, - Water, this is a huge source of information! The point is, everything we do is wrong remains in the memory of water . And the more such pollution, the more volume of Cosmic filtration is required for it (People just don't know about it!!!). And all this will have a detrimental effect on your planet and on all its flora and fauna, and on man himself!

And this is what the Higher Powers said upon contact about this, - If man will continue to continue to explore the Ocean just as unreasonably , as he is doing now, then a catastrophe can happen as a result of which the Cosmic connection of replenishing the Ocean with water (which people know nothing about) is interrupted, and then everything will disappear forever ... The fact is that "solar energy" is refracted and reflected in these droplets of water (like raindrops form a "rainbow") floating in the atmosphere.

This is a picture of the "Aurora Borealis" (taken from space). Here the purified water molecules go down. Look carefully at the photo taken from space. It shows the edges of the "tunnel-passage" through which water enters the South Pole of the Earth and this "tunnel-passage" has a certain diameter. So through this "tunnel-passage" water enters our planet and therefore its radiance is slightly different than that of the Northern one. But the fact is that the flow rate in these "tunnels-passages" is different. At the very edge of the "tunnel-passage" it is almost 3 times less than in the middle of the "tunnel-passage". Therefore, in the picture we can more or less clearly see these flows, compared to their center.

This is a picture of the "Aurora Borealis" (taken from space). Here, water molecules rise up - into the Cosmos for purification. There, water droplets will already rise and when they get into their "tunnel-passage", they will rush along it with incredible speed for purification. The speed of light, when compared with their speed, will seem scanty!!! For example, our ancient ancestors knew very well about the "energy of the Earth" and the "Energy of the Sun". The fact is that "Solar energy" (you will read about it for the first time below) feeds the entire space of the Earth and as a result of this, these Earthly spaces accumulate it into themselves and accumulate this energy into themselves. Now people have forgotten how to use this energy. We just don't know how to use it. Our ancient ancestors had such knowledge - but we have forgotten everything. And now we don't have such knowledge.

People do not know that the physical body of a person is permeated with a network of so-called "protomatter" unknown to us so far, or, more correctly, "first radiations", about which our scientists have zero knowledge so far. And this "protomatter" is much smaller in volume than the elementary particles known to us, which we know from the Mindeleev table.

For comparison, we will compare the size of such a particle with a hydrogen atom. It is approximately 10 -b to the power of minus 27 from size of a hydrogen atom. These "first radiations" arise at the birth of the Universe, that is, at the opening of the Universe of its space-time system. And they exist in its closed continuum in the form of a "cellular mesh frame".

And it is precisely such "primary radiations" that arise at the birth of the Universe! And they are the basis for the creation of dense matter, which we know and do not know! Basically, we know about this "dense" matter from the Periodic Table in the form of its chemical elements. But in the future this table will have a completely different look, it will be voluminous! There are 27 such "primary radiations" in total. And only one of them is not subject to material manifestation and does not interact with the carriers of physical time!

And it is she who serves as the main material for the construction of "time tunnels", "snails of time" and various water and energy and many other "passage tunnels" and "temporal axes" of man!

Below you will see for the first time a model of our Universe and It, like a person, has a "head" in which the Higher Forces of the Super Ring live.

And now look at the drawing of the model of our Universe and for the first time you will see what it really is! On the left, I painted arms and legs to her with a dotted line, and you - for the first time saw Her and made sure that we (people) were created in Her likeness !!! And in Her head is the Super Ring, which acts as a "bio-screen", or "Brains" of the Universe! In the second picture, you see the arrow at number 6. In this time Spiral "we are now and we live. The number 6 is a symbol of life and prosperity!

The Old Testament says. - And God said: Let us make man in Our image and after Our likeness. And God created man in his own image (Old Testament, chapter 1, Genesis 1:26, 1:28).

For the first time you see a simplified drawing of a model of our universe. And the drawing of this Model of the Universe is very similar to the model of a person (as in the "Old Testament") and I asked the Powers of the Super Ring (which are in the drawing in the head of the Universe) a question, - And you, in my opinion, are something like"Bioscreen", or "Brains" our universe! It is right!? And this is what the Higher Powers of the Super Ring answered me, -

you think right!!! But We not only supervise your Universe, We create and build your Universe. And we are watching you all the time because you are our children!!!

And now look at the drawings of our Universe and you will see for the first time what it really is! In the green drawing, I painted her arms and legs with a dotted line, and for the first time you saw Her and made sure that we(people) created in her image! And the Higher Powers confirmed it! But not only that, we have seven Energy Rings inside us, headed by Their "chakras" ("chakra" is translated from Sanskrit as "Ring"). And our Universe has Seven Numerical Rings with Teacher systems controlling them. And above them stands a Bioscreen that controls them all, as well as absolutely all human organs and organisms and their DNA! You look at the drawing, and you will see something like a hat on the Head of the Universe. This is the Super Ring of the Universe, which plays approximately the same role as the "Bioscreen" in humans (below you will see a drawing of the human "bioscreen"). And now read what the Higher Forces of the Universe have said on this topic!

The fact that the universe is a living organism!

And the "Chronospheres" of the Galaxies and the Universe itself are, as it were, skeletons from which They will never come out, although at the same time they will expand or shrink!!!

Our scientists have the wrong idea about the expansion of our universe. The following happens, the "cochlea sleeve of the Universe" expands and as a result, the axes diverge. (You can see this under number 2). And this is what the Higher Forces of the Universe said about this, - what appears to you as an expansion of the Universe is just an expansion of matter in the sleeve of the time cochlea of ​​the Universe! And this is for sure! Please note that the Higher Powers said this during the contact and They added that the Chronosphere is one of the most stable structures of the Universe! It will not collapse, even if the Universes themselves exist! And it is she who is the basis of the foundations of the existence of each Universe !!!

The powers of the Super Ring confirmed that energy the human model is similar to the universal ( you first saw the real model of our Universe above!) And it differs from the human model in its frequency range. And since you live in a 3-dimensional space, the concept of time (and the Chronosphere) is not yet available to you! And when the 4th dimension is available to you, then this concept will be available to you. But the fact is that the 4th dimension will only be a transitional phase in the development of mankind. In comparison, it's like a corridor between two rooms. Therefore, humanity is actually moving towards the 5th dimension. And it is there that he will receive all sorts of knowledge about different dimensions and proportions and different time dependences of a person !!!

For example, our ancient ancestors knew very well about the energy of the Earth and the Sun. The fact is that this energy through a special "tunnel-transition" initially comes to our Sun and after that it is transferred by Him for the life of the entire Solar System. And this energy feeds the entire space of the Earth, and as a result of this, these Earthly spaces accumulate it into themselves and accumulate this energy into themselves. Now people have forgotten how to use this energy. We just don't know how to use it. Our ancient ancestors had such knowledge - but we have forgotten everything. And now we don't have such knowledge.

The largest storage of solar energy is the core of the Earth! And when there is a supersaturation of the Earth's core with solar energy, volcanoes erupt.

We , people, we are very afraid of this and we do not understand that this energy, in principle, is simply superfluous - energy not used by us. And the use of this energy is waiting for humanity ahead. We forgot that it is the Sun that gives life and gives it not by its Sunlight, but by its Solar energy. And it is this energy that gives life everywhere and even where we cannot even imagine that it is there!

We have forgotten how to contact different higher Minds and receive various useful information from Them and through his "ignorance" we are and live in our "isolated" world. Therefore, the world of our Earth at the moment is an "isolated" world from all those worlds where people like us live!

But only they learned to receive energy from the Stars and therefore they use this energy very powerfully and they even know that they have such knowledge that when their Star goes out, they can quite easily move to another place of their residence.

But the fact is that this energy of the Sun is also in our blood. And therefore, it is our blood that reacts to changes in the speed of the Solar energy flow. And as a result of the reaction of our blood to the solar energy flow, we feel either better or worse!

Some of you have the opinion that all this comes from flashes of "prominences" on the Sun! But it's not! Those bursts ("prominences") that occur on the Sun are just the interaction of the "Plasmoids" of our Sun with those objects that are in Our Solar System. I have been in contact with the Plasmoids of our Sun for a very long time and I can say that They are very kind and loving towards us - the people of the Earth! And the "prominences" of a certain klpssification are the "thoughts of our Sun", which She sends to our Earth, after a request from her!!! (But people don't know anything about it at all!!!).

On and on our Sun through a special "tunnel-passage", about which people know nothing, there is an energy flow, which connects Star to Star, but you , people, do not know anything and do not understand these "energy flows" and at the moment you cannot interact with them. But if you begin to correctly understand these "energy flows", then you will be able to transform these "energy flows" into the types of energies that you need on the ground for your life!

The fact that Solar energy is everywhere, no matter what you have now day or night and regardless of the time of year. And specifically from a person, it does not depend on how old he is now! People have ceased to understand our Sun. Our ancient ancestors understood it well and they perfectly used this knowledge. Before being treated, they always harmonized their energy envelope. That is, they cleansed it so that you would not have any negative energy. That is, with this energy of the Sun, you kind of washed away all the negative energy from yourself. This technique is very simple. After looking at the Sun, close your eyes and receive warmth from Him for 50 minutes. Purification will be about 89%. After that, it is recommended to take a shower and it is advisable to do this in the morning.

When the Earth came into existence, it was too hot for water. But where did she come from then? Two new studies reveal how Jupiter played its part.

Humanity exists because there was a real explosion. And more than once. In the hours of the birth of the solar system, small pieces first arose from dust particles, and then large asteroids. Massive bodies constantly merged with each other and melted into a new body. In the end, only a few planetary fragments remained, which gradually cleared their way around the sun. So 4.5 billion years ago the Earth was formed.

This theory of the origin of the Earth is a scientific compromise. Only he does not answer all questions. Where did water come from on the blue planet? After all, researchers are unanimous in their opinion that when the Earth formed, it was too hot for water molecules. There are several theories about its origin.

Two topical studies at once promote one of the newest theories, according to which Jupiter played one of the leading roles. Water and other liquid substances were brought to the Earth not as previously thought, at a later stage with the help of comets and asteroids, but already at the first stage of the planet's origin.

It was hot at first

When the cosmic bombardment occurred, the temperature inside the solar system was so high that water existed only in the form of gas. But young, unformed planets could not accept this gas. Instead, a strong solar wind carried it into the depths of outer space. Only later did the vital chemical compound H20 return from the cold outer solar system. When? And How?

A study by scientists Mario Fischer-Gödde and Thorsten Kleine of the University of Münster indicates that the strange movement of the planet Jupiter during the first million years of the solar system brought water back to Earth. These data contradict the widespread theory, according to which water appeared on Earth only in the last phase of the Earth's formation 4.4-3.9 billion years ago with the help of meteorites and asteroids. Their main argument is the rare element Ruthenium.

The material has special properties. It tends to iron, siderophile, as the researchers say, and therefore, at the initial stage of the formation of the planet, for the most part, it sank to the core, which contains iron. But ruthenium is also found in the layers of the Earth's crust and mantle. Ideal for Fischer-Hedde and Kleine, because by doing so they know what to tell about the recent history of the Earth.

Wandering Jupiter

Terrestrial ruthenium has a specific composition. It is made up of atoms with varying numbers of neutrons, isotopes, and has that sort of chemical fingerprint that the team could compare to ruthenium from young meteorites.

Depending on the origin of meteorites, which are the remnants of the young solar system, the composition of their ruthenium also differs. Comets containing water from the outer solar system have a different fingerprint than dry meteorites from the inner solar system. The origin of the mantle from the last stage of the formation of the Earth can be explained by this.

The results of the Fischer-Gedde study show that the mantle comes from meteorites from the enstatite chondrite family. Water-rich objects from the outer solar system do not appear to have collapsed.

“Because we can rule out that water arrived on Earth with meteorites, it happened before that,” Thorsten Kleine says. His research substantiates the Big Reversal model, established only a few years ago.

In accordance with this model, the young Jupiter drifted towards the inner solar system due to the effect of the gaseous shell of the planet. When Saturn later arose, it was pulled out again into today's orbit. While the gas giant pushed rocky material toward the Sun on its return journey, it blasted meteorites and water from the outer solar system toward Earth. “Therefore, a lot of meteors containing water came to Earth at a certain time,” says Kleine. And this happened rather at an early stage in the history of the Earth.

Anhydrous meteorites formed the Earth

The researchers were supported in their theory by another study by Nicholas Daufas from the University of Chicago. The American researcher also turned to the idea of ​​ruthenium and applied it simultaneously on several elements. All of them appear both on Earth and in meteorites. Unlike German scientists, he did not test his assumptions on real cosmic elements, but developed a mathematical model on the origin of terrestrial material based on existing research. According to it, the Earth arose in the course of two phases. At the first stage, the building material was formed by some water-rich meteorites from the outer solar system - about one tenth of the then mass of the Earth - and water-free enstatite chondrites. At the second stage, there were no more water-rich meteorites, only enstatite chondrites were sent to the Earth.

No data on comets

The problem is that all scientists have studied only meteorites, that is, celestial bodies that have fallen to Earth. “We assume that the ratio of ruthenium isotopes is less consistent with the ratio with the Earth, the farther from the Sun comets occur,” says Kleine. "Thus, we exclude the outer celestial bodies as carriers of water in the last stage of the emergence of the Earth." If, contrary to expectations, there are comets outside the solar system that have the same ruthenium isotopes as those of the Earth, this model will no longer work.

What is missing to unravel the mystery of the source of the earth's water is reliable data on similar celestial bodies. They can be provided from expeditions to comets. Since the European Space Agency's Rosetta mission has not yet provided enough data, the researchers are betting on future projects. However, no official decision on such a mission has yet been made.

MOSCOW, January 12 - RIA Novosti. The oldest rocks of the Earth from a Canadian island in the Arctic told scientists that the water of our planet existed on its surface from the very beginning, and was not brought by comets or asteroids, according to an article published in the journal Science.

“We found that the water molecules in the samples of these rocks contained few atoms of deuterium, heavy hydrogen. This suggests that it came to Earth not after it had formed and cooled, but together with the dust from which it was molded our planet. Most of the water in this dust evaporated, but its remnants were enough to form the Earth's oceans, "said Lydia Hallis (Lydia Hallis) from the University of Glasgow (Scotland).

Today, planetary scientists believe that the waters of the Earth are of "cosmic" origin. Their source, according to half of them, are comets, while other astronomers believe that the water reserves of our planet were "brought" to it by asteroids.
Hallis and her colleagues showed that our planet's oceans could actually be filled with its own water by studying samples of Earth's oldest basalts found in Baffin, Canada in 1985.

These fragments of the Earth's mantle, as the geologist explains, contain the so-called inclusions - small balls of crystals of refractory rocks that formed at the dawn of the life of the solar system, about 4.5-4.4 billion years ago. Due to the fact that they never left the bowels of the Earth and did not mix with the rocks of the earth's crust, they contain the primary matter of our planet.

The Hallis team decided to use this fact to study the isotopic composition of the water contained in these inclusions and compare it with the hydrogen isotope fractions that are characteristic of Earth's waters today and of asteroids and comets.

As it turned out, the primary rocks of the Earth contained unusually little deuterium, heavy hydrogen, much less than is contained in the waters of modern oceans and in the matter of small celestial bodies. This suggests that the source of water was the primary matter of the gas and dust disk, from which the Earth and all other inhabitants of the solar system were born.

Why is it so? Initially, as Hallis explains, the primordial matter of the solar system contained very little deuterium. Deuterium is heavier than "ordinary" hydrogen, and therefore its atoms evaporate much more slowly into space from the surface of the Earth or other celestial bodies than simple protons. Therefore, the more time water spends in open space, the less deuterium will be in it. This explains why a small amount of deuterium in the water in the samples of these rocks indicates the "terrestrial" origin of water in the oceans of our planet.

Today, very few scientists believe that water and most of the gases in the Earth's atmosphere could have arisen on our planet "independently." This is due to the fact that the Earth is located in the so-called hot part of the protoplanetary disk, where water ice and other frozen volatile substances were gradually destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet and other rays of the newborn Sun.

On the other hand, in recent years, planetary scientists have found a lot of evidence and theoretical evidence in favor of the fact that the Earth and some other Earth-like planets of the solar system could have formed in a more distant and colder part of the protoplanetary disk, and then were "driven" from their place into modern orbits. Jupiter and Saturn. The discovery of Hallis and her colleagues may be another argument in favor of this "migration" theory.

Scientists are still arguing about the appearance of water on Earth. One comrade began to search for hypotheses. Found six. There is no agreement in this world! Where does water come from on Earth - answer options.

Hypotheses about the origin of water on Earth

First hypothesis. Earth's hot origin

It is believed that the Earth was once a molten fireball, which, radiating heat into space, gradually cooled down. The original crust appeared, chemical compounds of elements arose, among them the combination of hydrogen with oxygen, or, more simply, water.

The space around the Earth was increasingly filled with gases that continuously erupted from cracks in the cooling crust. As the vapors cooled, they formed a cloud cover that tightly enveloped our planet. When the temperature in the gas envelope dropped so much that the moisture contained in the clouds turned into water, the first rains fell.

For millennium after millennium the rains fell. It was they who became the source of water, which gradually filled the oceanic depressions and formed the World Ocean.

Second hypothesis. The cold origin of the Earth

The Earth was cold, and then it began to warm up. Warming up caused volcanic activity. Lava erupted by volcanoes brought water vapor to the surface of the planet. Part of the vapor, condensing, filled the oceanic depressions, and part formed the atmosphere. As has now been confirmed, the main arena of volcanic activity in the early stages of the Earth's evolution was indeed the floor of modern oceans.

According to this hypothesis, water was already in that primary matter from which our earth was formed. This possibility is confirmed by the presence of water in meteorites falling to Earth. In "heavenly stones" it is up to 0.5%. At first glance, a meager amount. How unconvincing!

Third hypothesis

The third hypothesis again proceeds from the "cold" origin of the Earth with its subsequent heating.
At some stage of heating in the Earth's mantle at depths of 50-70 km, water vapor began to form from hydrogen and oxygen ions. However, the high temperature of the mantle did not allow it to enter into chemical compounds with the substance of the mantle.

Under the influence of gigantic pressure, steam was squeezed out into the upper layers of the mantle, and then into the Earth's crust. In the crust, lower temperatures stimulated chemical reactions between minerals and water, as a result of the loosening of the rocks, cracks and voids formed, which were immediately filled with free water. Under the action of water pressure, cracks were distributed, turned into faults, and water rushed through them to the surface. This is how the early oceans came into being.

However, the activity of water in the Earth's crust was not exhausted by this. Hot water quite easily dissolved acids and alkalis. This "hellish mixture" corroded everything and everything around, turning into a kind of brine, which gave the sea water its inherent salinity to this day.

Millenniums followed each other. The brine spread inexorably in breadth and depth under the granite foundations of the continents. It was not given to him to penetrate into the actual granite. The porous structure of granite, like a thin filter, retained suspensions. The “filter” became clogged, and when clogged, it began to play the role of a screen blocking the way for water.

If all this took place, then under the continents at a depth of 12-20 km there are oceans of compressed water saturated with dissolved salts and metals. It is quite possible that such oceans also spread under many kilometers of basaltic bottom of terrestrial oceans.

The above hypothesis is supported by a sharp increase in the velocity of seismic waves at a depth of 15-20 km, i.e., just where the boundary of the proposed interface between granite and the brine surface should lie, the boundary of a sharp change in the physicochemical properties of the substance.

This hypothesis is confirmed by the so-called drift of the continents. The granite masses of the continents are moving. They "float", although the speed of their movement is only a few centimeters per century. Why not assume that the brine oceans play the role of a kind of film under the "bottoms" of the continents, like an oil film in a bearing between the trunnion and the shaft.

If brines exist, then in the future humanity will certainly use them as the richest liquid ore, in which the most valuable elements and their compounds are dissolved.

The fourth hypothesis of the English astrophysicist Hoyle

Its essence is as follows: the condensation of the protoplanetary cloud surrounding our proto-Sun proceeded unequally at different distances from the Sun. The farther away from it, the lower the temperature of the cloud. Closer to the Sun could condense, say, metals as substances more refractory. And where the orbits of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto pass, according to Hoyle's calculations, the temperature was about 350 K, which is already enough for the condensation of water vapor.

It is this circumstance that can explain the "watery" nature of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, formed in the process of merging ice and snow particles. The "water" nature of these planets is confirmed by the latest astronomical observations.

However, during the formation of the outer planets, gravitational "pushing" of blocks of ice into the region of the inner planets took place. Those of the blocks that were of sufficient size, not having time to completely evaporate from the sun's rays, reached the Earth and fell on it in the form of a kind of icy "rain". Obviously, such "rains" were more abundant on Mars and very scarce on Venus.

The calculations made by Hoyle confirm the possibility of the formation of the Earth's oceans from freezing rain, which took only a few million years.

Fifth hypothesis

It, like the fourth, suggests a purely cosmic origin of water, but from other sources. The fact is that a shower of electrically charged particles is continuously falling to Earth from the depths of space. And among these particles, a fair share is made up of protons - the nuclei of hydrogen atoms. Penetrating the upper layers of the atmosphere, protons capture electrons and turn into hydrogen atoms, which immediately react with atmospheric oxygen. Water molecules are formed. The calculation showed that a cosmic source of this kind is capable of producing almost 1.5 tons of water per year, and this water reaches the earth's surface in the form of precipitation.

One and a half tons ... By global standards - an insignificant amount. But it should be borne in mind that the formation of such cosmic water began simultaneously with the appearance of the planet, i.e., more than 4 billion years ago.

Sixth hypothesis

As established by scientists, about 250 million years ago, there was a single continent on Earth. Then, for unknown reasons, it cracked, and parts of it began to spread, "float away" from each other.

Evidence of the existence of a once single continent is not only the similarity of the coastlines, but also the similarity of flora and fauna, the similarity of the geological structures of the coasts. In short, few people now doubt the unity of the Earth's continents in the past. Another thing causes bewilderment: how can blocks of continents float away from each other, like giant "icebergs", if their roots go deep into tens of kilometers? And what drives them?

Recent studies have confirmed: yes, the continents are “floating”, the distance between them is constantly increasing. The movement of the continents is brilliantly explained by the hypothesis of the expanding Earth. The hypothesis states that initially the Earth had a radius half as large as it is now. The continents, then merged together, encircled the planet. There were no oceans. And now, on the border of the Proterozoic and Mesozoic (250-300 million years ago), the Earth began to expand. A single mainland gave cracks, which, filled with water, turned into oceans. And since then to our time, the radius of the Earth has doubled!

The invention of atomic clocks made it possible to determine with absolute accuracy the longitude and latitude of terrestrial objects in the starry sky. Measurements have shown that our planet... continues to expand!

Expanding, for example, Europe. Moscow and Leningrad "float" to the east at a speed of 1 cm per year. And Hamburg, located in the center of Europe, remains in place.

The rate of expansion of the European continent is enormous. After all, in some 20 million years (the smallest period for a geological epoch), as a result of such a movement, a bowl of the future ocean 4000 km wide can be formed.

However, until now, supporters of the expanding Earth hypothesis had no arguments by which they could explain why the Earth is expanding.
Now there are such arguments.

First of all, let us recall (and we will return to this later) that the Universe consists of 98% hydrogen, i.e., the element that creates water. Our Earth also consists of 98% hydrogen. He came to us along with those particles of cold cosmic dust from which all the planets of the solar system were formed. And among these particles were metal atoms.

It is here that we encounter an interesting phenomenon. It turns out that metals are capable of absorbing huge amounts of hydrogen - tens, hundreds and even thousands of volumes per volume. Further: the more hydrogen a metal absorbs (or attaches), the denser it becomes, i.e., it decreases more and more in volume. Yes, we did not make a reservation - it is decreasing. So, alkali metals, by adding hydrogen, decrease in volume by 1.5 times already at atmospheric pressure. As for other metals (for example, iron and nickel, of which, according to scientists, the core of the Earth is composed), then at normal atmospheric pressure (105 Pa) their volume decrease is very insignificant.

However, as the dust cloud compacted, its gravitational contraction occurred, and the pressure inside the proto-Earth increased. Correspondingly, the degree of absorption of hydrogen by the metals of the iron group also increased. Compression gave rise to the opposite of pressure - heating.

And since the central regions of the formed planet were subjected to the greatest compression, the temperature there also grew more rapidly.

And at some stage of heating, when the temperature in the Earth's core reached a certain critical value (the transition of quantitative growth to a new qualitative state!), the reverse process began - the release of hydrogen from metals.

The decay of metal-hydrogen compounds, i.e., the restoration of metallic structures, caused a sharp increase in the volume of the substance of the Earth's core. The expansion of the metal core manifested itself with such force that the mantle and crust of the planet, unable to withstand it, cracked.

Thus, the degassing of hydrogen was accompanied by the expansion of the Earth. Meanwhile, hydrogen, penetrating the enormous thickness of the planet, captured oxygen atoms along the way, and water vapors were already escaping to its surface. Condensing, the water filled the cracks in the crust. Gradually oceans formed.

So, six hypotheses of the origin of terrestrial water. Over time, it will become clear which of them is true. Perhaps all six will be true, each to some degree. In the meantime, the question "Where did the water on Earth come from?" remains open.

MOSCOW, January 12 - RIA Novosti. The oldest rocks of the Earth from a Canadian island in the Arctic told scientists that the water of our planet existed on its surface from the very beginning, and was not brought by comets or asteroids, according to an article published in the journal Science.

“We found that the water molecules in the samples of these rocks contained few atoms of deuterium, heavy hydrogen. This suggests that it came to Earth not after it had formed and cooled, but together with the dust from which it was molded our planet. Most of the water in this dust evaporated, but its remnants were enough to form the Earth's oceans, "said Lydia Hallis (Lydia Hallis) from the University of Glasgow (Scotland).

Today, planetary scientists believe that the waters of the Earth are of "cosmic" origin. Their source, according to half of them, are comets, while other astronomers believe that the water reserves of our planet were "brought" to it by asteroids.
Hallis and her colleagues showed that our planet's oceans could actually be filled with its own water by studying samples of Earth's oldest basalts found in Baffin, Canada in 1985.

These fragments of the Earth's mantle, as the geologist explains, contain the so-called inclusions - small balls of crystals of refractory rocks that formed at the dawn of the life of the solar system, about 4.5-4.4 billion years ago. Due to the fact that they never left the bowels of the Earth and did not mix with the rocks of the earth's crust, they contain the primary matter of our planet.

The Hallis team decided to use this fact to study the isotopic composition of the water contained in these inclusions and compare it with the hydrogen isotope fractions that are characteristic of Earth's waters today and of asteroids and comets.

As it turned out, the primary rocks of the Earth contained unusually little deuterium, heavy hydrogen, much less than is contained in the waters of modern oceans and in the matter of small celestial bodies. This suggests that the source of water was the primary matter of the gas and dust disk, from which the Earth and all other inhabitants of the solar system were born.

Why is it so? Initially, as Hallis explains, the primordial matter of the solar system contained very little deuterium. Deuterium is heavier than "ordinary" hydrogen, and therefore its atoms evaporate much more slowly into space from the surface of the Earth or other celestial bodies than simple protons. Therefore, the more time water spends in open space, the less deuterium will be in it. This explains why a small amount of deuterium in the water in the samples of these rocks indicates the "terrestrial" origin of water in the oceans of our planet.

Today, very few scientists believe that water and most of the gases in the Earth's atmosphere could have arisen on our planet "independently." This is due to the fact that the Earth is located in the so-called hot part of the protoplanetary disk, where water ice and other frozen volatile substances were gradually destroyed under the influence of ultraviolet and other rays of the newborn Sun.

On the other hand, in recent years, planetary scientists have found a lot of evidence and theoretical evidence in favor of the fact that the Earth and some other Earth-like planets of the solar system could have formed in a more distant and colder part of the protoplanetary disk, and then were "driven" from their place into modern orbits. Jupiter and Saturn. The discovery of Hallis and her colleagues may be another argument in favor of this "migration" theory.