This is one of the classic works, knowledge of which is necessary even in order to put up a fence in your summer cottage. It explains the work of water (and this is the most powerful force in nature) in changing the relief. Including in the most prestigious and important places - river valleys, the coast of lakes and seas.
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GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF RIVERS
Groundwater and temporary streams of atmospheric precipitation, flowing down ravines and gullies, are collected in permanent water flows - rivers. The area from which water flows to the river is called the river basin. Full-flowing rivers perform great geological work - the destruction of rocks (erosion), the transfer and deposition (accumulation) of destruction products.
Erosive activity of rivers.
Erosion is carried out by the dynamic action of water on rocks. In addition, the river flow abrades the rocks with debris carried by the water, and the debris themselves are destroyed and destroy the bed of the stream by friction when rolling. At the same time, water has a dissolving effect on rocks.
The transfer of erosion products is carried out in various ways: in dissolved form, in suspension, by rolling debris along the bottom, saltation (bouncing). In a dissolved state, the river carries up to 25-30% of all material. Dust-clay and fine-sand particles move in suspension.
The size of the debris that a stream can carry is proportional to the sixth power of its flow, which, in turn, is proportional to the longitudinal slope of the channel. Therefore, fast mountain rivers are able to move boulders with a diameter of several meters.
Under certain conditions, the river deposits detrital material. River deposits are called alluvial (aQ).
In the process of eroding and accumulative activity, rivers develop elongated, trough-shaped depressions in bedrock, which are called river valleys. On fig. 112, 113 shows how the river deepens its valley due to erosion, develops a certain longitudinal profile, trying to reach the maximum depth. The position of the profile, as well as the entire erosional activity of the river, depends on the basis of erosion, which is understood as the level of the sea or any other basins into which the river flows (or stops its movement).
As the valley deepens, the river passes through a series of stages. At the first stage, the river bottom has a significant slope, the flow has a high speed, and bottom erosion is intensive. The valley is narrow, deep, like a gorge and a gorge. The detrital material (alluvium) almost all enters the marine basin.
Longitudinal profile of the river valley. How does water develop an equilibrium profile in the relief?
Rice. 112. Longitudinal profile of the river valley:
I - upper course; II - the same, average; III-the same, lower; 1-3 - successive stages of developing a river profile; 4 - direction of bottom erosion; 5 - erosion basis
Mountain rivers, i.e., young rivers, are typical for this stage of development. As the channel approaches its maximum depth, the river passes into the last stage of its development. For a considerable length, the river now has a slight slope. The flow rate is reduced. Gradually, the river develops an equilibrium profile. Deep erosion is replaced by lateral. The river erodes its banks, the channel of the valley wanders (or meanders). The valleys are wide and gentle. The clastic material mostly settles in the channel. The river becomes shallow, shallows, rifts, spits appear. Such rivers are in the stage of old age and are typical of the territories of the plains.
The sequence of stage development of rivers is disturbed by the movement of the earth's crust (neotectonics), which change the altitudinal position of the erosion base or the upper reaches of the rivers. The lowering of the base of erosion or the uplift of the headwaters leads to the resumption of bottom erosion. The valley deepens again, and the river repeats the stages of its development. The rise of the base of erosion or the lowering of the headwaters reduces the speed of the current, and the accumulation of sediments increases in the valleys. The river is aging fast.
Human production activities have a great influence on the development of rivers. Increased accumulation in any section of the river may be caused by intensive water intake for water supply and irrigation of agricultural land or an increase in solid runoff due to the discharge of waste rock from the mining industry into the river. Discharge into rivers of a large amount of water from irrigated areas can lead to increased erosion activity. The construction of reservoirs, in turn, but in a different way, affects the position of the erosion base of the entire river or part of it. Above the dams, the flow velocities decrease, the accumulation of sediments increases: below the dams, clarified water sharply increases bottom erosion. For example, a decrease in the level of Lake Sevan (Armenia) due to the drawdown of water at hydroelectric stations caused a sharp bottom erosion of the estuarine parts of the rivers flowing into this lake.
During the engineering-geological assessment of territories, the geological activity of rivers should be studied in connection with natural causes and with human economic activity. Particular attention is paid to the erosion of river beds, sediment accumulation and shore erosion.
Engineering Geology: Proc. for building. specialist. universities / V.P. Ananiev, A.D. Potapov. - 4th ed., ster. - M .: Higher. school, 2006.-575 s: ill.
The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of the rational use of the geological environment in construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, geomorphology is presented. The fundamental provisions of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are considered in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation and the main methods of prevention and localization are evaluated. The data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are given.
The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types of construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation are outlined, the main instruments and equipment, the methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are given.
The main provisions of the protection of the geological environment during construction are given.
For students of construction specialties of universities. It can be useful for engineers, as well as teachers.
Preface. . . 3
Introduction 5
Section I. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT GEOLOGY. nine
Chapter 1. Origin, form and structure of the Earth..... 9
Chapter 2. Thermal regime of the earth's crust 24
Chapter 3. Mineral and petrographic composition of the earth's crust 25
Chapter 4. Geological chronology of the earth's crust. 95
Chapter 5
Chapter 6 .... 125
Section II. GROUND STUDIES 135
Chapter 7. General information and classification of soils 135
Various genesis 140
Chapter 9
Chapter 10. Characteristics of soil classes 201
Chapter 11. Technical soil reclamation 268
Section III. THE GROUNDWATER. 278
Chapter 12. General information about groundwater 278
Chapter 13
Chapter 14. Properties and composition of groundwater 282
Chapter 15. Characteristics of groundwater types 288
Chapter 16 Groundwater Movement 298
Chapter 17. Regime and groundwater reserves 322
Chapter 18
Chapter 19. Groundwater Protection 330
Section IV. GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON THE EARTH
SURFACES 334
Chapter 20 Weathering Process 335
Chapter 21
Chapter 22. Geological activity of atmospheric precipitation 347
Chapter 23. Geological activity of rivers 359
Chapter 24. Geological activity of the sea 369
Chapter 25. Geological activity in lakes, reservoirs,
Marshes 377
Chapter 26. Geological activity of glaciers 383
Chapter 27
Chapter 28. Suffosion and Karst Processes 407
Chapter 29
Chapter 30
Chapter 31
Workings 429
Section V ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL WORKS
FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES 433
Chapter 32
Chapter 33
Chapter 34
Buildings and structures ……………………………….456
Section VI. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 470
Chapter 35. Protection of the natural environment as a universal task 470
Chapter 36. Environmental protection management, monitoring
And land reclamation 481
Conclusion 487
Geological terms and definitions 488
|
Series: "Bachelor" The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of the rational use of the geological environment in construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, geomorphology is presented. The fundamental provisions of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are considered in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation and the main methods of prevention and localization are evaluated. The data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are given. The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types of construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation are outlined, the main instruments and equipment, the methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are given. The main provisions of the protection of the geological environment during construction are given. For students of construction specialties of universities. It can be useful for engineers, as well as teachers. Publisher: "Infra-M" (2016)
ISBN: 978-5-16-010406-5,978-5-16-011775-1 |
Other books by the author:
| Book | Description | Year | Price | book type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of the rational use of the geological environment in construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy is presented ... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book | |||
| The textbook contains the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - Infra-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book | |||
| Special engineering geology | The textbook contains the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book |
See also other dictionaries:
The science of the geological cycle, a branch of geology that studies the morphology, dynamics and regional features of the upper horizons of the earth's crust (lithosphere) and their interaction with engineering structures (elements of the technosphere) in connection with the implemented, ... ... Wikipedia
Regional engineering geology is a scientific direction of engineering geology that studies the regional patterns of development of the upper horizons of the earth's crust (lithosphere) and their interaction with engineering structures in connection with the implemented, ... ... Wikipedia
Engineering geodynamics is a scientific direction of engineering geology that studies the mechanism, dynamics, local patterns of formation of natural and anthropogenic geological (geological engineering) processes in the upper horizons of the earth's crust ... Wikipedia
Engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures is a complex of engineering structures and measures aimed at preventing the negative impact of hazardous geological, environmental and other processes on the territory, buildings and ... ... Wikipedia
Mineral geology is an applied branch of geology that studies mineral deposits, their structure, composition, formation conditions and patterns of placement in the bowels of the Earth. The goal of mineral geology is to create ... ... Wikipedia
Wikipedia has articles about other people named Vladimir Korolyov. Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Korolev. Vladimir Alexandrovich Korolev ... Wikipedia
Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began in Russia in the 18th century, when L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, and other Western European scientists became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. According to the plan of Peter I, academicians foreigners ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (03/11/1927, the village of Tochna Monastyrshchinsky district in the Smrlensk region) engineer geologist, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1988), doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences (1968), professor of the department of engineering geology and protection of the geological environment ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Geological environment upper horizons of the lithosphere interacting (actually or potentially) with the technosphere (technical objects). According to E. M. Sergeev (1979), the geological environment is understood as “the upper part of the lithosphere, ... ... Wikipedia
Geotectonic processes according to the concept of plate tectonics Plate tectonics is a modern geological theory about the movement of the lithosphere, according to which the earth's crust consists ... Wikipedia
This article should be wikified. Please, format it according to the rules for formatting articles. The ecological functions of the lithosphere are the whole variety of functions that determine and reflect the role and significance of the lithosphere, including groundwater, oil, ... ... Wikipedia
|
Series: "Bachelor" The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of the rational use of the geological environment in construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, geomorphology is presented. The fundamental provisions of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are considered in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation and the main methods of prevention and localization are evaluated. The data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are given. The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types of construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation are outlined, the main instruments and equipment, the methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are given. The main provisions of the protection of the geological environment during construction are given. For students of construction specialties of universities. It can be useful for engineers, as well as teachers. Publisher: "Infra-M" (2016)
ISBN: 978-5-16-010406-5,978-5-16-011775-1 |
Other books by the author:
| Book | Description | Year | Price | book type |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of the rational use of the geological environment in construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy is presented ... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book | |||
| The textbook contains the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - Infra-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book | |||
| Special engineering geology | The textbook contains the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree | paper book |
See also other dictionaries:
The science of the geological cycle, a branch of geology that studies the morphology, dynamics and regional features of the upper horizons of the earth's crust (lithosphere) and their interaction with engineering structures (elements of the technosphere) in connection with the implemented, ... ... Wikipedia
Regional engineering geology is a scientific direction of engineering geology that studies the regional patterns of development of the upper horizons of the earth's crust (lithosphere) and their interaction with engineering structures in connection with the implemented, ... ... Wikipedia
Engineering geodynamics is a scientific direction of engineering geology that studies the mechanism, dynamics, local patterns of formation of natural and anthropogenic geological (geological engineering) processes in the upper horizons of the earth's crust ... Wikipedia
Engineering protection of territories, buildings and structures is a complex of engineering structures and measures aimed at preventing the negative impact of hazardous geological, environmental and other processes on the territory, buildings and ... ... Wikipedia
Mineral geology is an applied branch of geology that studies mineral deposits, their structure, composition, formation conditions and patterns of placement in the bowels of the Earth. The goal of mineral geology is to create ... ... Wikipedia
Wikipedia has articles about other people named Vladimir Korolyov. Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Korolev. Vladimir Alexandrovich Korolev ... Wikipedia
Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began in Russia in the 18th century, when L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, and other Western European scientists became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. According to the plan of Peter I, academicians foreigners ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (03/11/1927, the village of Tochna Monastyrshchinsky district in the Smrlensk region) engineer geologist, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1988), doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences (1968), professor of the department of engineering geology and protection of the geological environment ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia
Geological environment upper horizons of the lithosphere interacting (actually or potentially) with the technosphere (technical objects). According to E. M. Sergeev (1979), the geological environment is understood as “the upper part of the lithosphere, ... ... Wikipedia
Geotectonic processes according to the concept of plate tectonics Plate tectonics is a modern geological theory about the movement of the lithosphere, according to which the earth's crust consists ... Wikipedia
This article should be wikified. Please, format it according to the rules for formatting articles. The ecological functions of the lithosphere are the whole variety of functions that determine and reflect the role and significance of the lithosphere, including groundwater, oil, ... ... Wikipedia
