The human body is a complex mechanism, unknown and unusual. A mechanism with keen senses and the ability to think. Understanding the structure of the human body is not only important, but also extremely interesting!
Let's try to reveal the secrets of the structure of the human body.
Of the six billion people who inhabit our planet, not even two are absolutely alike. Although the hundred trillion microscopic cells that make up every human body make all people on Earth 99.9% similar in structure.
All our cells, feelings, bones, muscles, heart, brain must work without errors. Nature arranged everything wonderfully.
Leather.
On the outside, we are protected by a velvety layer of protein-rich cells - our skin.
Skin is the largest organ of our body. The skin protects us from mechanical damage, thanks to it we are able to feel pain and gentle touches. The skin on the palms, soles, tongue and lips is especially sensitive.
Skin also acts as insulation and a cooling system that maintains a constant body temperature. To achieve this, more than 2 million microscopic pores of the skin are capable of producing about 2 liters of sweat per hour. Sweat evaporates from the surface of the skin and cools the body.
In one month, a person’s skin completely changes. Old skin particles die off, and new skin continuously grows. We shed up to 700 grams of skin per year.
Kilometers of blood vessels stretch to the skin cells. And every square centimeter of skin is inhabited by hundreds of bacteria.
The skin produces an amazing substance - melanin. The color of skin, hair and even eyes depends on the amount of melanin. The more melanin, the darker the skin. When we tan, our skin darkens precisely because the amount of melanin increases under the influence of sunlight.
Eyes.
Eyes are one of the most important human organs. Eyes make it possible to notice and follow everything that interests us.
The outer part of the eye is called cornea. The cornea catches light, and in order for it to do its job better, we moisturize it every few seconds. How do we do this? This is why we blink and our eyes never dry out.
The cornea sends a beam of light through the pupil onto the retina. The retina processes the signal and sends it along nerve endings to the brain. So we can see!
Ears.
But even if you have perfect vision, everyone needs ears. Our ears, like locators, pick up surrounding sounds. However, this is not the only function of the ears.
They don't just hear - their ears are also responsible for balance. Jumping, running or even regular walking is impossible without a device hidden by nature in the depths of the ear - vestibular apparatus. Thanks to this device, a person learns to skate or bike without falling.
Voice.
Man is endowed with a unique gift - the ability to speak. This opportunity is provided by the vocal cords.
Vocal cords- these are two plates located in the throat. They vibrate like the strings of a guitar. We use muscles to change the position of the vocal cords. When the exhaled air moves these strings, the sound of a voice is formed.
Breath.
The real reason why air comes out through the mouth is breathing.
It's hard to overestimate breathing. A person can only live for a few minutes without air. In one breath, we draw in half a liter of air, and so on 20,000 times a day.
Passing through the throat, the air enters the right and left lungs. Here the air is filtered from dust and harmful substances. Through the lungs, oxygen from the air enters our blood. Then exhalation follows, turning oxygen into carbon dioxide, we exhale the waste air.
And when we breathe, we can detect odors using the receptors in our nose. A person can distinguish up to 1000 aromas.
The respiratory system allows you to make sounds and recognize smells. Each breath provides our body with energy and makes our heart beat.
Heart and circulatory system.
Every second, every cell in our body requires oxygen. It is the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs throughout the body. About four liters of blood flow through arteries, veins and capillaries. There are very, very many such vessels, large and very tiny, in humans. The length of all human vessels reaches 96,000 kilometers. This is ours circulatory system.
But what makes blood run such a long path? Certainly, heart!
This tireless pump, contracting periodically, pumps all the blood throughout the body, saturating every cell of the body with oxygen. And then the blood flows back through the veins, taking away harmful substances from each cell, and thus cleanses the human body. All the blood passes through the body in less than a minute without stopping for a moment
If you add up all the strength of the heart in one day, then this strength is enough to lift a school bus.
Sometimes the blood flows even faster. This happens when we burn more oxygen. For example, we run, jump or dance. And while eating, our stomach requires more oxygen. Even while reading, the brain requires more oxygen.
However, blood does more than just carry oxygen. Each drop of blood contains up to 400,000 white blood cells that fight the body's enemies. They are constantly on guard - tracking down viruses and bacteria. These heroic blood cells are called - leukocytes.
But we need not only air, but also fuel - food.
Digestion.
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals - all the substances we need are taken by the body from food. The main goal of digestion is to take away all the most valuable things from every piece of food eaten.
The process of digestion begins even before food enters our mouth. As soon as you think about food or see a delicious sandwich, saliva begins to be produced. There are special substances in saliva - enzymes, they are the first to begin breaking down food. The human body produces half a liter of saliva in one day.
The tongue pushes the food chewed by the teeth into the esophagus and through the esophagus the food in the form of a paste enters stomach. In the stomach, food is exposed to very caustic gastric juice, and the walls of the stomach mix it, turning it into a liquid porridge. The stomach itself absorbs very few substances; it only prepares and transfers food to small intestine. Already there, within five hours, beneficial substances will be squeezed out of the food, which will enter the blood through the intestinal walls. Almost all useful substances will be delivered to the largest internal organ of a person - the liver. Here they are sorted and sent to all the cells of the body so that they grow and work well.
Over the next 20 hours, the remaining nutrients will be absorbed in the large intestine. And what cannot be digested will leave our body.
Muscles.
In our body from the tips of our fingers to the top of our heads there are about 650 different muscles. They make up almost half of the human body weight and allow us to move different parts of the body, often without even thinking about it. Without muscles, we could not run, blink, speak, or smile. When we pronounce even one single word, we work more than a hundred different muscles. And walking requires almost 200 trunk muscles. Imagine how many muscles work when you dance, swim or play tag.
But the muscles could not hold the body without a reliable frame - bones.
Skeleton, bones.
There are 206 amazing bones distributed throughout the human body, forming a perfect skeleton. Bones are extremely strong and at the same time very light. Bones grow and the size of the human body depends on the size of the bones. Joints connect bones and allow bones to move from side to side, up or down.
Brain.
All parts of the body and its organs are very complex, but they are all controlled from one center - everything is controlled brain.
With the help of nerves stretched throughout the body, the brain monitors all parts of the body - ears, eyes, skin, bones, stomach - the brain is responsible for absolutely everything. Thanks to the electrical and chemical impulses of the brain, we think, remember, feel, and act.
It is the brain that makes us human. Perhaps this is the most unexplored and mysterious part of our body.
Even when we fall asleep, all organs of the body continue to work - we breathe, the heart beats, new cells are born. We are living!
Tasks:
Fix the names of body parts, their shape and location;
Form a cognitive interest in your own body.
* * *
There was one unusual country in the world - Humania. The same unusual inhabitants, who were called Organs, lived in it. They set up cities - one more wonderful than the other.
On the highest mountain there was a city called Head. In its shape it was like a ball, round. Decorated that citytwo wonderful lakes, an impenetrable forest, a cave, a hill and two large locators that capture every sound. In this city lived the ruler of Mania - Brain. From above he could see and hear everything.
Just below the Head lies the largest city of Humania called Torso. It was almost rectangular in shape and so spacious that it could accommodate a lot of houses and inhabitants. To protect themselves from the cold, harmful bacteria and injuries, the residents of the city of Torso built an entire protective structure of bones and muscles that covered the city from above, below, and from the sides. The Prime Minister of Humania lived in this city. His name was - Heart. They also lived in Tolovishche brothers Lungs, sisters Kidneys, Liver, Stomach,Intestines and others. You can’t list them all. They lived amicably, always helped each other, did not offend anyone, and fought together against enemies - viruses and bacteria.
Attached to the Torso on the left and right is a city, divided into two equal parts, called Hand. Once upon a time, the city of Torso grew so large that it even grew into the city of Ruka and divided it into two halves. One began to be called Right Hand, and the second - Left Hand. The shape of the two halves of the city of Ruka was like a large sausage.
Unfortunately, the residents of the right and left halves could no longer visit each other. This made them very upset. The children lived in one half, and the parents lived in the other. Residents began to complain to the ruler, Brain, about this state of affairs. The ruler considered their complaint and from then on began to help with his instructions from above the joint life of the inhabitants of both Hands. With that, everyone calmed down. The connection was good, and some parts of the city could be connected by the Left Hand and the Right Hand. This worked out especially well for the residents of the five alleys on each side, diverging from the squares - Palms, which were called Fingers.
Two more halves of one city called Leg. They were called Right Foot And Left Foot. They, like the Hands, were shaped like two large sticks. A completely different story happened to them. They couldn't determinepour where to build your city. Some wanted to be closer to the right edge of the city of Tolovische, while others wanted to be closer to the left. They quarreled for a long time, but could not come to a common agreement. The ruler really did not like the constant hostility of the inhabitants of Nogi. It was impossible to lead them. All their actions were not coordinated. Then the ruler decided to divide the city into two equal parts. The residents immediately calmed down and began to live each in their own half. But the Brain set one condition for them - the inhabitants of the right and left halves should never quarrel again, always live in peace and do everything together. The inhabitants of the Right Leg and Left Leg had to submit to the ruler.
These were the strange cities in Humania. It was difficult for the Brain as a ruler to control them. Therefore, special canals and roads were laid through all the cities of the country, through which information, energy and food were transmitted. And so that the cities would not spread throughout the country and outside it like jellyfish, the ruler ordered the construction of a bone frame, strengthening it with strong muscle threads.
Questions and tasks
What country is the fairy tale talking about?
What cities were there in this country?
Where was the city of Golova located? What shape was it? Who lived in it?
Where was the city of Torso located? What shape was it? Who lived in it? Who from the leadership of the country lived in this city?
Where was the city of Ruka located? What two halves was it divided into? Why were the residents unhappy with the division? How was this issue resolved?
Where was the city of Noga located? What two halves was it divided into? Why? What condition did the Brain set for the residents of the two halves of the city of Noga?
What structures helped the ruler rule Mankind?
What main parts of the human body do you know? What about the secondary ones? Why are they given to man?
- Draw a person, identifying all his parts.
- Watching a cartoon with children. Conversation on content.
Body structure
- Bone frame of the country of Humania
Tasks:
Activate knowledge about the human body, vocabulary on the topic;
To consolidate knowledge about the skeleton, its significance, and injury prevention.”
Develop focused attention, auditory perception, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
To form a cognitive interest in your body, a desire to maintain your own health.
* * *
We already know that the bone frame did not allow the cities of Man to change their shape and location. It is also called Skeleton. It consisted of two hundred different bones. Some of them were so strong that they could support the weight of an entire car! But the individual bones had to be held together so that they would not fall apart. For this, the country's residents used several hundred muscles- very strong fibers! So that the ruler could direct the actions of the inhabitants of Humania, the fibers were chosen to be elastic, like a rubber band. They could lengthen and shorten, contract or relax muscles. The muscles were attached to the bones by dense and elastic ligaments - tendons. For many days and nights, the inhabitants of the country fastened all the bones with muscles and tendons, but finally they got a strong and reliable frame. Now they could be calm about their country and cities.
Orders to the muscles from the Brain came through Nervoussystem, in which the little ones little men Nerves they held each other's hands, thus passing orders down the chain. There was no place in the country where Nerves worked. If for some reason the Nerves separated the arms, the orders did not reach the muscles, and they did not contract or relax. Then it was necessary to repair the damaged part of the Nervous System.
Bones and muscles knew how to grow. Every year Mankind increased in size, so the bone frame had to increase. In order for the bones to grow well and be strong, the inhabitants of Humania gave them milk, which contains a lot of calcium. Calcium is very necessary for bone growth. The bones also received calcium from meat, fresh fruits and vegetables. But they usually refused cakes, sweets and other sweets. They needed to get stronger, not get fatter.
We couldn’t forget about the muscles either. To control the Skeleton, they had to be very strong. Therefore, every day the ruler sent them out for training. Exercises have been developed specifically for muscles, and each muscle group has its own. To prevent the muscles from getting tired of physical exercise, dancing, cycling, swimming and other sports were offered instead.
As soon as the muscles were lazy and slept a lot, they immediately became soft and flabby. Oh, what they got from the ruler back then! After all, he could not control the Skeleton without muscles. Only at night did the brain allow all the muscles to relax. Otherwise, they would quickly wear out and turn into a rag.
But sometimes injuries occurred. Bones cracked and broke, and tendons and muscles tore. Then we had to put them in a special hospital. There, a special fixation - plaster - was applied to the bones so that they did not move and grew together correctly. The sore muscle or tendon was secured with a tight bandage, and sometimes the torn areas were even sewn together. After such injuries, the bones and muscles ached for a long time, but still recovered and were restored. Broken bones healed, muscle and tendon fibers regained their elasticity.
The inhabitants of Humania took care of their musculoskeletal frame as best they could. After all, it’s like guarding your fortress.
Questions and tasks
- Why did Mania need a frame? What is a frame? (Skeleton- internal supporting part of an object, the backbone of some structure, product.)
What was the name of the frame made of bones? How many were there?
How did the inhabitants of Humania fasten the bones together?
What was the quality of the muscle? Why did they have to be elastic?
What attaches muscles to bones? What kind of tendons had to be in order for the frame to be strong?
How did the brain control the muscles?
What did the inhabitants of the land of bones eat? Why? What foods did your bones not like?
Why did the muscles need daily training? What could you use for training?
Why did the muscles need to rest from time to time and at night?
- What injuries could happen to the musculoskeletal frame? How were they treated?
Why should you take care of your bones and muscles? What should you not do to avoid harming yourself?
- Draw ligament muscles on the proposed skeleton. Transform a skeleton into a human. Dress the drawn person in clothes for a specific gender.
Find your bones and muscles, feel them. Tighten your arm muscles, relax. Relax all the muscles of your body, turn into a wet rag that your mother shakes off. Tighten all the muscles of your body and turn into an Iron Woodman.
- The brain is the ruler of Mankind
Tasks:
To consolidate knowledge about the meaning and activity of the brain as the main organ of the human body; about how to prevent possible head injuries;
* * *
What kind of ruler is he?
At the very top of the high mountains of Man lived Brain. His house was special, durable. And the name of the house was somehow strange - skull. Well, okay, yurt, hut, yaranga, but this name was not found among the names of houses. The house was so strong that the Brain lived in it safely and comfortably.
The brain was the ruler of Mankind. He directed all the activities of the country's inhabitants, even their thoughts, actions, and feelings. He could imagine and imagine. Without him, life in the country would end. He helped his subjects see and hear, smell and taste, heat and cold, even pain.
The Brain itself looked, frankly, strange. It looked like a hemisphere. This would be if they made a large bun, and then pressed it tightly to the table and its lower part was flattened.
The head of the Brain was divided by a groove into two parts - the cerebral hemispheres (right and left). The head was so large that it was difficult to see other parts of the body that were attached to it from below. The Brain had two arms, but of different sizes and shapes. One, similar to the irregular shape of a potato, was for some reason called the cerebellum. The other, more like a plum, had an even more hilarious name - Varoliev's bridge. We will find out below why they had such strange names.
There was only one leg with a strange design. It came straight from the bottom of the head, i.e. cerebral hemispheres, and was called the medulla oblongata. Strange name for a leg! Of course, its shape was oblong.
Strange head of the ruler
Have you imagined this alien? But that is not all. The head of the Brain was covered with many such convolutions, as if it were a wrinkled hundred-year-old man. The more of them there were, the smarter the head was.
Inside the head of the Cerebrum lived billions of tiny creatures - nerve cells possessed amazing abilities: they could remember information for many years, learn everything new, distinguish and remember smells, sounds, tastes that they never forgot, invent, create. Thanks to these tiny creatures, airplanes, spaceships, and much more appeared.
The brain lived with its nerve cells all its life. They were born and died with him and were never replaced by new ones.
This is efficiency and vitality!
Nerve cells never had to teach newcomers, so they remembered everything always. If some nerve cells died, then their place remained empty forever.
The brain was fed with a lot of oxygen and sugar. Without oxygen, he could have died within minutes. Without sugar it would be impossible for him to think. Therefore, in the yard of the Brain there were huge tanks of oxygen and whole carts of sugar.
Difficult work of the brain
Even when all the inhabitants of Mankind were asleep, the brain continued to move the convolutions of the cerebral hemispheres, think, give birth to thoughts. Residents of the country often saw these thoughts in their dreams. They seemed confused to them, not connected with a specific time and place. But they knew that dreams meant something and tried to solve them like crossword puzzles. During wakefulness, the thoughts of the brain became clear and clearly structured for the inhabitants of the country. They did not need to be solved as dreams, so the residents worked and rested according to orders from “above.”
The large hemispheres of the brain controlled not only the thoughts of the inhabitants of Humanity, but even their movements and sensations.
Doesn't this remind you of a puppet theater? Only in our case the puppeteer is the Brain.
Another “puppeteer” was the left hand of the Brain, cerebellum. Just as a conductor directs an orchestra, the cerebellum directed the work of the muscles of all residents of the country, so their organs worked harmoniously, and did not twitch in different directions at the same time. And the cerebellum did not allow the inhabitants to fall, making sure that they always maintained their balance and did not behave like stand-up vans.
The right hand, which, as you remember, was called bridge, yes even varoliaceae(You’ll just break your tongue before you pronounce it!), was engaged in receiving and sending signals coming from the head and cerebral hemispheres.
Doesn't it look like mail? Postman hand. Funny!
The leg of the brain - the medulla oblongata - also performed its part of the control activity. It connected to the longest unusual road that ran through the whole of Mankind, and was called the Spinal Cord. Through it, through special wires, different signals were received from all residents of the country, from all houses and organizations to the Brain: one was sick, another was overtired or in a bad mood, the third was completely destroyed, someone needed repairs, etc.
How were signals and orders transmitted from the Brain to all the inhabitants of Humanity? And so: the whole country was pierced by wires - nerves. Some wires-nerves carried signals to the Brain, everything was reported to it, others delivered decrees from it to the residents. Weaving throughout the country, they represented an entire system called the nervous system.
Unusual events in the life of a ruler
The brain was very serious and hardworking. He worked so hard that he was often overworked. One day, the inhabitants of Mania suddenly noticed that something was wrong in the country: everything was out of order, everyone was walking around looking sleepy and absent-minded. They immediately guessed that something had happened to their ruler. They came to the Brain, but he couldn’t even raise his head from fatigue. Then the residents closed all the windows with dark curtains and forced the ruler to get a good night's sleep. The ruler was indignant, still eager to work, saying that without him everything would stop. But the residents were adamant.
All the time while the ruler was sleeping, guards stood at the door of the house, who did not let anyone in and did not allow anyone to wake him up. As soon as the brain was rested, all life in the country immediately improved.
Another time, residents noticed that the orders given by the Brain were somehow strange. They even thought that the ruler had gone crazy. They came to him to find out what was the matter, and he lay on the floor in a hungry faint. Then the residents understood why the ruler gave such strange orders. He was just hungry. He had no time to eat. And a hungry person always thinks badly. They brought the Brain a lot of different healthy food and gave it an oxygen cocktail to drink. After this, the Brain immediately perked up, came to its senses and continued its responsible work. The residents assigned special people to the ruler, who every day made sure that he ate properly. From then on, the Brain never went hungry.
One day the Brain stopped being attentive while receiving reports from the Nerves and began to grow dull. Behind him, the inhabitants of the country became inattentive, did not listen to each other, did not delve into the essence of the matter. They had to figure out the situation again. Nobody wanted to become stupid. It turns out that the ruler stopped training in carefully receiving information. He thought that he already knew and understood everything, so he stopped developing. The residents had to open their boss’s eyes, lower his upturned nose, and show that he doesn’t know everything. The Brain became ashamed of its behavior, its pride. He blushed like a lobster to the ears and made a promise to his subjects that he would always learn to listen carefully to important information, read a lot of useful literature, and watch interesting TV shows.
There were other incidents in the behavior of the brain. Somehow the residents noticed that he became very irritable, often got angry, quarreled with everyone, and became somehow aggressive. These little creatures quarreled - Nerves. It would be nice if it all ended there. But the fact is that this behavior influenced the work of the ruler: he began to give orders that were not entirely thought out. They were often hasty and influenced by negative emotions. All the inhabitants of Mankind began to suffer from this. They had to call a neurologist to the ruler. He prescribed him the necessary pills. Then Brain went to special classes with a psychologist who taught him to restrain his anger and get rid of it correctly. The ruler became more restrained, balanced andhis decisions became correct. In addition, he made many new interesting friends, who also helped the Brain become more intelligent and emotionally balanced. Life in Humania is slowly getting better.
Questions and tasks
What kind of country is this that is mentioned in the fairy tale?
What did the brain look like? What were the ruler’s head, arms and legs responsible for?
What could the Brain do?
Why was he the most important in Humania?
- What small cells helped him?
What happened to the Brain when he began to have trouble sleeping?
- Why should a person get a good night's sleep?
What happened to Brain when he began to eat poorly? What does the brain eat? Why is it so important to eat well?
What happened to the Brain when it became inattentive to what others were saying? Why is it so important for a person to be attentive to information coming from others? Why does the brain need to be trained? How can I do that?
What happened to the brain when it became irritableangry, angry? Why do negative emotions prevent such people from thinking?
What trouble happened to the Brain? What did this lead to?
What can cause brain injuries? Why is thatIs it important to protect your head from injury? In what cases after injury?Should you definitely see a doctor? (Loss of consciousnesspain, headache, vision changes, ear bleeding or nose, from the head, increased drowsiness, nausea or vomit.)
What should you do to avoid severe head injuries?(Use a helmet when playing football, hockey or riding motorcycle; do not dive where it is shallow, in an unfamiliar body of water; do not jump from great heights; do not run or do anything sudden movements in the dark; be very careful in mountainous terrain; do not throw stones; fasten your seat belt safety in the car.)
What needs to be done to ensure that the brain receives as much oxygen as possible?
What can stop a person from thinking?
How do we know what a person is thinking? (You can express your thoughts and write them down.)
Draw the ruler of Humania using a picture of a brain.
- Oh, these Nerves!
Tasks:
- consolidate knowledge about the importance and activity of the nervous system, how to prevent the occurrence of diseases of the nervous system;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
Develop an interest in your own body and health, a desire to be healthy.
* * *
You and I already know that all of Mankind was covered with a network formed by Nerves. Let me remind you that we called this network the nervous system. Where were they not! In all houses, on all streets and alleys, in the bodies of all residents and even in rivers and lakes. They were everywhere. But for what?
Some of the Nerves lived on the street of the Sense Organs and helped the inhabitants of the country feel. Without them, it would be impossible to feel heat and cold, pressure and pain, taste and smell. They settled in the houses of the Nose, Ears, Eyes, Skin, Tongue and other places.
Other Nerves settled only in houses on the street, where different Muscles lived: muscles of the arms, legs, torso, neck, internal organs... These were the commanders of these Nerves! They commanded the muscles day and night, either contracting, straining them, or relaxing them. Without them, movement would be impossible, it would be impossible to play musical instruments, turn out parts, or make something. They worked like motors. That's why they were called motor nerves.
I must say that all the Nerves were very friendly and always helped each other.
And the Nerves were very nimble. Signals passed through them at the speed with which an electric light bulb lights up! This speed protected the inhabitants of the country from various injuries.
For example, someone pricks their finger with a sharp object, and the Nerves are right there. They smell the pain and quickly transmit the signal to the main road of the country - the Spinal Cord. And there are also Nerves. They will receive the signal and transmit it to the Nerves that are in the hand, the muscles of the hand will contract, and it will immediately withdraw from the sharp object. It’s good that the Nerves are so nimble and transmit signals very quickly, otherwise the consequences of injuries would be severe.
One day the Nerves argued which of them was the most sensitive to heat, cold or pain. They began to compete. The ones who boasted the most were the Nerves, who lived in the houses of the Skin of the Belly and Thighs. The judges applied ice to them, pricked them with needles, put a coin on them, but, to the surprise of everyone, the Nerves, who lived in the Skin house at the tips of the Fingers, won this competition. These Nerves turned out to be the most sensitive of all Nerves. They were so modest that they immediately felt shy from the close attention to their person, so they hid with their Hands behind their Backs. And the nerves of the skin of the Abdomen and Thighs puffed with resentment for a long time.
The Nerves were also good researchers. When an unfamiliar object came into their field of vision, they examined it and immediately transmitted a signal about it to their ruler, the Brain. The ruler learned from the signals what kind of object was in the Hand or what object the Eye saw. Then the Brain gave the corresponding order to the Nerves, how dangerous or good the object is, whether it is needed or not needed, whether it is useful or harmful.
There lived another group of Nerves in Humania, which did very useful work. For example, with their help, the Lungs worked automatically, and oxygen was supplied to the country uninterruptedly. They forced the blood vessels of the Skin to contract and unclench so that the inhabitants of the country would not freeze in the cold and would not overheat in the heat. They ordered the Heart to beat more often and bring more blood to the Muscles when the inhabitants of the country engaged in sports or physical exercise. They told the people of the country when to go to the toilet and when it was time to eat. These Nerves did not require the intervention of the Brain; they were very independent. But they didn’t turn their noses up because of this; they were always extremely polite and friendly.
All the inhabitants of Mania took care of their Nerves. After all, so much depended on their health! And to preserve means to care. How did this concern manifest itself?
Firstly, the residents did exercises every day and strengthened themselves. This really pleased the Nerves, which became strong.
Secondly, the residents ate properly. The food they ate contained a lot of B vitamins and mineral salts, which are so necessary for the good functioning of the nervous system. Vitamins of this group are found in foods such as bread, pork, liver, milk, eggs, herbs and vegetable oil.
Thirdly, residents tried not to get nervous over trifles, but to enjoy life more, smile, laugh. After all, negative emotions are so destructive to the Nerves!
These are the wonderful helpers the Brain had.
Questions and tasks
What Nerves lived on the street of the sense organs? What were they doing?
What Nerves lived on Muscle Street? What were they doing? Why were they called motor?
What qualities did Nerves have? What was the significance
these qualities for the inhabitants of Humania?
The nerves of which organ are the most sensitive?
Why can Nerves be called researchers?
What other group of Nerves lived in Humania? What were they responsible for? How did the inhabitants of Mankind take care of their Nerves?
Why do people often say that all diseases are caused by nerves?
How should children behave in order to protect the nerves of those around them?
- Prime Minister of the country of Humania
Tasks:
To consolidate ideas about the heart, its importance in human life, its structure, and the prevention of heart disease;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, auditory perception, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
Create a desire for a healthy lifestyle.
* * *
The right hand of the Brain and the prime minister of the country of Humanity was the Heart. It was located in its palace almost in the center of the square Chest. He was the most efficient prime minister in the world! He knew no rest either day or night. Heworked like a motor, making 12 thousand strokes per day and chasing his main assistant - Countess Blood through all the houses and nooks and crannies of Man three thousand times a day! Without the Heart, the inhabitants of the country would not receive either oxygen or nutrition.
To work like this, you have to be very strong. Therefore, the Heart turned into a solid muscle that contracted and relaxed like an automaton. The heart could grow. It grew from the size of a small orange to the size of a small grapefruit. In this case, they usually say: “The spool is small but expensive.”
Inside the Heart there were four separate chambers. It looked like a two-story house consisting of two parts: with rooms at the top called right And left atria, and the rooms below - right And left ventricles.
Through two chamber rooms on the right side the Countess Blood in her dark red dress she swam after traveling through all the nooks and crannies of Mankind. From here she headed along the large Artery canals directly to visit the Lung brothers to take oxygen from them and change into bright reddress.
Dear brothers,” she addressed the Lungs in a tired voice, “I have become so worn out on the road, my dress has become dark and ugly. Please, please pump me up with more oxygen. I want to change my outfit, and my head is spinning, even a little nauseous.
To which the Light brothers responded differently. When they had good supplies of oxygen, they gladly shared them with the Blood. When supplies were depleted, there was nothing to share.
“Excuse us,” they said to the countess, “we can’t help you with anything.” You, Countess, will have to wear a dark dress. Without oxygen, you look kind of pale. Come see us next time, maybe they'll bring you some oxygen.
Most often, after being saturated with oxygen, the Blood from the Lungs returned to the Heart. This time, wearing a new bright red dress, she floated through it using the left chambers. She really wanted the Heart to see how beautiful she had become.
But the Heart had no time to admire the beauty, it had to work. It gave Blood the order to quickly move to the very large artery-Aorta, who was the baroness and mother of all the daughters of the Arteries, who diverged from her throughout the entire country of Mankind, like great rivers.
Come on, Blood, work for the good of the whole country! - orders / shaft Baroness Aorta. - Quickly give oxygen and nutrients to all residents!
I hasten to carry out your orders! - Curtsying, Countess Blood responded. - I'm already setting sail.
Through all the children-Arteries of Baroness Aorta, Blood carried oxygen, beneficial nutrients, vitamins and mineral salts. And where it was impossible to sail along the Arteries, their children, whose names were Capillaries.
Having given away all the useful substances and oxygen, taking away all the waste and carbon dioxide, changing the dress to dark red, the Blood returned back to the Heart. Only in this form did Arteria’s sisters not allow her into their channels. She had no choice but to use other paths.
What a bunch of nerds you are! - Blood said offendedly. - I can do without you! Countess Vienna will help me. She's kinder than you.
Heart's first assistants included not only Baroness Aorta, but also Countess Vein, who bore the surname Hollow. She lived right at the entrance to the right-hand cell rooms. The Hollow Vena had its own children and grandchildren, who entangled all of Mankind with their channels. It was through them that the Blood returned from its journey across the country to the right half of the Heart. And it all started all over again, never stopping.
One day, too much food was brought to Humania, and besides, it was fatty. My heart even ate too much. Until all supplies ran out, it ate and ate. One fine day, the Heart’s subordinates noticed that it began to become covered with fat. It became more and more difficult for him to work. Shortness of breath appeared, the rhythm was lost. All residents of the country immediately felt the changes in their Hearts. Drowsiness and weakness appeared. I had to put my Heart on a diet, even though it resisted.
And once the Heart was let down by the muscles of the legs and arms. They worked so hard without rest for several hours in a row that they simply drove the poor Heart. How much Blood they needed to pump! The Brain had to pacify the pranksters and prescribe them a whole day of rest.
Here's another incident that happened to the Heart. The brain overdid it here. He decided to work actively for several days in a row without sleep. And since he was actively awake, he constantly wanted to eat. Of course, the Stomach started working. And let's thresh everything! Poor Heart did not have time to drive the Blood. I couldn’t sleep, and my heart ached. I had to treat him. And the ruler gaveafter this, a word that will protect the Heart. My heart began to rest at night. When it rested, it beat slower.
Something else happened to the Heart. One day it stopped doing physical exercises and training its muscles. The muscle began to weaken and contract worse. Because of this, the heart began to do its job worse; it did not have enough strength. The ruler had to assign a special trainer to the Heart, who made sure that the Heart did physical exercise every day.
So the Heart worked day and night for many, many years. And everyone living in Mankind took care of him. Their health and life depended on it.
Questions and tasks
What have you learned about the Heart? Who was it in the fairy tale? What size can it be?
What was inside the Heart?
How did Countess Blood help the Heart in its work?
What were the right and left chamber chambers used for?
What role did Baroness Aorta play in the life of the Heart? What were her daughters names? What were they doing in Humania?
What role did Countess Vienna play in the life of Heart? What was her last name?
What happened to the Heart when it started eating too much?
Why did Muscles working without rest almost ruin the Heart?
Why does Heart, like other inhabitants of Humanity, need to rest at night?
Why is it so important for people to exercise every day?
Why is it important to stay in bed and get treatment when you have the flu or other infections?
Listen to your neighbor's heart beat.
- Once upon a time there was Blood...
Tasks:
To consolidate knowledge about the importance of blood in the activities of the human body, its composition, blood circulation, circulatory system, how to prevent disturbances in the composition of the blood;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
To form an effective interest in one’s own body and health, the desire to be healthy and lead a healthy lifestyle.
* * *
In Humania there lived a Countess of Blood. It was liquid, warm and slightly salty in taste. Its color changed from bright scarlet to dark red. She liked living in Humania. Moreover, there was somewhere to leak and where to leak. All her life she moved throughout the country, without stopping for a minute, flowing into the most distant streets and alleys, cities and villages.
The Blood floated through special channels-vessels. Some of them were called Arteries. In them, the Blood flowed quickly and always wore a bright scarlet dress. All Arteries came from the Heart - the main engine and the right hand of the ruler of Mankind. They brought Blood to the head, neck, arms, legs and internal organs along with nutrients. Inside, the Arteries were so smooth that Blood could move through them without hindrance. Sometimes she was lazy. Then the little muscles that were in the walls of the Arteries, contracting, began to urge her on. The blood immediately began to move faster. From time to time the muscle drivers fell asleep from the tedious work. Then the Blood began to flow more slowly and pulsated to the beat of the Heart, as if it was dancing.
If the body temperature was normal, the blood pulsated calmly. When the body temperature rose, the pulse quickened. It was urgently necessary to lower the temperature so that the Blood did not boil.
Blood had great respect for the Heart. After all, without him, all life in Man would immediately stop! It, like a pump, supplied Blood to all tissues and organs thousands of times a day! How many times has she heard his knock: “Knock-knock-knock, knock-knock-knock.”
Dear Heart,” she addressed politely to the living motor, “would you like to rest and sleep? I can guard your sleep so that no one disturbs it. Is it possible to work day and night without a break?
Dear Blood, - the Heart answered to the peaceful tapping, - I would be glad, but without me everything will immediately stop and die. I can't allow this. Thank you for taking care of me. You better bring me more oxygen and healthy nutrition so that my walls become stronger and my muscles become stronger.
The blood rather ran to the Light brothers to ask them for oxygen:
Dear Lungs,” she asked, “please give me more oxygen, which is so necessary for the Heart.” With it, it will work better and get less tired.
The Light brothers could not help but respond to such a polite request. They began to breathe deeply and give oxygen to the Blood. Then the Blood ran to the Stomach and Small Intestine.
Hardworking friends! - she respectfully asked. - Please give more nutrients and microelements for the Heart. With them it will become stronger!
Both the Stomach and the Small Intestine, of course, responded to the request of the Blood. The stomach began to digest food even more energetically, and the intestines began to absorb it.
Other river vessels flowed next to the Arteries. They were called Veins. In them, the Blood never accelerated, but flowed slowly, dragging behind it, like a donkey, “spent” substances unnecessary to the inhabitants of Mankind, which were then removed from it to a landfill. And she chose a different dress - dark red. If Blood flowed through the Arteries from the Heart, then through the Veins - straight to the Heart. The flow had to be done carefully, because the walls of the Veins were thinner than those of the Arteries, and there were much fewer driver muscles in them. In Vienna, the driver, or rather the locomotive that pushed the Blood forward, was the Heart itself.
Blood reigned throughout Circulatory system. Through small rivers and streams flowing from the Arteries, called capillaries, it penetrated into every cell of the human body, bringing necessary substances, oxygen and taking away waste. With the waste, the Blood flowed into tiny Veins, which in turn flowed into larger Veins. This is how it was done circulation.
Blood felt like a princess, cherished and protected. There was only about five or six liters of it in the body of an adult, and three or four in a child. And this is quite a bit.
Small creatures lived inside the Blood - Blood cells(one - white, other - red). Their life was very short. They lived for about two months, and then were replaced with new ones. But, despite this, they constantly fought among themselves for primacy.
We transfer oxygen from the Lungs to all residents of the country, and take carbon dioxide away from them! What would the body do without us? How would it exist without oxygen? - the red calves defended their primacy.
And although there are fewer of us, we know how to kill bacteria and viruses and defeat infection! Without us, all the inhabitants would have died long ago! - the white bodies answered cockily.
Auntie always made peace between them Plasma- pale yellowliquid, in which lived red and white blood cells. She quickly separated the quarrels and carried them through the Arteries and Veins through all corners of Mankind. There were twice as many of them as there were blood cells.
Auntie Plasma was very humble and hardworking. She never boasted about her achievements. But she had something to talk about. She helped the Blood to coagulate and form a crust on cuts, carried nutrients obtained from digested food to the organs, removed all harmful substances from the tissues and transferred them to the twin sisters the Kidneys, where they turned into urine and were excreted along with it from the body. Aunt Plasma did so many useful things, but in her behavior she never resembled the quarrelsome debaters - the Blood Cells.
Aunt Plasma had assistants - Blood plates, which also helped the Blood to coagulate when it flowed out of the wound. Without them, Blood would continue to flow from a cut or scratch instead of forming a crust on the wound. The blood plates were friends with Aunt Plasma and never parted with her.
Aunt Plasma carefully ensured that the composition of the Blood was not disturbed. She even cursed if a person breathed shallowly and oxygen entered the lungs poorly, and carbon dioxide was retained in the body.
Sometimes Blood felt that it was weakening and began to be capricious. What do you think she asked for? Imagine, she asked orLeza. This is how she paused and whimpered:
I want iron! Give me some iron! How will my red cells carry oxygen without it?
The Blood calmed down only when foods containing iron were brought to Mania: fish, meat, fruits and vegetables, especially beef liver, apples and pomegranates.
From time to time, the blood in the vessels stagnated, began to move slowly, or even thickened so much that it turned into real traffic jams. Then Aunt Plasma, flowing through the muscle capillaries, commanded:
Hurry up and do some gymnastics! Quickly shrink! Get your blood flowing! Don't relax! More energetic! More energetic!
Some were persuaded, but others did not pay attention to their blood circulation and ended up in the hospital with heart disease.
When a person got scratches and cuts, Aunt Plasma and the Blood Plates worked hard to stop the Blood, but they could not stop the infection. Even white blood cells could not always help. In such cases, Plasma ran to Water and asked it to quickly wash it out. After all, there could be anything in the wound. If Water washed the wound, then the white Blood Cells managed to cope with the bacteria, and if Water was lazy and did not want to help, it harmed all the inhabitants of Humania so much that they could even die.
Some residents of the country managed to get sick and go to work, school and kindergarten. Then the white blood cells were very worried.
It was difficult for them to fight bacteria and viruses in such conditions! They, of course, tried very hard, but it was not always possible to cope with the infection when the patient was not in bed.
So the Blood lived constantly in labors and worries. But she was proud of them.
Questions and tasks
Describe Blood.
How did the Blood get to the inhabitants of the country?
What can Arteries and Veins be compared to? What can capillaries be compared to?
Who stood at the head of all the work of the circulatory system? Why was Blood so worried about the Heart? How did she help him?
What was the Blood doing in the Arteries? And in Vienna? Why did she wear different colored dresses when she traveled through the Arteries and Veins?
Why did the Blood have to reach even the most remote places of Mankind?
What little creatures lived in the Blood? What were they doing there?
What did Aunt Plasma do? What did it consist of?
What microelement was sometimes lacking in Blood? What products contain it a lot?
Why do scratches and abrasions need to be washed thoroughly?
Why do you have to stay in bed when you are sick?
Why should you engage in physical education and sports?
Why should you be outdoors more often?
- Brothers Lung
Tasks:
Reinforce ideas about the functioning of the lungs and respiratory system;
Show the importance of the respiratory system for the life of the human body;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, auditory perception, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
To form a cognitive interest in your body, a desire to lead a healthy lifestyle.
* * *
Educational 3D animation video explaining the functioning of the respiratory system
In Humania there lived twin brothers whose names were Lungs. One brother was called Right Lung, and the other was called Left Lung. They were very hard workers. Literally worked day after day, month after month, year after year all my life. In this they took an example from their prime minister - Heart. They respected him very much. Moreover, their houses were very close.
The brothers lived in a large bone cage called chest, because it was located on Grudnaya Square. The cage could not protect the brothers from rain or snow, but it protected them from injury in the form of bruises or punctures. The bars around the chest were strong and reliable. After all, the Light brothers themselves were not very strong.
The inner surface of the Lungs was like sponge and this made them weigh very little. In addition, millions of tiny people lived in this spongy matter. They were airy, like a balloon, and looked like bags. Their names were Pulmonary vesicles- they were as elastic as balloons. When filled with air, they could expand, and when they gave it away, they could contract. Such funny airy men - sometimes fat, sometimes thin!
Every three or four seconds the Light brothers needed air. They were real air gluttons! Where did they get it from?
Served as a light manager of an air pumping station - Nose-Nosovich, who lived far from his masters and never saw them. His pumping station was located on the outer territory of Humania, and the gentlemen Lungs lived on the inner territory, separated by a strong shell of Bones, Muscles and Skin. Nos-Nosovich, like his owner, worked day and night. He, like a pump, inhaled air from the atmosphere.
There was a lot of this air in the atmosphere. Only its composition was different. Nos-Nosovich really liked the clean mountain, forest and sea air. He constantly sneezed from the dirty city air, and from the air saturated with tobacco smoke he suffocated. I even had to call an ambulance. Poor Nos-Nosovich had a hard time. After all, there was less and less clean air in the atmosphere.
To ensure that the air reaches the Light brothers exactly, a special pipe was made. We thought for a long time what to call it. Then they remembered that when forging metal, air is supplied to the furnace using a forge. That's what they called the pipe Larynx. The air rushed through the Larynx and shouted:
Hurry up and let me go to the Lungs! Don't delay! I'm in military service! I can't wait another second!
But he had to pause his flight because the network of air tubes branched out, allowing small portions of air to pass through. The larynx was replaced by another straight tube called Trachea. From it there were branches into the Right and Left Lung. This there were Bronchi, similar to two branches of a tree with small branches. Thanks to them, the air immediately reached all the air people living in the Lungs. The lungs immediately expanded, became large and important.
And then the air men began to work - the pulmonary bubbles. They quickly took oxygen from the air and immediately gave it to the Countess of Blood, who was already expecting a new portion of oxygen. Oh, and she was happy about such a product from Pulmonary Bubbles! After all, now she could saturate all the inhabitants of Humania with oxygen!
But Countess Blood couldn't just take the oxygen. She had to buy it. In return, the Blood gave carbon dioxide to the pulmonary bubbles, which it brought with itself, taking it from the inhabitants. But this was not enough for the pulmonary vesicle in exchange for such a valuable product as oxygen. They also took excess water from the Blood that no one needed. How much water was there? Quite a lot - from two to four large glasses daily!
The lung bubbles did not like carbon dioxide very much, and they did not need water. So, out of greed, they took all this from the Countess of Blood. Trying to quickly get rid of unnecessary goods, they contracted, pushing out both carbon dioxide and water. It was like a balloon deflating, letting out the air.
Carbon dioxide and water have always been indignant:
Why are you getting rid of us? What do not you like? Picky people! We won't come to you again! Tricksters! Just think, bubbles! A lot of
think about yourself!
The lung bubbles quickly pushed out the indignant people along with the air, saying:
Fly, fly! There is no need to pollute us! We want to be clean and transparent!
Carbon dioxide and water flew out through the Bronchi, Trachea and Larynx straight back to Nos-Nosovich, if he was healthy. And if he was sick, then straight to the Roth. Both Nos-Nosovich and Roth gladly gave them back to the air that lived in the atmosphere.
Everyone was happy. The inhabitants of Humania received oxygen, the Lung brothers were held in high esteem by the ruler of the Brain and his prime minister, the Heart. Nos-Nosovich received bonuses from the Lungs.
Questions and tasks
Which brothers are mentioned in the fairy tale? What were they like? Who did you want to be like?
Where did the Light brothers live? What was the name of their house? How was he different?
What can be said about the structural features of the brothers?
What did the pulmonary vesicles look like?
Who served the Light brothers? What did Nos-Nosovich do?
How did the air get from Nos-Nosovich to the Lungs?
What did the pulmonary vesicles do with the air?
What did Blood give to the bubbles instead of oxygen?
Where did the carbon dioxide and excess water go then?
Why were the houses of the Prime Minister of the Heart and the Lung brothers in Humania next to each other?
Why do you need to monitor your lung health? How should this be done? (Breathe as little polluted air as possible; travel outside the city as often as possible, go to the park, to the shore of the sea, lake, river; catch colds as little as possible so as not to get tracheitis, bronchitis or pneumonia; do not overcool, do not be in drafts, dress appropriately weather, take enough vitamins; take regular treatment for allergies or asthma, if any; never smoke; fight air pollution; do not burn garbage in the open air.)
Experiment with the release of water from the lungs. Take the mirror in your hands, inhale deeply, and then exhale forcefully directly onto the glass. It will fog up and become damp.
- Power plant, chemical laboratory and warehouse rolled into one
Tasks:
To consolidate ideas about the importance of the liver in the life of the body, measures to prevent liver diseases;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, auditory perception, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
To form a desire for a healthy lifestyle and self-knowledge.
* * *
The largest house in inner Mania was owned by a researcher called Liver. It was located on a square called Abdomen. Despite the fact that the Liver lived much lower than the Lung brothers, it still managed to occupy part of their Chest, quite a bit, only the last ribs. But even this circumstance was to the benefit of the Liver - the ribs protected it from outside invasions, just like its brothers. The lungs did not argue with her, after all, she was a researcher, a respected resident of Humania! They didn’t mind just two ribs.
Unlike the spongy brothers of the Lungs, the Liver was soft and fleshy and even red-brown in color. You'll notice this one from afar. She didn't like white coats like other researchers, so she never wore them.
This person was very active. She worked a lot, like other residents of the country of Humania, but still had a peculiarity.
On the one hand, the Liver was a real power plant that produced special proteins-proteins, very necessary for the Countess of Blood in order for her were formed new blood cells. And protein-proteins supplied the inhabitants of the country energy And nutrients.
On the other hand, the Liver was a real chemical laboratory. In it she produced bile-yellow-green liquid, bitter in taste. She sent it to help the Intestines for digestion of fats.
Dear Intestines,” the Liver called him, “I ask you to pick up another portion of bile. I have already prepared it and poured it into test tubes. Good bile this time! This will be your assistant.
Going! - responded the Intestines. - Thank you very much, dear Liver. I need helpers. And I prepared a tasty treat for you as a thank you. Take as much as you want!
The intestines gave in return through the Blood of the Liver nutritious thingsproperties, vitamins, obtained from digested food and absorbed into the walls of the intestine.But the Liver worked together not only with the Intestines. Her closest friend was Countess Blood. You could say they were inseparable. For her, in her chemical laboratory, the Liver created substances with the help of which, if necessary, Blood didn't flow, but curled up. Without such substances, under the right circumstances, the Blood could simply flow out of Humanity and die. Other substances did not give blood thicken and clog the channels through which it flowed. Therefore, the Countess always remained slender and fluid.
Take these two vessels,” the Liver said to her friend, “they contain a miraculous remedy for you.” If you don’t want to leak, drink this remedy from a blue vessel, you will immediately thicken, but if you get lazy and stagnate, drink from a red vessel, and then you will run faster.
But that's not all. Liver in the laboratory periodically cleaned Blood from harmful substances, which were gained in it during the journey through Mankind. How grateful the Blood was to her! After all, the Liver saved her from illness. This is a real friend!
Dear, dear, Liver,” Blood thanked her friend, “you can’t even imagine how grateful I am to you!” If necessary, I will even give my life for you! You do so much for me!
But there were also cases when the Blood was accidentally or deliberately poisoned toxic substances\ Horror! But in life different things happen. What would happen to the poor countess if the Liver could not in her laboratory destroy these substances and bring out them from a friend? It's scary to imagine! Yes, the Liver was not only a good friend, but also a real scientist!
In addition to being a power plant and a chemical laboratory, the Liver was also thrifty. She had a real warehouse in her house. In this warehouse she kept very valuable substances - fats,proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins. The Liver issued them from the warehouse when the inhabitants of Humania needed energy for activity or building material to replace worn-out cells.
Another amazing property of the Liver is that it could restore after illness or injury. A real sorceress! No one else knew how to do this except her.
This ability aroused both delight and envy among the inhabitants of Humania. The most envious tried to harm the Liver. Some sent her various infections, from which she began to suffer greatly. Others slipped harmful food and drinks into the Stomach and Intestines so that they would treat the Liver with them. Otherwise, instead of food, they will put cleaning liquid or washing powder, insect repellent or medicine.
After this, poor Liver had to be hospitalized and treated for a long time. They even tried to starve the Liver. Then she had nowhere to get fats, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins. The performance of the Liver immediately dropped. But the lives of all the inhabitants of Humania depended on her work!
True, the Liver had more good neighbors than bad ones. Therefore, she happily continued to generate energy, create in the chemical laboratory and accumulate valuable substances for all the inhabitants of the country.
Questions and tasks
Which inhabitant of Humania is mentioned in this tale?
Where did Liver live?
What was she like as described? What was her job?
Why was the Liver compared to a power plant?
What was Liver doing in his chemistry lab?
How did the Liver make friends with the Intestines?
Who was Liver's closest friend? How did the Liver help a friend?
What did the Liver keep in its warehouse? For what?
What unique ability did the Liver have?
What harmful actions of the bad inhabitants of Humania did she suffer from?
How should a person take care of his liver? Formulate the rules.
- Sisters Kidneys and Bladder
Tasks:
To consolidate knowledge about the functioning of the kidneys and bladder, the prevention of kidney diseases;
Activate vocabulary on the topic;
Develop focused attention, auditory perception, imagination, memory, dialogic speech;
Develop a responsible attitude towards your own health.
We already know that the Lung twin brothers lived in Humania. But twin sisters also lived there. They were called Kidneys. They were like beans the size of fist. Their house was located behind the large Liver house on Abdominal Square.
Like the Liver, they were red-brownish colors. The sisters never left each other. They even had one loved one between them. His name was Bladder. He lived for several below Kidneys, but on the same area.
In order to have a constant connection with her loved one, the Kidneys laid long hollow tubes to him and named them after him Ureters.
The Kidney sisters, like the Liver, were very friendly with Countess Blood, who often visited them. In the house of the Kidneys there were powerful filters, which took away at the Blood harmful substances- waste. The blood gave them away with pleasure. This waste gave her a headache and her whole body ached like the flu. After harmful substances were filtered out, the Blood felt as clean as if it had gone to a bathhouse.
More Kidneys took away at the Countess of Blood some excess water. And this procedure was pleasant for my friend. The excess water made her swell like a balloon, and her arms and legs became swollen. Therefore, the Blood gave away the excess water immediately and with pleasure, without asking for anything in return.
The kidneys really liked it when large amounts of water, milk and fruit juices passed through them. They could drink up to eight glasses a day! They needed the liquid to operate the filters.
But the Kidneys didn’t like the fact that they were dealing with harmful substances. They believed that they were like a garbage dump into which all sorts of waste was thrown. This upset them. How could they, looking like garbage, please the Bladder? From such thoughts, the Kidneys often cried. Drops of tears fell into the tubes of the Ureters. By tubes they flowed straight towards Bladder. Sometimes there were so many tears that they could fill whole six stacksnew] The bladder did not know what kind of liquid was coming to it through the tubes. Moreover, he could not guess that these were the sisters’ tears. The liquid expanded and became heavier. He clearly didn't like this. He didn't want to be fat. When it could no longer be filled, he opened a special tap connectedwith a straw called The urethra. Through this channel, the fluid came out of the bladder to the outside. After that, he sighed with relief, his mood lifted. But the Kidneys cried and cried, so the Bladder either stretched or contracted. He didn't even have time to meet his twin sisters, let alone fall in love with them.
Somehow the Brain found out about the grief of the Kidneys. He called them to his place and entrusted them with a very important task - detain inBlood sugar, certain proteins and fats.
“I am very pleased with your work,” said the ruler to the Kidneys, “you are cleaning our country from harmful substances.” Can you imagine what would happen if you didn't do this? All residents would be poisoned or even die. This is very important work. I'm proud of you! Well, since you are so responsible, I entrust you with another important task - you will help the Countess of Blood supply our residents with healthy food. I appoint you as Liver Research Assistants. She also does this work.
The Bud sisters even blushed with pleasure. They were very pleased with the ruler's praise. From then on they cried only for joy. In these tears they dissolved all harmful substances. And the Bladder still doesn’t understand why it is used as a rubber heating pad. He was constantly grumbling and indignant.
Questions and tasks
Which twin sisters are we talking about in the fairy tale?
Where they lived? What did they look like?
What was the name of your beloved Kidney? What channel did the sisters build to let the Bladder know about them?
Who were Buds friends with? How did they help the Countess of Blood?
What did the Kidneys like to eat?
Why did Kidneys cry all the time? What upset them so much?
Where did the kidneys' tears flow? What is this liquid called in real life? (Urine.)
Why was the Bladder unhappy with the Kidney's tears flowing into it? How many tears could it hold in a day?
How did the Brain calm the Kidneys? What important work did he assign them?
What should you do to prevent your kidneys from hurting?
Find the place where your kidneys are located.
Dear students, in my opinion, this is important!
I advise you to go through other sections of the "Navigation" and read interesting articles or watch presentations, didactic materials on subjects (pedagogy, methods of developing children's speech, theoretical foundations of interaction between preschool educational institutions and parents); material for preparing for tests, tests, exams, coursework and dissertations. I would be glad if the information posted on my website helps you in your work and study.
Best regards, O.G. Golskaya.
"Help on the site" - click on the image - hyperlink to return to the previous page (Test work on the module "Planning work on the development of children's speech.").
One day this happens: your child asks a question about how the body works. How we breathe, digest food, why our heart beats so often, or why mom has so many freckles. Books will help you answer them - those that tell about the body in a clear, easy and fascinating way. Open them with your little ones or give them to your teen to read.
1. Why?
At the end of the book there are pages for your “whys”: there moms and dads can write down the “pearls” and questions of their kids.
For whom: for children from 3 years old
2. Bones and skeletons
Children will be able not only to read, but also to compare the sizes of bones and body parts. And also look at the amazing illustrations of Steve Jenkins: he works using the collage technique and collects pictures from paper. A book about skeletons can easily become a child’s favorite reading.
For whom: for children from 4 years old
3. Anatomy
An illustrated anatomy atlas that clearly explains how the human body works. The special feature of the book is its carved illustrations. We open the valve and look at what the digestive system or the eye consists of. The illustrations are detailed but not scary. And also anatomically accurate, because the book was checked by physiologist and candidate of biological sciences Olga Sergeeva.
“Anatomy” has a large format and bright design. This book is interesting to read and a pleasure to give as a gift: it will definitely appeal to big and small readers.
For whom: for children from 7 years old
4. How a person works
All the facts are presented in a fascinating and accessible way: the book will appeal not only to little children, but also to their parents.
For whom: for children from 5 years old
5. How the body works
Children will learn about amazing facts that they encounter every day. What tells us that we are hungry? Why do we feel a sick feeling in the pit of our stomachs when we are very nervous? And who has more genes - the bulb or the person? Interesting and educational.
For whom: for schoolchildren from 10 years old
6. If you want to be healthy
The book contains information on how to harden yourself, do exercises and sit at the computer. And artists Anastasia Balatenysheva and Anastasia Kholodilova drew cute illustrations and a diagram that will help you brush your teeth correctly.
For whom: for children from 3 years old
7. My body: from head to toe
Author of the photo: tochka_.
Children's books about man- this is a separate big topic, because, starting life in the human world, the baby must gain enough knowledge about this world and its characters. That is why books about a person provide not only “general development”, they allow the child to feel more confident in society.
Book about man for children
Book about man for children- What is this? This could be, for example, a book about the human structure for children, like “My body from top to toe” from, or "Human Body" for children Labyrinth Publishing House.
But a person is not only a physical body, it is also a psyche, feelings, relationships between people. One of the books on this topic, published by Clever, is called “What are feelings?”
But the series of books “What to do if...” by the famous psychologist L. Petranovskaya, published in , will clearly and convincingly tell a child how to behave in a given difficult situation - with peers, with strangers, in emergency circumstances.
It will also be interesting for adults to get acquainted with the publication “We Are All Born Free,” which conveys the essence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in a simplified form for children.
Children are most often very interested in what professions exist. The bright picture books “Professions” and “Once Upon a Time in the City,” published by the publishing house, as well as “Heroes of Our Day,” published by Machaon, will tell about this.
And finally, another important topic that children must be introduced to is the history of humanity and human thought. This includes quite diverse books: “How a Man Built a House” from the series of books about Mulle Mek and “The Big Book of Civilizations” - this is for preschoolers and primary schoolchildren, and for older schoolchildren and adults - a book with an amazing title and no less interesting content “ The mystery of life and the dirty socks of Jos Grotjes from Dril,” as well as “Amazing Genetics” and even “Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth” by Lev Gumilyov.
Bookstores offer many editions of encyclopedias for children dedicated to the human body. First of all, when choosing a specific publication, focus on the age of your child.
1. Reveal the secrets of a person. Book with windows.
This encyclopedia for kids from the “Book with Secrets” series from the Robin publishing house has 52 windows. Secret doors will help the baby understand all the intricacies of the structure and functioning of the human body.
Reveal the secrets of man (book with windows). Robins Publishing 2012
2. This is me, and this is you. For what? From what? Why? Book with windows
Another book for kids with windows. Encyclopedia from the popular series of the publishing house "Arkaim" Why? From what? Why?. Cardboard pages with opening windows on each spread. Content:
What can you do? —What are the parts of the body called? - What do we need eyes for? - Who is carrying you? - What do we need ears for? - How do you feel? -What do you need your mouth for? — What happens when you are sick? - What do you need your nose for? -What don’t you like? - What can you do with your hands? - And what do you like?
This is me and this is you. Book with windows. For what? From what? Why? publishing house "Arkaim" (Ural LTD)
3. Human body. Boring anatomy
A popular encyclopedia on anatomy for children of senior preschool and primary school age. The book is written in simple and accessible language, answers many complex questions and introduces children to interesting facts about the structure and functioning of the human body.
The human body. Boring anatomy. Encyclopedia. Publishing house "Labyrinth"
4. Man. Look inside. 2D
Encyclopedia - atlas of the human body. For children starting from preschool age. Large format, excellent printing. The book has inserts - transparent film pages, thanks to which you can see the internal structure of the body. Bright, large illustrations show body parts in great detail. The section shows organs, bones, muscles, veins and cells.
Contents: - Organism - Cells - Head - Tissues - Skin - Hair - Brain - Emotions - Heart - Cardiac cycle - Hands - Kidneys - Chest - Reproduction - Legs - Foot - Sense organs - Touch - Eye - Vision - Hearing - Taste - Smell - Muscles - Digestion - Skeleton - Skull - Bones - Blood circulation - Circulatory system - Nervous system - Nerves - Endocrine system - Lymphatic system - Body defenses - Dictionary - Index
Human. Take a look inside 2D. Publishing house "Makhaon"
5. Your amazing body. An interactive journey through the human body.
This amazing book - no one has ever seen anything like it - was created to surprise, entertain, and entertain. You can believe scientific facts, or you can test them experimentally!
Inside you will find:
Poster with a skeleton (150x50 cm)
- huge cell model
- three-dimensional heart layout
- cards with optical wonders
- booklet “Boy or girl?”
- booklet “Blood Purification”
Your amazing body. An interactive journey through the human body. Publishing house "Makhaon"
6. Human body. Encyclopedia of the connoisseur.
For children of primary school age. Every day you wake up, breathe, blink, talk, walk, eat, drink, grow, think, feel, hear, see - and all this is just a small part of what your body is doing at any given moment! Some of its actions, or rather functions, you are aware of and control, but most of them you are not even aware of. Read this book and you will learn how the work of all the mechanisms of the human body leads to an amazing overall result - life.
The human body. Encyclopedia of the connoisseur. Publishing house "Makhaon"
7. Human body. Encyclopedia for children
The book is for children of primary school age, but preschoolers will also find it interesting and understandable.
Traveling through the pages of this fascinating book, the child will learn how the human body works, how different organs work, and will understand how important it is to take care of your body in order to grow up healthy and strong.
