M.: 2017. - 256 p. M.: 2016. - 256 p.

The new handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of chemistry required to pass the exam. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for the course of the secondary (complete) school. The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Each topic is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the USE format. Answers to the tests are given at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Format: pdf ( 2017 , 256s.)

The size: 2 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Format: pdf ( 2016 , 256s.)

The size: 1.6 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
Preface 12
MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL CONCEPTS AND LAWS 14
1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY 18
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 18
1.1.1. The structure of the electron shells of atoms of elements 18
Sample tasks 24
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 25
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 25
Sample tasks 28
1.2.2. General characteristics of metals of IA-IIIA groups in connection with their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements
DI. Mendeleev and structural features of their atoms 28
Sample tasks 29
1.2.3. Characterization of transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev
and features of the structure of their atoms 30
Sample tasks 30
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of IVA-VIIA-groups in connection with their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev
and structural features of their atoms 31
Sample tasks 31
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 32
1.3.1. Covalent chemical bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Characteristics of a covalent bond (polarity and bond energy). Ionic bond.
Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 32
Sample tasks 36
1.3.2. Electronegativity. The oxidation state and valency of chemical elements 37
Sample tasks 39
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. The dependence of the properties of substances on their composition
and buildings 41
Sample tasks 43
1.4. Chemical reaction 43
1.4.1. Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry 43
Sample tasks 45
1.4.2. Thermal effect of a chemical reaction. Thermochemical equations 46
Sample tasks 48
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 48
Sample tasks 50
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions. chemical balance. Shift in chemical equilibrium under the influence of various factors 50
Task examples
1.4.5. Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 53
Sample tasks 54
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 54
Sample tasks 56
1.4.7. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline. Salt hydrolysis 57
Sample tasks 59
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 60
Examples of tasks 64
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 65
Sample tasks 66
1.4.10. Ionic (V.V. Markovnikov's rule) and radical mechanisms of reactions in organic chemistry 67
Examples of tasks 69
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 71
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 71
Examples of tasks 75
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum; transition metals
(copper, zinc, chromium, iron) 76
Examples of tasks 79
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,
phosphorus, carbon, silicon 81
Examples of tasks 83
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 84
Examples of tasks 86
2.5. Characteristic chemical properties of bases and amphoteric hydroxides 87
Examples of tasks 88
2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of acids 90
Sample tasks 93
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic; complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 94
Sample tasks 96
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 97
Job examples 100
3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 102
3.1. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial).
Mutual influence of atoms in molecules 102
Sample tasks 105
3.2. Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances. Hybridization of atomic orbitals of carbon. Radical.
Functional group 106
Sample tasks 109
3.3. Classification of organic substances. Nomenclature of organic substances (trivial and international) 109
Sample tasks 115
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 116
Examples of tasks 121
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 121
Job examples 124
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 125
Examples of tasks 128
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines and amino acids 129
Examples of tasks 132
3.8. Biologically important substances: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) 133
Sample tasks 138
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 139
Examples of tasks 143
4. METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE IN CHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE 145
4.1. Experimental foundations of chemistry 145
4.1.1. Rules for working in the laboratory. Laboratory glassware and equipment. Safety rules when working with caustic, combustible and toxic substances,
household chemicals 145
Sample tasks 150
4.1.2. Scientific methods for the study of chemicals and transformations. Methods for separating mixtures and purifying substances 150
Examples of tasks 152
4.1.3. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators 152
Job examples 153
4.1.4. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions 153
Job examples 156
4.1.5. Qualitative reactions of organic compounds 158
Job examples 159
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 160
Job examples 165
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 165
Examples of tasks 167
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing compounds (in the laboratory) 167
Examples of tasks 170
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 171
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 171
Job examples 174
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of industrial production of ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). chemical pollution
environment and its consequences 174
Job examples 176
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 177
Job examples 180
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Polymerization and polycondensation reactions 181
Job examples 184
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 184
4.3.1. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction; calculation of the mass fraction of a substance in a solution 184
Job examples 186
4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases in chemical reactions 186
Examples of tasks 187
4.3.3. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one
of the substances involved in the reaction 187
Examples of tasks 188
4.3.4. Calculations of the thermal effect of a reaction 189
Sample tasks 189
4.3.5. Calculations of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction products, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) 190
Sample tasks 190
4.3.6. Calculations of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given as a solution
with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance 191
Sample tasks 191
4.3.7. Finding the molecular formula of a substance 192
Job examples 194
4.3.8. Calculations of the mass or volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible 195
Job examples 195
4.3.9. Calculations of the mass fraction (mass) of a chemical compound in a mixture 196
Examples of tasks 196
Appendix
CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS 198
Hydrogen 198
Elements of IA-Group 200
Elements of IIA-group 202
Elements of the SHA-group 204
Elements of IVA group 206
Elements of VA group 211
Elements of VTA group 218
Elements of VTIA-group 223
Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev 230
IUPAC: Periodic Table of the Elements 232
Solubility of bases, acids and salts in water 234
Valency of some chemical elements 235
Acids and names of their salts 235
Atomic radii of elements 236
Some of the most important physical constants 237
Prefixes in the formation of multiples
and submultiple units 237
The abundance of elements in the earth's crust 238
Answers to tasks 240

The new handbook includes all the theoretical material of the school course in chemistry, which is necessary for preparing and passing the unified state exam.
The content of the book is based on control and measuring materials that determine the amount of educational material, which is checked by the state final certification.
The theoretical material of the handbook is presented in a concise and accessible form. The clarity of presentation and clarity of the educational material will allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
Each section of the book corresponds to four content blocks that are tested on the exam: "Theoretical Foundations of Chemistry" - the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev, chemical bond and structure of matter, chemical reaction; "Inorganic Chemistry", "Organic Chemistry", "Methods of learning chemistry. Chemistry and Life” - experimental foundations of chemistry, general ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances.

The reference book contains all the theoretical material on the course of chemistry necessary for passing the exam. It includes all the content elements tested at the Unified State Examination in Chemistry and helps to summarize and systematize the knowledge and skills for the course of the secondary (complete) school. The theoretical material is presented in a concise, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks that allow you to test your knowledge and the degree of preparedness for the certification exam. Practical tasks correspond to the USE format. At the end of the manual, answers to tests are given that will help schoolchildren and applicants to test themselves and fill in the gaps. The manual is addressed to senior students, applicants and teachers.

Patterns of changes in the properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups.
The modern formulation of the Periodic Law by D.I. Mendeleev:
- the properties of the elements, as well as the simple and complex substances they form, are in a periodic dependence on the charge of the atomic nucleus, which is equal to the ordinal number of the element.
The Periodic System of Chemical Elements is a natural classification of chemical elements, which is a tabular expression of the Periodic Law of D.I. Mendeleev. It is a table consisting of periods (horizontal rows) and groups (vertical columns) of elements.
Group number A = Number of valence electrons: ns and np
Group number B = Number of valence electrons: ns and (n-1) d
In the short period version of the Periodic system - 8 groups. They are divided into subgroups A (main) and B (side).

In the long period version of the Periodic system - 18 groups. They are designated either in the same way as in the short-term version, or simply by numbers from 1 to 18 (for example, group IA or 1, VIIB or 17).
Period number = Number of energy levels filled with electrons = Designation of the last energy level (EL)
The modern Periodic system includes 7 periods. Each period begins with the element in whose atom an electron first appears at the corresponding energy level (hydrogen or alkaline element), and ends with the element in whose atom the level with the same number is completely filled (noble gas).

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Publication date: 08/10/2017 12:30 UTC

• USE 2020, Chemistry, 10 training options for examination papers to prepare for the unified state exam, Savinkina E.V., Zhiveinova O.G., 2019
• Chemistry, A complete guide to preparing for the exam, Lidin R.A.
• OGE, Chemistry in tables and diagrams, Reference manual, grades 8-9, Savinkina E.V., Loginova G.P., 2017
• USE-2019, Chemistry, 10 training options for examination papers to prepare for the unified state exam, Savinkina E.V., Zhiveinova O.G., 2019

The following tutorials and books:

• Nitrogen Handbook, Physical and chemical properties of gases and liquids, Production of process gases, Purification of process gases, Synthesis of ammonia, 1986

M.: 2017. - 256 p. M.: 2016. - 256 p.

The new handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of chemistry required to pass the exam. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize knowledge and skills for the course of the secondary (complete) school. The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Each topic is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the USE format. Answers to the tests are given at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Format: pdf ( 2017 , 256s.)

The size: 2 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Format: pdf ( 2016 , 256s.)

The size: 1.6 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
Preface 12
MOST IMPORTANT CHEMICAL CONCEPTS AND LAWS 14
1. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMISTRY 18
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 18
1.1.1. The structure of the electron shells of atoms of elements 18
Sample tasks 24
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 25
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 25
Sample tasks 28
1.2.2. General characteristics of metals of IA-IIIA groups in connection with their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements
DI. Mendeleev and structural features of their atoms 28
Sample tasks 29
1.2.3. Characterization of transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev
and features of the structure of their atoms 30
Sample tasks 30
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of IVA-VIIA-groups in connection with their position in the Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev
and structural features of their atoms 31
Sample tasks 31
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 32
1.3.1. Covalent chemical bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Characteristics of a covalent bond (polarity and bond energy). Ionic bond.
Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 32
Sample tasks 36
1.3.2. Electronegativity. The oxidation state and valency of chemical elements 37
Sample tasks 39
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. The dependence of the properties of substances on their composition
and buildings 41
Sample tasks 43
1.4. Chemical reaction 43
1.4.1. Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry 43
Sample tasks 45
1.4.2. Thermal effect of a chemical reaction. Thermochemical equations 46
Sample tasks 48
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 48
Sample tasks 50
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions. chemical balance. Shift in chemical equilibrium under the influence of various factors 50
Task examples
1.4.5. Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 53
Sample tasks 54
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 54
Sample tasks 56
1.4.7. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline. Salt hydrolysis 57
Sample tasks 59
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 60
Examples of tasks 64
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 65
Sample tasks 66
1.4.10. Ionic (V.V. Markovnikov's rule) and radical mechanisms of reactions in organic chemistry 67
Examples of tasks 69
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 71
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 71
Examples of tasks 75
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum; transition metals
(copper, zinc, chromium, iron) 76
Examples of tasks 79
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen,
phosphorus, carbon, silicon 81
Examples of tasks 83
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 84
Examples of tasks 86
2.5. Characteristic chemical properties of bases and amphoteric hydroxides 87
Examples of tasks 88
2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of acids 90
Sample tasks 93
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic; complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 94
Sample tasks 96
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 97
Job examples 100
3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 102
3.1. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial).
Mutual influence of atoms in molecules 102
Sample tasks 105
3.2. Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances. Hybridization of atomic orbitals of carbon. Radical.
Functional group 106
Sample tasks 109
3.3. Classification of organic substances. Nomenclature of organic substances (trivial and international) 109
Sample tasks 115
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 116
Examples of tasks 121
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 121
Job examples 124
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 125
Examples of tasks 128
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines and amino acids 129
Examples of tasks 132
3.8. Biologically important substances: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides) 133
Sample tasks 138
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 139
Examples of tasks 143
4. METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE IN CHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE 145
4.1. Experimental foundations of chemistry 145
4.1.1. Rules for working in the laboratory. Laboratory glassware and equipment. Safety rules when working with caustic, combustible and toxic substances,
household chemicals 145
Sample tasks 150
4.1.2. Scientific methods for the study of chemicals and transformations. Methods for separating mixtures and purifying substances 150
Examples of tasks 152
4.1.3. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators 152
Job examples 153
4.1.4. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions 153
Job examples 156
4.1.5. Qualitative reactions of organic compounds 158
Job examples 159
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 160
Job examples 165
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 165
Examples of tasks 167
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing compounds (in the laboratory) 167
Examples of tasks 170
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 171
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 171
Job examples 174
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of industrial production of ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). chemical pollution
environment and its consequences 174
Job examples 176
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 177
Job examples 180
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Polymerization and polycondensation reactions 181
Job examples 184
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 184
4.3.1. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction; calculation of the mass fraction of a substance in a solution 184
Job examples 186
4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases in chemical reactions 186
Examples of tasks 187
4.3.3. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one
of the substances involved in the reaction 187
Examples of tasks 188
4.3.4. Calculations of the thermal effect of a reaction 189
Sample tasks 189
4.3.5. Calculations of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction products, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) 190
Sample tasks 190
4.3.6. Calculations of the mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given as a solution
with a certain mass fraction of the dissolved substance 191
Sample tasks 191
4.3.7. Finding the molecular formula of a substance 192
Job examples 194
4.3.8. Calculations of the mass or volume fraction of the yield of the reaction product from the theoretically possible 195
Job examples 195
4.3.9. Calculations of the mass fraction (mass) of a chemical compound in a mixture 196
Examples of tasks 196
Appendix
CHEMISTRY OF THE ELEMENTS 198
Hydrogen 198
Elements of IA-Group 200
Elements of IIA-group 202
Elements of the SHA-group 204
Elements of IVA group 206
Elements of VA group 211
Elements of VTA group 218
Elements of VTIA-group 223
Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleev 230
IUPAC: Periodic Table of the Elements 232
Solubility of bases, acids and salts in water 234
Valency of some chemical elements 235
Acids and names of their salts 235
Atomic radii of elements 236
Some of the most important physical constants 237
Prefixes in the formation of multiples
and submultiple units 237
The abundance of elements in the earth's crust 238
Answers to tasks 240

The new handbook includes all the theoretical material of the school course in chemistry, which is necessary for preparing and passing the unified state exam.
The content of the book is based on control and measuring materials that determine the amount of educational material, which is checked by the state final certification.
The theoretical material of the handbook is presented in a concise and accessible form. The clarity of presentation and clarity of the educational material will allow you to effectively prepare for the exam.
Each section of the book corresponds to four content blocks that are tested on the exam: "Theoretical Foundations of Chemistry" - the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements D.I. Mendeleev, chemical bond and structure of matter, chemical reaction; "Inorganic Chemistry", "Organic Chemistry", "Methods of learning chemistry. Chemistry and Life” - experimental foundations of chemistry, general ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances.

Title: Chemistry. A complete guide to preparing for the exam.

The handbook includes all the theoretical material of the school chemistry course required to pass the Unified State Examination, the final assessment of students. This material is divided into 14 sections, the content of which corresponds to the topics tested at the Unified State Examination - four content blocks: “Chemical Element”, “Substance”, “Chemical Reaction”, “Knowledge and Application of Substances and Chemical Reactions”. For each section, training tasks from parts A and B are given - with a choice of answers and a short answer. Section 15 is completely devoted to solving the calculation problems included in the examination part C.
Test tasks are designed in such a way that by answering them, the student will be able to more rationally repeat the main provisions of the school chemistry course.
At the end of the manual, answers to tests are given that will help schoolchildren and applicants to test themselves and fill in the gaps.
For the convenience of working with this guide, a table is provided that indicates the correspondence between the topics of the exam and sections of the book.
The manual is addressed to senior students, applicants and teachers.

A chemical element is a certain type of atom, denoted by a name and a symbol, and characterized by a serial number and relative atomic mass.
In table. 1 lists common chemical elements, shows the symbols by which they are designated (in brackets - pronunciation), serial numbers, relative atomic masses, characteristic oxidation states.
The zero oxidation state of an element in its simple substance (substances) is not indicated in the table.
The electronic shell of any atom is divided into energy levels (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.), the levels are divided into sublevels (denoted by the letters s, p, d, f). Sublevels consist of atomic orbitals - regions of space where electrons are likely to stay. Orbitals are designated as 1s (orbital of the 1st level of the s sublevel), 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 3d, 4s ...

Content
Foreword
1. Common elements. structure of atoms. Electronic shells. Orbitals
2. Periodic law. Periodic system. Electronegativity. Oxidation states
3. Molecules. Chemical bond. The structure of substances
4. Classification and relationship of inorganic substances
5. Metals of the main subgroups of groups I–III
5.1. Sodium
5.2. Potassium
5.3. Calcium
5.4. Hardness of water
5.5. Aluminum
6. Transition metals of the 4th period. Properties, methods of obtaining. General properties of metals
6.1. Chromium
6.2. Manganese
6.3. Iron
6.4. General properties of metals. Corrosion
7. Nonmetals of the main subgroups of groups IV–VII
7.1. Hydrogen
7.2. Halogens
7.2.1. Chlorine. Hydrogen chloride
7.2.2. chlorides
7.2.3. Hypochlorites. Chlorates
7.2.4. Bromides. iodides
7.3. Chalcogens
7.3.1. Oxygen
7.3.2. Sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides
7.3.3. Sulphur dioxide. Sulfites
7.3.4. Sulfuric acid. sulfates
7.4. Non-metals of the VA-group
7.4.1. Nitrogen. Ammonia
7.4.2. nitrogen oxides. Nitric acid
7.4.3. Nitrites. Nitrates
7.4.4. Phosphorus
7.5. Nonmetals of the IVA group
7.5.1. Free carbon
7.5.2. Oxides of carbon
7.5.3. Carbonates
7.5.4. Silicon
8. Theory of structure, diversity, classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. Types of chemical reactions
9. Hydrocarbons. Homology and isomerism. Chemical properties and methods of obtaining
9.1. Alkanes. Cycloalkanes
9.2. Alkenes. Alkadienes
9.3. Alkynes
9.4. Arenas
10. Oxygen-containing organic compounds
10.1. Alcohols. Ethers. Phenols
10.2. Aldehydes and ketones
10.3. carboxylic acids. Complex ethers. Fats
10.4. Carbohydrates
11. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
11.1. Nitro compounds. Amines
11.2. Amino acids. Squirrels
12. Chemical reactions. Speed, energy and reversibility
12.1. Reaction rate
12.2. Energy of reactions
12.3. Reversibility of reactions
13. Aqueous solutions. Solubility and dissociation of substances. ion exchange. Salt hydrolysis
13.1. Solubility of substances in water
13.2. Electrolytic dissociation
13.3. dissociation of water. Solution medium
13.4. Ion exchange reactions
13.5. Salt hydrolysis
14. Redox reactions. Electrolysis
14.1. Oxidizing and reducing agents
14.2. Selection of coefficients by the electronic balance method
14.3. A range of stress metals
14.4. Melt and solution electrolysis
15. Solution of calculation problems
15.1. Mass fraction of the dissolved substance. Dilution, concentration and mixing of solutions
15.2. Volume ratio of gases
15.3. Mass of a substance (volume of gas) according to a known amount of another reagent (product)
15.4. Thermal effect of the reaction
15.5. Mass (volume, amount of substance) of the product according to the reagent in excess or with impurities
15.6. Mass (volume, amount of substance) of the product according to the reagent with a known mass fraction in solution
15.7. Finding the molecular formula of an organic compound
Answers

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The handbook includes all the theoretical material of the school chemistry course required to pass the Unified State Examination, the final assessment of students. This material is divided into 14 sections, the content of which corresponds to the topics tested at the Unified State Examination - four content blocks: “Chemical Element”, “Substance”, “Chemical Reaction”, “Knowledge and Application of Substances and Chemical Reactions”. For each section, training tasks from parts A and B are given - with a choice of answers and a short answer. Section 15 is completely devoted to solving the calculation problems included in the examination part C.
Test tasks are designed in such a way that by answering them, the student will be able to more rationally repeat the main provisions of the school chemistry course.
At the end of the manual, answers to tests are given that will help schoolchildren and applicants to test themselves and fill in the gaps.
For the convenience of working with this guide, a table is provided that indicates the correspondence between the topics of the exam and sections of the book.
The manual is addressed to senior students, applicants and teachers.

Foreword
1. Common elements. structure of atoms. Electronic shells. Orbitals
2. Periodic law. Periodic system. Electronegativity. Oxidation states
3. Molecules. Chemical bond. The structure of substances
4. Classification and relationship of inorganic substances
5. Metals of the main subgroups of groups I–III
5.1. Sodium
5.2. Potassium
5.3. Calcium
5.4. Hardness of water
5.5. Aluminum
6. Transition metals of the 4th period. Properties, methods of obtaining. General properties of metals
6.1. Chromium
6.2. Manganese
6.3. Iron
6.4. General properties of metals. Corrosion
7. Nonmetals of the main subgroups of groups IV–VII
7.1. Hydrogen
7.2. Halogens
7.2.1. Chlorine. Hydrogen chloride
7.2.2. chlorides
7.2.3. Hypochlorites. Chlorates
7.2.4. Bromides. iodides
7.3. Chalcogens
7.3.1. Oxygen
7.3.2. Sulfur. Hydrogen sulfide. Sulfides
7.3.3. Sulphur dioxide. Sulfites
7.3.4. Sulfuric acid. sulfates
7.4. Non-metals of the VA-group
7.4.1. Nitrogen. Ammonia
7.4.2. nitrogen oxides. Nitric acid
7.4.3. Nitrites. Nitrates
7.4.4. Phosphorus
7.5. Nonmetals of the IVA group
7.5.1. Free carbon
7.5.2. Oxides of carbon
7.5.3. Carbonates
7.5.4. Silicon
8. Theory of structure, diversity, classification and nomenclature of organic compounds. Types of chemical reactions
9. Hydrocarbons. Homology and isomerism. Chemical properties and methods of obtaining
9.1. Alkanes. Cycloalkanes
9.2. Alkenes. Alkadienes
9.3. Alkynes
9.4. Arenas
10. Oxygen-containing organic compounds
10.1. Alcohols. Ethers. Phenols
10.2. Aldehydes and ketones
10.3. carboxylic acids. Complex ethers. Fats
10.4. Carbohydrates
11. Nitrogen-containing organic compounds
11.1. Nitro compounds. Amines
11.2. Amino acids. Squirrels
12. Chemical reactions. Speed, energy and reversibility
12.1. Reaction rate
12.2. Energy of reactions
12.3. Reversibility of reactions
13. Aqueous solutions. Solubility and dissociation of substances. ion exchange. Salt hydrolysis
13.1. Solubility of substances in water
13.2. Electrolytic dissociation
13.3. dissociation of water. Solution medium
13.4. Ion exchange reactions
13.5. Salt hydrolysis
14. Redox reactions. Electrolysis
14.1. Oxidizing and reducing agents
14.2. Selection of coefficients by the electronic balance method
14.3. A range of stress metals
14.4. Melt and solution electrolysis
15. Solution of calculation problems
15.1. Mass fraction of the dissolved substance. Dilution, concentration and mixing of solutions
15.2. Volume ratio of gases
15.3. Mass of a substance (volume of gas) according to a known amount of another reagent (product)
15.4. Thermal effect of the reaction
15.5. Mass (volume, amount of substance) of the product according to the reagent in excess or with impurities
15.6. Mass (volume, amount of substance) of the product according to the reagent with a known mass fraction in solution
15.7. Finding the molecular formula of an organic compound
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