Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

Kadyrova R.K.

Questions:

The concept of needs.

Various theories and classifications of needs.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.

Characteristics of basic human needs.

Basic needs for daily human activities.

Conditions and factors influencing the method and effectiveness of meeting needs.

Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).

The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the patient's independence in meeting his basic needs

The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.

Concept of needs

The normal functioning of a person, as a social being, representing an integral, dynamic, self-regulating biological system, is ensured by a set of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. The satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, and harmony of a person with the environment.

Human life activity depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in environmental conditions.

Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences throughout his life. (MANGO Glossary edited by G.I. Perfileva).

Basic theories and classifications of needs

The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are domestic scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are stimulated by the conditions of existence of the organism in a constantly changing environment.

The transition of needs into actions and actions is accompanied by emotions.

Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative for satisfying needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:

Group – vital (The need to live and provide for one’s life).

group – social (the need to take a certain place in society)

group – cognitive (the need to understand the external and internal world).

American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, in 1943 identified 14 basic human needs and arranged them according to five stages (see diagram)

Physiological needs are lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, and the need for self-defense.

Reliability needs - the desire for material security, health, security for old age, etc.

Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied by very few contacts with other people; in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.

The need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity - here we are talking about respect, prestige, social success. These needs are unlikely to be met by an individual; groups are required.

V. The need for personal development, for self-realization, self-realization, self-actualization, for understanding one’s purpose in the world.

Hierarchy of needs (stages of development) according to a. Maslow. The essence of the theory of needs a. Maslow. Characteristics of Basic Human Needs

Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on meeting the needs for food, air, sleep, etc. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. The disease causes dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, and leads to discomfort.

In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some needs are more significant for a person than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to needs for self-expression.

Currently, in countries with a high level of socio-economic development, where priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular.

To live, a person needs to satisfy physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.

Oxygen requirement- normal breathing, one of the basic physiological needs of humans. Breath and life are inseparable concepts.

With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and shallow, shortness of breath and coughing appear. A prolonged decrease in oxygen concentration in tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare professional. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the blood gas composition necessary for life.

NeedV food is also important for maintaining health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. A diet high in grains and plant fibers reduces the risk of colon cancer. High protein content in food promotes wound healing.

The health care professional should educate the patient and provide recommendations on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's nutritional needs.

Limit: consumption of egg yolks, sugar, sweet foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.

It is better to cook or bake food, but not to fry it.

It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to poor health.

Fluid requirement– this is drinking liquid, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount replenishes losses in the form of urine, feces, sweat, and evaporation during breathing. To maintain water balance, a person must consume more fluid than he excretes, otherwise signs of dehydration appear, but no more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The ability of the nurse to foresee the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema determines the patient’s ability to avoid many complications.

The need for excretion of waste products. The undigested part of food is excreted from the body in the form of urine and feces. Each person's excretion patterns are individual. Satisfaction of other needs can be postponed, but the release of waste products cannot be postponed for a long time. Many patients consider the process of excreting waste products to be intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient’s right to confidentiality,

Need for sleep and rest– with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, brain nutrition deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is lost and short-term memory deteriorates. Research conducted by American experts shows that a person who has not slept half the night has a halved number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis. For a free person, sleep is more necessary because it helps improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person’s sensitivity to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.

Stage 1- slow-wave sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of the organism, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs and metabolism. A person can be easily woken up, but if sleep is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage 2– slow sleep Shallow sleep lasts 10-20 minutes. Vital functions continue to weaken, and complete relaxation sets in. It is difficult to wake a person.

Stage 3– slow sleep The stage of deepest sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, makes it difficult to wake up the sleeper. The weakening of vital functions continues,

Stage 4– slow sleep Deep sleep lasting 15-30 minutes makes it very difficult to wake up the sleeper. During this phase, physical strength is restored. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Following stage 4, the 3rd and 2nd stages begin again, after which the sleeper moves into the 5th stage of sleep.

Stage 5- REM sleep. Vivid, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. Rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing rates, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure are observed. The tone of skeletal muscles decreases. During this phase, a person’s mental functions are restored; it is very difficult to wake up a sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage 5 The 4th, 3rd, 2nd stages of sleep occur for a short time, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, i.e. the next sleep cycle.

Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical illness, medications and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical illness, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbances. The nurse should familiarize the patient with the effects of prescribed medications and their effect on sleep.

Rest- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only by lying on the sofa, but also by taking a long walk, reading books or doing special relaxation exercises. In a medical facility, rest may be disrupted by loud noise, bright lights, and the presence of other people.

The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause disruption of the usual functions of the human body will enable the nurse to provide assistance to the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.

Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long or short, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by the application of a splint, traction of the limbs using special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, and the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation are observed. Intense straining during defecation, which the patient must resort to, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections and the formation of bladder and kidney stones.

And the main problem of the patient is that he cannot communicate with the environment, which has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, the ability to learn, motivation, feelings and emotions may change.

Nursing care aimed at maximizing the restoration of mobility and independence in movement using crutches, sticks, and prostheses is of great importance for improving the patient’s quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.

A person’s sexual health can be directly or indirectly affected by illness or developmental defects. But nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic, even if they have serious sexual problems.

Addressing actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.

It is necessary when talking with a patient:

develop a solid scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

understand how sexuality is affected by a person’s sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs;

learn to identify problems that are beyond the scope of nursing competence and recommend the help of an appropriate specialist to the patient.

Need for security. For most people, security means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, gurney are fixed, the flooring in the room and in the corridor is dry and there are no foreign objects on it, the room is sufficiently lit at night; If you have poor vision, wear glasses. The person dresses appropriately for the weather, and the home is warm enough to receive help if necessary. The patient must be confident that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to cause harm to others. Avoid stressful situations.

Social needs– these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.

People want to be loved and understood. No one wants to be abandoned, unloved and alone. If this happens, it means that the person’s social needs are not satisfied.

For severe illness, disability or old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are disrupted. Unfortunately, in such cases the need for communication is not satisfied, especially among older and lonely people. You should always remember about a person's social needs, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.

Helping a patient solve a social problem can significantly improve his quality of life.

The need for self-esteem and esteem. When communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.

A person develops a need for respect and self-esteem. But for this it is necessary that the work brings satisfaction to him, and the rest is rich and interesting; the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.

Need for self-expression This is the highest level of human need. By satisfying their need for self-expression, everyone believes that they are doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for another it is raising children, etc.

So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs; the nurse, when drawing up a care plan for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.

A need is a certain need of an acting subject in the totality of the surrounding circumstances of his existence, attachment to external conditions, emanating from his personal nature. This essential link in the system of relationships with other people is the cause of human life. Needs extend to the entire sphere of social, material and organic life, indicating the close relationships between these concepts.

Manifestation of need

The need is manifested in the selective attitude of the individual to the existing conditions of the external world and is a dynamic and cyclical quantity. Primary needs relate to biological needs; in addition, a person feels the need to stay in society. The peculiarity of the need is such that it is an internal motivation and stimulus for activity, but at the same time work becomes a subject of necessity.

At the same time, doing something creates new needs, since certain funds and costs are needed to bring the plan to life.

Needs in society

A society that does not develop and reproduce is doomed to degradation. The needs of people in different eras correspond to the spirit of entrepreneurship and development, reflect dissatisfaction and despair, express collectivism, a common faith in future affairs, generalize people's aspirations and claims that need periodic satisfaction. The relationship between primary and secondary needs is formed not only in terms of social status, but under the influence of the accepted lifestyle, the level of spiritual development, and the diversity of social and psychological groups in society.

Without satisfying urgent needs, society cannot exist and reproduce social values ​​at the level of historical and cultural standards. Urgent needs for movement, communication, and possession of information require society to develop transport, means of communication, and educational institutions. People care about satisfying primary and secondary needs.

Types of needs

Human needs are so diverse that to generalize them into different categories requires classification according to several criteria:

• Primary and secondary needs are divided in importance;
• according to the grouping of subjects, collective, individual, public and group are distinguished;
• according to the choice of direction, they are divided into ethical, material, aesthetic and spiritual;
• if possible, there are ideal and real needs;
• by area of ​​activity, the desire to work, physical rest, communication and economic areas are distinguished;
• According to the method of satisfying needs, they are divided into economic, requiring limited material resources for production, and non-economic (need for air, sun, water).

Primary Needs

This category includes innate physiological needs, without which a person cannot physically exist. These include the desire to eat and drink, the need to breathe clean air, regular sleep, and satisfaction of sexual desires.

Primary needs exist at the genetic level, and secondary needs arise with increasing life experience.

Secondary needs

They have a psychological nature, they include the desire to be a successful, respected member of society, the emergence of attachments. Primary and secondary needs differ in that failure to satisfy the desires of the second category will not lead the individual to physical death. Secondary aspirations are divided into ideal, social and spiritual.

Social needs

In this category of desires, the need to communicate with other individuals, to express oneself in social activities, and to gain general recognition prevails. This includes the desire to belong to a certain circle or social group, to occupy not the last place in it. These desires develop in a person in connection with his own subjective ideas about the structure of a given layer of society.

Ideal Needs

This group includes the desire to develop independently, manifested in the desire to receive new information, explore it and navigate in society. The need to study the surrounding reality leads to an awareness of one’s place in the modern world, knowledge of the meaning of life leads to an understanding of one’s purpose and existence. Intertwined with the ideal are primary needs and spiritual desires, which represent the desire for creative activity and awareness of beauty.

Spiritual aspirations

Spiritual interests develop in a person in connection with the desire to enrich life experience, broaden his horizons, and develop creative abilities.

The growth of personal potential forces an individual not only to be interested in the culture of humanity, but also to care about representing the values ​​of his own civilization. Spiritual aspirations presuppose an increase in psychological tension during emotional experiences, awareness of the value of the chosen ideological goal.

A person with spiritual interests improves his skills and strives for high results in the field of activity and creativity. An individual treats work not only as a means of enrichment, but learns his own personality through work. Spiritual, biological and closely intertwined. Unlike the animal world, in human society the primary need is for biological existence, but it gradually turns into a social one.

The nature of the human personality is multifaceted, hence the variety of types of needs. The manifestation of aspirations in various social and natural conditions makes their classification and division into groups difficult. Many researchers offer various distinctions, putting motivation at the forefront.

Classification of needs of a different order

Primary human needs are divided into:

• physiological, which consists of the existence and reproduction of offspring, food, breathing, shelter, sleep and other needs of the body;
• representing the desire to ensure comfort and safety of living, work to obtain benefits, and confidence in future life.

Secondary needs acquired during the course of life are divided into:

• social aspirations to gain connections in society, to have friendly and personal attachments, to take care of relatives, to gain attention, to participate in joint projects and activities;
• prestigious desires (to respect oneself, to gain recognition from others, to achieve success, high awards, to move up the career ladder);
• spiritual - the need to express oneself, to realize one’s creative potential.

Classification of desires according to A. Maslow

If you find out that a person has a need for shelter, food and a healthy lifestyle, then you have identified a primary need. Need forces an individual to strive to obtain essential benefits or change an undesirable situation (disrespect, shame, loneliness, danger). The need is expressed in motivation, which, depending on the level of personal development, takes on a specific and definite form.

Primary needs include physiological needs, for example, procreation, the desire to drink water, breathe, etc. A person wants to protect himself and his loved ones from enemies, help them treat diseases, and protect them from poverty. The desire to get into a certain social group sends the researcher to another category - social needs. In addition to these aspirations, the individual feels a desire to be liked by others and demands respectful treatment.

They are constantly changing; in the process of human evolution, motivation is gradually being revised. E. Engel's law states that the demand for low-quality food products decreases as income increases. At the same time, the demand for food products, which are required of increased quality while improving the standard of human life, is increasing.

Motive of behavior

The existence of needs is judged by a person’s deeds and behavior. Needs and aspirations are referred to as quantities that cannot be directly measured and observed. Researchers in the field of psychology have determined that certain needs motivate an individual to act. The feeling of need forces a person to act to satisfy needs.

Drive is defined as a lack of something that turns into a certain course of action and a person concentrates on achieving the result. The result in its final manifestation means a means to satisfy desire. If you achieve a certain goal, it may mean complete satisfaction, partial or incomplete. Then determine the ratio of primary and secondary needs and try to change the direction of the search, while leaving the motivation the same.

The amount of satisfaction obtained as a result of an activity leaves a mark on memory and determines the behavior of the individual in the future under similar circumstances. A person repeats those actions that caused the satisfaction of primary needs, and does not commit actions leading to failure to fulfill his plans. This law is called the law of result.

Managers in modern society model situations that allow people to feel satisfaction through behavior that benefits them. For example, a person in the process of production activity must imagine the completion of work in the form of a meaningful result. If the technological process is structured in such a way that the individual does not see the final result of the work, this will lead to the disappearance of interest in the activity, violation of discipline and absenteeism. This rule requires the administration to develop the production sector in such a way that technology does not conflict with human needs.

Interests

They can manifest themselves as direct and indirect. For example, each student is indirect to certain aspects of his thesis, calculations, and drawings. Whereas the immediate interest can be considered the protection of a fully completed work. In addition, interests can be negative and positive.

Conclusion

Some people have few interests, their circle is limited only by material needs, therefore the characteristics of the individual are determined by the desires of the person and the degree of his development. The interests of a banker may not at all coincide with the aspirations of, for example, an artist, writer, peasant and other people. How many people there are in the world, so many different needs, needs, aspirations and desires arise in them.

The human needs necessary for life are water, air, nutrition and protection from environmental hazards. These needs are called basic because they are necessary for the body.

Basic needs differ from other needs in that their deficiency causes a clear adverse outcome - dysfunction or death. In other words, it is what is needed to live a safe and healthy life (eg food, water, shelter).

In contact with

In addition to this, people have social needs: communication in a family or group. Needs can be psychological and subjective, such as the need for self-esteem and respect.

Needs are a need experienced and perceived by a person. When this need is supported by purchasing power, it can become an economic requirement.

Types and description of needs

As it is written in the 6th grade social studies textbook, needs are divided into biological, which are necessary for anyone to live, and spiritual, which are needed to understand the world around us, gain knowledge and skills, achieve harmony and beauty.

For most psychologists, need is a psychological function that motivates action by providing purpose and direction to behavior. This is an experienced and perceived need or necessity.

Basic needs and human development (determined by the human condition) are few, finite, and classified as distinct from the conventional notion of ordinary economic “wants,” which are infinite and insatiable.

They are also constant across all human cultures, and over historical periods of time can be understood as a system, that is, they are interconnected and interactive. In this system there is no hierarchy of needs (beyond the basic need for existence or survival), since simultaneity, complementarity and compromise are features of the satisfaction process.

Needs and desires are the subject of interest and form the common substrate for the sections:

• philosophy;
• biology;
• psychology;
• social sciences;
• economics;
• marketing and politics.

The famous academic needs model was proposed by the psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. His theory suggests that people have a hierarchy of psychological desires that range from basic physiological or lower needs such as food, water and safety to higher ones such as self-actualization. People tend to spend most of their resources (time, energy, and finances) trying to satisfy basic needs before higher order desires.

Maslow's approach is a generalized model for understanding motivation in a wide variety of contexts, but can be adapted to specific contexts. One of the difficulties with his theory is that concepts of "necessities" can change radically among different cultures or between different parts of the same society.

The second idea of ​​necessity is presented in the work of a professor of political economy Jana Gow, which published information on human needs in the context of social assistance provided by the welfare state. He also published A Theory of Human Need with medical ethics professor Len Doyle.

Their view goes beyond the emphasis on psychology, it can be said that the needs of the individual represent a "cost" in society. Someone who cannot meet their needs will function poorly in society.

According to Gow and Doyle, everyone has an objective interest in preventing serious harm that prevents him from pursuing his vision of what is good. This drive requires the ability to participate in a social setting.

In particular, each individual must have physical health and personal autonomy. The latter involves the ability to make informed choices about what to do and how to implement it. This requires mental health, cognitive skills and the ability to participate in society and make collective decisions.

Need Satisfaction Issues

Researchers identify twelve broad categories of “intermediate needs” that define how the needs for physical health and personal autonomy are met:

• adequate food and water;
• adequate housing;
• safe working environment;
• cloth;
• safe physical environment;
• appropriate medical care;
• safety in childhood;
• meaningful primary relationships with others;
• physical security;
• economic security;
• safe birth control and childbirth;
• appropriate basic and intercultural education.

How are the details of satisfaction determined?

Psychologists point to rational identification of need using modern scientific knowledge, consideration of people's actual experiences in their daily lives, and democratic decision-making. Satisfaction of human needs cannot be imposed “from above.”

Individuals with greater internal assets (e.g., education, mental health, physical strength, etc.) are more able to satisfy their wants and needs.

Other types

In his works Karl Marx defined human beings as "needy beings" who experienced suffering in the process of learning and working to satisfy their needs, which were both physical and moral, emotional and intellectual needs.

According to Marx, the development of people is characterized by the process of satisfying their needs; they develop new desires, implying that to some extent they create and remake their own nature. If people satisfy their nutritional needs through crop production and animal husbandry, then a higher level of social self-knowledge is required to satisfy spiritual thirst.

People differ from other animals because their life activity and work is dictated by the satisfaction of needs. They are universal natural beings, capable of turning all of nature into the subject of their needs and their activities.

Conditions for people, as social beings, are given by work, but not only by work, since it is impossible to live without relationships with others. Work is a social activity because people work with each other. Humans are also free beings, capable during their lives of achieving the objective possibilities generated by social evolution, based on their conscious decisions.

Freedom must be understood both in a negative sense (freedom to decide and establish relationships) and in a positive sense (mastery over natural forces and the development of human creativity of the basic human powers).

To summarize, it should be noted that the main interrelated traits of people are as follows:

• people are conscious beings;
• people are social creatures.

Humans are prone to universality, which manifests itself in the three previous traits and makes them natural-historical, universal conscious entities.

Rosenberg's Necessity Model

Model Marshall Rosenberg“Compassionate Communication,” known as “Hateful Communication,” distinguishes between universal needs (what sustains and motivates human life) and specific strategies used to satisfy one's needs. Feelings are perceived neither as good nor bad, nor right or wrong, but as indicators of whether human needs are being met or not. The needs of life are highlighted.

People also talk about the needs of the community or organization. These may include demand for a particular type of business, for a particular government program or organization, or for people with specific skills. This example represents the logical problem of reification.

When talking about human needs, we mean different types of needs, which are both conscious and unconscious.

They are the source of feelings, emotions, desires, aspirations and the catalyst for activity in order to satisfy them.

What it is?

What does the concept “need” mean? Human survival depends on the availability of appropriate conditions and means.

If at a certain moment they are absent, this is causes a state of need.

Ultimately, the human body begins to respond to irritating factors and become active, since by nature it is programmed to preserve life and further survive.

The state of need that leads to the activity of the subject is called need.

Not a single living creature on the planet there are not as many needs as people have. To realize them, a person is forced to actively act, as a result of which he develops in different directions and learns about the world around him.

Satisfaction of a need is accompanied by positive emotions, otherwise - negative.

Regardless of gender, nationality or position in society, every person has needs. Some of their types appear at birth, others in the course of later life.

With age, the list of needs changes. Primary ones include the need for air, water, food, and sex. Secondary needs are directly related to psychology. These include the need for respect, success, recognition.

Classification

The issue related to human needs has been studied by many scientists at different times. In this regard, there are many theories and interpretations that differently describe the relationship between needs, need and the process of satisfying them.

Main types of needs:

According to Simonov

The scientific work of psychologist P. V. Simonov provides the following classification of human needs:

• For others;
• for myself.

Ideal needs, which consist in the desire to know the truth, do not contain such a division.

Because the true meaning of things and processes implies them the only form.

When studying human needs in our time, an integrated approach and a full arsenal of scientific methods are used.

Without knowing the reliable reasons for the origin and formation of needs and the degree of their influence on brain activity, it is impossible to effectively solve the following problems:

• prevention and treatment of mental disorders;
• prevention of antisocial and inappropriate behavior;
• proper upbringing.

Hierarchy concept

The hierarchy of needs was developed by a psychologist Abraham Maslow. He compiled the numerous needs and desires of people in a form that clearly demonstrated his scientific view of this problem. In the pyramid, Maslow placed needs as they increased.

The scientist was sure that while an individual is in dire need of primitive things, he does not think about the needs of a higher level. Maslow gave examples to prove his theory.

The individual begins to search for a social group, belonging to which could satisfy his desires and relieve him of loneliness.

The fourth level is associated with prestigious needs of people. These are needs satisfied by a person as a result of his activities. These include:

Every member of society needs recognition of his abilities and talents from others. Human achieves self-respect and begins to believe in his own strength when he achieves certain results in life.

Located on the fifth level. Here are:

• self-identification;
• self-expression;
• self-realization;
• self-affirmation;
• self-development.

Maslow is convinced that the need for self-expression manifests itself in a person only after everything lower needs are fully satisfied.

According to the scientist's theory, the individual acts in strict accordance with the hierarchy given in the pyramid. Most people do just that.

However, there are exceptions. There is a narrow group of individuals who put their ideals above everyday problems.

This includes people of science and art who strive for self-realization and development, despite deprivation and hunger. Usually such individuals have personal hierarchy of needs according to which they live.

Differences between inferior and superior

What is the difference between higher and lower needs? Lower needs are associated with natural needs of the body.

The need for basic conditions for survival - food, air, water - is determined by nature itself.

How do higher needs express themselves? Higher needs go far beyond, necessary for physical survival and maintaining the functioning of the body.

The individual’s need for development, care for other people and love, self-realization is no longer just a series of important needs, but a list of values ​​that are not directly related to the needs of the body.

Objects and means of satisfaction

For physical survival and a comfortable existence, a person needs to have his needs met. To achieve this goal people master various means and learn different ways to achieve what you want.

The objects and means of satisfying human needs are goods. These are things or means that are designed to satisfy certain human needs.

In this capacity are:

• spiritual;
• intellectual,
• educational and informational.

Detection options

In what ways can people's needs be identified? Natural needs are most fully described by Maslow.

They characteristic of the vast majority of people. An effective way to identify needs is to carefully analyze the characteristics and actions of a particular person:

• motive;
• dominant;
• customs;
• skills;
• tastes.

Natural needs are an integral part of human existence. It doesn’t matter what level he is at the moment and what he needs.

If difficulties arise in meeting basic needs, individual go down one step. And it will remain there until this need is fully satisfied.

Fundamental human needs and their satisfaction: