These scientific words came into our language from an ancient foreign language, Latin. Translated into Russian, they mean: the prefix (scientists also call it differently - the prefix) - "put in front", and the suffix - "substituted".
Put the word together: and, nick, under, snow.
This is the name of the first spring flowers that begin to grow even under the snow.
snowdrops.
Denote the known parts of the word.
Ending - and, since you can change the word:
no what? - snowdrop ov,
happy for what? - snowdrop am, has changed -i.
Root words: snow, snowy, snowball.
General part: snow - snow. At the root of the alternation of consonants Mrs.
In addition to the root and ending, words can have other parts: prefixes And suffixes. They serve to form words.
Prefix- part of the word that is before the root, and the suffix- part of the word after the root.
We formwords with suffixes:
hole + k = holes to ah, hole points ah, hole seek but
points
seek
cat + hic = cat ik, cat OK, cat yonok, cat yat but
OK
yonok
yat
Suffix for large objects:
We observe how suffixes change the meaning of the word.
A hare from a Russian folk tale boasted like this:
- I have, not a mustache, but a mustache, not paws, but paws, not teeth, but teeth - I'm not afraid of anyone.
Why did the hare need words with suffix -ish-: strengthen, paws, teeth? To name large objects.
Suffixes with a diminutive meaning:
In the words of the poem, we single out suffixes with a diminutive meaning.
Spring rain.
I put it on my feet in the morning
Rain crystal boots.
Where will the boot come -
A flower will open there.
Blades of grass from the rain
Straighten backs.(N. Polyakova)
The author describes nature with love and warmth, and the words convey this attitude with a diminutive meaning.
Knife to and, shoe to And - suffix -k-,
boot OK, color OK- suffix -ok-,
herbs inc And - suffix -ink-,
spin to And - suffix -k-.
Oh, how I love my cow,
Oh, how I narva nettles for her.(Russian folk song)
Compare: cow - cows eyelet ah, nettle - nettle eyelet but.
What words sound gentle, affectionate?
The suffix -ushk- gives the words a diminutive meaning.
More suffixes -points-, -onk-, -enk-, -chik-, -ik-, -ek-.
We form words with the help of suffixes.
the Rose
lamp + glasses = roses points a, lamps points a, tape points but
Katya + enk
fox + onc = cat enk ah, fox onc a, speech enk but
Lemon
tomato + chik = lemon chik, a tomato chik, pancake chik
Suffixes for animals and their young:
On a hot day through a forest path
The animals went to the watering place.
For the mother elephant
An elephant stomped.
For the mother fox
The fox crept.
For mom hedgehog
The hedgehog rolled.
For mama bear
There was a teddy bear. ( A. Ekimtsev)
Let's find the words that call the cubs of animals.
Elephant yonok, fox yonok, hedgehog onok, bear onok .
The suffixes -yonok-, -onok- helped to name them.
And also suffixes -at-, -yat-.
Lots of elephant yat, fox yat, hedgehog at, bear at.
Find words for animals.
Elephant them oh fox itz hey hedgehog them oh bear itz to her.
They were helped to name the suffixes -ih-, -its-.
goose- goose-in-th, lion - lion-in-th, snake - snake-in-th.
The suffix -in- means "belongs to the animal".
Suffixes that call people by profession, occupation:
Here are the words that call people by profession, occupation.
What suffixes give this meaning?
Teach Tel, brought up body- suffix -tel-.
Cargo chik, years chik- suffix -chik-.
Forest Nick, yard nickname - suffix -nick-.
Football ist, tractor ist - suffix -ist-.
Kamen box, roofing box - suffix -schik-.
We observe what role the suffix plays in adjectives:
Velvet ist ouch, gold ist yy - the suffix -ist- means "like velvet, gold."
Nose at oh, beard at yy - the suffix -at- gives the meaning of "having a big nose, a beard."
Honey ov oh, cherry yov yy - suffixes -ov-, -ev- means "made from honey, from cherries."
Op n oh, cloud n yy - suffix -n- gives the meaning "having a lot of juice, a lot of clouds."
Can you say it differently, in one word?
Coast pestilence I (what?) - pestilence sk Oh
A little bit white th (what?) - white ovate th
prone to good luck e (what?) - good luck Liv th
prone to talk at (what?) -talk chiv th
Has a lot tooth ov (what?) - tooth ast th
The suffixes -sk-, -ovat-, -liv-, -chiv-, -ast- helped form new words.
From adjectives we form nouns with the same root:
White - ..., blue - ..., high - ..., bold - ..., fresh - ...
Bel out a, son ev a, high from ah, dare awn, fresh eat.
Suffixes -izn-, -ev-, -ot-, -ost-, -is- - this is the part of the word that is located after the root and serves to form new words.
Directory "Suffixes of the Russian language":
Scientists have calculated that there are about 500 (five hundred) suffixes in the Russian language.
Noun suffixes:
Seek-, -ik-, -ek-, -ok-, -onok- (-yonok-), -to-, -nick-, -chik-, -their-, -tel-, -schik-, -points -, -ear- -yshk-, -onk- (-enk-), -awn-, -is-, -out-
Adjective suffixes:
N-, -sk-, -onk- (-enk-), -ov- (-ev-), -chat-, -ovat- (-evat-), -liv-, -chiv-, -at-, -ast-, ist-
Verb suffixes: -e-, -i-, -a-, -o-, -i-
For example, white e th, white And t, cheat but th, they say about th, plead I th.
Each prefix carries a specific meaning. Because of this, we understand each other.
For example:
the prefix v- means movement inward ( in fled, in climbed),
prefix you- - movement from within ( you jumped, you walked),
prefix for- - the beginning of the action ( behind sang, behind knocked),
prefix before- - completion of action ( before printed, before wrote)
prefix na- - direction of action on something ( on the scarecrow, on the regulations).
Let's see how prefixes change the meaning of words
Let's make words with prefixes.
Given the word teach and prefixes: at-, times-, before-, you-, on-, re-, under-, from-, on-, from-.
to accustom, to unlearn, to teach, to learn, to teach, to retrain, to teach, to unlearn, to teach, to study.
Directory "Prefixes of the Russian language":
Scientists have calculated that there are almost 100 prefixes in the Russian language. The following are the most commonly used.
On-, over-, over-, times-, ras-
O-, ob- (obo-), from- (oto-), to-, po-, under- (podo-), pro-, co-
S-, v-, you-, u-, from-, is-, at-, pre-
Dedicated some prefixes are always spelled the same. We advise you to remember them.
Please note that in Russian there is no prefix z-. In words that begin with the letter z- (for example, health, hello, building, here), there is no prefix.
word formation- a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of words (what parts they consist of) and how they are formed.
Word composition.
The word consists of a stem and an ending. They are based on: prefix, root suffix. Prefix, root, suffix, ending - parts of a word.
Base and end.
In changeable independent words, the stem and ending are distinguished, and in unchangeable words, only the stem. The foundation- this is a part of the modified word without an ending. The basis of the word is its lexical meaning. Ending- this is a variable significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence. Notes. 1. To highlight the ending, you need to change the word. 2. Invariable words have no endings. When a word changes or any form of it is formed: number, gender, case, person, the endings change. The ending expresses different grammatical meanings: for nouns, numerals and personal pronouns (without a preposition, go with it) - case and number; for adjectives, participles, some pronouns - case, number, gender; for verbs in the present and future tense - person and number, and in the past tense - gender and number. The end may be zero, that is, one that is not expressed by sounds. It is found by comparing the forms of the word. In the nominative case, the zero ending (like any other in oblique cases) means that the noun horse, eagle used in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine, 2nd declension. At the basis of an independent word, significant parts of the word can be distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.
Root of the word.
Root- this is the main part of the word, which contains the common meaning of all words with the same root. Words with the same root are called single root. Notes.
- Single-root words can refer to one part of speech or to different ones.
- It is necessary to distinguish between coinciding in sound, but different in meaning (homonymous) roots. Words with similar roots are not cognate.
- There are relatively few words consisting of a root and an ending in Russian; most word stems consist of a root and a suffix; root, prefix and suffix.
- Some roots in the "free" form (root + ending) do not occur. They are found in words only in combination with prefixes, suffixes or other roots: - de -- put on, change clothes; - nya -- borrow, hire, take away; — Fri —- chick, bird, bird; - syag -- oath, reach, encroach; - at -- undress, put on; - st -- street, lane; - th -- enter, move away, pass, enter.
- adding syllables or parts of words of the full name: collective farm (collective farm), educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), special correspondent (special correspondent);
- adding the names of the initial letters: Central Committee (Central Committee), VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy);
- addition of initial sounds: university (higher educational institution), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Academic Theater);
- in a mixed way (addition of a syllable with a sound, a sound with a syllable, letters with a sound, etc.): glavk (main committee), district (district department of public education).
- cleaning
- astonishment
- harvest
- satellite
- gloomy
- pa’ water ok
- translator
- translation
- re call to a
- pere forest ok
- nose transfer
- copy to a
- rearrange to a
- lane ok
- in white to a
- behavior
- at command
- gift
- under the water
- ready
- under cases to a
- support
- to a
- underground
- duvet cover
- windowsill
- by road nick
- under the hood
- friend to a
- under the candle
- under the snow
- duel
- could you
- assistant
- by float ok
- along the way and
- marching
- before thunderstorms oh
- purpose
- intended
- very boring
- coastal
- profit
- at gate nick
- habit
- suburban
- at mountains ok
- on the road
A word can have one root or two roots.
Suffix- this is the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form words. Note. Suffixes can serve to form word forms.
Word formation methods.
New words in Russian are formed on the basis of words, phrases, less often - sentences, which for a new word are initial. Words in Russian are formed in the following main ways: prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix, non-suffix, addition, transition from one part of speech to another.
Attachment method.
When forming words prefixed way the prefix is attached to the original, already finished word. The new word refers to the same part of speech as the original word. This is how nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.
suffix way.
Suffix way is that a suffix is added to the base of the original word. Thus, the words of all independent parts of speech are formed. Words formed in a suffixal way are usually another part of speech. The suffix method is the main one for the formation of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. It is more complex than the prefix method, since the suffix is added not to the whole word, but to its stem, and the stem of the word sometimes changes: a part of the stem is cut off, its sound composition changes, and sounds alternate.
Prefixed-suffixal way.
Prefixed-suffixal method is to simultaneously attach a prefix and a suffix to the base of the original word. Most often nouns with suffixes are formed in this way -nick, -th (e), -ok, verbs with suffix -sya, adverbs in prefix on- and suffixes -and, -mu, -him.
Non-suffix way.
Addition as a way of forming words.
Addition of abbreviated bases.
Many words are formed by addition of abbreviated stems of original words. As a result, compound words.Compound words are formed:
Complex and complex abbreviations words can serve as the basis for the formation of new words: university - university student; collective farm - collective farm - collective farmer.
Transition of words from one part of speech to another.
Words are also formed transition from one part of speech to another. At the same time, being used in the role of another part of speech, they acquire a different general meaning, lose a number of their grammatical features. For example: we were walking (word step, being an adverb, does not change).
edu.glavsprav.ru
Words with prefix, root, suffix and ending
Examples of parsing words that have all the main morphemes: prefix, root, suffix, ending.
- under wings
- when man to a
- maritime
- have brought
- at ne in
- came
- at school
- about running to a
- about water
- conductor
- stroll
- about writing
- about gender
- about the blame
- education
- Union
- detour driver
- oh drank k and
- about lighting
- responsive
- from the wing
- opening
- open
- what? expensive a - unit. h., im. case;
- edge of what? roads and - r. p. units hours;
- going to what? to roads e - d.p. unit. hours;
- think about what? about roads ah - p.p., pl. h.
See examples of words with different morphemes:
Or select the right words with the necessary parts of the word through the search for words by morphemes.
morphemeonline.ru
stem and ending
In the morphemic composition of the word, one can distinguish a prefix, a root, a suffix and an ending. The stem of a word includes all of these morphemes, except for the ending.
Word composition
In modified words, the minimum significant parts are distinguished - morphemes:
Morpheme is a term of Greek origin. In Greek, this word means "shape".
For example, in the word "sunny" Let's take a look at the following morphemes:
solar - root / suffix / ending.
Morphemics is the study of morphemes.
Root of the word
The main morpheme in the word is the root. Some non-derivative words consist only of a root and an ending:
The lexical meaning of the word depends on the meaning of the root. Words serve us to name objects, signs or actions. What a single word stands for is its lexical meaning, for example:
there is a subject "grass", and the word "grass" called the green cover of the earth. This is the lexical meaning of this word, enclosed in the root.
The root contains a common meaning that all words with the same root have:
house, house ik, homely, homeless, homeless.
All of the listed single-root words are connected by a common lexical meaning with the house - "the building where a person and his family live permanently.
All other significant parts are grouped around the root in the word:
The prefix is in front of the root. With the help of this morpheme, new words are formed:
heading - under the heading (additional heading);
cloudy (covered with clouds) - without cloudy (no clouds);
swim - swim over (overcome the river, be on the other side).
The prefix introduces different semantic shades into the original lexical meaning of the word or changes its lexical meaning.
The suffix is the significant part of the word. Like the prefix, it forms new words:
golden - golden true (slightly golden color);
mountain - mountains to a (small mountain);
grandmother - babushk in (belonging to grandmother).
The suffix, joining the root, changes the original meaning of the words.
Unlike the prefix and suffix, which are word-forming morphemes, the ending does not form new words.
The ending changes and forms forms of the same word, for example:
The ending changes the form of the word, but the lexical meaning of the word remains the same.
With the help of endings, words are formed into a complete thought - a sentence.
Compare:
cloud, gray, look out, bright, sun
From behind the gray clouds, he looked out at the bright sun.
What is the base word
All derivational morphemes of a word form its basis. A word is made up of a prefix, a root, and a suffix. We get the basis of the word if we do not take into account the inflectional morpheme - the ending, for example:
The basis is the lexical meaning of a particular word:
red, redness, blush, blush, redden.
We will take into account that the basis of the word also does not include some formative suffixes.
Suffix -l- forms the past tense of verbs. This morpheme, like the ending, is not included in the basis of verb forms:
throw l a ball;
illuminate the tops of the trees;
played the guitar.
russkiiyazyk.ru
SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF A WORD (MORPHEMS)
Morphemics is a section of the Russian language that studies the structure of a word.
Words are made up of meaningful parts called morphemes: prefixes, roots, suffixes, and endings.
Among the morphemes, word-building (prefix, suffix) are distinguished, which serve to form new words, and inflectional (ending, past tense suffix of verbs -JI9 suffixes -EE, EE, -SHEU, with the help of which a simple superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs is formed), serving for education word forms.
An ending is a modified part of a word that serves to link words in a sentence and phrase.
To highlight the ending, you need to change the word: board - boards, beautiful - beautiful, flying - flying.
The ending expresses different grammatical meanings:
Gender, number and case - for nouns and adjectives;
Persons and numbers - in the present and future tenses of the verb;
Gender and number - for verbs in the past tense.
With the help of the ending, new words are not formed,
word forms are formed.
The ending can be zero, that is, not expressed by sounds (doctor, house); it is found by comparing the forms of the word.
Invariable words do not have endings:
Comparative adjectives (prettier);
Indeclinable nouns (depot).
Distinguish between words with zero endings and invariable words in which only the stem stands out (saying, tomorrow, longer).
The part of the modified word without an ending is called the stem of the word. It expresses the lexical meaning of the word.
Non-derivative (no prefix, suffix: house);
Derivative (formed from other words: house);
Producing (another basis is formed from it: a house - a house).
The root is the main significant part of the word, which contains the common meaning of all words with the same root.
A word can have one root (color) and several (color)9 such words are called compound.
Words that have the same root are called the same
subjugated (water, underwater, "water, backwater, watery, water").
There are words that have the same root, but different lexical meanings (yora, Gorny,
burn out, tan, burn out), they are not the same root.
A prefix is a meaningful part of a word that comes before the root and serves to form new words.
Prefixes add meaning to words.
In addition to the original Russian prefixes (o-, ot-, under-, over-, re-) there are also foreign ones (counter-, sub-, ad-, in-, con-, ob-).
There can be several prefixes in the word: ‘hopeless.
Among the prefixes there are synonymous (drive out - expel) and antonymous (fly in - fly out).
In many words, the prefixes have grown together with the root and do not stand out as independent parts of the word: admire.
A suffix is a significant part of a word that comes after the root and serves to form new words (tone-
kbst, thin; persecuted, gon ^ pTsiy; watery, in-
A word can have one suffix (watery) or several (watery).
Many suffixes are characteristic of certain parts of speech:
Ost, -onk9 -telu -shchik - a noun; -usch, -yuschu -ashch, -yashch, them, -ohm, -em - participles; -yva, -ivau -ovau -eva - verbs. The postfix is the part of the word that comes after the ending: -s and -sya.
1. Indicate in which row all words have an ending.
a) hare, sun, horseback (jump)
b) white, touches, approached
c) saw, on the right, the second
d) imprisoned, (about) moving, twice
2. Indicate in which row all words have a zero ending.
a) vegetable, cloak, speech
b) Rostov, forward, wide open
c) story, midnight, vish
d) whip, (c) shoulders, jump
3. Indicate in which row all words consist of a prefix, a root, one suffix and an ending.
a) defeat, bully, wound up
b) extinguished, initiative, cavalry
c) covered, stopped, unloaded
d) touch, tribal, conspirator
4. Indicate in which row all the words have several suffixes.
a) hit, disease, intermarry
b) fringe, startle, research
c) capitulation, lottery, official
d) behavior, dispersed, crumpled
5. Indicate in which row all words have 2 prefixes.
a) aloof, unrestrained, ungifted
b) hearsay, insensitive, taciturn
c) little by little, unrestrained, alien
d) doubly, unopened, interesting
6. Indicate which of these words is not the same root.
a) burnt c) mountainous
b) burn d) carbon monoxide (gas)
7. Indicate the words that consist of 5 morphemes.
a) remind c) shipping
b) tension d) snuck out
8. Indicate the mistakes made in the morphemic parsing of words.
a) plan-ir-ov-a-t c) magnet-ism
b) pans d) from-tir-a-t
9. Indicate in which cases the morphemic parsing of words is performed correctly.
a) auction-qi-on c) de-cabr
b) well-ich-in-a d) silicon
10. Indicate the words whose morphemic composition corresponds to the scheme
"root 4 - ending".
11. Indicate the words in which the stem is equal to the root.
scicenter.online
18. Morphemes are significant parts of a word. The base of the word. Ending. rules
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful part of a word:
The main morpheme is the root. It contains the main
the meaning of the word.
Word-building morphemes serve to form words
with new lexical meaning:
connections of words in a phrase and a sentence:
There are no endings in invariable words:
coffee, atelier, today, tomorrow.
In modified words, the ending can be zero.
Zero ending is a morpheme that is not expressed by sounds
(or letters). Such an ending is revealed only when in other
forms of the same word have an ending expressed by sounds (letters):
Tasks on the topic “Morphemes are significant parts of a word. The base of the word. Ending"
City, blue, tomorrow, petal, capital, window, notebook, walking.
Catch up, big, guess, five-story,
s p o r t t o v a r y.
Highlight the endings by clicking on the letters.
A lye roses, in new quarters, the sea is noisy, slowly
p o l o g and l a.
Choose words that end in zero.
Houses, tables, cows, bases, noses, clocks.
Choose words that do not have an ending.
Choose pairs of words that represent forms of the same word.
1) Order - order,
2) brave - brave,
3) played - play,
4) paper - paper,
5) student - student,
6) strong - strong.
Choose pairs of words that contain the same root words.
2) build - builder,
3) red - red,
4) window - window sill,
6) funny - make laugh.
Choose the form of the word leaf.
Leafless, leaf, leafy, leaf, leaf, leaf, leafy, leaf.
school-assistant.ru
Answers in Russian. Grade 3 Verification work. Kanakina V.P., Shchegoleva G.S.
Word composition
Prefix. Suffix
Answers to pages 28 – 30
1. Read. Fill in the missing words in the sentences.
Suffix is the significant part of the word that comes after the root. Prefix- This is the significant part of the word that comes before the root.
2. Read. Mark √ which significant parts of the word serve to form new words.
√
suffix
√
prefix
3*. Read. Find words with prefixes. Select attachments.
(L. Tolstoy)
Underline the verb in which the prefix means "to repeat the action again."
Select the root in the single-root words.
4*. Read. Form from each word and write down the same root word with a different prefix. Highlight prefixes in words.
under/ run - y/ run away behind/ scream - on the/ scream
behind/ sparkle - on/ sparkle about/ look - re/ look
from/ swim - at/ swim from/ ask - on/ ask
Underline the verbs in which the prefix has the meaning "the beginning of the action."
5. Read. Find a verb with two prefixes. Pick out the prefixes in the verbs.
Chu, it thundered behind the cloud, 
(F. Tyutchev)
6*. Read. Mark √ words that do not have prefixes. Identify prefixes in other words.
7. Read. Fill in the missing letters in the words. Write the word from which the words of each row were formed. Highlight the suffixes in the words.
Underline the words with diminutive suffixes.
Write out the adjective and highlight all the significant parts in it.
8*. Read. Insert missing words.
(N. Sladkov)
Highlight the suffixes in the words - the names of the cubs of animals.
9*. Read. Fill in the missing suffixes in the words.
Underline the words that consist of a root and an ending. Highlight in other words all the significant parts of the word.
10*. Read. Write down the missing words.
How to define a suffix in a word?
1) I select single-root words without a suffix and with other suffixes.
2) I select the part that is after the root. This part will be the suffix.
11*. Read. Mark √ which words have these suffixes.
-ik -chik -ok
word formation- a branch of the science of language that studies the structure of words (what parts they consist of) and how they are formed.
Word composition.
The word consists of a stem and an ending. They are based on: prefix, root suffix. Prefix, root, suffix, ending - parts of a word.
Base and end.
In changeable independent words, the stem and ending are distinguished, and in unchangeable words, only the stem.
The foundation- this is a part of the modified word without an ending. The basis of the word is its lexical meaning.
Ending- this is a variable significant part of the word, which forms the form of the word and serves to connect words in a phrase and sentence.
Notes.
1. To highlight the ending, you need to change the word.
2. Invariable words have no endings.
When a word changes or any form of it is formed: number, gender, case, person, the endings change.
The ending expresses different grammatical meanings: for nouns, numerals and personal pronouns (without a preposition, go with it) - case and number; for adjectives, participles, some pronouns - case, number, gender; for verbs in the present and future tense - person and number, and in the past tense - gender and number.
The end may be zero, that is, one that is not expressed by sounds. It is found by comparing the forms of the word. In the nominative case, the zero ending (like any other in oblique cases) means that the noun horse, eagle used in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine, 2nd declension.
At the basis of an independent word, significant parts of the word can be distinguished: prefix, root, suffix.
Root of the word.
Root- this is the main part of the word, which contains the common meaning of all words with the same root. Words with the same root are called single root.
Notes.
- Single-root words can refer to one part of speech or to different ones.
- It is necessary to distinguish between coinciding in sound, but different in meaning (homonymous) roots. Words with similar roots are not cognate.
- There are relatively few words consisting of a root and an ending in Russian; most word stems consist of a root and a suffix; root, prefix and suffix.
- Some roots in the "free" form (root + ending) do not occur. They are found in words only in combination with prefixes, suffixes or other roots:
- de -- put on, change clothes;
- nya -- borrow, hire, take away;
- Fri -- chick, bird, bird;
- syag -- oath, reach, encroach;
- at -- undress, put on;
- st -- street, lane;
- th -- enter, move away, pass, enter.
Suffix.
Suffix- this is the significant part of the word, which is located after the root and usually serves to form words.
Note.
Suffixes can serve to form word forms.
Prefix.
Prefix- this is the significant part of the word, which is located before the root and serves to form words. Prefixes form words with a new meaning.A word may contain not one, but two or more prefixes.
Notes.
- The vast majority of prefixes are native Russian ( o-, from-, under-, over-, re- and etc.). There are few foreign prefixes in Russian: a-, anti-, archi-, inter-, counter-, ultra-, de-, dez-, dis-, re-, ex-, im-.
- Prefixes can be multi-valued. Yes, attachment at- means approaching, joining, incomplete action, being close to something.
- In many words, the prefixes have grown together with the root and are no longer distinguished as independent parts of the word: admire, admire, get, venture, overcast, adore, disappear and etc.
Word formation methods.
New words in Russian are formed on the basis of words, phrases, less often - sentences, which for a new word are initial.
Words in Russian are formed in the following main ways: prefix, suffix, prefix-suffix, non-suffix, addition, transition from one part of speech to another.
Attachment method.
When forming words prefixed way the prefix is attached to the original, already finished word. The new word refers to the same part of speech as the original word. This is how nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs.
suffix way.
Suffix way is that a suffix is added to the base of the original word. Thus, the words of all independent parts of speech are formed.
Words formed in a suffixal way are usually another part of speech.
The suffix method is the main one for the formation of nouns, adjectives and adverbs. It is more complex than the prefix method, since the suffix is added not to the whole word, but to its stem, and the stem of the word sometimes changes: a part of the stem is cut off, its sound composition changes, and sounds alternate.
Prefixed-suffixal way.
Prefixed-suffixal method is to simultaneously attach a prefix and a suffix to the base of the original word.
Most often nouns with suffixes are formed in this way -nick, -th (e), -ok, verbs with suffix -sya, adverbs in prefix on- and suffixes -and, -mu, -him.
Non-suffix way.
Non-suffix way consists in the fact that the ending is discarded from the word, or the ending is simultaneously discarded and the suffix is cut off.Addition as a way of forming words.
Addition consists of combining two words in one word. As a result of the addition, Difficult words.Compound words are words that have two (or more) roots. They are formed. as a rule, from independent parts of speech, keeping in its composition the whole word or part of it. In a compound word, there can be connecting vowels between the roots about And e.
Notes.
- Can be used as a connecting vowel And: five-year.
- Compound words can be without a connecting vowel.
- Addition of whole words: sofa bed, test pilot;
- Adding word stems without connecting vowels ( wall newspaper, sports ground, car factory) or connecting vowels about And e (snowfall, locomotive, excavator);
- With connecting vowels about And e, connecting part of the stem of the word with the whole word: new building, reinforced concrete, grain procurement, arts and crafts;
- Addition of stems with simultaneous addition of a suffix: farming, dizzy;
- Merging words: evergreen, highly venerated, daredevil, the undersigned.
Addition of abbreviated bases.
Many words are formed by addition of abbreviated stems of original words. As a result, compound words.
Compound words are formed:
- adding syllables or parts of words of the full name: collective farm (collective farm), educational program (liquidation of illiteracy), special correspondent (special correspondent);
- adding the names of the initial letters: Central Committee (Central Committee), VDNKh (Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy);
- addition of initial sounds: university (higher educational institution), Moscow Art Theater (Moscow Art Academic Theater);
- in a mixed way (addition of a syllable with a sound, a sound with a syllable, letters with a sound, etc.): glavk (main committee), district (district department of public education).
Transition of words from one part of speech to another.
Words are also formed transition from one part of speech to another. At the same time, being used in the role of another part of speech, they acquire a different general meaning, lose a number of their grammatical features. For example: we were walking (word step, being an adverb, does not change).
The word is undoubtedly the root. It can be defined as the main morpheme of a word containing the main lexical meaning.
In this case, there can be only one root. For example, "rain", "forest", "light". A word may also include two or more roots. In this case, the corresponding number of lexical meanings is combined into one common one. As an example, we can cite words such as “forest-steppe”, “word formation”, “color music”. There are also various conjunctions, interjections, which are a separate lexeme, but do not have a root.
In cognates, alternation of vowels or consonants is possible. Such roots include milk / milk, rast / rasch / ros, etc. This is due to their origin and the general process of language development. Such phonetic alternations in the root of words with the same root are not rare in the language. In order to correctly highlight such roots in a letter, sometimes it is simply necessary to know what contributed to this. This could be the loss of nasal vowels in the Russian language due to the trend of simplification, the presence of the two most powerful dialects that made up the modern Russian language - the St. Petersburg “okaying” dialect and the Moscow “okaying” dialect, etc.
Suffix
The place of the suffix is immediately after the root. The suffix carries an additional meaning and is able to change the main meaning of the word. Thanks to the suffix, you can transform one part of speech into another, add emotional expressiveness, etc. For example, if the suffix “ik” is added to the word “house”, then an additional diminutive value appears. By adding the suffix "n" to the noun "interest", you get the adjective "interesting".
Based on the foregoing, a suffix can be defined as a significant part of a word that carries an additional semantic load, occupying a position after the root.
Prefix
The prefix, like the suffix, carries an additional meaning and can change the main meaning of the lexeme. For example, if you add the prefix “to” to the imperfective verb “play”, it is converted into a perfective verb. Being a prefix, the prefix occupies a position up to the root.
Thus, a prefix can be defined as a meaningful part of a word that carries an additional semantic load and occupies a position before the root.
It is possible to single out the basis, in writing, if you decline the noun, adjective in cases, or conjugate the verb in persons. That part of the word that remains unchanged and will form the basis of the lexeme.
