VI. Vowels after sibilants and c in suffixes and endings § 35. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, o is written under stress, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), listage, displacement, footage,

§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, i.e. in an unstressed syllable the same vowel is written as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the same root word, for example: forests (les), fox (li?sy), try on (me ?rit) suit - reconcile (peace)

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be verified by stress is determined by a spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, briolin, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham,

§ 3. Alternating vowels Alternating a and o1. At the root gar- - gor- under stress it is written a, without stress - o; tan?r, ug?r - tanned, angry.Exceptions: you?burn, and?tan, burnt (special and dialect words).2. At the root zar- - zor- the vowel in is written under stress

VI. VOWELS AFTER SISSINGS AND C IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS § 34. Vowels o and e after sibilants 1. After sibilants, under stress, o is written, in accordance with the pronunciation: a) at the endings of nouns, for example: dugout, turn (turn), leafage, displacement, footage,

§ 35. Vowels after c 1. After c in endings and suffixes under stress it is written o, without stress e. For example: end?m - finger, merchant?v - merchants, coat? - dress, beret? vyy - chintz, ringed - ringed.2. After ц in endings and suffixes it is written ы (in

Unstressed vowels in roots § 34. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in roots is established by checking words and forms with the same root in which the vowel being tested is under stress, for example: water? (cf. waters,

Unstressed vowels in prefixes § 38. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in prefixes (except for the prefix raz-/roz-, see § 40) is established by checking words and forms with the same prefix , in which the vowel being tested

Unstressed vowels in suffixes § 42. In accordance with the general rule (see § 33), the writing of letters in place of unstressed vowels in suffixes is established by checking words and forms with the same suffix, in which the vowel being checked is under stress. Examples

Unstressed fluent vowels in the roots and suffixes of nouns and adjectives Introductory remarks. The correct spelling of a letter in place of an unstressed vowel is in some cases determined by the fluency of this vowel. The fluent vowel appears in many names

Unstressed connecting vowels § 65. When combining the stems of two or more words into one compound word, as well as when forming complex words with components of an international nature, a connecting vowel is used, expressed in writing with the letters o and

Unstressed vowels in verb forms Vowels in verb endings § 74. The writing of unstressed vowels in verb endings follows the general rule (see § 33): unstressed endings are checked by the corresponding stress. Application of this rule requires skill

Unstressed particles not and neither § 77. There are two particles different in meaning and use - not and nor. Wed. cases when they are stressed: He doesn't? was at school today. Whoever he is? was, you need to talk to him. But in most cases the particles are neither unimpacted nor in

What case endings do nouns have? You will find the answer to this question in the materials of the presented article. We will also tell you about the differences between case endings of different declension and give some examples.

General information

Knowing how words change by case is extremely important. After all, spelling case endings brings a lot of problems when creating a literate text. It should be noted that the choice of one or another letter in nouns depends entirely on which declension they belong to. By the way, there are errors in the spelling of endings -And or -e occur only in certain case forms: dative, genitive and prepositional cases. That is why it is recommended to remember them.

What is declination? Types of declinations

Nominal ones are declined according to the adjectival type, as well as the substantive and pronominal type. In this article we are only interested in the substantive declension. It is divided into three subtypes. Let's look at them in more detail:

1. According to the 1st declension, nouns (in the singular) of the common (crybaby), masculine (dad) and feminine (mother) gender, which have the endings -я or -а in the nominative case, change.
2. According to the 2nd declension, nouns (in the singular) of the masculine gender are changed, having (nail, house) or endings -e, -o (domishche, little house), as well as neuter nouns with endings -е, -е and -о ( field, spear, window) in the nominative case.
3. The 3rd declension changes feminine nouns (singular) that end in a hissing or soft consonant (for example, pride, thought, branch). If such a word has a hissing consonant at the end, then its belonging to the 3rd declension should be indicated by a soft sign (for example, mouse, rye, stove, etc.).

Singular case endings for nouns

To write a letter correctly, for example, it is advisable to know all the possible endings of nouns of different declensions. To do this, you should decline the corresponding words by case.

Nouns of the 1st declension

1. Nominative case (who? what?) - dad(a), iv(a), Kol(ya), Yul(ya).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - dad(s), iv(s), Kol(s), Yul(s).
3. Dative case (to what? to whom?) - pap(e), iv(e), Kol(e), Yul(e).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - pap(u), iv(u), Kol(yu), Yul(yu).
5. Instrumental case (with what? by whom?) - dad(oh), iv(oh), Kol(ey), Yul(ey).
6. Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about dad (e), about iv (e), about Kol (e), about Yul (e).

The case endings of 1st declension nouns are the same for all similar words. That is why, if you have difficulties while writing them, you can safely look at this table and determine the correct ending.

Nouns of the 2nd declension

1. Nominative case (who? what?) - deer(_), watermelon(_), gender(e), sky(o).
2. Genitive case (what? whom?) - deer(s), watermelon(s), gender(s), sky(s).
3. Dative case (to what? to whom?) - deer (y), watermelon (y), floor (y), sky (y).
4. Accusative case (what? whom?) - deer (me), watermelon (_), floor (e), sky (o).
5. Instrumental case (with what? by whom?) - deer (em), watermelon (s), floor (s), sky (s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom? about what?) - about deer (e), about watermelon (e), about gender (e), about sky (e).

Nouns of the 3rd declension

Unstressed case endings of nouns

In order to avoid making mistakes while writing a text, teachers recommend that their students memorize the endings of all three declensions. However, this is not as simple as it seems at first glance. It is especially difficult to remember those words that have unstressed case endings. But there is a separate rule for this case in the Russian language. Let's imagine it right now.

If the case endings of nouns are in an unstressed position, then their correct spelling is determined by checking words of the same type of declension that end in a similar stressed letter. Here's an example:

• knee, field, lake (face, window, chisel);
• about the book, (about the hand);
• horses, bowls (stumps, tables);
• watchman, house, field, glue (knife, table, edge, window);
• lake, chair, stone (window, table, stump);
• about the watchman, about the teacher, in the field, about the dress, (about the knife, about the horse, in the window, about the linen);
• songs, servants, windows (teachers, cities, seas).

Plural nouns

We discussed above what case endings the singular nouns have. But sometimes it is necessary to correctly decline words in the plural. It should be especially noted that their case endings do not depend on what declension they have. However, they can differ markedly for inanimate and animate objects (not always).

Plural inanimate nouns

1. Nominative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
2. Genitive case (of what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
3. Dative case (to what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
4. Accusative case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
5. Instrumental case (what?) - chair(s), watermelon(s).
6. Prepositional case (about what?) - about chair(s), watermelon(s).

Animate nouns in the plural

1. Nominative case (who?) - lan(s), lionesses(s).
2. Genitive case (whom?) - lan(s), lionesses(_).
3. Dative case (to whom?) - lan(yam), lioness(am).
4. Accusative case (who?) - lan(s), lionesses(_).
5. Instrumental case (by whom?) - lan(s), lionesses(s).
6. Prepositional case (about whom?) - about doe(s), lioness(es).

Indeclinable words (nouns)

As mentioned above, nouns have one or another case ending depending on which of the three declensions they belong to. However, in Russian there are often words that are indeclinable. These include nouns that, after changing cases, have endings of different declensions.

So, the indeclinable nouns include ten that end in -mya. Let's call them in order:

• burden;
• banner;
• tribe;
• time;
• stirrup;
• udder;
• crown;
• flame;
• seed.

Among other things, the masculine word “path” is classified as indeclinable. In order to correctly decline such nouns, you should know that when changed they have the suffix -en- or -yon (for example: banner - banner, crown - crown, name - names, etc.).

Note

Nouns that end in -iya (series, army, Maria, line, etc.) represent a special variant of declension. Thus, in the prepositional, genitive and dative forms they have the ending -i. Here's an example:

• Genitive case (what? whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Dative case (to what? to whom?) - seri(s), armies(s), Mari(s), line(s).
• Prepositional case (about what? about whom?) - about seri (s), about army (s), about Mari (s), about line (s).

It should be noted that these words are not recommended to be confused with nouns ending in -ya (for example, Natalya, Marya, Sophia). After all, they decline according to the general rules, and also have the ending -e in the forms of the prepositional and dative cases (Natalia, Marya, Sophia).

By the way, proper names used to call settlements (Kashin, Borodino Kalinin) have a special form in the instrumental case (singular). Thus, the presented words are declined according to the model of nouns of the 2nd declension and have a case ending -om (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin). It should also be said that such words should not be confused with Russian surnames (Kashin, Borodin, Kalinin), which in the instrumental case have the ending -y (Kalinin, Kashin, Borodin).

Nouns have three “fallible” cases: genitive, dative, prepositional. This lesson will help you cope with difficulties in declension of nouns.

For nouns of the first declension in the genitive case the letter I is written at the end, and in other “mistaken” cases - dative and prepositional - the letter E is written.

For nouns of the second declension, only the prepositional case, in which the letter E is written, causes difficulties. For nouns of the third declension, the letter I is written in all “mistaken” cases.

To find out which vowel should be written in the unstressed ending of a noun, you must first determine which declension this noun belongs to, then find out in which case it is used, and remember which vowel letter is written in this “erroneous” case.

2. Reinforce what we have learned

We reason like this:

Smile when meeting... Meeting- a noun of the first declension, used in the prepositional case, we write the letter E at the end.

Strive for the goal... Goal is a noun of the third declension, in which the letter I is written in all “erroneous” cases.

When writing unstressed case endings of nouns, you can use another verification method. You can use “wildcard” words with stressed endings in all “erroneous” cases. For first declension nouns, such a “wildcard” word will be the word fox.

We reason like this:

Write in a notebook... Notebook- a noun of the first declension. Without specifying the case, we use a “wildcard” word fox. Wrote in a notebook - wrote in a fox.

We remember that nouns ending in -ИЯ, -ИИ,

II ( army, essay, planetarium), in all “mistaken” cases the rule of two letters I applies.

For nouns ending in -IYA, -IE, -IY, in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases we write two letters I at the end (one letter I belongs to the stem, the second letter I belongs to the ending).

We reason like this:

Approach Marie... Maria- a noun ending in -YA. In all “mistaken” cases it has two letters AND at the end. That's why we write approach Maria.

Visit the planetarium... Planetarium- a noun ending in -II. In “erroneous” cases, the rule of two letters I works in it. Therefore, we write visit the planetarium(two letters I at the end).

Bibliography

1. Russian language. 6th grade / Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.D. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade / Ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: Bustard, 2010.

Homework

Task No. 1

Rewrite, opening the parentheses. Determine the type of declension of nouns and their case. Graphically indicate the endings.

To languish in (captivity), play on (piano), hear about (defeat), stand on (square), think about (realization) (idea), travel around (Central Asia), in quiet (solitude), arrival (parliamentarian) , walk along (path), play a role in (development) of the plot, calm down at (thought), fight (duel), come to (mother), visit (construction), prepare for (audit), participate in (excursion) .

Task No. 2

Rewrite by putting the nouns (in brackets) in the appropriate case form. Indicate the case of nouns and indicate their endings.

1.Gavrila was overcome by a wave of (memories) of her (village), running down a steep mountain down to (river), hidden in (grove) (M. G.). 2. So he lived with (the feeling) that he could call and come to (Lyubov Petrovna) (Sol.). 3. I sit in (half-oblivion): neither sleeping nor awake (Sweet). 4. The snow at (the foot of) the trees resembled lean sugar (Nag.). 5. I lived in (charm) (incomprehensibility) of the surrounding (Nag.). 6. In the fierce (singing) winds, the heart does not hear the correct (harmony) (Sick.). 7. And how many (deeds), (events), (fate), human (sadness) and (victory) fit into these ten (days), which turned into ten years! (Tward.). 8. The trunks of (apple trees), (pears), (cherries) and plums are painted white to prevent worms (Ch.). 9. Heavy huge clouds (T.) were still crowding in (distance).

This article will help you understand the spelling of case endings of nouns. Below are tables showing examples for each case and declension; The tables are distributed taking into account the number category of the named object. In addition to everything, we will tell you how to correctly write unstressed case endings.

Spelling case endings of nouns

The case endings of nouns are represented by a system of endings (inflections), indicating the grammatical relationship of nouns to other words in sentences and phrases. Case endings depend on the number, gender, declension and animateness (inanimateness) of the noun. Peculiarities of spelling case endings of nouns are studied in 4th grade.

Singular case endings for nouns

Case endings of nouns are presented in the table with examples:

Case endings for plural nouns

Spelling of unstressed case endings

The spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns depends on their declension. To determine the unstressed ending of a noun, follow these steps:

• Put the noun in the singular form I. p.
• Determine the type of its declination.
• Determine the necessary endings of the noun by case, replacing it with the corresponding test word, as shown in the examples in the table.

E.A. Makovey, Russian language teacher, Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1, Adygeisk,
A.I. Arkhipova, professor of Kuban State University

§ 4. Spelling endings

Ending - this is a variable part of a word that forms the form of a word and serves to form a connection between words in a phrase and sentence.

4.1. Spelling unstressed endings of nouns

The choice of an unstressed vowel at the end of a noun depends on the type of its declension.

In China.., in Kore.., in Germany.., in the Arctic.., in amazement..

To find out the spelling of the ending of a noun, follow these steps:
1) put the noun in the initial form (who what?);
2) determine the type of its declination from the table;
3) substitute in its place a test word for this type of declension (this word has a stressed ending in different cases, which will indicate the desired vowel).

*A special group of nouns includes differently inflected nouns, as well as nouns of 1st and 2nd declension with special endings (so-called nouns in -ee, -ee, ee).
In China - (China, 2 pages, in the table).
in Korea - (Korea, 1st book, in the wall).
in Germany - (Germany, esp. gr., on the way).
in the Arctic - (Arctic, 2nd volume, in the table).
in amazement - (amazement, special gr., on the way).

4.2. Spelling unstressed endings of adjectives and participles

Unstressed endings of adjectives and participles are checked by the stressed ending of the test word.

In a flying plane; changing opinion; powerful voice.

You can determine the ending by the test word - what question? (he will suggest a stressed vowel at the end):
in a rotating cylinder (which one? - ending -om / -em) in rotating;
with the changing wind (with which one? - ending -y/-im) with changing;
a worried mother (which one? - ending -th/s) a worried mother;
on a sinking ship (on what ship? - ending -om / -em) on the sinking

Exception:
in the form of the nominative (accusative) case m.r. units The ending of the adjective (participle) should be remembered: -Y / -YY.
The Lost Man; curling smoke.

4.3. Spelling of unstressed personal verb endings

The choice of an unstressed vowel in the personal ending of a verb depends on the type of its conjugation.

We are c..m; you hear...you; they are fighting...

To find out the spelling of the ending of a verb, follow these steps:
1) put the verb in the indefinite form ( what to do / what to do?);
2) determine the type of conjugation from the table;
3) substitute the test word (the stressed ending of the test word will prompt the desired vowel).

We glue ... m (glue, II conjugation, we say) - glue
You hear...sh (hear, II conjugation, you speak) - hear
They are fighting (to fight, I conjugation, they take) - they are fighting

In a flying plane (which one?).
Changing opinions (which ones?).
Mighty voice (excl.).