At the moment, we have created a unique database: we have included facsimile page images of 3,000 books of the 19th and early 20th centuries, 3,900 rare maps and more than 20,000 historical illustrations and photographs. These historical works, encyclopedias, collections of documents, graphics have not been reprinted for almost 100 years - people simply do not know about them.
The Runivers project is designed for both professional historians and interested schoolchildren. Every year, 1.5 million people visit the site, they download half a million volumes from our library. They are our audience.
Gradually, our project moved to a new stage of its development - the visualization of historical data accumulated on the site. This is how the Timeline was created.
Continuity of history
We wanted not just to place various events from the history of Russia on the timeline, but to present them in the context of world history. At school and in institutes, the history of the Ancient World is first studied, then the Middle Ages, then the foreign history of the Modern and Contemporary times, and in separate textbooks - the history of Russia.
It turns out that Russian history is traditionally studied separately from world history. Because of this, many misconceptions arise that could be avoided if the educational and scientific processes were built correctly. On the Timeline, historical events are arranged in parallel. This allows us to compare and compare world and Russian history, the reign of the rulers of Russia and Europe, the most important wars and events in the history of our country.
project site screenshot
After school, people rarely have an idea of the continuity of Russian history, it is perceived in fragments. For example, everyone knows about Peter I, and the next famous ruler is Catherine II. But between them fit 37 years, three emperors and three empresses! Our project allows you to look at the history of the country without breaks.
About time coverage
The dates of the beginning and end of the first timeline are chosen as key for Russian history: 1462 - the year of the beginning of the reign of Ivan III, during which a single Russian state was formed, and 1917 - the year when the Russian Empire ceased to exist. We divided this basic series of events into thematic sections: annexation of lands, wars, rulers of Russia, England, Austria, Poland, France, Sweden. All events are annotated by the scientific consultants of Runivers.
We made a second timeline - "Medieval Russia 839-1462" - reflecting the history from 839 to 1462. We are planning another one this year - from 1917 to the present day.
About difficulties
It took a year and a half of work by historians and programmers to create the first version of the Tape of Time from 1462 to 1917. "Medieval Russia 839-1462" was done in six months. Leading experts in Russian history are involved in the preparation of materials: Anton Gorsky, Professor of the Faculty of History of Moscow State University, Igor Kurukin, Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities.
The main difficulty when working on timelines is to select from a variety of facts those that will most accurately reflect the characteristic historical processes. For the timeline for Medieval Russia, it was very difficult to display a linear change of grand dukes from different principalities.
Before the Timeline project, we released a series of paper books in a fold-out album format, complete with illustrations and maps. This year two of them were published in English. Gradually, all of them in the form of timelines will appear on our website. We plan to publish books about the reign of Peter the Great and about the rulers of Moscow.
project site screenshot
We are planning to create chronological series on political, constitutional, economic, scientific, cultural, educational, military, religious events for Russia and for the main European countries. As the project expands, the user will be able to create his own timeline from topics and facts of interest to him. There is an idea to adapt the "Timeline" for schools so that they can be viewed on interactive whiteboards.
The word "calendar" comes from the Latin word "calendarium", meaning "debt book". The fact is that in ancient Rome, debtors were obliged to repay their debts on the first day of the month - “calends”. They began to keep a calendar, so as not to get entangled in debt.A calendar is a system of counting large periods of time.
There are several types of calendars. Our calendar - Solar - is a kind of calendar, which is based on a tropical year, that is, a period of change of seasons associated with the movement of the Earth around the Sun. You can read about other types of calendars by clicking on the "Book" icon
Movement of the Earth around the Sun.
The counting of the year from January 1 was introduced in Rome by Julius Caesar in 45 BC. e. ( Julian calendar).
He set the length of the year at 365.25 days: ordinary years lasted 365 days, once every four years (leap year) - 366 days.
Gaius Julius Caesar
The modern calendar is named Gregorian(new style). It was introduced under Pope Gregory XIII on October 15, 1582, instead of the Julian calendar (old style) due to a discrepancy with the astronomical year that arose in a few days.
Gregory XIII
In Russia, after the adoption of Christianity, the Byzantine system of chronology was used, where the years were counted from the "creation of the world", until 1492 the beginning of the year was considered March 1, and after - September 1.
In 1700, Peter I introduced the Julian calendar (“from the Nativity of Christ”) and set the beginning of the year on January 1.
Peter I
In 1918, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in Russia (this year, March 1 came after February 14), because. in the "old style" of the 20th century lagged behind the "new" by 13 days. The account of days according to the Julian calendar is used today by the Russian Orthodox Church.
· What is the countdown in history, and what intervals do historians use to measure time?
In ancient times, the peoples of the world counted years in different ways, so most countries established their own system reckoning .
Ø Historical dictionary
chronology(era) - the countdown of historical time from a certain moment.
Each nation began counting years from an event understandable and important only for it. So, for example, the ancient Egyptians kept the chronology according to the dynasties of their kings - pharaohs; the Japanese - from the accession to the throne of the next emperor; the ancient Greeks - in the Olympiads; ancient Romans - from the founding of Rome. Muslims, followers of Islam, date back to 622, when the founder of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad, moved from the city of Mecca to Medina. The basis of the chronology that operated in Russia was the creation of the world described in the Bible.
In most modern countries, they use the chronology from the conditional year of birth (Christmas) of Jesus Christ, the founder of one of the world's largest religions - Christianity. This calendar is called
our era(new era)or era from the birth of Christ.
Events from the birth of Jesus to the present day are abbreviated as - AD, or from R. X. All events before the birth of Christ, occurred before our era, or before the birth of Christ, in short BC e. or to R. X. For events of our era, you can omit the abbreviation "AD" in writing and omit the words "AD" during a verbal response.
There are other time meters as well. Every hundred years they call century(century) .A thousand years or ten centuries are millennium .
Ø It is interesting
- Many modern scholars believe that Christ was born around 5 BC.
- In ancient Russia, the new year began in March. In 1492 the beginning of the year was moved to September. Since 1700, by decree of Tsar Peter I, the Christian chronology was introduced in Russia, and the new year began on January 1.
To represent the movement of time in history, use time line (tape) .This is a straight line on which time intervals (years, centuries) are plotted. The transverse dividing line marks the beginning of our era.
Many historical events took place before our era, and on the time line they are to the left of the dividing line. Those events that relate to our era are located to the right of this line. The years before our era are counted backwards, and time always moves towards our days.
It is important to remember that the first century of our era begins in the 1st year and ends in the 100th year. Accordingly, the second century begins in the year 101 and ends in the year 200. Therefore, the beginning years of the ages are
101, 201, 301... 1901, and the years with zeros (100, 200, 300, 2000) are the last years of centuries.
If the year digits end in two zeros, then the first or two first digits indicate the number of the century, for example: 500 - the 5th century, 1800 - the 18th century. If at least one digit appears instead of zeros, then this date is attributed to the next century, for example: 501 - VI century, 1825 - XIX century.
To learn how to determine the beginning and end of different centuries, use the table:
| 1-100 years | 801-900 | 901-1000 | 1001-1100 | 1101-1200 | 1201-1300 | 1901-2000 |
| gg. | gg. | gg. | gg. | |||
| 1st century | 9th century | 10th century | 11th century | 12th century | 13th century | 20th century |
· Working in pairs, ask each other to think of new words used in the text and explain their meaning. Check your answer in the textbook.
· Using the time line as a clue, try to answer what is the difference between the concepts of "past", "present", "future"?
Calendar and its types
· How and why did people make calendars?
In order to measure time intervals, as well as record important historical events and natural phenomena, many peoples began to create
calendars.
Ø Historical dictionary
Calendar- a system for counting large periods of time, dividing them into shorter periods (years, months, weeks, days).
The word "calendar" comes from the Latin word calendarium, which literally means "debt book". In ancient Rome, debtors paid interest on the day of calends - the first days of the month, falling at a time close to the new moon.
There are three types of calendars - lunar associated with the movement of the moon, solar, which are based on the solar year - a period of time approximately equal to the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and lunar
solar based on a combination of the motion of the moon around the earth and the earth around the sun.
The first calendars in history appeared more than five thousand years ago in Ancient Babylon. These were lunar calendars that were guided by lunar months - changes in the phases of the moon. The ancient Egyptians created the solar calendar by dividing the year into 365 days.
The accuracy of calendars is evidence that people knew mathematics, astronomy, understood the laws of nature. In the modern world, the solar calendar is the most common.
Ø It is interesting
AT 46 BC Roman ruler and general Julius Caesar introduced Julian calendar.To make it more accurate, one day was added once every four years, i.e. after three ordinary years, a leap year followed.
On October 4, 1582, Pope Gregory XIII introduced Gregorian calendar, in which the extra 10 days were removed. So, in Catholic countries, the next day after Thursday October 4th was Friday October 15th. Also, three leap years were removed from every 400 years, the total number of which was not 100, as in the Julian calendar, but only 97. In everyday life, the Julian calendar began to be called " new style", and the Gregorian calendar -" old style". In the twentieth century, the difference between these two calendars was already 13 days.
In Soviet Russia, the "new style" calendar was introduced in January 1918 (after January 31, February 14 came). In this regard, there was a tradition to celebrate the Old New Year, since January 14 corresponds to January 1 in the old style.
· Tell us what was familiar to you in the text and what was new.
· Why are there different types of calendars and time systems in the world?
4. Practical work: Rules for working with the time tape.
In the history lessons in the 5th grade, you will learn how to solve chronological problems. To properly perform such tasks, follow a certain sequence, namely:
Ø Memo for solving chronological problems
1. Draw a time line - a straight line divided by dashes into equal segments denoting a certain number of years.
2. At the beginning of the line, put a larger and clearer dash - the beginning of the countdown, and at the end of the arrow, symbolizing the passage of time.
3. Set the current year for time orientation.
4. On the time line, write down the condition of the problem (years).
5. Perform the calculation and write down the concise answer.
Ø Samples of historical problems and their solutions:
1. Tasks for establishing the century in which the event occurred(AT
what century did the event occur if the year is known?).
In 1663, the Mayatsky prison was built - the first permanent settlement on the territory of our region. In what century did this happen?
Answer: 16 full centuries have passed since the beginning of our era and another 63 years of the next century. Consequently, the Mayatsky prison was founded in the 17th century.
2. Tasks for establishing the remoteness of an event from the present time(How many years ago did the event take place, if its date is known?).
Calculate how many years have passed since the Battle of the Kalka River (1223). up to this day?
Answer: 2015–1223 = 792 years
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