Successful completion of the exam in physics requires the ability to solve problems from all sections of physics included in the complete secondary school program. On our site you can independently test your knowledge and practice solving USE tests in physics on various topics. The tests include tasks of basic and advanced levels of complexity. After passing them, you will determine the need for a more detailed repetition of a particular section of physics and improving the skills of solving problems on individual topics for the successful passing of the exam in physics.

One of the most important stages preparation for the exam in physics 2020 is an introduction to demo version of the exam in physics 2020 . Demo version 2020 has already been approved by the Federal Institute for Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI). The demo version was developed taking into account all the amendments and features of the upcoming exam in the subject next year. What is the demo version of the exam in physics in 2020? The demo version contains typical tasks that, in their structure, quality, subject matter, level of complexity and volume, fully correspond to the tasks of future real versions of CMM in physics in 2020. You can get acquainted with the demo version of the Unified State Examination in Physics 2020 on the FIPI website: www.fipi.ru

In 2020, there were minor changes in the structure of the USE in physics: task 28 became a task with a detailed answer for 2 primary points, and task 27 became a qualitative task, similar to task 28 in the USE 2019. Thus, instead of 5, tasks with a detailed answer became 6. Task 24 in astrophysics has also changed a bit: instead of choosing two correct answers, now you need to choose all the correct answers, which can be either 2 or 3.

It is advisable, when participating in the main stream of passing the exam, to familiarize yourself with the examination materials for the early period of the exam in physics, published on the FIPI website after the early exam.

Fundamental theoretical knowledge in physics is essential for the successful passing of the exam in physics. It is important that this knowledge be systematized. A sufficient and necessary condition for mastering the theory is mastering the material presented in school textbooks on physics. This requires systematic classes aimed at studying all sections of the physics course. Particular attention should be paid to solving computational and qualitative problems included in the USE in physics in terms of problems of increased complexity.

Only a deep, thoughtful study of the material with its conscious assimilation, knowledge and interpretation of physical laws, processes and phenomena, together with the skill of solving problems, will ensure the successful passing of the exam in physics.

If you need preparation for the exam in physics , you will be glad to help - Victoria Vitalievna.

USE Formulas in Physics 2020

Mechanics- one of the most significant and most widely represented section of physics in the USE assignments. Preparation for this section takes up a significant part of the preparation time for the exam in physics. The first section of mechanics is kinematics, the second is dynamics.

Kinematics

Uniform movement:

x = x 0 + S x x = x 0 + v x t

Uniformly accelerated movement:

S x \u003d v 0x t + a x t 2 /2 S x \u003d (v x 2 - v 0x 2) / 2a x

x \u003d x 0 + S x x \u003d x 0 + v 0x t + a x t 2 / 2

Free fall:

y = y 0 + v 0y t + g y t 2 /2 v y = v 0y + g y t S y = v 0y t + g y t 2 /2

The path traveled by the body is numerically equal to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe figure under the velocity graph.

Average speed:

v cf \u003d S / t S \u003d S 1 + S 2 +..... + S n t \u003d t 1 + t 2 + .... + t n

The law of addition of speeds:

The velocity vector of the body relative to the fixed frame of reference is equal to the geometric sum of the velocity of the body relative to the moving frame of reference and the speed of the most mobile frame of reference relative to the fixed one.

Movement of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon

Speed ​​equations:

vx = v0x = v0 cosa

v y = v 0y + g y t = v 0 sina - gt

Coordinate equations:

x = x 0 + v 0x t = x 0 + v 0 cosa t

y = y 0 + v 0y t + g y t 2 /2 = y 0 + v 0 sina t + g y t 2 /2

Free fall acceleration: g x = 0 g y = - g

Circular motion

a c \u003d v 2 / R \u003d ω 2 R v = ω R T = 2 πR/v

Statics

Moment of power M \u003d Fl, where l is the arm of the force F is the shortest distance from the fulcrum to the line of action of the force

Lever balance rule: The sum of the moments of forces rotating the lever clockwise is equal to the sum of the moments of forces rotating counterclockwise

M 1 + M 2 + M n ..... = Mn+1 + M n+2 + .....

Pascal's Law: The pressure exerted on a liquid or gas is transmitted to any point equally in all directions

Fluid pressure at depth h: p =rgh, given atmospheric pressure: p = p0+ρgh

Archimedes' law: F Arch \u003d P displacement - The Archimedes force is equal to the weight of the liquid in the volume of the immersed body

Strength of Archimedes F Arch =ρgVdip- buoyant force

Lifting force F under \u003d F Arch - mg

Sailing conditions of bodies:

F Arch > mg - body floats

F Arch \u003d mg - the body floats

F Arch< mg - тело тонет

Dynamics

Newton's first law:

There are inertial frames of reference relative to which free bodies retain their speed.

Newton's second law: F = ma

Newton's second law in impulsive form: FΔt = Δp The impulse of the force is equal to the change in the momentum of the body

Newton's third law: The force of action is equal to the force of reaction. With silts are equal in modulus and opposite in direction F 1 = F 2

Gravity force F heav = mg

Body weight P = N(N - support reaction force)

Elastic force Hooke's law F control = kΙΔxΙ

Friction force F tr =µN

Pressure p = F d / S[ 1 Pa ]

Body density ρ = m/V[ 1 kg/m 3 ]

Law of gravity I F = G m 1m2/R2

F strand \u003d GM s m / R s 2 \u003d mg g \u003d GM s / R s 2

According to Newton's second law: ma c \u003d GmMc / (R c + h) 2

mv 2 /(R s + h) \u003d GmM s / (R s + h) 2

ʋ 1 2 = GM c / R c- square of the first cosmic velocity

ʋ 2 2 = GM c / R c - second space velocity squared

Work of force A = FScosα

Power P = A/t = Fvcosα

Kinetic energy Ek = mʋ 2/2 = P2/2m

Kinetic energy theorem: A= ΔE to

Potential energy E p \u003d mgh - the energy of the body above the Earth at a height h

E p \u003d kx 2 / 2 - energy of an elastically deformed body

A = - Δ E p - work of potential forces

Law of conservation of mechanical energy

ΔE \u003d 0 (E k1 + E p1 \u003d E k2 + E p2)

The law of change of mechanical energy

ΔE \u003d Asop (A resist - work of all nonpotential forces)

Vibrations and waves

Mechanical vibrations

T-oscillation period - time of one complete oscillation [ 1s ]

ν - oscillation frequency- number of oscillations per unit time [ 1Hz ]

T = 1/ ν

ω - cyclic frequency

ω = 2π ν = 2π/T T = 2π/ω

Oscillation period of a mathematical pendulum:T = 2π(l/g) 1/2

Oscillation period of a spring pendulum:T = 2π(m/k) 1/2

Harmonic vibration equation: x = xm sin( ωt +φ 0 )

Speed ​​equation: ʋ = x , = x mω cos(ωt + φ 0) = ʋ m cos(ωt +φ 0) ʋ m = x m ω

Acceleration equation: a =ʋ , = - x m ω 2 sin(ωt + φ 0 ) a m = x mω 2

Energy of harmonic vibrations mʋ m 2 /2 = kx m 2 /2 = mʋ 2/2 + kx 2/2 = const

Wave - propagation of vibrations in space

wave speedʋ = λ/T

Traveling wave equation

x = x m sinωt- oscillation equation

x- offset at any time , x m - oscillation amplitude

ʋ - speed of propagation of oscillations

Ϯ - the time after which oscillations will arrive at the point x: Ϯ = x/ʋ

Traveling wave equation: x = x m sin(ω(t - Ϯ)) = x m sin(ω(t - x/ʋ))

x- offset at any time

Ϯ - oscillation delay time at a given point

Molecular physics and thermodynamics

Amount of substance v = N/N A

Molar mass M = m 0 N A

Number of moles v = m/M

Number of molecules N = vN A = N A m/M

The basic equation of the MKT p = m 0 nv sr 2 /3

Relationship between pressure and average kinetic energy of molecules p = 2nE sr /3

Temperature - a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules Eav = 3kT/2

Dependence of gas pressure on concentration and temperature p = nkT

Temperature connection T=t+273

The ideal gas equation of state pV = mRT/M =vRT=NkT- Mendeleev's equation

p= RT/M

p 1 V 1/ /T 1 = p 2 V 2 /T 2 = const for a constant mass of gas - Clapeyron's equation

Gas laws

Boyle-Mariotte Law: pV = const if T = const m = const

Gay-Lussac's law: V/T = const if p = const m = const

Charles' Law: p/T = const if V = const m = const

Relative humidity

φ = ρ/ρ 0 · 100%

Internal energy U = 3mRT/2M

Change in internal energy ΔU = 3mRΔT/2M

The change in internal energy is judged by the change in absolute temperature!!!

Gas work in thermodynamics A"=pΔV

The work of external forces on gas A \u003d - A "

Calculation of the amount of heat

The amount of heat required to heat a substance (released when it cools) Q \u003d cm (t 2 - t 1)

c - specific heat capacity of the substance

The amount of heat required to melt a crystalline substance at the melting point Q = λm

λ - specific heat of fusion

The amount of heat required to turn a liquid into steam Q = Lm

L- specific heat of vaporization

The amount of heat released during the combustion of fuel Q = qm

q-specific heat of combustion of fuel

The first law of thermodynamics ΔU = Q + A

Q = ∆U + A"

Q- the amount of heat received by the gas

The first law of thermodynamics for isoprocesses:

Isothermal process: T = const

Isochoric process: V = const

Isobaric process: p = const

∆U = Q + A

Adiabatic process: Q = 0 (in a thermally insulated system)

Efficiency of heat engines

η \u003d (Q 1 - Q 2) / Q 1 \u003d A "/Q 1

Q1- the amount of heat received from the heater

Q2- the amount of heat given to the refrigerator

The maximum value of the efficiency of the heat engine (Carnot cycle:) η \u003d (T 1 - T 2) / T 1

T1- heater temperature

T2- refrigerator temperature

Heat balance equation: Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 + ... = 0 (Q received = Q otd)

Electrodynamics

Along with mechanics, electrodynamics occupies a significant part of the USE tasks and requires intensive preparation in order to successfully pass the exam in physics.

Electrostatics

The law of conservation of electric charge:

In a closed system, the algebraic sum of the electric charges of all particles is conserved

Coulomb's law F \u003d kq 1 q 2 /R 2 \u003d q 1 q 2 /4π ε 0 R 2- force of interaction of two point charges in vacuum

Like charges repel, unlike charges attract

tension- power characteristic of the electric field of a point charge

E \u003d kq 0 /R 2 - the modulus of the field strength of a point charge q 0 in vacuum

The direction of the vector E coincides with the direction of the force acting on a positive charge at a given point in the field

The principle of superpositions of fields: The strength at a given point of the field is equal to the vector sum of the strengths of the fields acting at this point:

φ = φ 1 + φ 2 + ...

The work of the electric field when moving the charge A \u003d qE (d 1 - d 2) \u003d - qE (d 2 - d 1) \u003d q (φ 1 - φ 2) = qU

A = - (W p2 - W p1)

Wp = qEd = qφ - potential energy of the charge at a given point of the field

Potential φ = Wp /q =Ed

Potential difference - voltage: U = A/q

Relationship between tension and potential differenceE = U/d

Electrical capacity

C=εε 0 S/d - capacitance of a flat capacitor

Flat Capacitor Energy: W p \u003d qU / 2 \u003d q 2 / 2C \u003d CU 2/2

Parallel connection of capacitors: q \u003d q 1 + q 2 + ...,U 1 \u003d U 2 \u003d ...,C = C 1 + C 2 + ...

Series connection connection of capacitors: q 1 \u003d q 2 \u003d ...,U \u003d U 1 + U 2 + ...,1/C \u003d 1 / C 1 + 1 / C 2 + ...

DC Laws

Current strength determination: I = ∆q/∆t

Ohm's law for a chain section: I = U / R

Conductor resistance calculation: R =ρl/S

Laws of serial connection of conductors:

I \u003d I 1 \u003d I 2 U \u003d U 1 + U 2 R \u003d R 1 + R 2

U 1 / U 2 \u003d R 1 / R 2

Laws of parallel connection of conductors:

I \u003d I 1 + I 2 U \u003d U 1 \u003d U 2 1 / R \u003d 1 / R 1 + 1 / R 2 + ... R \u003d R 1 R 2 / (R 1 + R 2) - for 2 conductors

I 1 / I 2 \u003d R 2 / R 1

Electric field work A = IUΔt
Electric current power P \u003d A / Δt \u003d IU I 2 R \u003d U 2 / R

Joule-Lenz law Q \u003d I 2 RΔt - amount of heat given off by a current-carrying conductor

EMF current source ε = A stor /q

Ohm's law for a complete circuit

Electromagnetism

Magnetic field - a special form of matter that rises around moving charges and acts on moving charges

Magnetic induction - power characteristic of a magnetic field

B = Fm /IΔl

F m = BIΔl

Ampere force - the force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field

F= BIΔlsinα

The direction of Ampère's force is determined by the left hand rule:

If 4 fingers of the left hand are directed in the direction of the current in the conductor so that the lines of magnetic induction enter the palm, then the thumb bent 90 degrees will indicate the direction of the Ampere force

The Lorentz force is the force acting on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field.

F l \u003d qBʋ sinα

The direction of the Lorentz force is determined by the left hand rule:

If the 4 fingers of the left hand are directed in the direction of the positive charge (against the movement of the negative), so that the magnetic lines enter the palm, then the thumb bent 90 degrees will indicate the direction of the Lorentz force

Magnetic flux Ф = BScosα [F] = 1 Wb

Lenz's rule:

The inductive current that occurs in a closed circuit with its magnetic field prevents the change in the magnetic flux that caused it.

Law of electromagnetic induction:

The induction emf in a closed loop is equal in absolute value to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the surface bounded by the loop

EMF of induction in moving conductors:

Inductance L = F/I[L] = 1 H

EMF of self-induction:

Energy of the current magnetic field: W m = LI 2 /2

Electric field energy: Wel \u003d qU / 2 \u003d CU 2 / 2 \u003d q 2 / 2C

Electromagnetic oscillations - harmonic oscillations of charge and current in an oscillatory circuit

q = q m sinω 0 t - fluctuating charge on a capacitor

u = U m sinω 0 t - voltage fluctuations on the capacitor

Um = qm /C

i = q" = q mω 0 cosω 0 t- current fluctuations in the coilshke

I max = q mω 0 - current amplitude

Thomson formula

The law of conservation of energy in an oscillatory circuit

CU 2 /2 = LI 2 /2 = CU 2 max /2 = LI 2 max /2 = Const

Alternating electric current:

F = BScosωt

e \u003d - Ф ' \u003d BSω sinω t = Em sinω t

u = U m sinω t

i = I m sin(ω t +π​/2)

Properties of electromagnetic waves

Optics

Law of reflection: The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence

Law of refraction: sinα/sinβ = ʋ 1/ ʋ 2 = n

n is the relative refractive index of the second medium to the first

n 1 - absolute refractive index of the first medium n 1 = c/ʋ 1

n 2 - absolute refractive index of the second medium n 2 = c/ʋ 2

When light passes from one medium to another, its wavelength changes, the frequency remains unchanged. v 1 = v 2 n 1 λ 1 = n 1 λ 2

total reflection

The phenomenon of total internal reflection is observed when light passes from a denser medium to a less dense one, when the angle of refraction reaches 90 °

Limit angle of total reflection: sinα 0 \u003d 1 / n \u003d n 2 / n 1

Thin lens formula 1/F = 1/d + 1/f

d - distance from the object to the lens

f - distance from the lens to the image

F - focal length

Optical power of the lens D = 1/F

Lens magnification Г = H/h = f/d

h - the height of the object

H - image height

Dispersion- decomposition of white color into a spectrum

Interference - addition of waves in space

Maximum conditions:∆d = k λ -integer number of wavelengths

Minimum Conditions: Δd = (2k + 1) λ/2 -odd number of half-wavelengths

Δd- path difference of two waves

Diffraction- wave around an obstacle

Diffraction grating

dsinα = k λ - diffraction grating formula

d - lattice constant

dx/L = k λ

x - distance from the central maximum to the image

L - distance from the grating to the screen

The quantum physics

Photon energy E = hv

Einstein's equation for the photoelectric effect hv = A out +mʋ 2 /2

mʋ 2 /2 \u003d eU s U s - blocking voltage

red photo effect border: hv = A out v min = A out / h λmax = c/ vmin

The energy of photoelectrons is determined by the frequency of the light and does not depend on the intensity of the light. The intensity is proportional to the number of quanta in the beam of light and determines the number of photoelectrons

Momentum of photons

E=hv=mc2

m = hv/c 2 p = mc = hv/c = h/ λ - momentum of photons

Bohr's quantum postulates:

An atom can only be in certain quantum states in which it does not radiate

The energy of the emitted photon during the transition of an atom from a stationary state with energy E k to a stationary state with energy En:

h v = E k - E n

Energy levels of the hydrogen atom E n = - 13.55/ n 2 eV, n =1, 2, 3,...

Nuclear physics

Law of radioactive decay. Half-life T

N \u003d N 0 2 -t / T

The binding energy of atomic nuclei E St \u003d ΔMc 2 \u003d (Zm P + Nm n - M I) s 2

Radioactivity

Alpha Decay:

Physics is a fairly complex subject, so preparing for the Unified State Examination in Physics 2020 will take a sufficient amount of time. In addition to theoretical knowledge, the commission will check the ability to read chart diagrams and solve problems.

Consider the structure of the examination paper

It consists of 32 tasks distributed over two blocks. For understanding, it is more convenient to arrange all the information in a table.

The whole theory of the exam in physics by sections

• Mechanics. This is a very large, but relatively simple section that studies the movement of bodies and the interactions between them, which includes dynamics and kinematics, conservation laws in mechanics, statics, vibrations and waves of a mechanical nature.
• Physics is molecular. This topic focuses on thermodynamics and molecular kinetic theory.
• Quantum physics and components of astrophysics. These are the most difficult sections that cause difficulties both during study and during tests. But also, perhaps, one of the most interesting sections. Here, knowledge is tested on such topics as the physics of the atom and the atomic nucleus, wave-particle duality, and astrophysics.
• Electrodynamics and special theory of relativity. Here you can not do without studying optics, the basics of SRT, you need to know how the electric and magnetic fields work, what direct current is, what are the principles of electromagnetic induction, how electromagnetic oscillations and waves arise.

Yes, there is a lot of information, the volume is very decent. In order to successfully pass the exam in physics, you need to be very good at the entire school course in the subject, and it has been studied for five whole years. Therefore, it will not be possible to prepare for this exam in a few weeks or even a month. You need to start now so that during the tests you feel calm.

Unfortunately, the subject of physics causes difficulties for many graduates, especially for those who have chosen it as their main subject for entering a university. Effective study of this discipline has nothing to do with memorizing rules, formulas and algorithms. In addition, it is not enough to assimilate physical ideas and read as much theory as possible, you need to be good at mathematical technique. Often, unimportant mathematical preparation does not allow the student to pass physics well.

How to prepare?

Everything is very simple: choose a theoretical section, read it carefully, study it, trying to understand all physical concepts, principles, postulates. After that, reinforce the preparation by solving practical problems on the chosen topic. Use online tests to test your knowledge, this will allow you to immediately understand where you make mistakes and get used to the fact that a certain time is given to solve the problem. We wish you good luck!

M.: 2016 - 320 p.

The new handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of physics required to pass the unified state exam. It includes all elements of the content, checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to generalize and systematize the knowledge and skills of the school physics course. The theoretical material is presented in a concise and accessible form. Each topic is accompanied by examples of test tasks. Practical tasks correspond to the USE format. Answers to the tests are given at the end of the manual. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Format: pdf

The size: 60.2 MB

Watch, download: drive.google

CONTENT
Preface 7
MECHANICS
Kinematics 9
mechanical movement. Reference system. Material point. Trajectory. Way.
Move 9
Velocity and acceleration of a material point 15
Uniform rectilinear motion 18
Uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion 21
Examples of tasks 1 24
Free fall. Acceleration of gravity.
Movement of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon 27
Movement of a material point along a circle 31
Sample tasks 2 33
Dynamics 36
Newton's first law.
Inertial frames of reference 36
Body mass. Matter Density 38
Force. Newton's second law 42
Newton's third law for material points 45
Sample tasks 3 46
The law of universal gravitation. Gravity 49
Elastic force. Hooke's Law 51
Friction force. Dry friction 55
Sample tasks 4 57
Static 60
The equilibrium condition of a rigid body in ISO 60
Pascal's Law 61
Pressure in a liquid at rest relative to ISO 62
Law of Archimedes. Sailing conditions tel 64
Sample tasks 5 65
Conservation laws 68
Law of conservation of momentum 68
Work of force on small displacement 70
Examples of tasks 6 73
Law of conservation of mechanical energy 76
Sample tasks 7 80
Mechanical oscillations and waves 82
Harmonic vibrations. Amplitude and phase of oscillations.
Kinematic description 82
Mechanical waves 87
Sample tasks 8 91
MOLECULAR PHYSICS. THERMODYNAMICS
Fundamentals of molecular kinetic theory
structure of matter 94
Atoms and molecules, their characteristics 94
Movement of molecules 98
Interaction of molecules and atoms 103
Sample tasks 9 107
Ideal gas pressure 109
Gas temperature and average
kinetic energy of molecules 111
Sample tasks 10 115
Ideal gas equation of state 117
Sample tasks 11 120
Isoprocesses in a rarefied gas with a constant number of particles N (with a constant amount of matter v) 122
Sample tasks 12 127
Saturated and unsaturated vapors 129
Humidity 132
Sample tasks 13 135
Thermodynamics 138
Internal energy of a macroscopic system 138
Sample tasks 14 147
Changes in the aggregate states of matter: evaporation and condensation, boiling 149
Sample tasks 15 153
Changes in the aggregate states of matter: melting and crystallization 155
Sample tasks 16 158
Work in thermodynamics 161
First law of thermodynamics 163
Examples of tasks 17 166
The Second Law of Thermodynamics 169
Principles of operation of heat engines 171
Examples of tasks 18 176
ELECTRODYNAMICS
Electrostatics 178
The phenomenon of electrification.
Electric charge and its properties 178
Coulomb's Law 179
Electrostatic field 179
Capacitors 184
Sample tasks 19 185
DC Laws 189
Direct electric current 189
DC Laws 191
Currents in various media 193
Sample tasks 20 196
Sample tasks 21 199
Magnetic field 202
Magnetic interaction 202
Examples of tasks 22 204
Connection of electrical and magnetic phenomena 208
Examples of tasks 23 210
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 214
Free electromagnetic oscillations 214
Examples of tasks 24 222
OPTICS
Geometric optics 228
Lenses 233
Eye. Visual impairments 239
Optical instruments 241
Examples of tasks 25 244
Wave optics 247
Light interference 247
Young's experience. Newton's rings 248
Application of light interference 251
Examples of tasks 26 254
FOUNDATIONS OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
Fundamentals of the special theory of relativity (SRT) 257
Examples of tasks 27 259
THE QUANTUM PHYSICS
Planck's hypothesis 260
Laws of the external photoelectric effect 261
Wave-particle duality 262
Examples of tasks 28 264
PHYSICS OF THE ATOM
Planetary model of the atom 267
Postulates of N. Bohr 268
Spectrum analysis 271
Laser 271
Examples of tasks 29 273
Nuclear Physics 275
Proton-neutron model of the nucleus 275
Isotopes. Binding energy of nuclei. Nuclear forces 276
Radioactivity. Law of radioactive decay 277
Nuclear reactions 279
Examples of tasks 30 281
Applications
1. Multipliers and prefixes for the formation of decimal multiples and submultiples and their names 284
2. Some non-system units 285
3. Fundamental physical constants 286
4. Some astrophysical characteristics 287
5. Physical quantities and their units in SI 288
6. Greek alphabet 295
7. Mechanical properties of solids 296
8. Pressure p and density p of saturated water vapor at different temperatures t 297
9. Thermal properties of solids 298
10. Electrical properties of metals 299
11. Electrical properties of dielectrics 300
12. Masses of atomic nuclei 301
13. Intense lines of the spectra of elements arranged by wavelength (MKM) 302
14. Reference data that may be needed when performing test tasks 303
Subject index 306
Answers 317

The new handbook contains all the theoretical material on the course of physics in grades 10-11 and is designed to prepare students for the unified state exam (USE).
The content of the main sections of the reference book - "Mechanics", "Molecular physics. Thermodynamics”, “Electrodynamics”, “Optics”, “Fundamentals of the special theory of relativity”, “Quantum physics” corresponds to the codifier of the content elements and requirements for the level of training of graduates of general educational organizations for the unified state exam in physics, on the basis of which control and measuring materials were compiled USE.

The proposed manual is addressed to students in grades 10-11 who plan to take the exam in physics, teachers and methodologists. The book is intended for the initial stage of active preparation for the exam, for practicing all topics and types of tasks of basic and advanced levels of complexity. The material presented in the book complies with the USE-2016 specification in physics and the Federal State Educational Standard for secondary general education.
The publication contains the following materials:
- theoretical material on the topics "Mechanics", "Molecular Physics", "Electrodynamics", "Oscillations and Waves", "Optics", "Quantum Physics";
- tasks of basic and advanced levels of complexity to the above sections, distributed by topic and level;
- answers to all tasks.
The book will be useful for reviewing the material, for developing the skills and competencies necessary for passing the exam, for organizing preparation for the exam in the classroom and at home, as well as for use in the educational process, not only for the purpose of exam preparation. The manual is also suitable for applicants planning to take the exam after a break in their studies.
The publication is included in the educational and methodological complex “Physics. Preparation for the exam.

Examples.
From points A and B two cars left towards each other. The speed of the first car is 80 km/h, the second is 10 km/h less than the first. What is the distance between points A and B if the cars meet after 2 hours?

Bodies 1 and 2 move along the x-axis at a constant speed. Figure 11 shows graphs of coordinates of moving bodies 1 and 2 versus time t. Determine at what point in time t the first body will overtake the second.

Two cars are driving along a straight stretch of highway in the same direction. The speed of the first car is 90 km/h, the second is 60 km/h. What is the speed of the first car relative to the second?

Table of contents
From authors 7
Chapter I. Mechanics 11
Theoretical material 11
Kinematics 11
Material point dynamics 14
Conservation laws in mechanics 16
Statics 18
Tasks of the basic level of complexity 19
§ 1. Kinematics 19
1.1. Speed ​​of uniform rectilinear motion 19
1.2. Equation of uniform rectilinear motion 21
1.3. Speed ​​addition 24
1.4. Movement with constant acceleration 26
1.5. Free fall 34
1.6. Circle movement 38
§ 2. Dynamics 39
2.1. Newton's laws 39
2.2. The force of universal gravitationlaw of universal gravitation 42
2.3. Gravity, body weight 44
2.4. Elastic force, Hooke's law 46
2.5. Friction force 47
§ 3. Conservation laws in mechanics 49
3.1. Pulse. Law of conservation of momentum 49
3.2. Work of force.^Power 54
3.3. Kinetic energy and its change 55
§ 4. Statics 56
4.1. Body balance 56
4.2. Law of Archimedes. Bodies floating condition 58
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 61
§ 5. Kinematics 61
§ 6. Dynamics of a material point 67
§ 7. Conservation laws in mechanics 76
§ 8. Statics 85
Chapter II. Molecular physics 89
Theoretical material 89
Molecular physics 89
Thermodynamics 92
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 95
§ 1. Molecular physics 95
1.1. Models of the structure of gases, liquids and solids. Thermal motion of atoms and molecules. Interaction of particles of matter. Diffusion, Brownian motion, ideal gas model. Changes in the aggregate states of matter (explanation of phenomena) 95
1.2. Amount of substance 102
1.3. Basic equation MKT 103
1.4. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules 105
1.5. Ideal gas equation of state 107
1.6. Gas laws 112
1.7. Saturated steam. Humidity 125
1.8. Internal energy, amount of heat, work in thermodynamics 128
1.9. First law of thermodynamics 143
1.10. Efficiency of heat engines 147
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 150
§ 2. Molecular physics 150
§ 3. Thermodynamics 159
Chapter III. Electrodynamics 176
Theoretical material 176
Basic concepts and laws of electrostatics 176
Electrical capacity. Capacitors. Electric field energy 178
Basic concepts and laws of direct current 179
Basic concepts and laws of magnetostatics 180
Basic concepts and laws of electromagnetic induction 182
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 183
§ 1. Fundamentals of electrodynamics 183
1.1. Electrification of tel. The law of conservation of electric charge (explanation of phenomena) 183
1.2. Coulomb's Law 186
1.3. Electric field strength 187
1.4. Electrostatic field potential 191
1.5. Electric capacity, capacitors 192
1.6. Ohm's law for circuit section 193
1.7. Series and parallel connection of conductors 196
1.8. DC operation and power 199
1.9. Ohm's law for a complete circuit 202
§ 2. Magnetic field 204
2.1. Interaction of currents 204
2.2. Ampere power. Lorentz force 206
§ 3. Electromagnetic induction 212
3.1. induction current. Lenz's Rule 212
3.2. Law of electromagnetic induction 216
3.3. Self-induction. Inductance 219
3.4. Magnetic field energy 221
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 222
§ 4. Fundamentals of electrodynamics 222
§ 5. Magnetic field 239
§ 6. Electromagnetic induction 243
Chapter IV. Vibrations and Waves 247
Theoretical material 247
Mechanical vibrations and waves 247
Electromagnetic oscillations and waves 248
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 250
§ 1. Mechanical vibrations 250
1.1. Math pendulum 250
1.2. Dynamics of oscillatory motion 253
1.3. Energy conversion during harmonic vibrations 257
1.4. Forced vibrations. Resonance 258
§ 2. Electromagnetic oscillations 260
2.1. Processes in the oscillatory circuit 260
2.2. Period of free oscillations 262
2.3. Alternating electric current 266
§ 3. Mechanical waves 267
§ 4. Electromagnetic waves 270
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 272
§ 5. Mechanical vibrations 272
§ 6. Electromagnetic oscillations 282
Chapter V. Optics 293
Theoretical material 293
Basic concepts and laws of geometric optics 293
Basic concepts and laws of wave optics 295
Fundamentals of the special theory of relativity (SRT) 296
Tasks of the basic level of complexity 296
§ 1. Light waves 296
1.1. Law of Light Reflection 296
1.2. Law of refraction of light 298
1.3. Building an image in lenses 301
1.4. Thin lens formula. Lens magnification 304
1.5. Dispersion, interference and diffraction of light 306
§ 2. Elements of the theory of relativity 309
2.1. Postulates of the theory of relativity 309
2.2. Main Consequences of the Postulates 311
§ 3. Radiations and spectra 312
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 314
§ 4. Optics 314
Chapter VI. Quantum Physics 326
Theoretical material 326
Basic concepts and laws of quantum physics 326
Basic concepts and laws of nuclear physics 327
Tasks of the basic level of difficulty 328
§ 1. Quantum physics 328
1.1. Photoelectric effect 328
1.2. Photons 333
§ 2. Atomic physics 335
2.1. The structure of the atom. Rutherford's experiments 335
2.2. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom 336
§ 3. Physics of the atomic nucleus 339
3.1. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation 339
3.2. Radioactive transformations 340
3.3. Law of radioactive decay 341
3.4. The structure of the atomic nucleus 346
3.5. Binding energy of atomic nuclei 347
3.6. Nuclear reactions 348
3.7. Fission of uranium nuclei 350
3.8. Nuclear chain reactions 351
§ 4. Elementary particles 351
Tasks of an increased level of complexity 352
§ 5. Quantum physics 352
§ 6. Atomic physics 356
Answers to the collection of tasks 359.

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• Problem 25, which was previously presented in Part 2 as a short answer task, is now proposed for a detailed solution and is estimated at a maximum of 2 points. Thus, the number of tasks with a detailed answer increased from 5 to 6.
• For task 24, which tests the mastery of the elements of astrophysics, instead of choosing two mandatory correct answers, it is proposed to choose all correct answers, the number of which can be either 2 or 3.

The structure of the tasks of the exam in physics-2020

The examination paper consists of two parts, including 32 tasks.

Part 1 contains 26 tasks.

• In tasks 1-4, 8-10, 14, 15, 20, 25-26, the answer is an integer or a final decimal fraction.
• The answer to tasks 5-7, 11, 12, 16-18, 21, 23 and 24 is a sequence of two numbers.
• The answer to task 13 is a word.
• The answer to tasks 19 and 22 are two numbers.

Part 2 contains 6 tasks. The answer to tasks 27–32 includes a detailed description of the entire progress of the task. The second part of the tasks (with a detailed answer) are evaluated by the expert commission on the basis of .

USE topics in physics, which will be in the examination paper

1. Mechanics(kinematics, dynamics, statics, conservation laws in mechanics, mechanical oscillations and waves).
2. Molecular physics(molecular-kinetic theory, thermodynamics).
3. Electrodynamics and fundamentals of SRT(electric field, direct current, magnetic field, electromagnetic induction, electromagnetic oscillations and waves, optics, fundamentals of SRT).
4. Quantum physics and elements of astrophysics(particle wave dualism, physics of the atom, physics of the atomic nucleus, elements of astrophysics).

The duration of the exam in physics

To complete the entire examination work is given 235 minutes.

Estimated time to complete the tasks of various parts of the work is:

1. for each task with a short answer - 3-5 minutes;
2. for each task with a detailed answer - 15–20 minutes.

What can I take for the exam:

• A non-programmable calculator is used (for each student) with the ability to calculate trigonometric functions (cos, sin, tg) and a ruler.
• The list of additional devices and, the use of which is allowed for the exam, is approved by Rosobrnadzor.

Important!!! do not rely on cheat sheets, tips and the use of technical means (phones, tablets) in the exam. Video surveillance at the Unified State Exam-2020 will be reinforced with additional cameras.

USE scores in physics

• 1 point - for 1-4, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26 tasks.
• 2 points - 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18, 21, 24, 28.
• 3 points - 27, 29, 30, 31, 32.

Total: 53 points(maximum primary score).

What you need to know when preparing assignments for the exam:

• Know/understand the meaning of physical concepts, quantities, laws, principles, postulates.
• Be able to describe and explain the physical phenomena and properties of bodies (including space objects), the results of experiments ... give examples of the practical use of physical knowledge
• Distinguish hypotheses from scientific theory, draw conclusions based on experiment, etc.
• To be able to apply the acquired knowledge in solving physical problems.
• Use the acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life.

How to start preparing for the exam in physics:

1. Learn the theory required for each assignment.
2. Train in physics tests developed on the basis of