The ability to adapt to cold is determined by the amount of energy and plastic resources of the body; in their absence, adaptation to cold is impossible. The response to cold develops in stages and in almost all body systems. The early stage of adaptation to cold can form at a temperature of 3C within 2 minutes, and at 10C within 7 minutes.
From the cardiovascular system, 3 phases of adaptation reactions can be distinguished. The first 2 are optimal (desirable) when exposed to cold for the purpose of hardening. They manifest themselves in the inclusion, through the nervous and endocrine systems, of the mechanisms of non-contractile thermogenesis, against the background of a narrowing of the vascular bed in the skin, resulting in heat production and an increase in the temperature of the “core”, which leads to a reflex increase in blood flow in the skin and increased heat transfer, including through inclusion of reserve capillaries. Outwardly, it looks like uniform hyperemia of the skin, a pleasant feeling of warmth and vigor.
The third phase develops when the refrigerant is overloaded in intensity or duration. Active hyperemia is replaced by passive (stagnant), blood flow slows down, the skin acquires a bluish tint (venous congestive hyperemia), muscle tremors and “goose bumps” appear. This phase of the response is not desirable. It indicates the depletion of the body’s compensatory capabilities, their insufficiency to replenish heat loss and the transition to contractile thermogenesis.
The reactions of the cardiovascular system consist not only of the redistribution of blood flow in the skin depot. Cardiac activity slows down, the ejection fraction becomes larger. There is a slight decrease in blood viscosity and an increase in blood pressure. In case of an overdose of the factor (third phase), an increase in blood viscosity occurs with a compensatory movement of interstitial fluid into the vessels, which leads to tissue dehydration.
Breathing regulation
Under normal conditions, breathing is regulated by the deviation of the partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 and the pH value in the arterial blood. Moderate hypothermia has an exciting effect on the respiratory centers and a depressant effect on pH-sensitive chemoreceptors. With prolonged cold, a spasm of the bronchial muscles occurs, which increases the resistance to breathing and gas exchange, and also reduces the chemical sensitivity of the receptors. The ongoing processes underlie cold hypoxia, and in case of failure, adaptation to the so-called “polar” dyspnea. The respiratory organs react to therapeutic cold procedures with a delay at the first moment, followed by an increase in frequency. a short time. Subsequently, breathing slows down and becomes deep. There is an increase in gas exchange, oxidative processes, and basal metabolism.
Metabolic reactions
Metabolic reactions cover all aspects of metabolism. The main direction, naturally, is to increase heat production. First of all, non-contractile thermogenesis is activated by mobilizing lipid metabolism (concentration in the blood of free fatty acids under the influence of cold it increases by 300%) and carbohydrates. The consumption of oxygen, vitamins, macro- and microelements by tissues is also activated. Subsequently, with uncompensated heat losses, shivering thermogenesis occurs. Thermogenic activity of trembling is higher than that during the production of voluntary contractile movements, because no work is done, but all energy is converted into heat. All muscles are involved in this reaction, even the respiratory muscles of the chest.
Water-salt metabolism
During acute exposure to cold, the sympathetic-adrenal system is initially activated and the secretion of the thyroid gland increases. The production of antidiuretic hormone increases, which reduces sodium reabsorption in the renal tubules and increases fluid excretion. This leads to the development of dehydration, hemoconcentration and increased plasma osmolarity. Apparently, the removal of water serves as a protective effect against tissues that can be damaged due to its crystallization under the influence of cold.
The main stages of adaptation to cold
Long-term adaptation to cold has an ambiguous effect on the structural and functional changes of the body. Along with hypertrophy of the sympathetic-adrenal system, the thyroid gland, the mitochondrial system in the muscles and all parts of oxygen transport, there is fatty hypotrophy of the liver and a decrease in its detoxification functions, dystrophic phenomena in a number of systems with a decrease in their functional potential.
There are 4 stages of adaptation to cold
(N.A. Barbarash, G.Ya. Dvurechenskaya)
The first is emergency - unstable adaptation to cold
It is characterized by a sharp reaction of limited heat transfer in the form of spasm of peripheral vessels. An increase in heat production occurs due to the breakdown of ATP reserves and contractile thermogenesis. A deficiency of energy-rich phosphates develops. Damage may develop (frostbite, fermentemia, tissue necrosis).
The second - transitional - stage of urgent adaptation
There is a decrease in stress response while maintaining hyperfunction of the sympathetic-adrenal system and thyroid gland. The processes of synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins and ATP resynthesis are activated. Vasoconstriction of peripheral tissues is reduced, and, consequently, the risk of damage.
Third - sustainability - stage of long-term adaptation
Long-term adaptation is formed when periodic action cold. With its continuous exposure it is less likely. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the sympathetic-adrenal system, the thyroid gland, and increased redox reactions, which leads to both direct adaptation to cold (stationary increase in heat production to maintain homeostasis) and positive cross reactions - atherosclerosis, salt hypertension, hypoxia. Regulatory systems, including higher ones, become more resistant to stress.
Stage four - exhaustion
Develops with continuous long-term or intense periodic exposure to cold. It is characterized by the phenomena of negative cross-adaptation, with the development of chronic diseases and dystrophic processes with decreased function in a number of internal organs.
In the previous chapter, general (i.e., nonspecific) patterns of adaptation were discussed, but the human body responds in relation to specific factors and with specific adaptive reactions. It is these adaptation reactions (to temperature changes, to different modes of physical activity, to weightlessness, to hypoxia, to information deficiency, to psychogenic factors, as well as features of human adaptation and adaptation management) that are discussed in this chapter.
ADAPTATION TO TEMPERATURE CHANGES
The human body temperature, like that of any homeothermic organism, is characterized by constancy and fluctuates within extremely narrow limits. These limits range from 36.4?C to 37.5?C.
Adaptation to low temperature
The conditions under which the human body must adapt to cold may vary. This could be work in cold shops (the cold does not operate around the clock, but alternating with normal temperature conditions) or adaptation to life in northern latitudes (a person in the North is exposed not only to low temperatures, but also to altered lighting conditions and radiation levels).
Work in cold shops. In the first days, in response to low temperatures, heat production increases uneconomically, excessively, heat transfer is not yet sufficiently limited. After establishing the phase of stable adaptation, heat production processes intensify, heat transfer decreases; Ultimately, an optimal balance is established to maintain a stable body temperature.
Adaptation to the conditions of the North is characterized by an unbalanced combination of heat production and heat transfer. A decrease in heat transfer efficiency is achieved by reducing
and cessation of sweating, narrowing of arterial vessels of the skin and muscles. Activation of heat production is initially carried out by increasing blood flow in the internal organs and increasing muscle contractile thermogenesis. Emergency stage. A mandatory component of the adaptive process is the inclusion of a stress response (activation of the central nervous system, increased electrical activity thermoregulation centers, an increase in the secretion of liberins in the neurons of the hypothalamus, in the adenocytes of the pituitary gland - adrenocorticotropic and thyroid-stimulating hormones, in the thyroid gland - thyroid hormones, in the adrenal medulla - catecholamines, and in their cortex - corticosteroids). These changes significantly modify the function of organs and physiological systems of the body, changes in which are aimed at increasing the oxygen transport function (Fig. 3-1).
Rice. 3-1.Providing oxygen transport function during adaptation to cold
Persistent adaptation accompanied by increased lipid metabolism. The content of fatty acids in the blood increases and the sugar level decreases slightly; fatty acids are washed out of adipose tissue due to increased “deep” blood flow. In mitochondria adapted to northern conditions, there is a tendency for phosphorylation and oxidation to separate, and oxidation becomes dominant. Moreover, there are relatively many free radicals in the tissues of the inhabitants of the North.
Cold water.The physical agent through which low temperature affects the body is most often air, but it can also be water. For example, when you are in cold water cooling of the body occurs faster than in air (water has 4 times greater heat capacity and 25 times greater thermal conductivity than air). Thus, in water whose temperature is + 12? C, heat is lost 15 times more than in air at the same temperature.
Only at a water temperature of +33-35? C, the temperature sensations of people in it are considered comfortable and the time of stay in it is not limited.
At a water temperature of + 29.4? C, people can stay in it for more than a day, but at a water temperature of + 23.8? C this time is 8 hours 20 minutes.
In water with a temperature below + 20? C, acute cooling phenomena quickly develop, and the time of safe stay in it is calculated in minutes.
Staying a person in water whose temperature is +10-12? C for 1 hour or less causes life-threatening conditions.
Staying in water at a temperature of + 1? C inevitably leads to death, and at + 2-5? C causes life-threatening complications within 10-15 minutes.
The safe stay time in ice water is no more than 30 minutes, and in some cases people die within 5-10 minutes.
The human body immersed in water experiences significant overload due to the need to maintain a constant temperature of the “core of the body” due to the high thermal conductivity of water and the lack of auxiliary mechanisms that provide thermal insulation of a person in the air (the thermal insulation of clothing is sharply reduced due to its getting wet, thin layer of heated air near the skin). In cold water, a person has only two mechanisms to maintain a constant temperature of the "core of the body", namely: increasing heat production and limiting the transfer of heat from internal organs to the skin.
Limitation of heat transfer from internal organs to the skin (and from the skin to the environment) is ensured by peripheral vasoconstriction, most pronounced at the level of the skin, and intramuscular vasodilation, the degree of which depends on the localization of cooling. These vasomotor reactions, redistributing blood volume towards the central organs, are able to maintain the temperature of the “core of the body.” At the same time, a decrease in plasma volume occurs due to an increase in capillary permeability, glomerular filtration and a decrease in tubular reabsorption.
Increased heat production (chemical thermogenesis) occurs through increased muscle activity, manifested by shivering. At a water temperature of + 25? C, shivering occurs when the skin temperature drops to + 28? C. There are three successive phases in the development of this mechanism:
Initial decrease in core temperature;
Its sharp increase, sometimes exceeding the temperature of the “body core” before cooling;
Reduction to a level depending on the water temperature. In very cold water (below + 10? C), shivering begins very sharply, is very intense, combined with rapid shallow breathing and a feeling of compression of the chest.
Activation of chemical thermogenesis does not prevent cooling, but is considered as an “emergency” method of protection from the cold. A drop in the temperature of the “core” of the human body below + 35? C indicates that the compensatory mechanisms of thermoregulation cannot cope with the destructive effect low temperatures, deep hypothermia sets in. The resulting hypothermia changes all the most important vital functions body, as it slows down the flow rate chemical reactions in cells. An inevitable factor accompanying hypothermia is hypoxia. The result of hypoxia is functional and structural disorders, which, in the absence of the necessary treatment, lead to death.
Hypoxia has a complex and diverse origin.
Circulatory hypoxia occurs due to bradycardia and peripheral circulatory disorders.
Hemodynamic hypoxia develops as a result of a shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left.
Hypoxic hypoxia occurs when the respiratory center is inhibited and the respiratory muscles convulsively contract.
Adaptation to high temperature
High temperature can affect the human body in different situations (for example, in production, during a fire, in combat and emergency conditions, in a bathhouse). Adaptation mechanisms are aimed at increasing heat transfer and reducing heat production. As a result, body temperature (although rising) remains within the upper limit of the normal range. Manifestations of hyperthermia are largely determined by temperature environment.
When the external temperature rises to +30-31? C, the skin arteries expand and the blood flow in it increases, and the temperature of the surface tissues increases. These changes are aimed at the body releasing excess heat through convection, heat conduction and radiation, but as the ambient temperature increases, the effectiveness of these heat transfer mechanisms decreases.
At an external temperature of +32-33? C and above, convection and radiation stop. Heat transfer through sweating and evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body and respiratory tract takes on leading importance. So, with 1 ml of sweat, approximately 0.6 kcal of heat is lost.
During hyperthermia, characteristic changes occur in organs and functional systems.
Sweat glands secrete kallikrein, which breaks down a,2-globulin. This leads to the formation of kallidin, bradykinin and other kinins in the blood. Kinins, in turn, provide dual effects: expansion of arterioles of the skin and subcutaneous tissue; potentiation of sweating. These effects of kinins significantly increase the heat transfer of the body.
Due to the activation of the sympathoadrenal system, heart rate and cardiac output increase.
There is a redistribution of blood flow with the development of its centralization.
There is a tendency to increase blood pressure.
Further adaptation occurs due to a decrease in heat production and the formation of a stable redistribution of blood supply to the vessels. Excessive sweating turns into adequate sweating at high temperatures. Loss of water and salts through sweat can be compensated by drinking salted water.
ADAPTATION TO MOTOR ACTIVITY MODE
Often, under the influence of any environmental requirements, the level of physical activity changes towards its increase or decrease.
Increased activity
If physical activity, of necessity, becomes high, then the human body must adapt to the new
condition (for example, heavy physical work, sports, etc.). There are “urgent” and “long-term” adaptation to increased physical activity.
"Urgent" adaptation - the initial, emergency stage of adaptation - characterized by maximum mobilization of the functional system responsible for adaptation, pronounced stress reaction and motor excitation.
In response to the load, intense irradiation of excitation occurs in the cortical, subcortical and underlying motor centers, leading to a generalized, but insufficiently coordinated motor reaction. For example, the heart rate increases, but there is also a generalized activation of “extra” muscles.
Excitation nervous system leads to activation of stress-releasing systems: adrenergic, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical, which is accompanied by a significant release of catecholamines, corticoliberin, ACTH and somatotropic hormones. On the contrary, the concentration of insulin and C-peptide in the blood decreases under the influence of stress.
Stress-implementing systems. Changes in hormonal metabolism during stress reactions (especially catecholamines and corticosteroids) lead to the mobilization of the body's energy resources; potentiate the activity of the functional adaptation system and form the structural basis of long-term adaptation.
Stress-limiting systems. Simultaneously with the activation of stress-implementing systems, activation of stress-limiting systems occurs - opioid peptides, serotonergic and others. For example, in parallel with the increase in ACTH content in the blood, there is an increase in the concentration in the blood β -endorphin and enkephalins.
Neurohumoral restructuring during urgent adaptation to physical activity ensures activation of the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, selective growth of certain structures in organ cells, and an increase in the power and efficiency of the functional adaptation system during repeated physical activity.
With repeated physical activity, muscle mass increases and its energy supply increases. Along with the
changes occur in the oxygen transport system and the efficiency of external respiration and myocardial functions:
The density of capillaries in skeletal muscles and myocardium increases;
The speed and amplitude of contraction of the respiratory muscles increases, the vital capacity of the lungs (VC), maximum ventilation, and oxygen utilization rate increase;
Myocardial hypertrophy occurs, the number and density of coronary capillaries, and the concentration of myoglobin in the myocardium increase;
The number of mitochondria in the myocardium and the energy supply to the contractile function of the heart increases; the rate of contraction and relaxation of the heart during exercise, stroke and minute volumes increase.
As a result, the volume of the function comes into line with the volume of the organ structure, and the body as a whole becomes adapted to the load of this magnitude.
Decreased activity
Hypokinesia (limitation of motor activity) causes a characteristic symptom complex of disorders that significantly limit a person’s performance. The most characteristic manifestations of hypokinesia:
Dysregulation of blood circulation due to orthostatic influences;
Deterioration of performance indicators and regulation of the body’s oxygen regime at rest and during physical activity;
Phenomena of relative dehydration, disturbances of isosmia, chemistry and tissue structure, disturbances of renal function;
Atrophy of muscle tissue, disturbances in tone and function of the neuromuscular system;
Decrease in the volume of circulating blood, plasma and erythrocyte mass;
Violation of the motor and enzymatic functions of the digestive system;
Violation of natural immunity indicators.
Emergencythe adaptation phase to hypokinesia is characterized by the mobilization of reactions that compensate for the lack of motor functions. Such defensive reactions include excitation of sympathetic
adrenal system. The sympathoadrenal system causes temporary, partial compensation of circulatory disorders in the form of increased cardiac activity, increased vascular tone and, consequently, blood pressure, increased respiration (increased ventilation of the lungs). However, these reactions are short-lived and quickly fade away with continued hypokinesia.
The further development of hypokinesia can be imagined as follows:
Immobility helps, first of all, to reduce catabolic processes;
Energy release decreases, the intensity of oxidative reactions decreases;
The content of carbon dioxide, lactic acid and other metabolic products in the blood, which normally stimulate respiration and blood circulation, decreases.
Unlike adaptation to a changed gas composition, low ambient temperature, etc., adaptation to absolute hypokinesia cannot be considered complete. Instead of a phase of resistance, there is a slow depletion of all functions.
ADAPTATION TO WEIGHTLESSITY
A person is born, grows and develops under the influence gravity. The force of attraction forms the functions of skeletal muscles, gravitational reflexes, and coordinated muscle work. When gravity changes, various changes are observed in the body, determined by the elimination of hydrostatic pressure and redistribution of body fluids, the elimination of gravity-dependent deformation and mechanical stress of body structures, as well as a decrease in the functional load on the musculoskeletal system, the elimination of support, and changes in the biomechanics of movements. As a result, hypogravity motor syndrome is formed, which includes changes in sensory systems, motor control, muscle function, and hemodynamics.
Sensory systems:
Decrease in the level of supporting afferentation;
Decreased level of proprioceptive activity;
Changes in the function of the vestibular apparatus;
Changes in afferent support of motor reactions;
Disorder of all forms of visual tracking;
Functional changes in the activity of the otolithic apparatus when the position of the head changes and the action of linear accelerations.
Motor control:
Sensory and motor ataxia;
Spinal hyperreflexia;
Changing the motion control strategy;
Increased tone of flexor muscles.
Muscles:
Reduced speed and strength properties;
Atony;
Atrophy, changes in the composition of muscle fibers.
Hemodynamic disorders:
Increased cardiac output;
Decreased secretion of vasopressin and renin;
Increased secretion of natriuretic factor;
Increased renal blood flow;
Decrease in blood plasma volume.
The possibility of true adaptation to weightlessness, in which a restructuring of the regulatory system occurs that is adequate to existence on Earth, is hypothetical and requires scientific confirmation.
ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA
Hypoxia is a condition that occurs as a result of insufficient oxygen supply to tissues. Hypoxia is often combined with hypoxemia - a decrease in the level of tension and oxygen content in the blood. There are exogenous and endogenous hypoxias.
Exogenous types of hypoxia - normo- and hypobaric. The reason for their development: a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the air entering the body.
Normobaric exogenous hypoxia is associated with a limitation in the intake of oxygen into the body with air at normal barometric pressure. Such conditions arise when:
■ finding people in a small and/or poorly ventilated space (room, shaft, well, elevator);
■ violations of air regeneration and/or supply of oxygen mixture for breathing in aircraft and deep-sea vehicles;
■ non-compliance with artificial lung ventilation techniques. - Hypobaric exogenous hypoxia can occur:
■ when climbing mountains;
■ in people raised to great heights in open aircraft, on lift chairs, as well as when the pressure in the pressure chamber decreases;
■ with a sharp decrease in barometric pressure.
Endogenous hypoxia is the result of pathological processes of various etiologies.
There are acute and chronic hypoxia.
Acute hypoxia occurs when there is a sharp decrease in the access of oxygen to the body: when the patient is placed in a pressure chamber from which air is pumped out, carbon monoxide poisoning, acute circulatory or respiratory impairment.
Chronic hypoxia occurs after a long stay in the mountains or in any other conditions of insufficient oxygen supply.
Hypoxia is a universal acting factor, to which the body has developed effective adaptive mechanisms over many centuries of evolution. The body's response to hypoxic exposure can be examined using a model of hypoxia during mountain climbing.
The first compensatory reaction to hypoxia is an increase in heart rate, stroke and minute blood volume. If the human body consumes 300 ml of oxygen per minute at rest, its content in the inhaled air (and, consequently, in the blood) has decreased by 1/3, it is enough to increase the minute volume of blood by 30% so that the same amount of oxygen is delivered to the tissues . The opening of additional capillaries in tissues increases blood flow, since this increases the rate of oxygen diffusion.
There is a slight increase in the intensity of breathing, shortness of breath occurs only with pronounced degrees of oxygen starvation (pO 2 in the inhaled air is less than 81 mm Hg). This is explained by the fact that increased breathing in a hypoxic atmosphere is accompanied by hypocapnia, which inhibits the increase in pulmonary ventilation, and only
after a certain time (1-2 weeks) of staying in hypoxic conditions, a significant increase in pulmonary ventilation occurs due to an increase in the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide.
The number of red blood cells and the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood increases due to the emptying of blood depots and thickening of the blood, and then due to the intensification of hematopoiesis. Decrease atmospheric pressure at 100 mm Hg. causes an increase in hemoglobin content in the blood by 10%.
The oxygen transport properties of hemoglobin change, the shift of the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right increases, which contributes to a more complete delivery of oxygen to tissues.
The number of mitochondria in cells increases, the content of respiratory chain enzymes increases, which makes it possible to intensify the processes of energy use in the cell.
Behavior modification occurs (limiting physical activity, avoiding exposure to high temperatures).
Thus, as a result of the action of all parts of the neurohumoral system, structural and functional changes occur in the body, as a result of which adaptive reactions to this extreme influence are formed.
PSYCHOGENIC FACTORS AND INFORMATION DEFICIT
Adaptation to the effects of psychogenic factors proceeds differently in individuals with different types of GND (choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic). In extreme types (cholerics, melancholics), such adaptation is not stable; sooner or later, factors affecting the psyche lead to a breakdown in the IRR and the development of neuroses.
The basic principles of anti-stress protection include the following:
Isolation from the stressor;
Activation of stress-limiting systems;
Suppression of the focus of increased excitation in the central nervous system by creating a new dominant (switching attention);
Suppression of the negative reinforcement system associated with negative emotions;
Activation of the positive reinforcement system;
Restoration of the body's energy resources;
Physiological relaxation.
Information stress
One of the types psychological stress- information stress. The problem of information stress is a problem of the 21st century. If the flow of information exceeds the brain’s ability to process it, formed in the process of evolution, information stress develops. The consequences of information overload are so great that even new terms are being introduced to denote not entirely clear conditions of the human body: syndrome chronic fatigue, computer addiction, etc.
Adaptation to information deficiency
The brain needs not only minimal rest, but also a certain amount of stimulation (emotionally significant stimuli). G. Selye describes this state as a state of eustress. The consequences of a lack of information include a lack of emotionally significant stimuli and increasing fear.
A deficiency of emotionally significant stimuli, especially at an early age (sensory deprivation), often leads to the formation of the personality of an aggressor, and the significance of this factor in the formation of aggressiveness is an order of magnitude higher than physical punishment and other educationally harmful factors.
In conditions of sensory isolation, a person begins to experience increasing fear, up to panic and hallucination. E. Fromm calls the presence of a sense of unity as one of the most important conditions for the maturation of an individual. E. Erikson believes that a person needs to identify himself with other people (reference group), nation, etc., that is, to say “I am like them, they are the same as me.” It is preferable for a person to identify himself even with such subcultures as hippies or drug addicts than not to identify himself at all.
Sensory deprivation (from lat. sensus- feeling, sensation and deprivatio- deprivation) - a prolonged, more or less complete deprivation of a person of visual, auditory, tactile or other sensations, mobility, communication, emotional experiences, carried out either for experimental purposes or as a result of
tate of the current situation. During sensory deprivation, in response to insufficient afferent information, processes are activated that in a certain way affect figurative memory.
As the time spent in these conditions increases, people develop emotional lability with a shift towards low mood (lethargy, depression, apathy), which are briefly replaced by euphoria and irritability.
Memory impairments are observed that are directly dependent on the cyclical nature of emotional states.
The rhythm of sleep and wakefulness is disrupted, hypnotic states develop, which last for a relatively long time, are projected outward and are accompanied by the illusion of involuntariness.
Thus, restriction of movement and information are factors that violate the conditions for the development of the organism, leading to the degradation of the corresponding functions. Adaptation in relation to these factors is not compensatory in nature, since it does not display the typical features of active adaptation and only reactions associated with a decrease in functions and ultimately leading to pathology predominate.
FEATURES OF ADAPTATION IN HUMANS
The peculiarities of human adaptation include the combination of the development of physiological adaptive properties of the body with artificial methods that transform the environment in its interests.
Onboarding Management
Methods for managing adaptation can be divided into socioeconomic and physiological.
Socio-economic methods include all measures aimed at improving living conditions, nutrition, and creating a safe social environment. This group of activities is extremely important.
Physiological methods of controlling adaptation are aimed at forming nonspecific resistance of the body. These include the organization of a regime (changes of sleep and wakefulness, rest and work), physical training, and hardening.
Physical training. The most effective means of increasing the body's resistance to disease and adverse environmental influences is regular physical exercise. Motor activity affects many vital systems. It extends to the balance of metabolism, activates the autonomic systems: blood circulation, breathing.
Hardening. There are measures aimed at increasing the body’s resistance, united by the concept of “hardening”. A classic example of hardening is constant cold training, water procedures, and outdoor exercise in any weather.
Dosed use of hypoxia, in particular in the form of a person’s training stay at an altitude of about 2-2.5 thousand meters, increases the nonspecific resistance of the body. The hypoxic factor promotes increased oxygen delivery to tissues, high utilization of oxygen in oxidative processes, activation of enzymatic tissue reactions, and economical use of reserves of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The stress reaction from the adaptation link can, under excessively strong environmental influences, be transformed into a pathogenesis link and induce the development of diseases - from ulcerative to severe cardiovascular and immune.
QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL
1. What is adaptation to low temperature?
2. Name the differences in adaptation to the action of cold water.
3. Name the mechanism of adaptation to high temperature.
4. What is the adaptation to high physical activity?
5. What is the adaptation to low physical activity?
6. Is adaptation to weightlessness possible?
7. What is the difference between adaptation to acute hypoxia and adaptation to chronic hypoxia?
8. Why is sensory deprivation dangerous?
9. What are the features of human adaptation?
10. What methods of adaptation management do you know?
I found one article here on the Internet. I’m so interested in passion, but I don’t dare try it on myself yet. I’m posting it for your reference, but if anyone is braver, I’ll be glad to hear your feedback.
I’ll tell you about one of the most incredible, from the point of view of everyday ideas, practices - the practice of free adaptation to the cold.
According to generally accepted beliefs, a person cannot be in the cold without warm clothing. The cold is absolutely destructive, and if by the will of fate you go outside without a jacket, the unfortunate person will face painful freezing and an inevitable bouquet of illnesses upon return.
In other words, generally accepted ideas completely deny a person the ability to adapt to cold. The comfort range is considered to be located exclusively above room temperature.
It seems like you can't argue with that. You can’t spend the whole winter in Russia wearing shorts and a T-shirt...
The fact of the matter is that it is possible!!
No, not by gritting my teeth and growing icicles to set a ridiculous record. And free. Feeling, on average, even more comfortable than those around me. This is real practical experience that shatteringly breaks generally accepted patterns.
It would seem, why own such practices? Yes, everything is very simple. New horizons always make life more interesting. By removing instilled fears, you become freer.
The range of comfort expands enormously. When everyone else is either hot or cold, you feel good everywhere. Phobias disappear completely. Instead of the fear of getting sick by not dressing warmly enough, you gain complete freedom and confidence in your abilities. It's really nice to run in the cold. If you go beyond the limits of your strength, then this does not entail any consequences.
How is this even possible? Everything is very simple. We are much better built than is commonly believed. And we have mechanisms that allow us to be free in the cold.
Firstly, when temperature fluctuates within certain limits, the metabolic rate, properties of the skin, etc. change. To avoid dissipating heat, the outer contour of the body greatly reduces the temperature, while the core temperature remains very stable. (Yes, cold paws are normal!! No matter how much we were told as children, this is not a sign of freezing!)
With even greater cold load, specific thermogenesis mechanisms are activated. We know about contractile thermogenesis, in other words, trembling. The mechanism is essentially an emergency one. Shivering warms you up, but it doesn’t come on because of a good life, but when you’re really cold.
But there is also non-contractile thermogenesis, which produces heat through the direct oxidation of nutrients in the mitochondria directly into heat. Among people who practice cold practices, this mechanism is simply called a “stove.” When the "stove" is turned on, heat is gradually produced in the background in an amount sufficient to long stay in the cold without clothes.
Subjectively, this feels quite unusual. In Russian, the word “cold” refers to two fundamentally different sensations: “it’s cold on the street” and “it’s cold for you.” They can be present independently. You can freeze in a fairly warm room. Or you can feel the burning cold outside on your skin, but not freeze at all and not experience discomfort. Moreover, it's nice.
How can one learn to use these mechanisms? I will say emphatically that I consider “learning by article” risky. The technology needs to be handed over personally.
Non-contractile thermogenesis starts in fairly severe frost. And turning it on is quite inertial. The “stove” starts working no earlier than after a few minutes. Therefore, paradoxically, learning to walk freely in the cold is much easier in severe frost than on a cool autumn day.
As soon as you go out into the cold, you begin to feel the cold. At the same time, an inexperienced person is seized with panic horror. It seems to him that if it’s already cold now, then in ten minutes it will be a full paragraph. Many simply do not wait for the “reactor” to reach operating mode.
When the “stove” does start, it becomes clear that, contrary to expectations, it is quite comfortable to be in the cold. This experience is useful in that it immediately breaks the patterns instilled in childhood about the impossibility of such things, and helps to look differently at reality as a whole.
For the first time, you need to go out into the cold under the guidance of a person who already knows how to do this, or where you can return to the warmth at any time!
And you need to go out completely undressed. Shorts, better even without a T-shirt and nothing else. The body needs to be properly frightened so that it turns on forgotten adaptation systems. If you get scared and put on a sweater, trowel, or something similar, then the heat loss will be sufficient to freeze very much, but the “reactor” will not start!
For the same reason, gradual “hardening” is dangerous. A decrease in air or bath temperature “by one degree every ten days” leads to the fact that sooner or later a moment comes when it is already cold enough to get sick, but not enough to trigger thermogenesis. Truly, such hardening can only be withstood iron men. But almost everyone can go straight out into the cold or dive into an ice hole.
After what has been said, you can already guess that adaptation not to frost, but to low above-zero temperatures is a more difficult task than jogging in the cold, and it requires more highly trained. The “stove” at +10 does not turn on at all, and only non-specific mechanisms work.
It should be remembered that severe discomfort cannot be tolerated. When everything works out correctly, no hypothermia develops. If you start to get very cold, then you need to stop the practice. Periodic going beyond the limits of comfort is inevitable (otherwise you won’t be able to push these limits), but extreme sports should not be allowed to escalate into fuck-up.
Over time, the heating system gets tired of working under load. The limits of endurance are quite far. But they exist. You can walk freely at -10 all day, and at -20 for a couple of hours. But you won’t be able to go skiing in just a T-shirt. (Field conditions are a completely separate issue. In winter, you can’t skimp on the clothes you take with you on a hike! You can put them in a backpack, but you can’t forget them at home. In snowless times, you can risk leaving extra things at home that you take only out of fear of weather. But, with experience)
For greater comfort, it is better to walk in more or less clean air, away from sources of smoke and smog - sensitivity to what we breathe in this state increases significantly. It is clear that the practice is generally incompatible with smoking and booze.
Being in the cold can cause cold euphoria. The feeling is pleasant, but requires extreme self-control to avoid loss of adequacy. This is one of the reasons why it is very undesirable to start practicing without a teacher.
Another important nuance is the long reboot of the heating system after significant loads. Having properly caught the cold, you can feel quite good, but when you enter a warm room, the “stove” turns off, and the body begins to warm up with trembling. If you go out into the cold again, the “stove” will not turn on, and you can freeze very much.
Finally, you need to understand that mastering the practice does not guarantee not to freeze anywhere and never. The condition varies and is influenced by many factors. But the likelihood of getting into trouble from the weather is still reduced. Just as the likelihood of being physically deflated is much lower for an athlete than for a wimp.
Unfortunately, it was not possible to create a complete article. I'm just in general outline outlined this practice (more precisely, a set of practices, because diving into an ice hole, jogging in a T-shirt in the cold and wandering through the forest in the style of Mowgli are different). I'll sum it up with where I started. Owning your own resources allows you to get rid of fears and feel much more comfortable. And this is interesting.
Lecture 38. PHYSIOLOGY OF ADAPTATION(A.A. Gribanov)
The word adaptation comes from the Latin adaptacio - adaptation. The entire life of a person, both healthy and sick, is accompanied by adaptation. Adaptation takes place to the change of day and night, seasons, changes in atmospheric pressure, physical activity, long flights, new conditions when changing place of residence..
In 1975, at a symposium in Moscow, the following formulation was adopted: physiological adaptation is the process of achieving stability in the level of activity of control mechanisms of functional systems, organs and tissues, which ensures the possibility of long-term active functioning of the animal and human body in altered conditions of existence and the ability to reproduce healthy offspring .
The entire sum of various effects on the human and animal body is usually divided into two categories. Extreme factors are incompatible with life, adaptation to them is impossible. In conditions of extreme factors, life is possible only if there are special means of life support. For example, flight into space is possible only in special spacecraft, which maintain the required pressure, temperature, etc. Man cannot adapt to the conditions of space. Sub-extreme factors - life under the influence of these factors is possible due to the restructuring of the physiologically adaptive mechanisms that the body itself has. With excessive strength and duration of action of the stimulus, a subextreme factor can turn into an extreme one.
The process of adaptation at all times of human existence plays a decisive role in the preservation of humanity and the development of civilization. Adaptation to lack of food and water, cold and heat, physical and intellectual stress, social adaptation to each other and, finally, adaptation to hopeless stressful situations, which runs like a red thread through the life of every person.
Exists genotypic adaptation results when, on the basis of heredity, mutations and natural selection, the formation of modern species of animals and plants occurs. Genotypic adaptation has become the basis of evolution because its achievements are fixed genetically and are inherited.
The complex of species-specific hereditary characteristics - the genotype - becomes the point of the next stage of adaptation acquired in the process of individual life. This individual or phenotypic adaptation is formed in the process of interaction of an individual with the environment and is ensured by deep structural changes in the body.
Phenotypic adaptation can be defined as a process that develops during an individual’s life, as a result of which the organism acquires previously absent resistance to a certain environmental factor and thus gains the opportunity to live in conditions previously incompatible with life and solve problems previously insoluble.
At the first meeting with a new environmental factor, the body does not have a ready-made, fully formed mechanism that ensures modern adaptation. There are only genetically determined prerequisites for the formation of such a mechanism. If the factor does not act, the mechanism remains unformed. In other words, the genetic program of an organism does not provide for a pre-formed adaptation, but the possibility of its implementation under the influence of the environment. This ensures the implementation of only those adaptive reactions that are vitally necessary. In accordance with this, the fact that the results of phenotypic adaptation are not inherited should be considered beneficial for the conservation of the species.
In a rapidly changing environment, the next generation of each species risks encountering completely new conditions, which will require not the specialized reactions of ancestors, but the potential, remaining, for the time being, untapped opportunity to adapt to a wide range of factors.
Urgent adaptation The body's immediate response to the action of an external factor is carried out by avoiding the factor (avoidance) or by mobilizing functions that allow it to exist despite the action of the factor.
Long-term adaptation- the gradually developing response of the factor ensures the implementation of reactions that were previously impossible and existence in conditions that were previously incompatible with life.
The development of adaptation occurs through a number of phases.
1.Initial phase adaptation - develops at the very beginning of the action of both physiological and pathogenic factors. First of all, under the influence of any factor, an indicative reflex arises, which is accompanied by inhibition of many types of activities that manifest themselves up to this moment. After inhibition, an excitation reaction is observed. Excitation of the central nervous system is accompanied by increased function of the endocrine system, especially the adrenal medulla. At the same time, the functions of blood circulation, respiration, and catabolic reactions are enhanced. However, all processes occur in this phase uncoordinated, insufficiently synchronized, uneconomical and are characterized by urgent reactions. The stronger the factors acting on the body, the more pronounced this adaptation phase is. Characteristic of the initial phase is the emotional component, and the strength of the emotional component determines the “triggering” of autonomic mechanisms that are ahead of somatic ones.
2.Phase - transition from initial to sustainable adaptation. It is characterized by a decrease in the excitability of the central nervous system, a decrease in the intensity of hormonal changes, and the shutdown of a number of organs and systems initially included in the reaction. During this phase, the body's adaptive mechanisms seem to gradually switch to a deeper, tissue level. This phase and the processes accompanying it are relatively little studied.
3. Sustained adaptation phase. It is actually an adaptation - an adaptation and is characterized by a new level of activity of tissue, membrane, cellular elements, organs and systems of the body, rebuilt under the cover of auxiliary systems. These shifts provide a new level of homeostasis, an adequate organism to other unfavorable factors - the so-called cross-adaptation develops. Switching the body’s reactivity to a new level of functioning is not given to the body “for free”, but occurs with tension in the control and other systems. This tension is usually called the cost of adaptation. Any activity of an adapted organism costs it much more than under normal conditions. For example, physical activity in mountainous conditions requires 25% more energy.
Since the phase of stable adaptation is associated with constant tension of physiological mechanisms, functional reserves in many cases can be depleted, the most depleted link being hormonal mechanisms.
Due to the depletion of physiological reserves and disruption of the interaction of neurohormonal and metabolic mechanisms of adaptation, a condition arises, which is called maladjustment. The disadaptation phase is characterized by the same shifts that are observed in the initial adaptation phase - back to the state increased activity auxiliary systems come in - breathing and blood circulation, energy in the body is wasted uneconomically. Most often, maladaptation occurs in cases where functional activity in new conditions is excessive or the effect of adaptogenic factors increases and their strength approaches extreme ones.
If the factor that caused the adaptation process ceases, the body gradually begins to lose the acquired adaptations. With repeated exposure to a subextreme factor, the body's ability to adapt can be increased and adaptive shifts can be more perfect. Thus, we can say that adaptation mechanisms have the ability to train and therefore the intermittent action of adaptogenic factors is more favorable and determines the most stable adaptation.
The key link in the mechanism of phenotypic adaptation is the relationship between function and genotypic apparatus that exists in cells. Through this relationship, the functional load caused by the action of environmental factors, as well as the direct influence of hormones and mediators, lead to an increase in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins and, as a consequence, to the formation of a structural trace in the systems specifically responsible for the adaptation of the body to this particular environmental factor. In this case, the mass of membrane structures responsible for the cell’s perception of control signals, ion transport, energy supply, i.e., increases to the greatest extent. precisely those structures that imitate the function of the cell as a whole. The resulting system trace is a complex of structural changes that ensure the expansion of the link that imitates the function of cells and thereby increases the physiological power of the dominant functional system responsible for adaptation.
After the cessation of the effect of this environmental factor on the body, the activity of the genetic apparatus in the cells responsible for the adaptation of the system decreases quite sharply and the systemic structural trace disappears.
Stress.
When exposed to extreme or pathological stimuli leading to tension in the adaptation mechanisms, a condition called stress occurs.
The term stress was introduced into medical literature in 1936 by Hans Selye, who defined stress as a state of the body that occurs when any demands are placed on it. Various stimuli give stress their own characteristics due to the emergence of specific reactions to qualitatively different influences.
There are successively developing stages in the development of stress.
1. Reaction of anxiety, mobilization. This is an emergency phase, which is characterized by disruption of homeostasis and increased processes of tissue breakdown (catabolism). This is evidenced by a decrease in total weight, a reduction in fat depots, and a decrease in certain organs and tissues (muscle, thymus, etc.). Such a generalized mobile adaptive reaction is not economical, but only emergency.
The products of tissue breakdown apparently become building materials for the synthesis of new substances necessary for the formation of general nonspecific resistance to a damaging agent.
2.Resistance stage. It is characterized by the restoration and strengthening of anabolic processes aimed at the formation of organic substances. An increase in the level of resistance is observed not only to this irritant, but also to any other. This phenomenon, as already indicated, is called
cross resistance.
3.Exhaustion stage with a sharp increase in tissue breakdown. With excessively strong impacts, the first emergency stage can immediately go into the depletion stage.
Later works by Selye (1979) and his followers established that the mechanism for implementing the stress reaction is triggered in the hypothalamus under the influence of nerve impulses coming from the cerebral cortex, reticular formation, and limbic system. The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex system is activated and the sympathetic nervous system is excited. The greatest role in the implementation of stress is taken by corticoliberin, ACTH, HST, corticosteroids, and adrenaline.
Hormones, as is known, play a leading role in the regulation of enzyme activity. This is important under stress conditions when there is a need to change the quality of an enzyme or increase its quantity, i.e. in adaptive changes in metabolism. It has been established, for example, that corticosteroids can influence all stages of the synthesis and breakdown of enzymes, thereby providing “tuning” of the body’s metabolic processes.
The main direction of action of these hormones is the urgent mobilization of the body’s energy and functional reserves, and there is a directed transfer of the body’s energy and structural reserves to the dominant functional system responsible for adaptation, where a systemic structural trace is formed. At the same time, the stress reaction, on the one hand, potentiates the formation of a new systemic structural trace and the formation of adaptation, and on the other, due to its catabolic effect, it contributes to the “erasure” of old structural traces that have lost their biological significance - therefore, this reaction is a necessary link in the integral mechanism adaptation of the organism in a changing environment (reprograms the adaptive capabilities of the organism to solve new problems).
Biological rhythms.
Fluctuations in the change and intensity of processes and physiological reactions, which are based on changes in the metabolism of biological systems, caused by the influence of external and internal factors. External factors include changes in illumination, temperature, magnetic field, cosmic radiation intensity, seasonal and solar - lunar influences. Internal factors are neuro-humoral processes that occur in a certain, hereditarily fixed rhythm and pace. The frequency of biorhythms ranges from a few seconds to several years.
Biological rhythms caused by internal factors of changes in activity with a period of 20 to 28 hours are called circadian or circadian. If the period of rhythms coincides with the periods of geophysical cycles, and is also close or multiple to them, they are called adaptive or ecological. These include diurnal, tidal, lunar and seasonal rhythms. If the period of the rhythms does not coincide with periodic changes in geophysical factors, they are designated as functional (for example, the rhythm of heart contractions, breathing, cycles of motor activity - walking).
Based on the degree of dependence on external periodic processes, exogenous (acquired) rhythms and endogenous (habitual) rhythms are distinguished.
Exogenous rhythms are caused by changes in environmental factors and can disappear under certain conditions (for example, suspended animation when the external temperature decreases). Acquired rhythms arise in the process individual development type conditioned reflex and persists for a certain time under constant conditions (for example, changes in muscle performance at certain times of the day).
Endogenous rhythms are innate, preserved under constant environmental conditions and are inherited (these include most functional and circadian rhythms).
The human body is characterized by an increase in the daytime and a decrease in the night hours of physiological functions that ensure its physiological activity of heart rate, minute blood volume, blood pressure, body temperature, oxygen consumption, blood sugar, physical and mental performance, etc.
Under the influence of factors that change with daily frequency, external coordination of circadian rhythms occurs. The primary synchronizer in animals and plants is, as a rule, sunlight; in humans it is also social factors.
The dynamics of circadian rhythms in humans are determined not only by innate mechanisms, but also by the daily pattern of activity developed during life. According to most researchers, the regulation of physiological rhythms in higher animals and humans is carried out mainly by the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
Adaptation to long flight conditions
In conditions of long flights and trips when crossing many time zones, the human body is forced to adapt to the new cycle of day and night. The body receives information about the intersection of time zones due to influences also associated with changes in the influence of both the magnetic and electric fields of the Earth.
Disorder in the system of interaction of biorhythms characterizing the course of various physiological processes in the organs and systems of the body is called desynchronosis. With desynchronosis, complaints of poor sleep, decreased appetite, irritability are typical, there is a decrease in performance and a phase mismatch with time sensors of contraction frequency, respiration, blood pressure, body temperature and other functions, the reactivity of the body changes. This condition has a significant adverse effect on the adaptation process.
The leading role in the process of adaptation in the conditions of the formation of new biorhythms is the function of the central nervous system. At the subcellular level in the central nervous system, destruction of mitochondria and other structures is noted.
At the same time, regeneration processes develop in the central nervous system, which ensure restoration of function and structure by 12-15 days after the flight. The restructuring of the central nervous system function when adapting to changes in daily periods is accompanied by a restructuring of the functions of the endocrine glands (pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland). This leads to changes in the dynamics of body temperature, the intensity of metabolism and energy, and the activity of systems, organs and tissues. The dynamics of the restructuring are such that if in the initial stage of adaptation these indicators are reduced during the daytime hours, then upon reaching a stable phase they move in accordance with the rhythm of day and night. In space conditions, habitual biorhythms are also disrupted and new biorhythms are formed. Various functions of the body are rebuilt to a new rhythm at different times: the dynamics of higher cortical functions within 1-2 days, heart rate and body temperature within 5-7 days, mental performance within 3-10 days. The new or partially changed rhythm remains fragile and can be destroyed quite quickly.
Adaptation to low temperature.
The conditions under which the body must adapt to cold may vary. One of the possible options for such conditions is working in cold shops or refrigerators. In this case, the cold acts intermittently. In connection with the accelerated pace of development of the Far North, the issue of adapting the human body to life in northern latitudes, where it is exposed not only to low temperatures, but also to changes in light conditions and radiation levels, is currently becoming relevant.
Cold adaptation is accompanied by major changes in the body. First of all, the cardiovascular system reacts to a decrease in ambient temperature by restructuring its activity: systolic output and heart rate increase. A spasm of peripheral vessels is observed, as a result of which the skin temperature decreases. This leads to a decrease in heat transfer. As adaptation to the cold factor changes in skin blood circulation become less pronounced, therefore, in acclimatized people, the skin temperature is 2-3" higher than in non-acclimatized people. In addition,
they observe a decrease in the temperature analyzer.
Reducing heat transfer during cold exposure is achieved by reducing moisture loss through breathing. Changes in vital capacity and diffusion capacity of the lungs are accompanied by an increase in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood, i.e. an increase in oxygen capacity - everything is mobilized to sufficiently supply the body's tissues with oxygen in conditions of increased metabolic activity.
Since, along with a decrease in heat loss, oxidative metabolism increases - the so-called chemical thermoregulation, in the first days of stay in the North, the basal metabolism increases, according to some authors, by 43% (subsequently, as adaptation is achieved, the basal metabolism decreases almost to normal).
It has been established that cooling causes a tension reaction - stress. The hormones of the pituitary gland (ACTH, TSH) and adrenal glands are primarily involved in its implementation. Catecholamines have a calorigenic effect due to the catabolic effect, glucocorticoids promote the synthesis of oxidative enzymes, thereby increasing heat production. Thyroxine ensures an increase in heat production, and also potentiates the calorigenic effect of norepinephrine and adrenaline, activates the system of mitochondria - the main energy stations of the cell, and uncouples oxidation and phosphorylation.
Stable adaptation is achieved due to the restructuring of RNA metabolism in neurons and neuroglia of the hypothalamic nuclei; lipid metabolism is intensified, which is beneficial for the body to intensify energy processes. People living in the North have increased levels of fatty acids in the blood, and glucose levels are slightly
decreases.
The formation of adaptation in the northern latitudes is often associated with certain symptoms: shortness of breath, fatigue, hypoxic phenomena, etc. These symptoms are a manifestation of the so-called “polar tension syndrome”.
In some people in the North, defense mechanisms and adaptive restructuring of the body can lead to disruption - disadaptation. In this case, a number of pathological symptoms called polar disease appear.
Human adaptation to the conditions of civilization
The factors that cause adaptation are largely common to animals and humans. However, the process of adaptation of animals is, in essence, mainly physiological in nature, while for humans the process of adaptation is closely connected, moreover, with the social aspects of his life and his personality qualities.
A person has at his disposal a variety of protective (protective) means that civilization gives him - clothing, houses with an artificial climate, etc., which free the body from the burden on some adaptive systems. On the other hand, under the influence of protective technical and other measures in the human body, physical inactivity occurs in the activity of various systems and the person loses fitness and trainability. Adaptive mechanisms are detrained and become inactive - as a result, there is a decrease in the body's resistance.
Increasing overload with various types of information, production processes that require increased mental stress, are characteristic of people employed in any sector of the national economy. Factors that cause mental stress come to the fore among the numerous conditions that require adaptation of the human body. Along with factors that require the activation of physiological mechanisms of adaptation, purely social factors operate - relationships in a team, subordinate relationships, etc.
Emotions accompany a person when changing place and living conditions, during physical exertion and overexertion, and, conversely, when forced restriction of movements.
The reaction to emotional stress is nonspecific; it was developed during evolution and at the same time serves as an important link that “launches” the entire neurohumoral system of adaptation mechanisms. Adaptation to the effects of psychogenic factors proceeds differently in individuals with different types of GNI. In extreme types (cholerics and melancholics), such adaptation is often unstable; sooner or later, factors affecting the psyche can lead to a breakdown in the IRR and the development of neuroses.
Adaptation to information deficiency
Partial loss of information, for example, turning off one of the analyzers or artificially depriving a person of one of the types of external information leads to adaptive shifts of the type of compensation. Thus, in the blind, tactile and auditory sensitivity is activated.
Relatively complete isolation of a person from any irritation leads to disruption of sleep patterns, the appearance of visual and auditory hallucinations and other mental disorders that can become irreversible. Adaptation to complete deprivation of information is impossible.
