Grammar is the cement that holds the bricks (the vocabulary) in place.

Ronald Green

The grammar of the English language is very different from the Russian language and therefore causes special difficulties for Russian-speaking students in learning and mastering. How to learn English grammar? Who is better to learn grammar with? Is it possible to learn it yourself? Which textbook is better? – we will answer these and many other questions in today’s article.

To write this article, we interviewed several of our Russian-speaking teachers and native speakers. We hope you find their answers useful.

What's the best way to learn grammar?

Here's what our teachers answered this question:

Faith: First of all, at an average pace, not at a gallop, but also without hanging on one topic for too long. And it’s good when there is a teacher who not only shows “formulas”, but also helps to start thinking using their structures.

Olga England: Theory fits well into practice, so I prefer practical grammar (for example, working with a text in which the rules being studied are found).

Olga Francis: It helps a lot to systematize times in a table where the names of times and their components are indicated. Building some associations is also useful. Adding little pictures to the sign makes remembering times more fun. For example, if it is Present Simple, then you can associate it with rain, symbolizing a boring routine, these are actions that happen constantly, every day (I go to work every day). Present Perfect – the crust of an eaten watermelon, showing the result of the action (My friend has eaten the water-melon). Also, constant translations from Russian into English, when tenses are compared, that is, sentences are trained in similar tenses and those that cause confusion in the head. When you have already mastered all tenses, translating the same sentence in all tenses is very useful. This helps you navigate through them and remember the nuances of using all tenses. In my opinion, it is important to understand the logic of sentence construction, build associative connections, and remember which structure corresponds to which function in speech. For example, we use Subject + will + Verb to express promises, assumptions, concerns, etc. First you need to understand in what situation the structure is used, its meaning, and then its form, its components. And, of course, as many exercises as possible in modern foreign textbooks.

Thea: I strongly believe that each student learns in a specific way that best suits that individual, so this is one of the hardest questions that teachers have to answer. One of the most important steps in your learning journey is to identify which methods work best for you and focus on those areas that do indeed lead to success on a personal level. Some students are able to absorb grammar from texts and listening exercises, while others need to focus on it specifically and devote study time to completing grammar exercises to really understand specific grammar points. By identifying your language learning strengths and weaknesses and discovering the methods which best suit you, you will be able to focus on what works on a very individual level.

Gary Jones: The best way to study grammar is with a teacher. You need someone to tell you when you are speaking correct and to correct your mistakes. It maybe possible to learn the rules for grammar, but to apply them in writing or speach you will need the help of a teacher. They can explain the rules and which ones apply to different situations.

Kate: There are many different approaches to learning English grammar: pay attention, read books, listen to yourself, work meticulously to name a few. Each approach will differ in effectiveness according to the person’s preferred way of learning. With certain grammatical rules and exceptions to the rules it is important to incorporate memorization into any approach used, and also to try learning grammar one rule at a time.

Jamie: The best way to study grammar is with a local teacher. They will be much better at the technical side of the language.

Thus, learn English grammar should :

• at the right pace
• taking into account your learning style (how you remember the material better)
• in context (using real examples from authentic books, immediately applying the learned rule in your written or oral speech, talking about yourself so that there are personal associations)
• systematically
• using tables and visual illustrations
• doing exercises from modern foreign textbooks
• with a teacher
• and try, when speaking English, to monitor the correctness of your speech

Who is better to learn grammar with: a native speaker or a Russian-speaking teacher?

Faith: At the initial stage, “from scratch,” studying with a native speaker, in my opinion, means looking for unnecessary difficulties, and later everything depends on the professionalism of the teacher.

Olga England: I have met many foreigners who teach Russian much more clearly than Russian speakers. I believe that foreigners who have mastered a non-native language can explain grammar better than native speakers.

Jamie: A local teacher learns the rules and can communicate the technical subject well in the students language but even a good local teacher does not ‘hear’ the mistakes as well as a native speaker or really understand the idiosyncrasies or exceptions of the English language. Emmersion is essential to move on to the higher levels but native speakers are not normally as good at grammar as a ‘good’ local teacher. To me, English is an art. To the local teacher it is a technical subject. Very different.

So, it is better to learn grammar with a Russian-speaking teacher, and practice using structures with a native speaker.

Is it possible to learn grammar on your own without a teacher?

Olga Francis: It will be very difficult to learn it yourself; you need to be a person with great willpower, excellent logical thinking and preferably know other languages. In this case, you can compare language structures and teach yourself. Usually language teachers and translators are able to learn the language themselves. However, this is usually ineffective and a person does not have enough time to talk to himself for a long time. Language is needed to communicate with another person, and it should be learned by communicating not only with a book. With a teacher, this process will be faster, more enjoyable and more effective.

Faith: It’s possible, but it’s more difficult, and there’s a greater chance of developing self-doubt and the notorious language barrier

Olga England: Of course you can. I’m learning Spanish this way myself;

Kate: Certainly it is possible to learn grammar without the aid of a teacher, however this involves being very self motivated and disciplined. Many learners of a new language would find it more beneficial to have first hand information from a native speaker who could guide them in their learning process.

Gary Jones: It maybe possible to learn the rules for grammar, but to apply them in writing or speach you will need the help of a teacher. They can explain the rules and which ones apply to different situations.

Conclusion: the answer to this question largely depends on you: perseverance, availability of materials and time. With a professional teacher, the process of mastering grammar will be faster and more productive.

How many exercises do you need to do to master the rule?

Olga England: This depends on the student's ability and/or time available.

Faith: The process of assimilation is individual for all people, but usually 10-20 exercises, and then it is better to weave the practiced structures into speech practice.

Olga Francis: It all depends on the complexity of the rule, the size of the exercise, there is no single recipe, but it’s at least two or three exercises to start with. On average about five. Then, with the emergence of new rules, the previous ones need to be refreshed by doing new exercises.

Gary Jones: Every person is different. this is a very difficult question to answer. It depends on the student of how hard they are going to study and how quickly they will understand the material that is being taught.

Kate: It depends on a person’s memory skills. Do the grammatical rule and practice it as many times as it takes for you to remember it. Using it on a daily basis will help.

How long does it take to learn all English grammar?

Faith: I never set myself such a goal! We don’t even know all the grammar in our native language. But in a year or a year and a half it is quite possible to prepare, for example, for admission to a university.

Olga England: Depends on the student's motivation levels and abilities. English belongs to the simplest language group: you only need six months of intensive lessons to learn to read, write and speak at a decent level. But with Arabic or Chinese everything is much more complicated.

Olga Francis: It all depends on the purpose of studying grammar and how intensively a person studies. With intensive studies (at least 4 astronomical hours a week) – 2 years (when studying not only grammar, of course) This will be enough for more or less free communication and competent use of the language. Mastering grammar for professional purposes will take much longer.

Kate: Again this depends on the person and how much time they dedicate to memorizing and practicing the rules. There is no set time for learning a language- any language – or it’s grammar, it is dependant on your self motivation and how often you get to practice using it. The more you use a language the quicker you will acquire the rules for speaking it when actively studying them.

Grammar alone cannot help you speak a foreign language. However, learning some basic structures can be very helpful.

For example, if you know that the negative form of the past tense is formed using the construction didn't + verb You can make hundreds of useful expressions: she didn't go/she didn't go he doesn't know the difference/he doesn’t know the differences, why didn't you do this/why didn't you do this?

So what can you do to improve your grammar knowledge? There are two ways: firstly, you need to learn how to write sentences correctly; secondly, you must know how to use structures. Here are 8 points that will help you achieve these two goals:

• Formation of basic structures

1. Verb tenses

When it comes to learning grammar, the best thing you can do is focus on learning verb tenses as this will help you communicate in English. First, you must figure out how tenses are formed. To do this, simply grab a grammar reference book, select the section that covers a specific tense, and read it. Then, do some simple exercises online or just in a notebook to practice forming a structure.

2. Verb tables

A good way to learn how tenses are formed is to memorize the verb table. The basic verb table will show you how verbs are conjugated. To make it easier to remember the table of verbs, study it for some time, let it always be before your eyes, and then try to write them yourself, without peeking. Forming a solid idea of ​​the structure of verbs in your mind will make them much easier to reproduce. And you don’t have to think or translate - the structures will be obtained automatically.

3. Grammar sentences

Another good way is to create a list of grammar sentences. For example, if you were focusing on the present simple tense, you could write sentences like Peter lives in Germany/Peter lives in Germany or Karina doesn't like cakes/Karina doesn’t like cakes. Then make an audio recording of these sentences (or ask a native speaker to do it for you). In your free time, you can listen to these sentences and repeat them out loud after the speaker. The idea is to practice until you have them memorized and can say them without thinking.

4. Grammar exercises

You can also use grammar exercises to practice forming negations or questions. You can do them on your own, with a friend, or with . Simply say the sentence in the present definite tense and then form or shape it. For example: He went to the museum/He went to the museum. He didn't go to museums/He didn’t go to museums. Did he go to any museums?/Has he been to any museums? You can use the list of grammar sentences from the previous paragraph.

• Understanding how to use basic structures

Now comes the hard part: learning how to use structures.

5. General presentation.

The first thing you want to do is get a quick overview of how verb tenses are used. For example, most basic grammar textbooks will tell you that nowadays the simple tense is sometimes used to convey opinion: He thinks it's bad/He thinks it's bad. Most verbs have a few basic "rules" for use that you can learn in a matter of minutes.

6. Use in a “living” language

Once you have a basic understanding of tenses, you need to practice using them while speaking or writing. You should also read and listen to a lot of material in English, so you can see words and phrases in context.

7. Common mistakes

While speaking or writing, pay attention to everything you do, or ask a teacher or friend to help you. Then work on eliminating these errors. For example, if you always say * He like it instead of He likes it, try repeating the phrase 10 times during the day until it is firmly remembered.

8. Reading and listening

However, the best way to improve your grammar knowledge is listening. Children learn their native language without learning any grammar - they simply absorb it naturally, being under the constant, often unconscious influence of the language. You can do the same if you read and listen to English enough. In fact, the more you read and listen, the more knowledge of the language you will be able to absorb, and the sooner you will see how easily the language “puts together” (which is what grammar says). So read articles in English, watch, listen to the news, read, watch on YouTube, spend time reading appropriate for your current level, listen to audio files of specialized training courses... the options are endless!

Language is communication, it is not a set of rules. And the ultimate goal of learning a language is not to “improve grammar,” but to be able to communicate effectively. Grammar has its part, but it should not be the main goal of your learning. Of course, it's interesting to learn about adjectives, the use of articles, or the position of adverbs. However, you will learn much more through reading, listening, writing and!

1. Top tip: practice, preferably daily. Practice your acquired knowledge to the maximum in classes with an English teacher, and then independently translate texts from Russian into English, do exercises from the textbook and Internet resources, try to use various grammatical structures more often in spoken language. Bring the skill of using them to automaticity.
2. Don't limit yourself to examples from one textbook. It is not enough to practice grammar solely using the exercises from the textbook you are studying with. Come up with your own examples of using articles, tenses, active and passive voices, and also take online tests on different sites. Many different tests can be found on the websites and.
3. Use good up-to-date grammar books, such as Essential Grammar in Use or GrammarWay. You can work with them either independently or with a teacher. The textbooks contain clear tables explaining this or that rule, as well as exercises that will help improve grammatical skills and bring the use of constructions to automaticity. With the help of such tutorials you will understand how easy it is to learn English grammar. To choose the most suitable manual, read the features of each of them in the article “”
4. It is not necessary to memorize the rules in the form in which they are presented in the textbook, the main thing is understand and remember the correct usage one design or another.
5. It doesn't matter whether you learn English with a personal teacher, in courses or on your own, take time to educate yourself. That is, in addition to lessons, study the language daily for at least 30 minutes, this will allow you to quickly and easily master English in general and grammar in particular.
6. Read books aloud in English. It is best to choose special textbooks for English learners, where at the end of the text there is a list of words to study and questions to understand the meaning of the text. By answering them, you will consolidate the information you have read in your memory and expand your vocabulary with well-constructed phrases. Reading English texts is a good way to see the practical use of English grammar in real life.
7. Do you want to know how to learn English grammar with a native speaker for free? It's possible. Only the training will be specific: we advise you take writing lessons from famous authors. This is easy to do: take a book in English and start rewriting it. The lesson is quite monotonous, but you can not only see grammatical structures, but also use them in practice in writing. What is written with a pen not only cannot be cut down with an ax, but is also well remembered. By the way, this is why we recommend doing grammar exercises not only in the form of online tests, but also copying them into your notebook, this is how mechanical memory comes into play.
8. Auditory and visual memory are your main assistants in learning. Listening to an English song or watching a video in English? Pay attention to how native speakers use grammatical structures. Write down some phrases with articles and prepositions, and re-read them periodically. Gradually, the correct use of this or that construction will be stored in your memory.
9. A wonderful site offers you wonderful videos, which help you understand grammar. The undoubted advantage of the resource is the easy presentation of the material and explanations from native speakers.
10. Try it use a dictionary. It's notable for giving examples of word usage, but you can use it in other ways. For example, you are learning Present Continuous tense: enter “I am writing” into the program window (you can use any other frequently used verb). The program will immediately give you several hundred examples containing these words. So you will see in what context, with what adverbs, and in what cases the Present Continuous tense is most often used.
11. A large number of applications have been created for mobile devices that will help you easily learn English grammar. Use them so that not a single free minute is wasted. For example, the Android program is a good way to practice grammar and test your knowledge without requiring Internet access. And you will find even more useful free applications in the article “”.
12. We advise you to subscribe to groups for English language learners on social networks, including our communities: and. Your news feed will be replenished not only with photographs of fluffy cats and funny jokes, but also with useful information - a variety of tables explaining English grammar in an easy way.
13. Our teachers have written more than 180 articles on grammar for the engblog.ru blog. We have divided all the topics into lessons by level, creating a lesson that will undoubtedly be an excellent help for language learners.
14. Can learn grammar in poetry, rhyming wording is easy to remember. Try to learn, it's not only easy, but also fun! Once you learn irregular verbs, you will be able to use English tenses fluently.
15. Do you have common grammatical errors? Read a life hack article that will help you understand them and get rid of them forever: "". And also use the tips presented in the article by our teacher “”.
16. There is an opinion that modern residents of America mainly use the three tenses of the Simple group, simplifying life for themselves and those around them. Therefore, some students do not consider it necessary to study and use other tenses. This is the wrong approach to learning English. Foreigners will understand what you are talking about, but you will agree that, despite recent changes in the rules of the Russian language, it is much more pleasant to hear “one coffee” than “one coffee.” A competent person is respected in any country.
17. Get rid of psychological pressures: some people are so afraid of mistakes that they try to make do with simple sentences, avoid using different tenses, etc. This is a fundamentally wrong approach: only by practicing your knowledge in the process of communicating with a teacher or native speaker can you understand what you have learned well, and what needs to be worked on. Boldly throw yourself into the breach and learn English via Skype at our school. Competent teachers will help you learn to use even the most complex grammatical structures without thinking.

English grammar cannot be called simple by any stretch of the imagination - rules, exceptions, exceptions to exceptions... It’s clear why many people consider the English language difficult! Grammar is fundamentally a complex structure, and before you can speak or write English, you need to understand how words are combined, how they form new forms, and so on. However, if you study hard and carefully, you can even master English grammar!

Steps

Part 1

Learn parts of speech. Every word in the English language refers to one or another part of speech that determines not what What means a word, otherwise How it is used.

Study in more detail the rules governing the use of a particular part of speech. If you want to know English really well, then you should know these rules better than your own name. Remember the following in particular:

• Nouns can be: singular or plural; proper names or common nouns; collective; countable or non-countable; abstract or concrete; verbal.
• Pronouns can be: personal, possessive, reflexive, intensive, reciprocal, indefinite, demonstrative, interrogative or relative.
• Adjectives can be used either by themselves or in comparative and superlative forms.
• Adverbs are either relative or frequency.
• Conjunctions are either connective or correlative.
• Verbs can be: action verbs and linking verbs; main or auxiliary.
• The articles "a" and "an" are indefinite, the article "the" is definite.

1. Recording numbers. Single-digit numbers (from 0 to 9) should be written in words, two-digit numbers (10 and beyond) - as numbers.

   • When writing numbers in a sentence, uniformity must be maintained; mixing types of writing is unacceptable.
     • Correct: I bought 14 apples but my sister only bought 2 apples.
     • Incorrect: I bought 14 apples but my sister only bought two apples.
   • Never start a sentence with a number written in numerals.
   • Simple fractions are written in words separated by a hyphen. Example: one-half
   • Mixed fractions can be written in numbers. Example: 5 1/2
   • Decimal fractions are written in numbers. Example: 0.92
   • When writing numbers consisting of 4 or more digits, commas are used. Example: 1,234,567
   • When indicating the days of the month, a digital recording form is used. Example: June 1

Part 2

1. Match subjects with predicates properly. Both the subject and the predicate, belonging to the same grammatical core, must have the same category of number. You cannot use singular verbs with plural subjects and vice versa. The plural of the subject is the plural form of the predicate.

   • Right: They are at school.
   • Wrong: They is at school.
   • When two singular subjects are joined by the conjunction "and" ( he and his brother), then the subject takes the plural form. When the connection occurs through the conjunctions "or" or "nor" ( he or his brother), then the subject remains singular.
   • Collective nouns, such as "family" or "team," are used as singular subjects in a sentence and therefore require a singular verb.

2. Learn to form complex sentences. Compound sentences are the simplest after simple sentences. To form such a sentence, you need to combine two simple sentences on the same topic using a conjunction.

   • Not very good: The dog ran. He was fast.
     • Much better: The dog ran and he was fast.
   • Not very good: We looked for the missing book. We couldn't find it.
     • Much better: We looked for the missing book but could not find it.

3. Learn to use conditionals. A conditional construction means that part of a statement will be true only if the other part of the statement is also true. Classic conditional constructions include “if, then” statements, although the word “then” is not always used in the finished sentence.

   • Example: If you ask your mother, then she will take you to the store.
     • However, the following form will also be considered correct: If you ask your mother, she will take you to the store.
     • Both forms are conditional.

4. Learn to work with parts of a complex sentence. These parts are simple sentences from which a complex sentence is made; these parts themselves are dependent or main

   • The main sentence has its own grammatical core (subject and predicate), which is why it is the main thing. By the way, complex sentences consist of main clauses.
     • Example: She felt sad but her friends cheered her up.
     • Both "she felt sad" and "her friends cheered her up" can be separate sentences.
   • Dependent clauses cannot be separated into separate clauses.
     • Example: While he agreed with his brother, the boy would not admit to it.
     • The part “While he agreed with his brother” cannot become an independent sentence, because it acts as a dependent sentence.

5. Learn the peculiarities of punctuation. Punctuation of the English language is a separate headache for everyone who studies it. You, of course, will also have to learn all the rules governing punctuation, but to get started you can use the following basic principles:

   • Dot(.) is placed at the end of a sentence.
   • Ellipsis(...) is placed when part of the text is removed from a paragraph.
   • Commas(,) separate words where a pause is needed, but not as long as a pause from a period.
   • Semicolon(;) is used in complex sentences that do not have a conjunction.
   • Colon(:) is used to insert into a list clause.
   • Question mark(?) is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence.
   • Exclamation mark(!) is placed at the end of an exclamatory sentence.
   • Quotes(") separate words spoken by another person from the rest of the text.
   • Round brackets() are used to provide information that clarifies the previous statement.
   • Apostrophe(") is used in contractions and to indicate possessiveness.

Part 3

1. Learn paragraph structure. A simple paragraph has from three to seven sentences. Each paragraph should have a topic, supporting sentences and a conclusion sentence.

   • Typically, the topic is the first sentence of a paragraph, which introduces the idea that the author will discuss in the rest of the paragraph.
     • Example: English grammar is a complex topic that covers a range of information.
   • Argument sentences explain the idea presented in the first sentence with additional information.
     • Example: English grammar is a complex topic that covers a range of information. At the "word" level, one must learn about parts of speech. At the "sentence" level, topics like sentence structure, subject/verb agreement, and clauses must be explored. The rules governing punctuation use are also a part of "sentence" level grammar. Once a person starts writing a larger piece, he or she must also learn about paragraph structure and organization.
   • The conclusion sentence summarizes the information presented in the paragraph. This sentence is not always required, but it is still important for you to know how to write it.
     • Example: English grammar is a complex topic that covers a range of information. At the "word" level, one must learn about parts of speech. At the "sentence" level, topics like sentence structure, subject/verb agreement, and clauses must be explored. The rules governing punctuation use are also a part of "sentence" level grammar. Once a person starts writing a larger piece, he or she must also learn about paragraph structure and organization. All of these rules define and describe how to write English correctly.
   • Please note that the first sentence of a paragraph should be indented from the left margin.

2. Use different sentences in your paragraph. Technically speaking, you can easily write a paragraph using just simple sentences. However, it would be much better and more correct to combine different types of sentences in the text.

   • Good: I love my cat. He has soft, orange fur. On cold days, he likes to cuddle next to me for warmth. I think that my cat is the greatest cat ever, and I am really happy to have him.
   • Bad: I love my cat. He is orange. His fur is soft. He cuddles next to me on cold days. My cat is the greatest cat. I am really happy to have him.

3. Learn to write larger chunks of coherent text. Having learned to write paragraphs, it’s time to take on more serious formats for organizing text. For example, start writing an essay. Of course, writing an essay is a separate issue that should be worked out separately. However, here is what we would like to point out separately:

   • An essay should have an introductory paragraph, three or more paragraphs of argument, and a concluding paragraph with conclusions.
   • The introductory paragraph serves to introduce the topic of the essay. The following paragraphs should develop the topic, with each argument paragraph highlighting a different aspect of the topic. In the final paragraph, you should restate the findings and not introduce new information.

Part 4

1. Understand that you are at the beginning of a very long and long journey. This article will not make you a master of English grammar, it will only outline what awaits you. Studying English grammar is a much more complex, detailed question that requires considerable effort and time.

2. Compare grammar rules with each other. If you're learning English as a second language, it can be helpful to compare the rules of English with the grammar rules of your native language. Some aspects will certainly be noticeably different.

   • If the rules are the same, then use your knowledge of your native language to better understand the peculiarities of English grammar.
   • If the rules are different, then take special care in studying such rules.

Imagine that you need to start something completely new to you right now. For example, driving a car, baking pies for the first time, giving a newborn a bath. Where do you start? Options:

1. I’ll take it and do it, what’s the problem.
2. First, I’ll read on the Internet or in books how to do it.
3. Call a friend who is experienced in this matter.
4. Help from the audience (I’ll ask someone else).
5. Learn from a professional.
6. I won't do it.

The option you choose characterizes you very clearly. When it comes to English grammar, depending on which method you chose above, the following is expected:

1. Bugaga (the teachers and English people who heard you speak in English are laughing).
2. Adding patience and time to this, you will learn all the rules on your own.
3. Add to this the patience of a friend and his time, under his guidance you will learn all the rules.
4. You won't learn anything, but you will listen to how others do it.
5. Add money to this and you will learn all the rules.
6. You will be able to ski, meet friends in a cafe, sleep, eat - in general, life is good.

As you can see, to understand English grammar, you need, in theory, only three things: a source of rules, time and patience. The first is offered to you in these articles, but you will have to deal with the other two components on your own.

Thus, we give you a fishing rod, and you will catch the fish yourself. What is the beauty of our fishing rod? The fact is that it is light, convenient and easy to use. We will not load you with scary grammar terms, torment you with long lists, flickering arrows, A4 diagrams and other tricks that scare some English teachers.

There is nothing particularly complex about English grammar, unlike many other European languages ​​(not to mention Eastern and African). You can simply read these articles like a fiction book. Even if you master the minimum, at the finish line you will find that you master most of the rules that previously seemed overwhelming.

As an example, let's do something already in the introductory part. What does speech consist of? From phrases. What does the phrase consist of? From the proposals. What does the proposal consist of? Stop! Let's clarify: what does an ENGLISH sentence consist of? Subject and predicate. Usually this is a noun and a verb (just don’t say that you don’t remember these words): the dog is running, the passer-by is screaming, the dog is barking, the owner is yelling. True, a noun can be successfully replaced by a pronoun: she runs, you scream, she barks, I yell.

You have just listened to a news briefing lecture on parts of speech. What do you remember? At a minimum, the words “noun” and “verb” for you are already associated with grammar, and not with cooking or construction work. And for now we don’t need more. Are you ready to continue at the same pace?

Follow me (follow me).

Parts of speech:

1. Numerals(The Numeral)
1.1 Cardinal and ordinal numbers
2. Pronouns(The Pronoun)
2.1 Personal and possessive pronouns
2.2 Demonstrative and negative pronouns
2.3 Indefinite and reflexive pronouns

5. Adjective(The Adjective)
5.1 Degrees of comparison of adjectives

7. Noun(The Noun)
7.1 Noun in English. Classification of nouns

8. Verb(The Verb)
8.1 Verbs in English. General information about verbs
8.2 Regular and irregular English verbs
8.3 Semantic and auxiliary verbs
8.4 Modal and linking verbs