Imperial Guard (Star Wars). Star Wars: Crimson Empire - How many people are in your association

Chapter 1
Horde

1.1. Who are the Mongols and Tatars?

L. Gumilev writes: “According to the testimony of contemporaries, the Mongols were a tall, bearded, fair-haired and blue-eyed people.” The Steel Emperor himself (“Genghis Khan”) “...was distinguished by his very tall stature, large forehead and long beard.”

The “Church Historical Dictionary”, published at the end of the 19th century under the editorship of Archpriest L. Petrov, says: “The Mongols are the same as the Tatars - the Ugric tribe, inhabitants of Siberia, the ancestors of the Hungarians, the founders of Ugric or Hungarian Rus', inhabited by Rusyns.” For a long time, historians simply ignored this information because they could not understand it. From the point of view of the doctrine of Eurocentrism that was dominant in the past, this information looks absurd. However, if you get rid of false political attitudes and accept that the names “Mongols”, “Tatars”, “Ugrians” (“Huns”) belong to the Cossacks (Scythians) - the ancestors of the modern Russian people - everything falls into place.

The said dictionary, the reliability and authority of which has never been disputed by anyone, also contains other information that is most important for us: “The Rosses, the Varangian tribe, lived in southern Russia; They either carried on trade with Byzantium or fought. From them, they say, St. Cyril borrowed the letters.” Thus, having summarized all the above data into one whole, we come to the conclusion that it was the Scythian Cossacks - the direct ancestors of the modern Russian people, nicknamed “Varangians”, who inhabited the territory of modern Russia, including southern Russia, from ancient times - are the primary source of modern Russian language and alphabet!

The history of the Russian people has not been interrupted since the prehistoric era and goes back many thousands of years. And all this time, the Russian people lived on their ancestral lands - on the territory of modern Russia, which until the 17th century was called “Scythia” or “Great Tartary” on Western European maps and in scientific encyclopedias.

As follows from the Encyclopedia Britannica of 1771, on the site of present-day Russia there was a huge country, the provinces of which were of different sizes. The largest region of this empire was called “Great Tartaria” and covered the lands of Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. In the southeast it was adjacent to the “Chinese Tartary”. To the south of the “Great Tartary” there was the so-called “Independent Tartary” in Central Asia. "Tibetan Tartary" (Tibet) was located southwest of "Chinese Tartary". In the north of modern India was the “Mongol Tartary” (Mogul Empire). "Uzbek Tartary" (Bukaria) was sandwiched between "Independent Tartary" in the north, "Chinese Tartary" in the northeast, "Tibetan Tartary" in the southeast, "Mongolian Tartary" in the south and Persia in the southwest . In Europe there were also several Tartaries: “Muscovy”, or “Moscow Tartary” (Muscovite Tartary), “Kuban Tartars” (Kuban Tartars) and “Little Tartary” on the site of the future Little Russia. As we see, all these were regions of a single country, which had a thousand-year tradition and in the 20th century was almost completely restored within its historical borders under a new name - the USSR.

1.2. Mono-ethnic composition of the Golden Horde troops

We have sufficient data on the ethnic composition of the Golden Horde armed forces during the period of the XIV-XVI centuries.

The monoethnic composition of the horde army under the Grand Duke Uz (from his name came the Russian surnames Uzov, Uzin, Uzkov, etc.), who ruled in 1313–1341, can be characterized in the words of el-Omari: “The Sultan of the Golden Horde Uz bek has a army Circassians, Russians and Yas. These are residents of well-maintained, crowded cities and forested, fertile mountains. Their sown grain grows, livestock is raised, and fruits are harvested.”

According to Sheref-ad-Din Yezidi, the Horde army under Tokhtamysh in 1388 looked like this: “A fairly large army was gathered from Russians, Circassians, Bulgars, Kipchaks, Alans, Crimea with Kafa and Azak, and Bashkirds.”

Here is a complete list of these supposed “tribes and peoples” from which mobilization into the army-horde took place:

1) Russians,

2) Alans (Aces, Yases),

3) eastern Cumans (called “Kipchaks” by Rashid ad-din and Yezidi),

4) Hungarian-Magyars,

5) Bulgars (future Kazan Tatars),

6) Circassians,

7) population of Crimea,

8) Bashkirds,

It should be noted that all of the above authors adhered to a single position, classifying the Russians, Yas-Alans, Cumans-Kipchaks, Hungarians-Huns, Bulgars, Circassians as one large Scythian people with a common cultural tradition. The identification of these groups occurs only on territorial or religious grounds. Thus, the messages are primarily about the geography of settlement of this united people and their religion, and not about different ethnic groups or tribes. The Scythian Cossacks in these sources are listed according to their place of origin, residence and beliefs at that point in time, as they were drafted into the ranks of the armed forces of the horde. M. Mekhovsky writes about the Circassians: “Further to the south there are still some remnants of the Circassians (Circassorum). This is a very wild and warlike people, Russian by origin and language.” Armenian sources also report that the army of the horde consisted of Russians, Cumans (Cumans) and Cherkasy (Cossacks). And all of them, according to the authors, were Scythians.

For Western European authors, the Russian people have always remained “Tartars” - Scythians. However, among Eastern researchers we do not find the term “Tartar” - instead, the same people are often called “Rus”. Western Europeans always attached a purely negative meaning to the name tartar and made this name itself synonymous with the word “hell”: “So that the joy of mortals would not be eternal, so that they would not remain for a long time in worldly joy without groaning, in that year people were cursed by Satan, namely countless hordes of tartars , suddenly appeared from his area, surrounded by mountains, breaking through the solidity of motionless stones, emerging like demons freed from Tartarus (which is why they are called tartars, as if “[coming from] Tartarus”).”

It is not surprising that, following European authors, the Russian Eurocentric historical tradition itself began to use the name “Tartar” in a purely negative context, leaving this common noun only for those descendants of the Cossacks who did not accept the Christian faith. At the instigation of European researchers of the 18th century, the opinion was initially established that there is one human race on earth - white (“yellow” and “black”, according to the ideas of these “great scientists”, were not full-fledged races), which in turn is divided into “pure - beautiful - creative", which originated in Western Europe, and "unclean - destructive", formed on the territory of modern Russia through mixing with Asians. This misanthropic doctrine has passed into the “history of Russia,” which, unfortunately, is still studied in our schools. Since then, mythical hordes of Asian Mongoloids have been jumping through the pages of textbooks, in illustrated fairy tales, feature and animated films, and in artists’ paintings, always of a terrifying appearance - ugly, evil, incomprehensible and undeveloped, destroying everything in their path. And according to this tradition, they are opposed by the civilized inhabitants of Western Europe, in particular, by the Slavic tribes, who were allegedly enslaved for three hundred years by this “evil spirit.” In the first, still Miller, edition of the “History of Russia”, the main positive “heroes” were the Germans (since they were the ones who wrote the history of the state), who came to the lands of the Slavs, on the territory of modern Ukraine and Belarus (Kievan Rus), and, having trained the local supposedly wild tribes of civilization gave them their own name “Rus”. The question immediately arises: why has our language since then not been German or Swedish? In the 19th century, when the inconsistency of this theory became obvious, additional historical accumulations appeared: they say, the Norman Varangians may have come from Scandinavia, but these seem to be not exactly Germans. The Slavophiles went even further and came up with the idea that the “civilizers” were their own peoples - certain “Baltic Slavs”. But in general, the main idea remained unchanged: Russians are a purely European people, who descended from Slavic tribes that originated somewhere in central Europe, and have nothing to do with the terrible Scythians. This ridiculous attempt by any means to hide their true history in Europe itself always caused a smile, since they never doubted who the Russians were and where they came from. And just as “our” modern racists from history come up with images of half-devils, half-savages, for some reason always with Asian facial features, from the time of the mythical “Tatar-Mongol yoke,” this is exactly how, distortedly, Western Europeans imagine modern Russians.

1.3. The myth of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”

Perhaps the authors of multi-volume historical works of the past devoted to the resettlement of the Cossacks of the Central Horde (under the code name “Kalmyks”) were honestly mistaken when they described them as a small Mongoloid ethnic group of peaceful nomadic shepherds. This could be caused by the lack of historical knowledge accumulated by that time, and therefore the proposed hypotheses did not correlate with the real scale of the events that took place. But we should not forget that these authors were influenced by ideas about such a fantastic “historical monster” as the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” “Kalmyks” and “Mongols” are different historical names of the same ethnic group, and they called themselves Cossacks or Aryans (distorted versions of “Oirats”, “Arats”, “Aryans” have survived to this day). Cossacks are the only correct name for this people. This people has always been Caucasian and remains so to this day, now called the “Russian people”. Until the second half of the 18th century, Caucasian Cossacks inhabited vast expanses of the Eurasian continent from the Black Sea to the Yellow River. The population of the Mongoloid racial type appeared en masse in modern Mongolia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan only after the occupation of these ancestral lands of the Caucasian Cossacks by the troops of Qing China and the movement of a multi-million population from China to these territories. The history of the Cossacks, who settled Russia in the 17th century and founded the Volga (Kalmyk) army in the south of Russia, is inextricably linked with the history of the Mongols of the 13th century and the founding of the world empire of the Steel Emperor from the “Blue-Eyed” (“Borjigids”) clan. This circumstance is the key to understanding the events of the 17th century and the history of Russia and the Russian people as a whole.

The myth of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke” is rooted in the theories of such European scientists as S. Morton, J. Nott, J. Gliddon, who, despite their undeniable scientific achievements, unfortunately, were subject to racism in its most extreme and disgusting manifestations. The creators of “Russian history” were also under pressure from their strongest scientific authority: G. F. Miller, G. Z. Bayer, A. L. Shletser and other “scientific Germans”. They were specially invited to the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to write a new history with generous funding and on the political order of the ruling German dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp - the House of Romanov. A private fantasy, called the “Tatar-Mongol yoke”, within the framework of the broader doctrine of Eurocentrism, is based on the presence of two opposing principles: the European (beautiful, creative) force of peace and goodness and the hostile Asian (ugly and destructive) force of death and darkness . For the role of the latter, a race called the “Mongol-Tatars” was chosen, which allegedly captured vast spaces of Russia, rushing from the unknown depths of Asia, establishing a yoke and throwing the enslaved peoples back centuries in their development. These mythical “Tatar-Mongols” were attributed with all sorts of vices, bloodthirstiness and a pathological desire to destroy everything around them, as opposed to the noble mission of the Europeans - to create wealth and enlighten the rest of the world.

The “ugly appearance” of these mythical “Asians” was described in the same way. Somewhat later, the real type of the modern Mongoloid race, which at that time was called “yellow,” was adjusted to their image. The catchphrase “scratch any Russian - you will find a Tatar”, said by one of the European scientists - researchers of Russia, is well known. It was understood that inside any Russian, who only looks like a European, hides a “Tartar from Tartarus-Hell” - a destructive, ugly force of chaos opposing the European creative principle. Joseph Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882), in his work On the Inequality of Races (1853), tried to explain the superiority of white Europeans over all other peoples by biological and genetic “predestination.” He also said that only a certain circle of people of the superior race are its true representatives. These ideas received the support of world-famous scientists E. Haeckel and F. Galton, who tried to provide a scientific basis for them. Under the dictates of the same utopian ideology of Eurocentrism, another postulate was formulated: the homeland of the “white” race is Europe. And Asia and, in particular, Russia (Asia in the ideas of European scientists began from the borders of modern Ukraine) was proclaimed the source of everything destructive and terrible.

Although racial theories in their extreme forms are a thing of the past, their basis, including the attitude towards Russia, remains the same. Perhaps in the 21st century the time has finally come to get rid of the theories of opposition that literally permeate scientific European thought of the past and present. Throughout the history of mankind, the race now called “Mongoloid” has never opposed the Caucasian race militarily, politically or otherwise, nor has it seized any lands by force. Outside their original habitat, in particular beyond the borders of China, they were forced to move exclusively as labor migrants. Perhaps there are no more peaceful, hardworking and law-abiding people on earth than representatives of the Mongoloid race.

The world power of the Steel Emperor was created by the Caucasian Cossacks, who originated on the territory of modern Russia and to this day still live on their own land. The entire history of civil and religious conflicts and the self-destruction of this great empire is the result of internal contradictions among the Cossacks themselves and military clashes between their horde armies. Attempts to find the culprits in the mythical “Asian hordes of the Tatar-Mongols” and shift responsibility to some “Mongoloid” conquerors are immoral, unhistorical and have inherently false racial motives.

While a large-scale internecine conflict flared up among the Cossacks, which ultimately led to the isolation of many regions and the formation of new small nations of Russia, the inhabitants of Western Europe remained on the sidelines. All those who wanted peace and tried to stay away from the destructive fire of civil war rushed to the relatively calm region (in relation to the rest of the Eurasian continent). First of all, these were merchants and entrepreneurs, bearers of a special worldview, which we now know as the liberal ideology of capitalism. In conditions of decentralization and the war of all against all, these European businessmen were left to their own devices. Having created fairly effective self-governing city-states, and later the first capitalist republic - the Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands - they gradually changed the political landscape of Europe.

What does the short history of “Muscovy,” invented by the Romanov writer Miller, have to do with the true chronicle of the existence of our state?

The history of Russia is the history of the emergence and development of the Russian people, called Scythians in antiquity and divided according to religious principles in the 16th–17th centuries into Muslims, Orthodox Christians and Buddhists. Then, from the remaining part of the surviving Cossacks - the ancestors of the Russian people - various small ethnic groups separated and gradually took shape.

Russian culture and the tradition of military communist democracy reached the beginning of the 20th century in the form of free Cossack troops, and then took shape into the state - the USSR. It was a barracks country with a warrior people. Tsars - military leaders and atamans - were always only elected, although the electoral procedure was sometimes observed only formally. The most important issues were resolved by a collegial governing body - the Cossack Circle. Therefore, the slogan of the early 20th century “All power to the Soviets!” was not empty at all - this is the formula of historical culture and tradition that existed in Russia-Scythia for thousands of years. The Cossack Circle is a council at which the assembled Cossacks approved or disapproved of the political line pursued by the central government or the ataman (leadership). This pattern of power is fundamentally different from the Western European model. This is a different democracy – communist, military type. From the point of view of a Western European, this is not democracy at all, but totalitarianism with formal signs of approval by the people, but without a real opportunity to choose. However, for us, too, the political regime in Western European countries is nothing more than a set of tricks and electoral tricks, riddled with deception and backroom deals. This mutual rejection reveals the difference in our mentalities, rooted in the depths of our genotype. The ideal models of social order in the ideas of a warrior and a merchant cannot, in principle, coincide, and attempts to impose their models of democracy on each other and force them to live by their own rules will not end well. It is for this reason that the international policy of the USSR was doomed to failure, and the modern foreign policy of the United States also seems hopeless.

1.4. Turks

“Turks” is a term synonymous with the word “Cossacks,” which translated means “warriors.” The Scythians began to be called Turks even before the adoption of Islam. Immediately after the Scythian-Hunnic empire of Attila, the time of “Eternal El” begins, that is, the era of the same Scythian power, but under the rule of another noble Cossack family - the Yasinovs (in the Chinese reading “Yaashina” or “Ashina”), who called themselves and their subjects as “Turks”, that is, “victorious warriors”. In the Turkic Empire, all religions were equal, but by the 9th century, a third of the noble Cossack families had already become Muslims. In the XIII-XIV centuries, during the era of the Empire of the Steel Emperor, when the Yasin dynasty - the “Clear” (“Shining”) - was replaced by the “Blue-Eyed” (“Borji Guides”) dynasty, the Turks, called by many authors “Tartars” or “ Polovtsy,” still retained their Aryan genotype.

Modern descendants of the Cossacks, called “Turkic peoples,” are characterized by Mongoloid and Negroid genetic characteristics. These racial differences are explained by the fact that after the religious split of the 16th–17th centuries, the Cossacks, who retained their early medieval name “Turks,” remained in the southern, richer part of the world power of the Steel Emperor and very quickly assimilated with the predominant local, non-Cossack population. This was facilitated by Islam, which proclaimed everyone equal and did not allow caste barriers or the preservation of “purity of blood.” This is precisely how the “memory” of all modern Turkic peoples is explained that they were once white Aryans, although outwardly and in terms of genotype this is no longer the case. Nobody wrote the history of the conquered peoples - the victorious Cossacks created only their own. Ironically, this written history of the Cossacks was inherited by the conquered peoples, in whom the genes of the Cossacks disappeared almost completely.

1.5. Mission and ideology of the Horde

If you believe the codes of Yasa (translated as “law” or “code”), the surviving evidence of the “Blue-Eyed” (“Genghisids”) themselves and research data, the goal of the Horde was extremely noble: establishing order, establishing inter-religious peace and justice in everything world.

G. Vernadsky in the book “Mongols and Rus'” noted: “The Mongol Emperors waged their wars with the obvious goal of achieving universal peace and international stability. If this goal is achieved, the price of the security of humanity would be the constant service of each and everyone to the state; this was to establish order of life and social equality. The rich will serve the state as well as the poor; and the poor must be protected from injustice and exploitation by the rich."

Armenian historian Gregory Akantsu argues that the basis of the Yasa law was “respect for the old and the poor.” Ibn al-Athir says that the Mongols were only cruel to the rich. The basis for understanding the nature of imperial power was clearly expressed in the letters of the first great rulers of the world state of the Steel Emperor to the leaders of the Western powers.

As an example, we can cite Guyuk's letter to the Pope (1246), brought to Europe by the monk John of Plano Carpini, and Munke's letter to Louis the Saint (1254), delivered by the monk Williams from Rubruk, as well as the edict of Munke, supplementing his message .

Mongke's letter to King Louis IX is known only in its Latin version. The edict that accompanied it set the general legal formula on which the international documents of the heirs of the Steel Emperor were to be based. As Eric Voegelin points out, this formula comes from Yasa.

Letter: Per virtutem eterni Dei, per magnum mundum Moallorum, preceptum Mangu chan.

In the English translation by W. W. Rockhill, the documents read as follows.

Edict: “[This is] the command of the Eternal God. There is only one eternal God in Heaven, and on Earth there is only one ruler, Genghis Khan, the Son of God. This is what I told you."

Letter: “Through the virtue of the eternal God, through the great peace of the Mongols. This is the word of Mongke Khan.”

Based on these documents and other letters of the Mongol monarchs of this period, it is possible to establish a hierarchy of three main elements of the concept of power: God - the Eternal Sky, the Steel Emperor given to people (the founder of the world empire) and the current ruling ruler - the heir of the Steel Emperor.

The Mongol Empire, as understood by its rulers, was God's instrument to establish order on earth. As Eric Voegelin says: “The Khan bases his claim to rule the world on the Divine Order to which he himself is subject. He has only a right derived from the Divine Order, but he acts in accordance with duty.”

Feeling himself to be an instrument of God, the Mongol emperor, when addressing his enemies, does not boast of the strength of the army, but simply refers to the will of the Almighty. The Great Yasa of the Steel Emperor recommended the following formula: “If you resist, what can we know from our side? The Eternal God knows what will happen to you.” It was this form that was used by Khan Guyuk in his letter to the pope. Even if in fact some nations did not recognize the power of the Mongols, then legally, from the point of view of the heirs of the Steel Emperor, all states on planet Earth were still their subjects. In accordance with this principle, in their letters to the pontiff and kings, the supreme leaders of the Cossacks insisted that Western rulers recognize themselves as vassals of the Steel Emperor and his descendants.

It is clear that the Empire of the Steel Emperor had a powerful ideological base and was united around a central doctrine. This ideology was shared by both the elite and the entire population of each autonomous Cossack horde that was part of the empire. The main idea was not invented by the Steel Emperor - it was formed before him and is still part of the Russian mentality, clearly manifested in the messianism of the Russian-Soviet people of the 20th century. However, the most striking historical evidence remains precisely from the time of the Steel Emperor, who systematized and formulated the ideology of the scientific order, described in a book - a set of laws, and called “Yasa”.

In fact, this doctrine boiled down to the following: for the entire world, without exception, the Cossack people are responsible, that is, the Horde is the army of the world, and any injustice in any part of the world directly and directly concerns the Steel Emperor and the Cossack people as a whole. In our time, a similar situation developed with the communist ideology of the Soviet Union, which had the same messianic meaning of supreme justice, which was supposed to triumph throughout the planet. Thus, we see that the dominant and truly state idea was embedded in the genes of the Russian people from the time of their inception, when our people were still called Scythians, and before that – Aryans. During the era of the Steel Emperor, this doctrine was scientifically described and actively introduced into everyday life. It was guided by all the ruler’s associates, the elite of the empire and all the Cossacks down to the rank and file. Russian Cossacks of the 17th and 18th centuries, just like their distant ancestors, went on military campaigns with the confidence that they were rightfully taking for themselves what was given to them by God himself, and thus establishing divine order in the world.

Letters from Mongol emperors have been preserved, testifying to their faith. Here, for example, is an excerpt from a letter sent on November 11, 1246 by the great Emperor Guyuk to Pope Innocent IV:

“The words of the ruler who, by the will of the Eternal Heaven, became the khan of a great people... By the will of God, all territories from East to West are under our power. If it were not God's will, how could this happen? Now you must say with all your heart: we will be your subjects, we will give you our strength. You, in person, at the head of the kings, all together and without exception, must come to us, offer your service and express respect... And if you do not submit to the will of God, you will become our enemies.”

Rubruk quotes a letter from the Great Khan Möngke to Louis the Saint, written in 1254:

“This is the commandment of the eternal God. There is only one God in heaven and on earth there is only one master, Genghis Khan... When, by the will of the Eternal Sky, the whole world, from the very east, where the sun rises, to the very west, where it sets, will be united in joy and peace, then it will be clear what we have to do."

Rubruk witnessed another interesting statement by Möngke: “We Mongols believe that there is only one God... He gave man many fingers, and in the same way he gave him many paths.” What is meant here is that God has given mankind many religions to find the way to it.

To all subjects without exception, from senior officials and atamans to the rank and file, the Steel Emperor and the institutions of power he created imposed very strict moral requirements, comparable to the “aristocrat code” or the “communist code.” The fact is that in the Cossack empire, virtually everyone was an elite, even simple warriors, and everyone was equal to each other. There is a persistent misconception that the aristocracy is the ruling class in the states of past eras, which was formed directly from the peoples inhabiting them. In fact, the aristocracy was formed on a planetary scale almost exclusively on the territory of historical Russia, and only as a result of campaigns in adjacent territories and the construction of states in these principalities, kingdoms and empires did the Cossacks become the elite. Thus, the segregation of society took place: the population living on the conquered lands played the role of productive forces, and the Cossacks - the builders of the new state - were the aristocracy and bearers of a special creative ideology of state building. At the same time, their code of conduct, outlook on life, and mentality remained the same (communist) until they assimilated with the local population to such an extent that they lost the moral code embedded in them. As a result of natural assimilation, the loss of genetic foundations occurred, the aristocracy degenerated and degraded, then a new wave of Cossacks arrived, which swept away the old elite with military force and completely replaced it, thereby reviving the Code of the Aristocrat. This was typical for the Ottoman and Qing empires, the Mughal Empire, and before that for all countries of the world without exception. Of course, there was a center of such a social phenomenon in which there was no division into classes, because in the Horde everyone by birthright were aristocrats and there were simply no other classes there, with the exception of an extremely small group of invited hired workers - foreigners (no more than 5% of the number Cossacks). We can say that the world elite was structured according to a geographical principle. From the point of view of the Steel Emperor and his predecessors, the world was not divided into independent territories - states. There was no such thing as a “sovereign state” in the modern sense of the word until the formation of the bourgeois powers. The Steel Emperor and his predecessors considered a segregated geographical model. There was a global center inhabited by the aristocracy - the Horde - and peripheries, which were more densely populated and consisted of productive forces, that is, labor resources - from the common population in need of patronage, protection and the establishment of fair orders. It was precisely this kind of protection that was provided by the Horde-army, in which everyone lived according to communist rules and were equal to each other. Authority in such a society was based solely on military achievements and valor, which guaranteed special treatment for the hero. This Code of the Aristocrat and Hero was a kind of charter of life and activity for the entire Cossack society within any of the hordes and for each Cossack individually.

Prince N. Trubetskoy describes the Steel Emperor and his companions in the following words:

“A special code always lives in their minds, a charter of acceptable and unacceptable actions for an honest and self-respecting person; They value this charter most of all, treating it religiously, as if it were divinely established, and they cannot allow its violation, because if it were violated, they would begin to despise themselves, which for them is worse than death. Respecting themselves, they respect others who maintain the same internal charter.<…>A person of the type under consideration is constantly aware of himself as part of a well-known hierarchical system and is ultimately subordinate not to man, but to God.<…>Genghis Khan himself belonged to this type of people. Even after he conquered everyone and everything and became the unlimited ruler of the largest state that ever existed on earth, he continued to constantly vividly feel and recognize his complete subordination to the highest will and look at himself as an instrument in the hands of God.”

1.2. Mono-ethnic composition of the Golden Horde troops

We have sufficient data on the ethnic composition of the Golden Horde armed forces during the period of the XIV-XVI centuries.

Here is a complete list of these supposed “tribes and peoples” from which mobilization into the army-horde took place:

1) Russians,

2) Alans (Aces, Yases),

3) eastern Cumans (called “Kipchaks” by Rashid ad-din and Yezidi),

4) Hungarian-Magyars,

5) Bulgars (future Kazan Tatars),

6) Circassians,

7) population of Crimea,

8) Bashkirds,

Abstract on the topic:

Imperial Guard (Star Wars)

Plan:

1 History and traditions of the Guard
2 Training Center
3 Weapons and organization
4 Dress code
5 Rank insignia

Introduction

Imperial Royal Guard(English) Imperial Royal Guard) is a fictional unit of the Imperial Army from the Star Wars universe. This unit served as bodyguards under Emperor Palpatine.

1. History and traditions of the Guard

The predecessors of the Imperial Guards were the Senate Guards of the Old Republic. When Palpatine became Supreme Chancellor, he created an entire order of bodyguards that answered only to him personally. Not everyone who wanted to join the guard was accepted. Most of the future guardsmen were battle-hardened fighters of elite stormtrooper units. The Imperial Guard is the pinnacle of the Imperial Stormtrooper's career. With the exception of the Emperor himself and a few of Palpatine's closest advisors, no one knew the exact number of the Guard.

Imperial Guard

The Imperial Guard is one of the most formidable military formations. She obeys only the Emperor himself and is fanatically devoted to him personally. The Emperor's Guard does not strive for orders and privileges. Their purpose in life and most desired cause of death is service to Emperor Palpatine and his Empire.

The Imperial Guard never openly took part in hostilities. However, in order to maintain combat readiness, some guardsmen served in regular detachments under the guise of simple stormtroopers and wore the same uniform as ordinary soldiers of the Empire. Usually all guardsmen served in one unit, and were not scattered among different units. It is said that not a single guardsman died in battle during “training.”

While some Guardsmen served in the Empire's assault forces, others carried out Palpatine's orders: organizing secret attacks, destroying assassins and eliminating the Emperor's enemies. They protected the emperor's palaces and temples and the cloning cylinders on Byss. Only the Emperor himself knew about their missions, and he very rarely appeared without at least two guardsmen accompanying him. Occasionally, the Guardsmen accompanied the most important individuals of the Empire, such as one of the twelve Grand Admirals or Grand Moffs. But such accompaniment took place only if there was a corresponding order from Emperor Palpatine.

2. Training center

The training center and headquarters of the guard are located on the planet Yynhorr. Yinchorr). Future Guard soldiers had to be tall, have excellent physical fitness, and outstanding intelligence. Moreover, and most importantly, all Guardsmen must be loyal to Emperor Palpatine. Future guardsmen were subjected to a lot of tests to determine their endurance and reflexes in battle. Each new guardsman learned to fight using two short knives with pointed blades. The education and training of a Guardsman lasted one standard year. The Imperial Guards fought each other in endless duels, thus honing and improving their skills. Defeat for a guardsman, even in training, most often meant his death. Seeing his partner's skill and strength, the imperial guard had to reach his level, and seeing his weaknesses, he had to overcome his own shortcomings. The training took place at the Shkval arena. Of more than 40 candidates, only a small part survived to the final test in the face of Emperor Palpatine himself. In this test, candidates for the Guard had to prove their loyalty to the Emperor by fighting their partner until one of them died.

The training center on Yynkhorr was headed by Master Ved Kennede, who himself once served in the guard. Palpatine recognized him as one of the best warriors and gave him the honor of becoming the chief instructor of his entire guard. The identity of the guardsman is a mystery to ordinary people. Their faces and names are known only to Emperor Palpatine and other guardsmen. According to tradition, guardsmen called each other brothers.

3. Weapons and organization

The Imperial Guard has its own ranks. The very best of the Guardsmen are called High Imperial Protectors. Imperial Sovereign Protectors). Their armor looks much more ceremonial than the armor of ordinary guardsmen, and is also decorated with ornaments. Some say that the Protectors' abilities were enhanced by the Dark Side of the Force.

The usual weapon of the Imperial Guard is a two-meter power pike, more like a harmless addition to ceremonial armor, but in the capable hands of any of the Imperial Guard it turns into a deadly weapon - as deadly as the heavy blaster pistols hidden in the folds of red cloaks. The Imperial Royal Guards were sometimes armed with light poles.

After the death of Emperor Palpatine, the ranks of the Guard quickly dispersed. The Rebel Alliance has long believed that almost the entire guard died along with their master on the second Death Star. But the Imperial Guard survived. Some of the Guardsmen followed the warlords who became the new leaders of the Empire. Other guard warriors retreated to the worlds in the center of the Galaxy to later take their place next to the revived Emperor. Little is known about the further fate of the guardsmen. They say that they tried to seize power in some worlds of the Core, committed mass suicide, etc. It is possible that some guardsmen serve in the assault units of the Empire, others could hide in the Outer Regions.

4. Dress code

The red attire of the Imperial Guard consists of a wide cloak, helmet and armor. The flowing ceremonial cloaks were designed so as not to interfere with the movements of the warriors in battle. The uniforms of the guardsmen were based on the uniforms of the Solar Guard from Thyrsus and the Death Guard from Mandalore. These ancient bands of warriors were renowned for their ferocity and courage. The brilliance of the armor of the Imperial Guard made even the bravest opponents tremble with fear. The external, ceremonial appearance of the guards' armor is deceptive. Although it is thin and smooth, it is much stronger than stormtrooper armor.

5. Insignia

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This abstract is based on an article from Russian Wikipedia. Synchronization completed 07/18/11 06:21:52
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Genre: Science Fiction, Adventure, Space Opera

Have you seen enough of Jedi and princesses, hunters and smugglers and think that nothing can surprise you in the Star Wars universe? Then you are invited to climb into the skin... of the Emperor's scarlet guardsman! Contrary to misconceptions, the Scarlet Guard is not at all a bunch of thoughtless and weak-willed blockheads, whose only duty is to follow their master as a shadow. In their ranks, such showdowns are taking place that Little Tokyo has never dreamed of, and the rancor of some guardsmen will be the envy of all the Corleone dons combined. But there are real heroes among them, which will be discussed in this comic.
Emperor Palpatine is dead! Long live... the new Emperor?! The redistribution of power begins: elite fighters of the Scarlet Guard and no less elite Trandoshans of the New Republic, corrupt imperial officers and one corrupt information dealer, as well as an experienced drill instructor Darth Vader (in flashbacks) - in the comic book "The Scarlet Empire"!

An Imperial unit of elite fighters, whose exact numbers and capabilities remained a mystery to the Galaxy. The red-cloaked warriors who constantly accompanied Emperor Palpatine were deservedly considered the best of the best in the imperial troops. No one ever knew exactly how many such warriors could protect the ruler of the Empire - there could be from several tens to several thousand. Always remaining part of the Armed Forces of the Empire, the Guard was subordinate to only one person - Emperor Kos Palpatine.

The Guard was created back in the days of the Old Republic shortly before the Clone Wars, as a special unit of the Senate Guard, and was called the Crimson Guard. The new unit consisted of the best soldiers of the Republican army, but not clones. The establishment of a detachment of personal bodyguards was prompted by an incident involving an attempt on the lives of Chancellor Palpatine and several senators. Only the quick and effective actions of Jedi Ronhar Kim from Naboo saved the Chancellor from death. Since the creation of a detachment of guards was not legalized, this became a reason for the opposition, led by Bail Organna, to criticize this decision and advocate for the dissolution of the Guard. The Jedi also agreed with the senators on this, believing that a mysterious Sith Lord might be hiding among the Scarlet Guards.

But the Scarlet Guard soon showed their worth during the Battle of Coruscant, when only their troops, led by Master Windu, defended the Senate Building from Separatist attacks. Being next to the Supreme Chancellor during the battle, the guardsmen tried for a long time, but unsuccessfully, to persuade him to leave the residence and go under the protection of the Coruscant defense forces or to the Jedi Temple. Many Guardsmen died during Palpatine's abduction, but before they died, they took with them a great many Separatist soldiers.

After the execution of Order No. 66 and the creation of the Galactic Empire, the Crimson Guard became the Imperial Crimson Guard. Having retained the same structure, uniform and weapons, they took their place in the new state.

Personnel for the highest military unit in the Galaxy were selected extremely carefully. Only the best representatives of military academies were accepted into the Guard after lengthy checks. Warriors were selected to meet strict criteria of physical strength, mental ability, personal loyalty to Scythe Palpatine and the New Order, and sometimes Force sensitivity was tested and required. At the same time, the Guard itself had its own hierarchy, the highest level of which was the layer of elite elites - the Imperial Bodyguards. These fighters, going through the most impassable tests, were trained in all types of martial arts, hand-to-hand combat, the use of any technique, as well as feeling the Force and its adepts and using the basics of the Dark Side to fight them. Personal bodyguards accompanied Palpatine everywhere and always, and the main forces were gathered at the Eclipse destroyer, at the Academy on the planet Yinchor and at a secret base in the Byss system. To constantly accompany the Emperor, special Guard TIE interceptors were created, painted red, equipped with a hyperdrive and a protective field generator.

The rest of the Guard soldiers also trained using the best programs for training warriors in the Galaxy. A special language was developed especially for them, which only the guards themselves spoke. No one outside the guard knew the names of the warriors who were part of it except Emperor Palpatine.

The training of the Scarlet Guard took place at the Imperial Academy on Yinchor. The dead planet was better suited than others for training loyal and invincible soldiers of the Empire. The students were divided into classes of 40 people, in which they improved their skills and learned new things in military science throughout the year. Particular emphasis was placed on acting alone and in a team. The main martial art taught to beginners was Ichani fighting, which assumed the death of the enemy in any case. The result of the training was the survival of one or two students from the class. The final test for them was to fight each other to the death in front of the Emperor, who would decide if the winner was worthy of the honor of serving him.

Despite their comprehensive education and the ability to fight in any circumstances using any forces and means, the guardsmen had never fought as part of a large formation. Any operations were carried out either in small groups or individually. To constantly maintain shape, guard soldiers were secretly sent to ordinary units and other special units, where they fought on a par with ordinary soldiers.

After Palpatine's death at Endor, the bulk of the guardsmen gathered at their bases located on the planets Yinchor and Byss. Many Imperial leaders, such as Sate Pestage or Rear Admiral Teradoc, used men in Guard armor for their escorts to increase their influence in the political world of the Empire, but there were no real Guardsmen there. Among Isane Isard's entourage were actual Imperial Guardsmen who had served under her even before Endor on the Emperor's orders. Several guardsmen were placed at the disposal of Dark Lady Lumiya and served as the main strike force of her forces. Among these was the young, but already reached the rank of personal bodyguard, Carnor Jax. Lumiya discovered his predisposition to use the Force and taught him the basics of Sith skill.

Another guardsman served the contender for the throne, the mutant Trioculus, who led the Council of Grand Moffs and the opposition to Isana Isard.
Some members of the Imperial Guard demonstrated that they were not so loyal to Scythe Palpatine: Guardsman Vin Northal defected to the rebel side, and Major Grodien Tiers gladly served Grand Admiral Thrawn.

Having waited for the return of their master, the faithful guards fought for him for another whole year. After the final death of the Emperor and the failure of the clonic program, the Scarlet Guard gathered on Yinchor, where they learned that one of them, the personal bodyguard Carnor Jax, was to blame for the death of their master. On that day, the Imperial Guards swore an oath of vengeance on all traitors to the Empire and personally to Scythe Palpatine. High on the list of victims were Carnor Jax and the members of the Supreme Imperial Council, who had usurped power after their defeat in the last campaign. But the guards could not even leave Yinchor. Carnor Jax, realizing that his main enemy was his former brothers, sent a legion of Imperial stormtroopers to the Guard Academy on Yinchor. Thus, the elite of the Empire was exterminated in the same way as the Jedi Order three decades earlier. The Guard took with them almost all of their killers, but could not win. The only survivor was guardsman Cyrus Kanos. He fulfilled his oath by killing the traitor Jax in a duel, and also by organizing a hunt for members of the Supreme Council and everyone who considered themselves the ruler of the Empire.

Admiral Daala's attempt to recreate the Scarlet Guard from loyal stormtroopers was unsuccessful. Having served for some time as a symbol of the rebirth and revival of the Empire, the new guard disintegrated. Four of these guardsmen, a few years after the defeat of the Daala Liberation Campaign, became the leaders and inspirers of the Second Empire, creating the image of a surviving Emperor. With this idea, they took control of the Dark Jedi Academy and its fallen Jedi Master Brakiss. After their plot was discovered, the false guards fell by the sword of Brakiss himself.

Information about the further fate of the surviving guardsmen, such as Kir Kanos and the subordinates of the Dark Lady Lumiya, remains unknown. One fact is indisputable - the Imperial Guard disappeared along with their Emperor.

Famous guardsmen:

Imperial bodyguards:

Carnor Jax - disciple of Dark Lady Lumiya, commander of her guards, killer of Palpatine's clones, Supreme Ruler of the Empire.

Ordinary Guardsmen:

Guardian 22716
Kyle Hannad is a Guardsman survivor of Byss who reached Yinchor and reported Carnor Jax's betrayal to the others.
Cyrus Kanos is an Imperial Avenger.
Ved Kennede is a guardsman, a master at the Academy on Yinchor.
Min Kainyo, a master at the Academy on Yinchor, accompanied the Emperor on the Death Star.
Vin Northal is a guardsman who defected to the New Republic.
Grodien Tiers was a Guardsman who served Grand Admiral Thrawn.

Yinchor Academy students who failed the final test:

Boer Dunnidd
Alum Frost
Lemet Tauk

Chick Apla is a guardsman who organized the assassination attempt on Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade during their wedding.